[BACK TO 5:3] Ephraim. See note on 4:17 . prostitution. See note on 4:10 .
[BACK TO 5:4] Their deeds. See 4:9 ; 7:2 ; 9:15 ; 12:2 . Persistent sin can make repentance impossible (see Jer 13:23 ; Jn 8:34 ; Ro 6:6 , 16 ). spirit of prostitution. See 4:12 and note. not acknowledge the L ORD. See 4:6 ; Isa 1:3 and note.
[BACK TO 5:5] arrogance. Stubborn rebellion against the Lord (see Dt 1:43 ; 1Sa 15:23 ; Ne 9:16 ; Job 35:12 ; Ps 10:2 ; Eze 16:56–57 ). testifies. In the case God presented against his people (see 4:1 and note). stumble. See 4:5 and note. Judah. See Introduction: Author and Date .
[BACK TO 5:6] seek the L ORD. Go to him with prayer and sacrifices (see 3:5 and note; Am 5:4–5 ). not find him. Offering sacrifices in their situation was useless (see 2:7 ; cf. Isa 1:10–15 ; Am 5:21–24 ; Mic 6:6–8 ). The Lord would be “found” by Israel only when she turned to him with integrity of heart (see v. 15 ; 3:5 ; Dt 4:29–31 ; Jer 29:13 ).
[BACK TO 5:7] unfaithful. See 1:2 and note. New Moon. Usually a festive occasion (see, e.g., 2:11 ; 1Sa 20:5 and note; Am 8:5 ; Col 2:16 ), but now a time of judgment. Or the meaning may be that one month would be sufficient to accomplish their punishment.
[BACK TO 5:8] Some interpreters suggest that the Aramean (Syrian)-Ephraimite (Israelite) war (see 2Ki 16:5–9 ; Isa 7:1–9 and notes) forms the background of the message in chs. 4–5 . trumpet. Made of a ram’s horn, which here sounds the alarm that an army is approaching (see 8:1 ; Joel 2:1 and note; Am 3:6 ). Gibeah. Two miles north of Jerusalem. Ramah. North of Gibeah. Beth Aven. See note on 4:15 . lead on , Benjamin. Perhaps a Benjamite war cry.
[BACK TO 5:9] laid waste. See Jer 25:11 , 38 .
[BACK TO 5:10] move boundary stones. Judah had seized Israelite territory ( 1Ki 15:16–22 ; see Dt 19:14 and note; 27:17 ; Pr 15:25 and note; 23:10 ; Isa 5:8 ; Mic 2:2 ). my wrath. See 13:11 .
[BACK TO 5:12] moth … rot. Both consume (see Job 13:28 ).
[BACK TO 5:13] sickness … sores. Metaphors for the national wounds that Israel and Judah had suffered at the hands of their enemies (see Isa 1:5–6 ; 17:11 ; Jer 15:18 ; 30:12–15 ). turned to Assyria. Assyrian records tell of the tribute paid to Tiglath-Pileser III by the Israelite kings Menahem and Hoshea (cf. 2Ki 15:19–20 ; 17:3 ). not able to cure. The alliances were worthless.
[BACK TO 5:14] lion. See 13:7 ; Am 1:2 and note; 3:8 . The Lord might use human agents (see Isa 10:5 and note), but he would be responsible for Israel’s punishment, from which there would be no escape (see Isa 5:29 ; 42:22 ; Am 9:1–4 ).
[BACK TO 5:15] return to my lair. God threatened to withdraw from Israel until, out of desperation, she truly repented. This idea sets the stage for the prophet’s next theme. lair. See v. 14 .
[BACK TO 6:1] let us return. A shallow (see v. 4 ) proposal of repentance (using phrases from 5:13–15 ), in which Israel acknowledged that God, not Assyria (cf. 5:13 ), was the true physician (cf. 7:1 ).
[BACK TO 6:2] two days … third day. A brief time. Israel supposed that God’s wrath would only be temporary.
[BACK TO 6:3] acknowledge the L ORD. A key concept in Hosea (see v. 6 ; 2:20 and note; 4:1 , 6 ; 5:4 ). like the winter rains … spring rains. Israel believed that, as surely as seasonal rains fell, reviving the earth, God’s favor would return and restore her.
[BACK TO 6:4] What can I do … ? See Isa 5:4 . God saw through Israel’s superficial repentance. Ephraim. See note on 4:17 . Judah. See Introduction: Author and Date . love. See 2:19 ; see also note on v. 6 . morning mist … dew. Figurative for that which is temporary.
[BACK TO 6:5] my prophets. God’s spokesmen had denounced the people’s sin. words of my mouth. The judgments spoken by the Lord’s faithful prophets (see Jer 1:9 ; 15:19 and notes).
