Hosea 1

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:1: S Jer 1:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:1: S 2Ki 14:21

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:1: S 1Ch 3:12

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:1: S 1Ch 3:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:1: S 1Ch 3:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:1: Isa 1:1 ; Mic 1:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:1: S 2Ki 13:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:1: Am 1:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:2: S Jer 3:1 ; Hos 2:2 , 5 ; 3:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:2: Dt 31:16 ; Jer 3:14 ; Eze 23:3–21 ; Hos 5:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:3: ver 6

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:4: ver 11 ; S 1Sa 29:1 ; 1Ki 18:45 ; 2Ki 10:1–14 ; Hos 2:22

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:5: S Jos 15:56 ; S 1Sa 29:1 ; 2Ki 15:29

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:6: ver 3

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:6: ver 8 ; Hos 2:23

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:6: Hos 2:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:7: S Ps 44:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:7: Zec 4:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:8: S ver 6

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:9: ver 10 ; S Eze 11:19–20 ; 1Pe 2:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:10: S Ge 22:17 ; S Jer 33:22

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:10: S Jos 3:10 ; S ver 9 ; Hos 2:23 ; Ro 9:26 *

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:11: S Isa 11:12 , 13

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:11: Jer 23:5–8 ; 30:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:11: S Eze 37:15–28

^{[BACK TO †]} 1:11: S ver 4

Hosea 2

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:1: ver 23 ; 1Pe 2:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:2: ver 5 ; S Isa 50:1 ; S Hos 1:2 ; 4:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:2: S Isa 1:21 ; S Eze 23:45

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:3: S Eze 16:37

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:3: Eze 16:4 , 22

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:3: Isa 32:13–14

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:4: S Eze 8:18 ; Hos 1:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:4: Hos 5:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:5: S Jer 3:6 ; S Hos 1:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:5: Jer 44:17–18

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:6: S Job 3:23 ; S 19:8 ; S La 3:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:7: Hos 5:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:7: S Isa 54:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:7: Jer 2:2 ; S 3:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:7: S Eze 16:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:8: S Isa 1:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:8: S Nu 18:12

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:8: S Dt 8:18

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:8: ver 13 ; Eze 16:15–19 ; Hos 8:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:9: Hos 8:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:9: Hos 9:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:10: Eze 23:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:10: Jer 13:26

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:10: S Eze 16:37

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:11: Jer 7:34

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:11: S Isa 24:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:11: S Isa 1:14 ; Jer 16:9 ; Hos 3:4 ; 9:5 ; Am 5:21 ; 8:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:12: S Isa 7:23 ; S Jer 8:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:12: S Jer 5:17

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:12: S Jer 3:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:12: S Isa 5:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:12: Hos 5:7 ; 13:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:13: Isa 65:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:13: ver 8 ; S Jer 7:9 ; Hos 11:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:13: S Eze 16:17 ; S 23:40

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:13: Hos 4:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:13: Hos 4:6 ; 8:14 ; 13:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:13: S Jer 44:17 ; Hos 13:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:14: S Eze 19:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:15: S Jos 7:24 , 26

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:15: Ex 15:1–18

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:15: S Jer 2:2 ; S Eze 16:22

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:15: S Eze 28:26 ; Hos 12:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:16: S Isa 54:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:17: Ex 23:13 ; Ps 16:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:17: S Jos 23:7 ; Zec 13:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:18: S Job 5:22

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:18: S Ps 46:9 ; S Isa 2:4 ; Zec 9:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:18: S Job 5:23 ; S Jer 23:6 ; Eze 34:25

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:19: S Isa 62:4 ; 2Co 11:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:19: S Isa 1:27

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:19: S Isa 54:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:20: Jer 31:34 ; Hos 4:1 ; 6:6 ; 13:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:20: S Eze 16:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:21: Isa 55:10 ; Zec 8:12 ; Mal 3:10–11

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:22: S Jer 31:12 ; Hos 14:7 ; Joel 2:19

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:22: S Eze 36:29–30 ; S Hos 1:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:23: S Jer 31:27

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:23: S Hos 1:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:23: S ver 1 ; S Isa 19:25 ; S Hos 1:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 2:23: S Jer 29:12 ; Ro 9:25 *; 1Pe 2:10

Hosea 3

^{[BACK TO †]} 3:1: S Hos 1:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 3:1: S 2Sa 6:19

^{[BACK TO †]} 3:4: Hos 13:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 3:4: Da 11:31 ; S Hos 2:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 3:4: Hos 10:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 3:4: S Ex 25:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 3:4: Jdg 17:5–6 ; 18:14–17 ; S La 2:9 ; Zec 10:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 3:5: S Dt 4:29 ; S Isa 9:13 ; S 10:20 ; Hos 5:15 ; Mic 4:1–2

^{[BACK TO †]} 3:5: S 1Sa 13:14

^{[BACK TO †]} 3:5: S Ps 18:45

^{[BACK TO †]} 3:5: S Dt 4:30 ; S Jer 50:4–5 ; Hos 11:10

Hosea 4

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:1: S Job 10:2 ; S Jer 2:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:1: Joel 1:2 , 14

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:1: S Pr 24:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:1: S Pr 10:21 ; S Isa 1:3 ; Jer 7:28 ; S Hos 2:20

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:1: S Jer 51:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:2: Isa 59:3 ; Hos 7:3 ; 10:4 ; 11:12

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:2: Hos 5:2 ; 6:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:2: Hos 7:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:2: S Jer 9:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:2: S 2Ki 21:16 ; S Isa 1:15 ; S Eze 22:2 , 9 ; Hos 5:2 ; 10:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:3: S Jer 4:28

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:3: S Isa 15:6 ; S 33:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:3: S Jer 4:25 ; S 9:10 ; S Eze 38:20 ; Zep 1:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:4: Dt 17:12 ; S Eze 3:26