[BACK TO 6:6] mercy. Hebrew
esed , a word that can refer to right conduct toward one’s neighbor or loyalty to the Lord or both—the sum of what God requires of his servants. Here it perhaps refers to both. The same Hebrew word is translated “love” in v. 4 (see note on Ps 6:4 ). not sacrifice. Sacrifice apart from faithfulness to the Lord’s will is wholly unacceptable to him (see 1Sa 15:22–23 ; Isa 1:11–15 ; Jer 7:21–23 ; Am 5:21–24 ; Mic 6:6–8 ; Mt 9:13 ; 12:7 ). acknowledgment of God. See v. 3 ; 2:20 and notes.
[BACK TO 6:7] As at Adam. Adam is probably Tell ed-Damiyeh at the Jordan (see Jos 3:16 and notes on 3:13 , 15 ), as suggested by the reference to “there” at the end of the sentence. The allusion in “Like Adam” (see NIV text note) is uncertain since Scripture records no covenant with Adam. A third interpretation (“Like human beings”; see NIV text note) takes Hebrew ’adam to mean “humankind.” broken the covenant. See 8:1 ; Jos 7:11 .
[BACK TO 6:8] Gilead. See 12:11 ; Jdg 10:17 ; 12:7 . footprints of blood. The allusion is unclear, but Hosea may have been referring to a more recent event than the bloodbath of Jdg 12:1–6 —such as Pekah’s rebellion against Pekahiah (see 2Ki 15:25 ).
[BACK TO 6:9] they murder. The specific event is unknown. Shechem. See Ge 33:18 and note.
[BACK TO 6:10] prostitution. See note on 4:10 .
[BACK TO 6:11] harvest. Figurative for God’s judgments (see 8:7 ; 10:12–13 ; Jer 51:33 ; Mt 13:30 , 39–42 ; Rev 14:15 ). restore the fortunes. Paralleling “heal” ( 7:1 ), the phrase refers to the restoration of the wounded national body (see Joel 3:1 ; Zep 3:20 ).
[BACK TO 7:1] heal. See 5:13 ; 6:1 ; 11:3 ; 14:4 ; Jer 51:8–9 . sins. See 4:8 ; 5:5 ; 8:13 . Ephraim. See note on 4:17 . exposed … revealed. God sees them. crimes. See v. 3 . Samaria. Another name for the northern kingdom, of which Samaria was the royal city, selected by Omri to be capital of Israel (see 1Ki 16:24 and note). deceit. See Jer 6:13 ; 8:10 ; probably refers to both feigned repentance and treacherous foreign alliances. thieves. See 4:2 . bandits. See 6:9 ; Ge 49:19 ; Jer 18:22 .
[BACK TO 7:2] See Ps 90:8 and note. I remember. Everything is open before the Lord, but the wicked believe that God does not see (see Ps 10:6 , 11 and notes).
[BACK TO 7:3] delight the king. Perhaps in conjunction with one of the palace revolts (see 2Ki 15:8–30 ). They were entertaining and flattering the king and princes while engaging in the “wickedness” of preparing to stab them in the back (vv. 6–7 ; see note on v. 7 ). lies. See 11:12 ; Ps 10:7 and note; Na 3:1 .
[BACK TO 7:4] adulterers. See note on 4:15 . fire. A metaphor for political intrigue (see vv. 6–7 ). The fire was banked until ready to use; then it broke out. baker. Perhaps the leader of the conspiracy.
[BACK TO 7:5] festival of our king. Probably a coronation or birthday that became a drunken orgy. King Elah died in drunkenness (see 1Ki 16:9 and note). mockers. See Pr 1:22 and note. Isaiah ( 28:1–8 , 14 ) condemned Israel’s drunkenness and her scoffers.
[BACK TO 7:6] The intrigue was kept secret until a suitable time.
[BACK TO 7:7] rulers … kings. Four kings were assassinated in 20 years, Zechariah and Shallum in a seven-month period ( 2Ki 15:10–14 ). none of them calls on me. The reason for the shameful situation.
[BACK TO 7:8] mixes with the nations. See v. 11 and note. flat loaf. A metaphor describing unwise policies. Baked on hot stones (cf. 1Ki 19:6 ), the loaf was burned on the bottom and undone on the top.
[BACK TO 7:9] Foreigners sap his strength. Tribute to Assyria ( 2Ki 15:19–20 ) and to Egypt (v. 11 ) had weakened the country economically. hair … gray. He was old before his time but ignored the danger signals.