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:5: S Eze 7:19 ; S 14:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:5: S Hos 2:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:6: S Pr 10:21 ; S Isa 1:3 ; S Hos 2:13 ; Mal 2:7–8

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:6: Hos 8:1 , 12

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:7: Hab 2:16

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:7: Hos 9:11 ; 10:1 , 6 ; 13:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:8: S Isa 56:11 ; Hos 14:1 ; Mic 3:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:9: S Isa 24:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:9: Jer 5:31 ; Hos 8:13 ; 9:9 , 15 ; 10:10 ; 12:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:10: S Lev 26:26 ; S Isa 55:2 ; Mic 6:14

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:10: S Eze 22:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:10: Hos 7:14 ; 9:17

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:11: ver 14 ; Hos 5:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:11: S Lev 10:9 ; S 1Sa 25:36

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:11: S Pr 20:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:12: Jer 2:27

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:12: Hab 2:19

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:12: S Nu 15:39

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:12: S Isa 44:20

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:12: S Ps 73:27

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:13: S Isa 1:29

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:13: S Jer 3:6 ; Hos 10:8 ; 11:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:13: Jer 2:20 ; Am 7:17

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:13: Hos 2:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:14: S ver 11

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:14: S Ge 38:21 ; Hos 9:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:14: S Pr 10:21

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:14: ver 19

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:15: Hos 9:15 ; 12:11 ; Am 4:4 ; 5:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:15: S Jos 7:2 ; S Hos 5:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:15: S Jer 4:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:16: S Ex 32:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:16: S Jer 31:18

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:16: Isa 5:17 ; 7:25

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:19: Hos 12:1 ; 13:15

^{[BACK TO †]} 4:19: ver 13–14 ; Isa 1:29

Hosea 5

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:1: S Job 10:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:1: Hos 6:9 ; 9:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:1: S Jer 5:26

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:2: S Hos 4:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:2: Hos 9:15

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:3: Am 5:12

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:3: S Eze 23:7 ; S Hos 1:2 ; 6:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:4: Hos 7:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:4: S Hos 4:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:4: S Jer 4:22 ; S Hos 4:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:5: S Isa 3:9 ; S Jer 2:19 ; Hos 7:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:5: S Eze 14:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:5: Hos 14:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:6: Mic 6:6–7

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:6: S Pr 1:28 ; Isa 1:15 ; Eze 8:6 ; Mal 1:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:7: S Isa 24:16 ; Hos 6:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:7: Hos 2:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:7: Isa 1:14

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:7: S Hos 2:11–12

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:8: S Nu 10:2 ; S Jer 4:21 ; S Eze 33:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:8: Jdg 19:12 ; Hos 9:9 ; 10:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:8: S Isa 10:29

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:8: S Jos 7:2 ; Hos 4:15 ; 10:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:9: S Isa 7:16

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:9: Isa 37:3 ; Hos 9:11–17

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:9: Isa 46:10 ; Zec 1:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:10: S Dt 19:14

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:10: S Eze 7:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:11: Hos 9:16 ; Mic 6:16

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:12: S Job 13:28 ; S Isa 51:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:12: S Job 18:16

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:13: S Isa 7:16

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:13: S Eze 23:5 ; Hos 7:11 ; 8:9 ; 12:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:13: S La 5:6 ; Hos 7:8 ; 10:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:13: S Isa 3:7 ; Hos 14:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:13: Hos 2:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:14: S Job 10:16 ; S Jer 4:7 ; Am 3:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:14: Hos 6:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:14: S Dt 32:39 ; Mic 5:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:15: S Isa 18:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:15: S Lev 26:40

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:15: S Nu 21:7 ; S Ps 24:6 ; S Hos 3:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:15: Ps 50:15 ; S Jer 2:27

^{[BACK TO †]} 5:15: Isa 64:9 ; S Eze 20:43

Hosea 6

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:1: S Isa 10:20 ; S 19:22

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:1: S Job 16:9 ; La 3:11 ; Hos 5:14

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:1: S Nu 12:13 ; S Jer 3:22

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:1: S Dt 32:39 ; S Job 5:18 ; S Jer 30:17 ; Hos 14:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:2: Ps 30:5 ; S 80:18

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:2: S Mt 16:21

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:2: S Ps 71:20

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:3: S Job 4:3 ; Joel 2:23

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:3: Ps 72:6 ; Hos 11:10 ; 12:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:4: Hos 11:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:4: Hos 7:1 ; 13:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:5: Jer 1:9–10 ; 5:14 ; 23:29

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:5: Heb 4:12

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:6: S 1Sa 15:22 ; S Isa 1:11 ; Mt 9:13 *; 12:7 *; Mk 12:33

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:6: S Jer 4:22 ; S Hos 2:20

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:6: S Ps 40:6 ; Mic 6:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:7: S Ge 9:11 ; S Jer 11:10 ; Hos 8:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:7: S Hos 5:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:8: Hos 12:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:9: Ps 10:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:9: S Hos 4:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:9: Jer 5:30–31 ; 7:9–10 ; S Eze 22:9 ; S Hos 5:1 ; 7:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:10: S Jer 5:30

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:10: S Jer 23:14 ; S Eze 23:7 ; S Hos 5:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:11: Jer 51:33 ; Joel 3:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 6:11: S Ps 126:1 ; Zep 2:7

Hosea 7

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:1: S Eze 24:13 ; S Hos 6:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:1: ver 13

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:1: S Ex 22:2 ; Hos 4:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:1: S Hos 6:9 ; 12:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:2: S Jer 14:10 ; S 44:21 ; S Hos 8:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:2: S Job 35:15 ; Hos 9:15

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:2: Jer 2:19 ; 4:18

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:3: Jer 28:1–4 ; S Hos 4:2 ; 10:13 ; Mic 7:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:4: S Jer 9:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:5: S Isa 28:1 , 7