[BACK TO 7:10] return. See 3:5 ; 5:4 ; Am 4:6–11 . search. See 3:5 ; 5:6 , 15 and notes.
[BACK TO 7:11] dove. See 11:11 and note, where a different image is intended. See also note on Ps 68:13 . senseless. See Jer 5:21 . Menahem turned to Assyria ( 2Ki 15:19–20 ); Hoshea alternated in allegiance to Assyria and Egypt ( 2Ki 17:3–4 ).
[BACK TO 7:12] my net. The Lord himself was the hunter—not the nations—and Israel was certain to be caught.
[BACK TO 7:13] Woe. Often used in conjunction with threats of judgment (see 9:12 ). Destruction. See 9:6 ; Isa 13:6 . redeem. See 13:14 ; also used for deliverance from Egypt (see, e.g., Ex 6:6–8 and notes; Mic 6:4 ). speak about me falsely. Possibly by ascribing prosperity and destiny to gods other than the Lord.
[BACK TO 7:14] wail. See Joel 1:13 . They slash themselves. See Lev 19:28 ; 21:5 and notes. grain and new wine. See 2:8 , 22 ; 9:1–2 .
[BACK TO 7:15] I trained them. As children (see 11:3 and note) or, perhaps, as troops. strengthened their arms. See Eze 30:24–25 .
[BACK TO 7:16] Most High. See 11:7 ; Dt 32:8 and note. faulty bow. See Ps 78:57 . The arrow missed the mark; Israel missed her purpose for being. ridiculed. Egypt would fail to assist Israel and then would belittle God’s power (see Dt 9:28 ). Egypt. See 8:13 ; 11:5 and notes. There is no record of a forced exile of large numbers to Egypt. Some captives were taken there ( 2Ki 23:34 ; Jer 22:11–14 ), and some fugitives voluntarily went there ( 2Ki 25:26 ; Jer 42–44 ). A return from Egypt is envisioned in 11:11 ; Isa 11:11 ; 27:13 ; Zec 10:10 .
[BACK TO 8:1] trumpet. See 5:8 and note. your. Hosea’s. eagle. Or “vulture,” referring to Assyria. house of the L ORD. The land of Israel, not just the temple (see 9:15 and note; cf. Ex 15:17 ).
[BACK TO 8:2] we acknowledge you. See 2:20 ; 6:3 and notes; but their worship of the Lord was thoroughly corrupted by pagan notions and practices, as vv. 3–6 indicate (see Am 2:4 , 7–8 ; 3:14 ; 5:26 ).
[BACK TO 8:3] an enemy. The Assyrians.
[BACK TO 8:4] set up kings. After Jeroboam II, five kings ruled over Israel in 13 years ( 2Ki 15:8–30 ), three of whom seized the throne by violence (see 7:7 and note).
[BACK TO 8:5] Samaria. See note on 7:1 . calf-idol. See 10:5 ; 13:2 . Jeroboam I (930–909 BC ) had set up golden calves in Bethel and Dan, saying, “Here are your gods” (see 1Ki 12:28–33 and note on 12:28 ).
[BACK TO 8:6] a metalworker has made it. For prophetic satire on idolatry, see Isa 40:20 ; 41:22–24 ; 44:9–20 ; see also Ps 115:4–8 and notes. Israel’s leaders ( Ex 32:4 ) and Jeroboam I had said “These are your gods,” but Hosea said “It is not God.”
[BACK TO 8:7] They sow … whirlwind. A familiar proverb about the results of doing evil (see 10:13 ; Job 4:8 ; Ps 126:5–6 ; Pr 11:18 ; 22:8 ; 2Co 9:6 ; Gal 6:7 ). Israel sowed the wind of idolatry and reaped the whirlwind of Assyria. stalk … flour. The prophet played on the similar sound of the Hebrew words. foreigners. Assyria.
[BACK TO 8:8] Israel was chosen to be God’s own people (see Ex 19:5 ; Am 3:2 and notes), but since she had conformed to the other nations she lost her special identity and so became to God “like something no one wants.”
[BACK TO 8:9] wild donkey wandering alone. See Jer 2:24 and note. Ephraim. See note on 4:17 . sold herself to lovers. For the prostitute’s fees (see 9:1 and note) of Assyrian protection. Menahem ( 2Ki 15:19 ) and Hoshea ( 2Ki 17:3 ), kings of Israel, paid tribute to Assyria.
[BACK TO 8:10] Even though Israel paid tribute to Assyria, that would not buy her security, for God would send judgment by the king of Assyria. Israel’s real enemy was the Lord himself (see 2:8–13 ; 7:12 and note).
[BACK TO 8:13] offer sacrifices. See v. 2 and note. eat the meat. Some of the sacrifices were partly eaten by the offerer and priests (see Lev 7:11–18 , 28–36 ; Dt 12:7 ; Jer 7:21 ). not pleased with them. See 6:6 and note. Egypt. Israel, who had trusted in Egypt and Assyria, was to go back to “Egypt,” i.e., into bondage in a foreign land, primarily Assyria (see 9:3 ). But see note on 7:16 .
[BACK TO 8:14] Israel has forgotten. The cause of all her problems (see 2:13 and note; cf. Jdg 2:10 ). built palaces … fortified many towns. Israel’s trust was not in her Maker but in what she herself had accomplished. Judah. See Introduction: Author and Date . fire … that will consume. See Am 1:4 and note.
[BACK TO 9:1] This verse begins a section that was probably spoken at a harvest festival, such as the Festival of Tabernacles ( Lev 23:33–43 ; Dt 16:13–15 ). unfaithful. See 1:2 ; 2:2–5 and notes. wages of a prostitute. See 2:12 and note; not to be taken literally, but in the sense of spiritual adultery (see 2:12 ; Ex 34:15 and notes). at every threshing floor. Since the threshing floor at threshing time was a man’s world—the threshers feasted there at the end of the day’s labors and stayed all night to protect the grain (see Ru 3:2–3 and notes)—prostitutes were not uncommon visitors.
[BACK TO 9:3] L ORD ’s land. The promised land, which the Lord claimed as his own (see Lev 25:23 ; Jos 22:19 and note; Jer 2:7 ; Eze 38:16 ; Joel 1:6 ). Ephraim. See note on 4:17 . Egypt … Assyria. Israel was threatened with exile to the lands it depended on—where the temple sacrifice could not be offered (see v. 4 ; 7:16 ; 8:13 and notes). unclean. A foreign country was ceremonially unclean (see Am 7:17 and note). What grew there was likewise unclean, because it was the product of fertility credited to pagan gods (see 2:5 and note; Eze 4:13 ).
[BACK TO 9:4] bread of mourners. Unclean, like bread in a house where there had been a death (see Nu 19:14 and note; Dt 26:14 ; Jer 16:7 ). All who touched it became ceremonially unclean. not come into the temple of the L ORD. In exile Israel would have no place (not even those places established by Jeroboam I; 1Ki 12:28–33 ) where she could bring sacrifices to the Lord or celebrate her religious festivals (v. 5 ).
[BACK TO 9:5] appointed festivals … feast days. See 2:11 and note.
[BACK TO 9:6] Egypt. See 7:16 ; 8:13 ; 11:5 and notes. Memphis. The capital of Lower (northern) Egypt. briers , and thorns. Cf. a similar threat against Edom ( Isa 34:13 ).
[BACK TO 9:7] inspired. See Mic 3:8 and note. maniac. See 2Ki 9:11 ; Jer 29:26 and notes; cf. 1Sa 21:15 .
[BACK TO 9:8] watchman. See Eze 3:17 ; Hab 2:1 and notes. snares … hostility. Israel showed only hostility toward the watchmen (the true prophets) whom God sent to warn his people of the great dangers that threatened (see Jer 1:19 ; 11:19 ; 15:10 ; Am 7:10–13 ).
[BACK TO 9:9] corruption. The word used of the Israelites who worshiped the golden calf (see Ex 32:7 and note; Dt 9:12 ). days of Gibeah. A reference to the corrupt behavior of the Benjamites so graphically described in Jdg 19–21 . God will remember. Sins unrepented of are remembered, as well as the accumulated sins of generations (see 13:12 ).
[BACK TO 9:10] I found Israel … I saw your ancestors. The covenant relation is traced back to “the desert” (see 2:14–15 and note on 2:14 ; 13:5 ; Dt 32:10 ). grapes … fig. Refreshing delicacies (see SS 2:13 ; Isa 28:4 ; Mic 7:1 ). The images used here (grapes in the desert, early fruit of the fig tree) beautifully convey God’s delight in Israel when she, out of all the nations, committed herself to him in covenant at Sinai. Baal Peor. Peor was a mountain ( Nu 23:28 ). “Baal Peor” refers to the god of Peor ( Nu 25:1–3 ) and is here used to refer to Beth Peor, “the sanctuary of Peor” (see Dt 3:29 and note; 4:3 , 46 ; Jos 13:20 ). Hosea refers here to the incident in Nu 25 . that shameful idol. See Jdg 6:32 ; Jer 2:26 and notes. became … vile. See Isa 5:2 , 4 , 7 .