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:5: S Ps 1:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:6: Ps 21:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:7: Hos 13:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:7: ver 16 ; S Ps 14:4 ; S Isa 9:13 ; Zep 1:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:8: ver 11 ; Ps 106:35 ; S Hos 5:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:9: Isa 1:7 ; Hos 8:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:10: Hos 5:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:10: Hos 5:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:10: ver 14 ; S Isa 9:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:11: S Ge 8:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:11: ver 16 ; Hos 9:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:11: S ver 8 ; S Jer 2:18 ; S La 5:6 ; Hos 9:3 ; 12:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:12: S Eze 12:13 ; S 32:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:13: Hos 9:12

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:13: Jer 14:10 ; S Eze 34:4–6 ; Hos 9:17

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:13: ver 1 ; Jer 51:9 ; Mt 23:37

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:13: S Ps 116:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:14: Jer 3:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:14: Am 2:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:14: S ver 10 ; S Hos 4:10 ; 9:1 ; 13:16

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:15: Hos 11:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:15: Ps 2:1 ; S 140:2 ; Na 1:9 , 11

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:16: S ver 7

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:16: S Ps 78:9 , 57

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:16: Mal 3:14

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:16: S Eze 23:32

^{[BACK TO †]} 7:16: S ver 11 ; Hos 9:3 ; 11:5

Hosea 8

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:1: S Nu 10:2 ; S Eze 33:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:1: S Dt 28:49 ; Jer 4:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:1: S Jer 11:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:1: S Hos 4:6 ; S 6:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:3: S Mt 7:23 ; Titus 1:16

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:4: Hos 13:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:4: S Hos 2:8 ; 13:1–2

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:5: ver 6 ; Hos 10:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:5: Jer 13:27

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:6: S Jer 16:20 ; Hos 14:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:6: S Ex 32:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:6: S ver 5

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:7: S Job 4:8 ; Pr 22:8 ; Isa 66:15 ; Hos 10:12–13 ; Na 1:3 ; Gal 6:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:7: S Dt 28:38 ; S Isa 17:11 ; Hos 9:16

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:7: Hos 2:9 ; S 7:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:8: Jer 51:34

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:8: Jer 22:28

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:9: S Jer 2:18

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:9: S Ge 16:12

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:9: S Jer 22:20 ; Eze 23:5 ; S Hos 5:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:10: S Eze 16:37 ; S 22:20

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:10: Jer 42:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:11: Hos 10:1 ; 12:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:12: S ver 1

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:13: S Jer 7:21

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:13: S Jer 6:20 ; Hos 9:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:13: Hos 7:2 ; 9:9 ; Am 8:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:13: S Hos 4:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:13: Hos 9:3 , 6

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:14: S Dt 32:18 ; S Isa 17:10 ; S Hos 2:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:14: S Ps 95:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 8:14: Jer 5:17 ; S 17:27 ; Am 2:5

Hosea 9

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:1: Isa 22:12–13

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:1: S Ps 73:27 ; S Isa 24:16 ; S Hos 7:14 ; 10:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:1: S Ge 30:15

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:2: Isa 24:7 ; Hos 2:9 ; Joel 1:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:3: Lev 25:23

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:3: S Hos 7:16 ; S 8:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:3: Eze 4:13 ; S Hos 7:11 ; 10:5 ; Am 7:17

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:4: Joel 1:9 , 13 ; 2:14

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:4: S Hos 8:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:4: S Jer 16:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:4: S Dt 26:14 ; Hag 2:13–14

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:4: S Eze 4:13–14

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:5: Isa 10:3 ; Jer 5:31

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:5: S Hos 2:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:6: S Hos 7:11 ; S 8:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:6: S Isa 19:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:6: S Jer 42:22

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:6: Zep 1:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:6: Isa 5:6 ; Hos 10:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:7: Isa 34:8 ; Jer 10:15 ; Mic 7:4 ; Lk 21:22

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:7: S Job 31:14

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:7: Jer 16:18

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:7: S 1Sa 10:11 ; Isa 44:25 ; S La 2:14 ; Eze 14:9–10

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:7: S Jer 29:26 ; Hos 14:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:8: S Hos 5:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:8: S Eze 22:26

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:9: Zep 3:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:9: Jdg 19:16–30 ; S Hos 5:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:9: S Hos 8:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:9: S Hos 4:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:10: S SS 2:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:10: S Isa 28:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:10: Nu 25:1–5 ; Ps 106:28–29

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:10: Jer 11:13 ; S Hos 4:14

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:11: S Isa 17:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:11: S Hos 4:7 ; 10:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:11: ver 14

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:12: ver 16 ; S Eze 24:21

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:12: Hos 7:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:12: S Dt 31:17

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:13: S Ps 78:67

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:13: S Eze 27:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:13: S Job 15:22 ; S La 2:22

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:14: ver 11 ; Lk 23:29

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:15: S Hos 4:15

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:15: S Hos 7:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:15: S Jer 12:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:15: S Isa 1:23 ; S Hos 4:9 ; 5:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:16: S Hos 5:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:16: S Job 15:32 ; S Hos 8:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:16: S ver 12

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:17: S Jer 6:30

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:17: S Hos 4:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 9:17: S Dt 28:65 ; S Hos 7:13

Hosea 10

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:1: S Eze 15:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:1: S 1Ki 14:23

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:1: Hos 13:15

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:1: Hos 3:4 ; S 4:7 ; S 8:11 ; 12:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:2: 1Ki 18:21

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:2: Hos 13:16

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:2: ver 8

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:2: Mic 5:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:4: S Hos 4:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:4: S Eze 17:19 ; Am 5:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:4: Am 6:12

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:5: S Ex 32:4 ; S Isa 44:17–20

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:5: ver 8 ; S Hos 5:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:5: S 2Ki 23:5 ; Zep 1:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:5: S Jdg 18:17–18 ; S Hos 8:5 ; S 9:1 , 3 , 11

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:6: S 2Ki 16:7 ; Hos 11:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:6: S Jdg 3:15