[BACK TO 9:11] Ephraim’s glory. Her large population and prosperity. The punishment fit the sin. Prostitution produces no increase (see 4:10 ; Jdg 2:17 and notes). fly away like a bird. Never to return (see Pr 23:5 ).
[BACK TO 9:12] Woe. See 7:13 and note.
[BACK TO 9:13] Tyre. Noted for its wealth, pleasant environment and security (see Eze 27:3–25 ).
[BACK TO 9:14] Hosea did not pray out of hateful vengeance against Israel but because he shared God’s holy wrath against her sins.
[BACK TO 9:15] Gilgal. See note on 4:15 . drive them out of my house. As the unfaithful wife was driven from her husband’s house, so Israel was driven from God’s “house”—i.e., his land (see 8:1 and note). no longer love them. Because of their sins. But when they repent and ask the Lord to forgive them (see 14:1–2 and notes), he will “love them freely” ( 14:4 ).
[BACK TO 9:17] My God. Hosea’s words alone, for God was no longer Israel’s God. reject. See 4:6 ; 2Ki 17:20 . wanderers. Like Cain ( Ge 4:12–16 ).
[BACK TO 10:1] Israel. The nation personified and called by the name of its ancestor. vine. A frequent metaphor for Israel (see Ps 80:8–16 and note). prospered. The prosperity during the period of Jeroboam II (793–753 BC ) is probably in view. sacred stones. See 3:4 and note.
[BACK TO 10:2] Their heart is deceitful. See Jer 17:9 and note. Israel formally cried out to God, but the people dishonored him by pagan worship (see 8:2 and note).
[BACK TO 10:3] We have no king. Such would soon be their condition when Assyria destroyed the nation.
[BACK TO 10:4] They make many promises. The last kings of Israel were notoriously corrupt and deceitful.
[BACK TO 10:5] Samaria. The royal city of Israel (see note on 7:1 ). calf-idol of Beth Aven. The idol that Jeroboam I had set up at Bethel (see NIV text note; see also 8:5 and note).
[BACK TO 10:6] tribute for the great king. See 5:13 and note. Ephraim. See note on 4:17 .
[BACK TO 10:8] high places. See 4:13–14 and note on 4:13 . wickedness. See NIV text note. Cover us! … Fall on us! Cries of utter despair; quoted by Jesus (see Lk 23:30 and note) and alluded to in Rev 6:16 .
[BACK TO 10:9] Gibeah. See 9:9 and note. As war came on Gibeah, so war and captivity would come on Israel.
[BACK TO 10:11] trained heifer. Up to now Ephraim (Israel) had been as contented as a young cow that ate while threshing grain. But now God would cause Israel (here called both Ephraim and Jacob) and Judah to do the heavy work of plowing and harrowing under a yoke—a picture of going into the Assyrian and Babylonian captivities. Judah. See Introduction: Author and Date .
[BACK TO 10:12] reap the fruit of unfailing love. If Israel would only do what was right (“unfailing love” translates the Hebrew word
esed ; see note on 6:6 ), God would bless her. break up your unplowed ground. Be no longer unproductive, but repentant, making a radical new beginning and becoming productive and fruitful. righteousness. God’s covenant blessings that in righteousness he would shower on his people if they in righteousness were loyal to him, their covenant Lord.
[BACK TO 10:13] deception. Israel had been living a lie—and by lies (see v. 4 ; 7:3 ; 11:12 ; 12:1 ; cf. 1Jn 1:6 ).
[BACK TO 10:14] Shalman devastated Beth Arbel. The event is otherwise unknown, as are the names mentioned—though Shalman may be an abbreviated form of Shalmaneser V, the Assyrian king who laid siege to Samaria in 725 BC (see 2Ki 17:3–5 ). In any event, atrocities against civilians were common in ancient warfare (see 9:13 ; 13:16 ; see also Ps 137:9 and note).
[BACK TO 10:15] Bethel. See v. 8 and NIV text note; 12:4 and note.
[BACK TO 11:1] A third appeal to history (see 9:10 ; 10:9 ) traces God’s choice of Israel back to Egypt, the exodus from that country (cf. 12:9 ; 13:4 ) having given birth to the nation. Israel’s response to the Lord is now illustrated by the wayward son rather than by the unfaithful wife (chs. 1–3 ). Israel is also referred to as God’s “son/child” elsewhere (see Ex 4:22–23 and notes; Isa 1:2 , 4 ). For God as Israel’s “Father,” see Dt 32:6 ; Isa 63:16 ; 64:8 . Hosea saw God’s love as the basis (see 3:1 and note) for the election of Israel. Matthew saw in Jesus’ return from Egypt a typological fulfillment of Israel’s deliverance from Egypt (see Mt 2:15 and note).
[BACK TO 11:2] Baals. See 2:13 and note. images. See Dt 7:25 .
[BACK TO 11:3] Ephraim. See note on 4:17 . walk. This picture of a father teaching his child to walk is one of the most tender in the OT. did not realize. See 2:5–8 and note on 2:8 . healed. See 5:13 ; 6:1 and note; 7:1 .
[BACK TO 11:4] The imagery is unclear, but the figure seems to change to a farmer tending his work animals. Another interpretation sees a continuation of the son image, with the father lifting the son to his cheek. feed them. God supplied miraculous food in the wilderness (see Ex 16 ; Dt 8:16 ).
[BACK TO 11:5] Egypt … Assyria. See 8:13 ; 9:3 and notes. The tender tone (vv. 1–4 ) changes to threat of exile to the two countries between which Israel has vacillated. It is ironic that the people rescued from Egypt should be returned there because of their disloyalty to the one who had rescued them.
[BACK TO 11:7] Most High. See 7:16 and note.
[BACK TO 11:8] The stubborn son was subject to stoning ( Dt 21:18–21 ), but the Lord’s compassion overcame his wrath and he refused to destroy Ephraim (Israel). Admah … Zeboyim. Cities of the plain (see Ge 10:19 and note; 14:2 , 8 ), overthrown when Sodom was destroyed ( Ge 19:24–25 ; Dt 29:23 ; Jer 49:18 ) and symbolizing total destruction (see Am 4:11 and note).
[BACK TO 11:9] God , and not a man. God will not be untrue to the love he has shown toward Israel (see vv. 1–4 ; 1Sa 15:29 ; Mal 3:6 ). Israel was to be punished, but not destroyed. the Holy One among you. God’s holiness is alluded to in Hosea both here and in v. 12 (see notes on Ex 3:5 ; Lev 11:44 ).
[BACK TO 11:10] The return from exile. roar like a lion. Rather than threatening destruction (cf. 5:14 ; 13:7 ), God’s roar was now a clear signal to return from exile. the west. The islands and coastlands of the Mediterranean Sea.
[BACK TO 11:11] from Egypt … Assyria. See 7:16 and note; 9:3 . like sparrows … like doves. Suggests swiftness of return (cf. Isa 60:8 ) and is not derogatory, as was the earlier comparison to a silly dove ( 7:11 ).
[BACK TO 11:12] lies … deceit. See 10:13 and note. Judah. See Introduction: Author and Date . unruly against God. See Jer 2:31 . Holy One. See v. 9 and note.
[BACK TO 12:1] Ephraim. See note on 4:17 . wind. See 8:7 ; Ecc 1:14 . east wind. See 13:15 ; Job 15:2 ; Jer 18:17 . Pursuing the wind symbolized Israel’s futile foreign policy, which vacillated between Egypt ( 2Ki 17:4 ; Isa 30:6–7 ) and Assyria (see 5:13 ; 7:11 ; 8:9 and notes; 2Ki 17:3 ).
[BACK TO 12:2] charge. See 4:1 and note. Judah. See Introduction: Author and Date . Jacob. Israel (see 10:11 ). The Lord indicted both kingdoms—all the descendants of Father Jacob. In their deceitfulness Israel and Judah were living up to the name of their forefather (see NIV text note).
[BACK TO 12:3] In the womb. See Ge 25:26 ; 27:36 and notes. grasped his brother’s heel. See NIV text note on v. 2 . God’s covenant people here relived the experiences of Father Jacob and now had to return to God, just as Jacob was called back to Bethel ( Ge 35:1–15 ).
[BACK TO 12:4] struggled with the angel. See Ge 32:22–28 and NIV text note on 32:28 . Bethel. See Ge 28:12–19 and NIV text note on 28:19 ; 35:1–15 . In Hosea’s time, Bethel was the most important royal sanctuary in the northern kingdom (cf. Am 7:13 ).
[BACK TO 12:6] love. Hebrewesed ; see 6:6 (“mercy”) and note. justice. See Am 5:24 ; Mic 6:8 and notes.
[BACK TO 12:7] merchant. As Hosea had played on the meaning of Jacob in v. 2 , he here uses a wordplay on Canaan (the Hebrew for “merchant” sounds like Canaan) to charge that Israel was no better than a Canaanite (see note on Zec 14:21 ). dishonest scales. See Lev 19:35 ; Pr 11:1 and notes.
[BACK TO 12:8] I am very rich. Riches brought a sense of self-sufficiency (cf. 10:13 ; Dt 32:15–18 ; Lk 12:19 ; Rev 3:17 ). not find in me any iniquity. Like a dishonest merchant, Ephraim (Israel) was confident that her deceitfulness (see 10:13 and note) would not come to light.