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:6: S Hos 5:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:6: Isa 30:3 ; S Hos 4:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:6: Jer 48:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:7: ver 15 ; Hos 13:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:8: S Eze 6:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:8: S ver 5 ; 1Ki 12:28–30 ; S Hos 4:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:8: S Hos 9:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:8: ver 2 ; S Isa 32:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:8: S Job 30:6 ; Am 3:14–15

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:8: Am 7:9 ; Lk 23:30 *; Rev 6:16

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:9: S Hos 5:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:9: S Jos 7:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:10: S Eze 5:13 ; S Hos 4:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:11: S Jer 15:12 ; S 31:18

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:12: S Ecc 11:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:12: S Pr 11:18 ; Jas 3:18

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:12: Jer 4:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:12: S Isa 19:22 ; Hos 12:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:12: S Isa 45:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:13: S Job 4:8 ; S Hos 7:3 ; 11:12 ; Gal 6:7–8

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:13: S Pr 11:18 ; S Hos 8:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:13: Ps 33:16

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:14: S Isa 17:3 ; Mic 5:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:14: S 2Ki 17:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:14: S Isa 13:16 ; Hos 13:16

^{[BACK TO †]} 10:15: S ver 7

Hosea 11

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:1: S Jer 2:2 ; S Eze 16:22

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:1: S Dt 4:37

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:1: S Ex 4:22 ; Hos 12:9 , 13 ; 13:4 ; Mt 2:15 *

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:2: ver 7

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:2: S Hos 2:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:2: S 2Ki 17:15 ; Isa 65:7 ; S Jer 18:15 ; S Hos 4:13 ; 13:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:3: S Dt 1:31 ; S 32:11 ; Hos 7:15

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:3: S Ex 15:26 ; Jer 30:17

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:4: Jer 31:2–3

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:4: Ex 16:32 ; Ps 78:25

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:4: Jer 31:20

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:5: S Hos 7:16

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:5: S Hos 10:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:5: S Ex 13:17

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:6: Hos 13:16

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:6: S La 2:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:7: S Isa 26:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:7: ver 2 ; Jer 3:6–7 ; 8:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:8: S Jer 7:29

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:8: Hos 6:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:8: S Ge 14:8 ; S La 3:32

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:8: S 1Ki 3:26 ; S Ps 25:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:8: S Eze 33:11 ; Am 7:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:9: Dt 13:17 ; S Jer 18:8 ; S 30:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:9: La 3:22 ; Mal 3:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:9: S Nu 23:19

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:9: S 2Ki 19:22 ; S Isa 31:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:10: S Isa 42:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:10: S Isa 31:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:10: S Ps 18:45

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:10: S Hos 3:5 ; S 6:1–3

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:11: S Isa 11:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:11: S Ge 8:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:11: S Eze 28:26 ; S 34:25–28

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:12: S Hos 4:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:12: S Dt 7:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 11:12: S Hos 10:13

Hosea 12

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:1: S Ps 78:67

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:1: S Ge 41:6 ; S Eze 17:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:1: S Hos 4:19 ; S 7:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:1: Hos 5:13 ; S 7:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:1: S 2Ki 17:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:2: S Job 10:2 ; Mic 6:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:2: Am 2:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:2: S Ex 32:34

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:2: S Hos 4:9 ; S 9:15

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:3: Ge 25:26

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:3: Ge 32:24–29

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:4: S Ge 12:8 ; S 35:15

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:5: S Ex 3:15

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:6: S Isa 19:22 ; Jer 4:1 ; Joel 2:12

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:6: S Ps 106:3 ; S Jer 22:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:6: S Eze 18:30 ; Hos 6:1–3 ; 10:12 ; Mic 7:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:7: S Lev 19:36 ; Am 8:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:8: S Eze 28:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:8: Ps 62:10 ; Rev 3:17

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:9: Lev 23:43 ; S Hos 2:15 ; S 11:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:9: S Ne 8:17

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:10: S Jdg 14:12 ; S Eze 20:49

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:10: 2Ki 17:13 ; Jer 7:25

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:11: S Hos 6:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:11: S Hos 4:15

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:11: S Hos 8:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:12: Ge 28:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:12: S Ge 29:18

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:13: S Hos 11:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:13: Ex 13:3 ; 14:19–22 ; Isa 63:11–14

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:14: S Eze 18:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 12:14: Da 11:18

Hosea 13

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:1: Jdg 12:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:1: S Jdg 8:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:1: S Hos 11:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:2: Jer 44:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:2: S Isa 46:6 ; S Jer 10:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:2: Hos 14:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:2: 1Ki 19:18

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:2: S Isa 44:17–20 ; S Hos 8:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:3: S Hos 6:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:3: S Job 13:25 ; Ps 1:4 ; S Isa 17:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:3: Da 2:35

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:3: Ps 68:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:4: S Jer 2:6 ; S Hos 12:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:4: S Hos 2:20

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:4: S Ex 20:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:4: S Dt 28:29 ; Ps 18:46 ; Isa 43:11 ; 45:21–22

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:5: S Dt 1:19

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:6: S Eze 28:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:6: S Dt 32:18 ; S Isa 17:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:6: Dt 32:12–15 ; S Pr 30:7–9 ; S Jer 5:7 ; S Hos 2:13 ; S 4:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:7: S Job 10:16 ; S Jer 4:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:8: 2Sa 17:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:8: S 1Sa 17:34 ; Ps 17:12

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:8: Ps 50:22 ; S La 3:10 ; S Hos 2:12

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:9: Jer 2:17–19

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:9: S Dt 33:29

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:10: 2Ki 17:4 ; Hos 7:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:10: 1Sa 8:6 ; Hos 8:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:11: S Nu 11:20

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:11: S Jos 24:20 ; S 1Sa 13:14 ; S 1Ki 14:10 ; Hos 3:4 ; S 10:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:12: S Dt 32:34