[BACK TO 12:9] I have been the L ORD your God ever since. See 13:4 ; Ex 20:2 and note. tents. Recalling the wilderness journey of long ago (cf. 2:14–15 ). appointed festivals. Probably the Festival of Tabernacles (see Lev 23:33–43 and note on 23:42 ), which commemorated the wilderness journey.
[BACK TO 12:10] spoke to the prophets. See 6:5 ; Am 2:11 and notes; Heb 1:1 . There had been ample warning. visions. Revelations (see Nu 12:6–8 and note; Am 1:1 ). parables. Containing messages of warning from God (see 2Sa 12:1–4 ; Ps 78:2 ; Isa 5:1–7 ; Eze 17:2 ; 24:3 ).
[BACK TO 12:11] Gilead wicked. See 6:8–9 and notes. Gilead was overrun by Assyria in 734–732 BC ( 2Ki 15:29 ). Gilgal. See 4:15 and note. The Hebrew contains a wordplay between “Gilgal” and “piles” (Hebrew gallim ). Rather than assuring safety, the altars themselves would be destroyed. on a plowed field. Israelite farmers gathered into piles the stones turned up by their plows.
[BACK TO 12:12] Jacob fled from Esau to Paddan Aram ( Ge 28:2 , 5 ), serving Laban seven years for each wife ( Ge 29:20–28 ), and then continued six more years as Laban’s herdsman ( Ge 30:31 ; 31:41 ).
[BACK TO 12:13] prophet. Moses (cf. Nu 12:6–8 ; Dt 18:15 ; 34:10 ). cared for him. As Jacob had cared for Laban’s flocks, so the Lord cared for Israel during her wilderness wandering. Earlier leadership by the prophet Moses stands in contrast to Israel’s present disregard for prophets (cf. 4:5 ; 6:5 ; 9:7 ).
[BACK TO 12:14] Ephraim … aroused his bitter anger. Despite warnings. bloodshed. Cf. 1:4 ; 4:2 ; 5:2 ; 6:8 . This refers to violence committed against others, including human sacrifice (see 13:2 and note). In legal passages such as Lev 20:11–27 , “their blood will be on their own heads” describes guilt. The prophet drew a contrast between past divine preservation and present divine anger that would bring punishment. repay. See Isa 65:7 .
[BACK TO 13:1] When Ephraim spoke. In accordance with Jacob’s blessing ( Ge 48:10–20 ), Ephraim became a powerful tribe ( Jdg 8:1–3 ; 12:1–6 ; 1Sa 1:1–4 ), from which came such prominent leaders as Joshua ( Nu 13:8 , 16 ; Jos 24:29–30 ) and Jeroboam I ( 1Ki 11:26 ; 12:20 ). Ephraim. See note on 4:17 . Israel. The 12 tribes. died. The wages of sin was death (cf. Ro 6:23 ), and the end of the nation was at hand.
[BACK TO 13:2] idols. See 4:12 ; 8:5–6 and notes; 11:2 . human sacrifices. See Lev 18:21 ; 2Ki 16:13 ; 17:17 ; 23:10 ; Jer 7:31 and notes; Eze 20:26 ; Mic 6:7 . For the sense of the NIV text note, see 1Ki 12:26–33 . kiss. Show homage to (see Ps 2:12 and note). calf-idols. See 8:5 and note; 10:5 .
[BACK TO 13:3] “Mist” and “dew” (see 6:4 ), “chaff” (see Ps 1:4 and note; 35:5 ; Isa 17:13 ; 29:5 ; Zep 2:2 ) and “smoke” (see Ps 37:20 ; 68:2 ; Isa 51:6 ) are all figurative for Ephraim, which was soon to vanish as a nation.
[BACK TO 13:4] I have been the L ORD your God ever since. See 12:9 ; Ex 20:2 and note. The contrast is with Jeroboam’s declaration, “Here are your gods” ( 1Ki 12:28 ). acknowledge … God. See 2:20 ; 6:3 and notes.
[BACK TO 13:5] wilderness. See 2:14 ; 9:10 and notes.
[BACK TO 13:6] satisfied. See Dt 6:11–12 ; 8:10–14 ; 11:15 . forgot me. See 2:13 ; Dt 6:10–12 and notes; 8:11 , 14 , 19 ; 32:18 .
[BACK TO 13:7–8] The Lord, previously pictured as a shepherd ( 4:16 ), would attack like the wild beasts that often ravaged the flocks.