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:13: Isa 13:8 ; Mic 4:9–10

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:13: 2Ki 19:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:13: Isa 66:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:14: S Ps 16:10 ; 49:15 ; S Eze 37:12–13

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:14: S Isa 25:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:14: 1Co 15:55 *

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:15: S Hos 10:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:15: S Job 1:19 ; S Eze 19:12 ; S Hos 4:19

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:15: S Jer 51:36

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:15: Jer 20:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:16: 2Ki 17:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:16: Hos 10:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:16: S Hos 7:14

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:16: Hos 11:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:16: S 2Ki 8:12 ; S Hos 10:14

^{[BACK TO †]} 13:16: 2Ki 15:16 ; Isa 13:16 ; Am 1:13

Hosea 14

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:1: S Isa 19:22 ; S Jer 3:12

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:1: S Hos 4:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:1: S Hos 5:5 ; S 9:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:2: S Ex 34:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:2: Ps 51:16–17 ; Mic 7:18–19

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:2: Heb 13:15

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:3: S Hos 5:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:3: Ps 33:17 ; S Isa 31:1 ; Mic 5:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:3: Hos 8:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:3: ver 8 ; Hos 13:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:3: Ps 10:14 ; 68:5 ; Jer 49:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:4: S Isa 30:26 ; S Hos 6:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:4: S Jer 2:19

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:4: S Isa 55:1 ; Jer 31:20 ; Zep 3:17

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:4: S Job 13:16

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:5: S Ge 27:28 ; S Isa 18:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:5: S SS 2:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:5: Isa 35:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:5: Job 29:19

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:6: Ps 52:8 ; S Jer 11:16

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:6: S Ps 92:12 ; S SS 4:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:7: Ps 91:1–4

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:7: S Ge 40:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:7: S Hos 2:22

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:7: S Eze 17:23

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:8: S ver 3

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:8: S Isa 37:24

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:9: S Ps 107:43

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:9: S Pr 10:29 ; S Isa 1:28 ; Da 12:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:9: Ps 111:7–8 ; Zep 3:5 ; Ac 13:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 14:9: Isa 26:7

[BACK TO 1:1] word of the L ORD. A claim of authority paralleling that of Jeremiah ( 1:2 , 4 ), Ezekiel ( 1:3 ), Joel ( 1:1 ), Jonah ( 1:1 ; 3:1 ), Micah ( 1:1 ), Zephaniah ( 1:1 ), Haggai ( 1:1 , 3 ; 2:1 , 10 , 20 ), Zechariah ( 1:1 , 7 ; 9:1 ; 12:1 ) and Malachi ( 1:1 ). Hosea. Means “salvation.” Uzziah. Reigned 792–740 BC ; also known as Azariah (see 2Ki 14:21 and NIV text note). Jotham. 750–732. Ahaz. 735–715. Hezekiah. 729–686. Some of the reigns overlapped, the coregency of Ahaz and Hezekiah being the longest (see note on Isa 36:1 ). Jeroboam. Jeroboam II, 793–753. Hosea was a contemporary of Isaiah, Amos and Micah (see the similar first verse in their prophecies).

[BACK TO 1:2] marry a promiscuous woman. See Introduction: Special Problems . unfaithfulness. The one great sin of which the Lord (through Hosea) accuses Israel (see Ex 34:15 and note).

[BACK TO 1:3] Gomer. Not mentioned outside this book. him. The omission of this word in vv. 6 , 9 may indicate that Hosea was not the father of Gomer’s next two children.

[BACK TO 1:4] Jezreel. Means “God scatters,” here used to reinforce the announcement of judgment on the reigning dynasty (see notes on v. 11 ; 2:22 ). Jeroboam II was of the dynasty of Jehu (841–814 BC ), which was established at Jezreel by the overthrow of Ahab’s son Joram (see 2Ki 9:14–29 ; see also 1Ki 19:16–17 and notes). Jehu’s dynasty ended with the murder of King Zechariah in 753 ( 2Ki 15:8–10 ).

[BACK TO 1:5] Israel’s bow. Israel’s military power, broken in 725 BC , though Samaria held out under siege for three years longer (see 2Ki 17:5–6 and notes). Valley of Jezreel. Located east of Megiddo, it provides the only major pass through the mountain range that traverses Israel from north to south and was therefore a major battleground in ancient times.

[BACK TO 1:6] Lo-Ruhamah. The naming represents a reversal of the love (compassion) that God had earlier shown to Israel (see Ex 33:19 ; Dt 7:6–8 and note on 7:8 ) but that later was promised again (see 2:23 and NIV text note).

[BACK TO 1:7] Yet. See v. 10 and note. Judah … I will save. God’s people were saved from Assyria by the Lord in 722–721 BC and again in 701 (see 2Ki 19:32–36 ).

[BACK TO 1:9] Lo-Ammi. The naming represents a break in the covenant relationship between the Lord and Israel (see Ex 6:7 ; Jer 7:23 and note), which later, however, would be restored (v. 10 ; 2:1 , 23 ; see notes there). The warnings became more severe in moving from the first to the third child.

[BACK TO 1:10] Cited in Ro 9:26 ; 1Pe 2:10 (see note there) and applied to the mission to the Gentiles. Yet. The threatened punishment (vv. 4–6 , 9 ) would be for only a limited time, and a period of blessing would follow. sand on the seashore. See the promise to Abraham and Jacob ( Ge 22:17 ; 32:12 ; cf. Jer 33:22 and note; Heb 11:12 ). children of the living God. Contrasts with “children of adultery” ( 2:4 ; cf. 1:2 ). living God. Contrasts with idols—“which are not God” ( Dt 32:17 ).

[BACK TO 1:11] come together. Israel and Judah would become one nation again. out of the land. Possibly the land of exile (cf. Ex 1:10 ). Another interpretation is that they would spring up from the ground as plants do. Jezreel. Here “God scatters” (see note on v. 4 ) refers to sowing or planting, indicating a reversal of the meaning of the first child’s name (see 2:21–23 and notes).

[BACK TO 2:1] My people … My loved one. The negatives [Lo = “not” ] associated with the names of Hosea’s children (see notes on 1:6 , 9 ) are dropped.

[BACK TO 2:2] The Lord speaks to Hosea’s children, continuing the analogy between Gomer and Israel. not my wife. The marriage was broken by unfaithfulness, but reconciliation, not divorce, was sought (cf. vv. 7–15 ).

[BACK TO 2:3] strip her. The husband supplied the wife’s clothing (see Ex 21:10 ; Eze 16:10 ), and here her unfaithfulness was exposed (see Jer 13:26 ; Eze 16:39 ). bare. As Israel was when the Lord found her in Egypt—in slavery and with nothing (cf. Eze 16:4–8 ; Na 3:5 ).

[BACK TO 2:4] children of adultery. See 1:2 and note. This contrasts with being “children of the living God” ( 1:10 ; cf. 11:1 ).

[BACK TO 2:5] go after. The wife was chasing other men (see v. 13 ; Jer 3:2 ; Eze 16:33–34 ). lovers. See vv. 7 , 10 . The reference is to Canaanite deities (such as Baal), whose worshipers hoped to gain agricultural fertility (see note on Ex 34:15 ). who give me my food … my drink. Ugaritic texts attribute crops to rain given by Baal. wool … linen … olive oil … drink. The agricultural staples of the Holy Land. Israel does not know the true source of her blessings.

[BACK TO 2:6] block her path … wall her in. Rather than punish Israel with death (cf. Dt 22:21 ; Eze 16:39–40 ; 23:47 ; Na 3:5–7 ), the Lord would isolate her.

[BACK TO 2:7] look for. See 5:6 , 15 (“seek”). not find. See 5:6 and note. go back. The Hebrew for this expression often means “repent.” my husband. The Lord.

[BACK TO 2:8] She has not acknowledged. Along with the Canaanites, the Israelites attributed to Baal “the grain, the new wine and oil” (see Dt 7:13 ; Joel 1:10 ; Hag 1:11 and notes). silver and gold. Used for making idols (see 8:4 ; 13:2 ). Baal. The Canaanite god who was believed to control the weather and the fertility of crops, animals and people (see note on Jdg 2:13 ).

[BACK TO 2:9] take away. By withholding the fruits of field and flock, the Lord made known the true source of those blessings.

[BACK TO 2:10] expose her lewdness. The unfaithful wife was exposed to public shame (see La 1:8 ; Eze 16:37 ; 23:29 ). no one will take her. Baal had no power.

[BACK TO 2:11] stop … celebrations. In exile these joyous seasons would be only a memory. yearly festivals. See Ex 23:14–17 ; Dt 16:16 and notes. See also chart . New Moons. See 2Ki 4:23 ; Isa 1:14 ; Am 8:5 and notes. Sabbath. See Ex 20:8–11 .

[BACK TO 2:12] pay from her lovers. The prostitute’s pay (see v. 5 ; 9:1 ; Dt 23:18 ; Eze 16:33 ; Mic 1:7 ). Israel attributed her agricultural products to the false gods she worshiped rather than to the Lord (see Dt 11:13–14 ).

[BACK TO 2:13] days. Festival days. Baals. See v. 17 ; 11:2 . Hosea used the plural here, suggesting the idols at the many local shrines (see Jdg 2:11–13 and notes; Jer 2:23 , 28 and note; 9:14 ). went after. See note on v. 5 . forgot. The opposite of “acknowledge” (see note on v. 20 ) in Hosea (see 13:4–6 and note on 13:6 ; see also note on 1Sa 12:9 ).

[BACK TO 2:14] into the wilderness. For a second betrothal (see vv. 19–20 ). It refers back to the days of Israel’s wilderness wandering, before she was tempted by the Baals in Canaan. speak tenderly to. Reassure, encourage, comfort (cf. Ge 34:3 ; Ru 2:13 ; Isa 40:2 ). God continually shows love in the midst of judgment.

[BACK TO 2:15] Valley of Achor. Near Jericho (see Jos 7:24 , 26 ; Isa 65:10 ). As the prophet reversed the meaning of the names of his children, so also the meaning of Achor (see NIV text note)—where God first judged his people in the promised land—became a symbol of new opportunity.

[BACK TO 2:16–17] husband … master … Baals. A play on words. Of the two Hebrew words for husband, one (master) is identical to the name of the god Baal (see NIV text note on v. 16 ). There will be such a vigorous reaction against Baal worship that this Hebrew word for “master” will no longer be used of the Lord.

[BACK TO 2:18] make a covenant. See 6:7 ; 8:1 . Animals, the instruments of destruction in v. 12 , as well as birds and insects, would no longer threaten life. Nature and history combine in a picture of peace (see Isa 11:6–9 and note; 65:25 ). Bow and sword and battle. See 1:5 , 7 . War is terminated. land. Israel (see 1:2 ; 4:1 , 3 ; 9:3 and note; 10:1 ). lie down in safety. See Jer 33:16 ; Eze 34:24–28 .

[BACK TO 2:19–20] Rather than money, these five traits necessary to the covenant relationship make up the bride-price (see Ex 22:16 ; 1Sa 18:25 and notes).

[BACK TO 2:19] righteousness. See 10:12 ; Ps 4:1 ; Jer 23:6 and notes. justice. See Am 5:24 and note. love. See 4:1 ; 6:4 ; 10:12 and note; 12:6 . compassion. A reversal of God’s threatened withdrawal of compassion (see 1:6 and note). “Lo-Ruhamah” means lit. “not shown compassion” (cf. Ps 51:1 ; 103:3–14 ).

[BACK TO 2:20] faithfulness. Dependability (see Dt 32:4 ; Ps 88:11 ). acknowledge. The Hebrew for this word can refer to intimate sexual relations ( Ge 19:8 ; Nu 31:17–18 , 35 [“slept with”]), but it also refers to active acknowledgment of a covenant partner (see 6:3 and note; 8:2 ; 13:4 ).

[BACK TO 2:21] respond. The woman (Israel) responded to the Lord’s overtures (see v. 15 ); now God responded to her new behavior. The land also responded by becoming productive (vv. 21–22 ).

[BACK TO 2:22] Jezreel. Here used in the sense “God plants” (see NIV text note and v. 23 ; see also 1:4 , 11 and notes). The threats represented by the names of the children are turned into blessings (see 1:10 and note). The basic statement describing the covenant relationship was “I will be your God and you will be my people” ( Jer 7:23 ; see notes on Ex 6:7 ; Zec 8:8 ).

[BACK TO 2:23] my people … my God. See note on v. 22 . You are my God. The people respond to God’s graciousness. This verse is quoted in part in Ro 9:25–26 (see note there); 1Pe 2:10 and applied to Gentiles coming into the church.

[BACK TO 3:1] said to me. Ch. 3 is narrated in the first person, ch. 1 in the third person. Go … love … your wife. Hosea’s love for unfaithful Gomer illustrated God’s love for unfaithful Israel. God’s love for Israel (see 11:1 and note; 14:4 ) is the basic theme of the book. other gods. See Ex 20:3 ; Dt 31:20 . raisin cakes. Offered to Baal in thanksgiving for harvest.

[BACK TO 3:2] Gomer had evidently become a slave, and Hosea bought her back. fifteen shekels. Half the usual price of a slave (see Ex 21:32 and note) or of the redemption value of a woman’s vow ( Lev 27:4 ). lethek. See NIV text note. It appears that half her price was paid in money (silver) and half in produce (barley)—for a total value of 30 shekels.

[BACK TO 3:3–5] A picture of exile and return.

[BACK TO 3:3] live with. Suggests a period of isolation (see 2:6 and note), comparable to Israel’s exile. many days. Not forever. There would be an “afterward” (v. 5 ), a future (see Jer 29:11 ).

[BACK TO 3:4] king. See 1:4 ; 5:1 ; 8:4 , 10 ; 10:15 ; 13:10–11 . prince. See 7:3 , 5 ; 8:4 ; 13:10 . without sacrifice. See 6:6 ; 8:11 , 13 . sacred stones. See 10:1–2 ; 1Ki 14:23 and note; 2Ki 17:10 ; Mic 5:13 . ephod. Here an image associated with idols (see Jdg 8:27 ; 17:5 and notes). household gods. See Ge 31:19 , 30 , 34 and note on 31:19 .

[BACK TO 3:5] return. A basic word in Hosea’s vocabulary (see 2:7 [“go back”]; 5:4 ; 6:1 ; 7:10 ; 11:5 ; 12:6 ; 14:1–2 ). seek. Israel’s repentance is envisioned (see 5:15 and note)—the reverse of her present stubborn rebellion ( 7:10 ). L ORD their God. See 12:9 ; 13:4 ; Jer 50:4 . David their king. The Messianic king from the dynasty of David (see Jer 30:9 ; Eze 34:24 and note). After the death of Solomon, Israel (the northern kingdom) had abandoned the Davidic kings. his blessings. The vineyards and olive groves that had been taken away (see 2:12 ) and all of God’s gifts (cf. Jer 31:12–14 ). last days. The Hebrew for this phrase occurs 13 times in the OT, sometimes simply meaning the future (“days to come,” Ge 49:1 ), but most of the time, as no doubt here, referring to the Messianic age (“afterward,” Joel 2:28 ; cf. Ac 2:17 ; Heb 1:2 ).

[BACK TO 4:1–14:9] Deals with Israel’s involvement in Canaanite religion, her moral sins and her international intrigues.

[BACK TO 4:1] Hear the word. See Jer 2:4 and note. charge. As the Lord’s spokesman, Hosea brought charges against unfaithful, covenant-breaking Israel (cf. v. 4 ; 12:2 ; Isa 3:13 ; Jer 2:9 ; Mic 6:2 ). faithfulness. Loyalty (see 2:20 and note) to the covenant Lord ( Jos 24:14 ) and right dealing with others (cf. Pr 3:3 ). love. See 2:19 ; 10:12 . acknowledgment of God. See 2:20 ; 6:3 and notes.

[BACK TO 4:2] cursing … adultery. The sins detailed (paralleled in Jer 7:9 ) transgress several of the Ten Commandments (see Ex 20:13–16 and notes on 20:1–2 ). bloodshed. Includes (1) murder (see 6:8–9 ); (2) the assassinations following the death of Jeroboam II, when three kings reigned in one year ( 2Ki 15:10–14 ); and (3) human sacrifice ( Ps 106:38 ; Eze 16:20–21 ; 23:37 ). Where God is not acknowledged (v. 1 ), moral uprightness disappears.

[BACK TO 4:3] land dries up. God’s judgment on human sin affects all living things in the world (see, e.g., Isa 24:3–6 ; Jer 4:23–28 ). waste away. See Isa 19:8 ; Jer 14:2 ; 15:9 ; Joel 1:10 .

[BACK TO 4:4–9] An indictment against the priests, whose duty it was to be guardians of God’s law and to furnish religious instruction (see Lev 10:11 ; Dt 31:9–13 ; 33:10 ; 2Ch 17:8–9 ; Ezr 7:6 , 10 ; Jer 18:18 ; Eze 7:26 and note; Zep 3:4 ; Hag 2:11 ; Mal 2:7–9 ). Hosea warned the priests not to lodge charges against the people for bringing God’s judgment down on the nation, for they themselves were guilty, and the people could also bring charges against them—as Hosea proceeded to do (see v. 9 ; cf. Isa 28:7 ; Jer 2:26 ; 4:9 ; 23:11 ).

[BACK TO 4:5] stumble. Experience calamity (see 5:5 ). prophets. See Mic 2:6 , 11 ; 3:5–7 . your mother. The nation (see 2:2 , 5 ; Isa 50:1 ).

[BACK TO 4:6] my people. Israel (see vv. 8 , 12 ; 2:1 , 23 ; 6:11 ; 11:7 ; Mic 6:3 , 5 ). destroyed from lack of knowledge. Partly because the priests had failed to teach God’s word to the people. rejected knowledge … reject you. Punishment in kind. law of your God. Israel’s source of life (see Dt 30:20 and note), which the priests should have been faithfully promoting.

[BACK TO 4:7] their glorious God. See Ps 106:20 and note.

[BACK TO 4:8] feed on the sins. Priests devoured the sacrifices (see 1Sa 2:13–17 and notes), profiting from the continuation of the sin rather than helping to cure it (see 8:13 and note).

[BACK TO 4:9] Like people , like priests. Without exception, all would be punished for their sins.

[BACK TO 4:10] eat but not have enough. The punishment (a futility curse; see note on Hag 1:6 ) fit the sin. prostitution. See vv. 12 , 18 ; 2:4 ; 6:10 ; 9:1 ; Jdg 2:17 and note; Ps 106:39 . Instead of giving themselves to the Lord, they gave themselves to prostitution (vv. 11–15 ; see notes on Ge 20:9 ; Ex 34:15 ; Ps 73:27 ).

[BACK TO 4:11] old wine. See 7:5 . new. See 2:8–9 , 22 ; 7:14 ; 9:2 .

[BACK TO 4:12] wooden idol. An image of a god (see Jer 2:27 ; 10:8 ; Hab 2:19 ). spirit of prostitution. See 5:4 . Hebrew idioms often speak of inner tendencies in terms of “spirit.”

[BACK TO 4:13] mountaintops. Places commonly chosen for pagan altars (see 10:8 ; Dt 12:2 ; 1Ki 3:2 and note; Jer 2:20 ; 3:6 ). Clay tablets from Ugarit (see chart ) tell of fertility rites carried out by the Canaanites at the high places. oak … terebinth. Trees noted for their shade. turn to prostitution. Canaanite fertility rites involved sexual activity (v. 14 ) that led to general erosion of morals (see, e.g., Nu 25:1–18 and notes).

[BACK TO 4:14] not punish. The men would punish their women for immorality, but God would have no part in their hypocrisy. harlots. Common prostitutes (see Ge 34:31 ; Lev 21:14 ; Eze 16:31 ). shrine prostitutes. Women of the sanctuaries who served as partners for men in sexual activity that was part of their religious ritual (cf. Ge 38:21 and note; Dt 23:18 ). without understanding. Contrast 14:9 .

[BACK TO 4:15] commit adultery. See notes on Ge 20:9 ; Ex 34:15 . Judah. An aside warning (see Introduction: Author and Date ). guilty. See 10:2 ; 13:1 . Do not go. The nation as a whole was addressed. Gilgal. A site near Jericho (see 9:15 ; 12:11 ; Jos 4:19 ; 1Sa 11:14 and notes) where the Israelites had established a religious shrine. Beth Aven. A sarcastic substitute name for Bethel (see NIV text note; see also 5:8 ), site of one of the two major worship centers established by Jeroboam I (see 1Ki 12:29 and note). As surely as the L ORD lives. A form of solemn oath (see Ge 42:15 and note; Jdg 8:19 ; Ru 3:13 ; 1Sa 14:39 ; 26:10 , 16 ; Jer 4:2 ; 38:16 ). Though proper in itself—since it invoked the true God ( Dt 6:13 ; 10:20 ; cf. Jos 23:7 )—it was here forbidden because it was being used deceitfully, as though the Israelites were truly honoring the Lord (see Jer 5:2 and note).

[BACK TO 4:16] stubborn. See Ne 9:29 ; Zec 7:11 . stubborn heifer. See Jer 2:20 ; 31:18 and notes; an apt figure for unruly Israel ( Hos 10:11 ; cf. 11:4 ).

[BACK TO 4:17] Ephraim. Israel’s largest tribe (see notes on 9:11 ; 13:1 ), whose name came to be used of the northern kingdom as a whole. idols. The golden calf (see 8:5 and note) and the Baals (see 2:8 , 13 and notes). leave him alone. Nothing could be done to help (see 2Sa 16:11 ; 2Ki 23:18 ).

[BACK TO 4:19] A whirlwind will sweep them away. Lit. “The wind will catch them up with its wings,” probably a metaphor from the threshing floor (see 13:3 ; Ru 1:22 ; Ps 1:4 and notes) for the sudden violence that would bring the exile. Since the Hebrew for the words “wind” and “spirit” is the same, there is a possible wordplay with the “spirit of prostitution” (see v. 12 and note). shame. By means of their sacrifices they hoped to flourish, but God’s punishment for their idolatry would bring them into disgrace among the nations (see 10:6 ).

[BACK TO 5:1] priests … Israelites … royal house. The three groups addressed were all responsible for maintaining justice, but it miscarried at their hands. snare … net. Devices for catching animals and birds, here used as metaphors for those who by economic and legal schemes took cruel advantage of innocent people (see Job 18:8–10 ; Ps 140:5 ; Pr 29:5–6 ; La 1:13 ). Mizpah. Either (1) Mizpah in Gilead east of the Jordan ( Ge 31:43–49 ) or (2) Mizpah in Benjamin (see 1Sa 7:5 and note). Tabor. A mountain at the southeastern edge of the Jezreel Valley. Reference must have been to well-known events that illustrated Israel’s corruption.

[BACK TO 5:2] discipline. A significant word in the Prophets for God’s corrective action against his people (see Isa 26:16 ; Jer 2:30 ; 5:3 ; 7:28 ).