[BACK TO 13:7] lion. See 5:14 and note. leopard. See Jer 5:6 ; Rev 13:2 .
[BACK TO 13:8] bear robbed of her cubs. See 2Sa 17:8 ; Pr 17:12 and note.
[BACK TO 13:9] helper. See Ps 10:14 ; 30:10 ; 54:4 .
[BACK TO 13:10] Where is your king … ? Help comes only from the Lord ( Ps 121:2 ), not from kings. The prophet likely alludes to the royal assassinations of his day (see 7:7 ; 8:4 and notes). Give me a king. Though all Israel asked for a king in the days of Samuel (see 1Sa 8:5 and note), the reference here is only to the northern monarchy. Israel selected Jeroboam I ( 1Ki 12:20 ) in preference to the Davidic kings.
[BACK TO 13:11] Reference is to the kings of the northern kingdom of Israel.
[BACK TO 13:12] See 9:9 and note; Job 14:17 . sins … on record. See 7:2 and note; Dt 32:34 .
[BACK TO 13:13] Pains as of … childbirth. Their helpless situation was comparable to that of a woman in childbirth (see Isa 13:8 and note; 21:3 ; Jer 13:21 ; Mic 4:9–10 ; Mt 24:8 ) who cannot deliver the child (see 2Ki 19:3 ) and consequently dies.
[BACK TO 13:14] I will deliver. A promise of rescue from death. Where , O death … ? The personified reference is to the death of the nation (see note on v. 1 ). Paul applies this passage to resurrection ( 1Co 15:55 ). grave. For a description of “the grave” (Hebrew Sheol ), see Job 3:13–19 ; Isa 14:9–10 ; see also note on Ge 37:35 .
[BACK TO 13:15] thrives. In Hebrew a wordplay on Ephraim (meaning “fruitful”). east wind. The drought-bringing east wind (see 12:1 ; Ge 41:7 and note; Job 1:19 ; Isa 27:8 ; Jer 4:11 ; 13:24 ; 18:17 ) is here a figure for Assyria, an instrument of the Lord (see Isa 10:5 and note). Assyria invaded the northern kingdom in 734 BC , then crushed it and exiled its people in 722–721. all its treasures. See Na 2:9 .
[BACK TO 13:16] Samaria. See 7:1 and note; 8:5–6 ; 10:5 , 7 ; here, the northern kingdom. rebelled against. See Ps 5:10 ; Isa 1:2 and note; Eze 20:8 , 13 , 21 . little ones … women. For atrocities against women and children, see 10:14 ; Ps 137:9 and notes.
[BACK TO 14:1] Return. Another appeal for repentance (see 10:12 ; 12:6 ). Unlike that of ch. 6 , this repentance would have to be sincere in order for the people to receive the gracious response from the Lord promised in vv. 4–8 (cf. Ps 130:7–8 ; Isa 55:6–7 ).
[BACK TO 14:2] Take words. None could appear before the Lord empty-handed ( Ex 23:15 ; 34:20 ), but animal sacrifices would not be enough. Only words of true repentance would be sufficient. fruit of our lips. As thank offerings to the Lord (see Heb 13:15 ).
[BACK TO 14:3] what our own hands have made. Idols (see v. 8 ; 13:2 and note). fatherless. Penitent Israel (see Ps 10:14 ; 68:5 ; La 5:3 ). find compassion. Cf. the name of the child Lo-Ruhamah (see 1:6 and note; see also 2:1 , 23 ).
[BACK TO 14:4] heal. See 11:3 and note. waywardness. See 11:7 . love them freely. That is, love them out of my own free choice (cf. 9:15 and note). love. See 3:1 ; 11:1 and notes. anger … turned away. Contrasts with the burning anger that brought destruction (see 8:5 ).
[BACK TO 14:5] dew. Here not a symbol of transitoriness (cf. 6:4 ; 13:3 ) but of God’s blessing (see Dt 33:13 ; Mic 5:7 and note). cedar of Lebanon. See notes on Jdg 9:15 ; 1Ki 5:6 ; Isa 9:10 . cedar. See Ps 80:8–11 . Lebanon. See Ps 104:16–18 and note.
[BACK TO 14:7] shade. Protection (see Jdg 9:15 and note; SS 2:3 ; Eze 31:6 ). vine. See 10:1 ; Ps 80:8–16 and note.
[BACK TO 14:8] Ephraim. See note on 4:17 . flourishing juniper. Only here in the OT is God compared to a tree. For the point of the imagery, see Eze 31:3–7 ; Da 4:12 . fruitfulness. Ephraim (“fruitful”; see Ge 41:52 and note) received his fruitfulness from the Lord (cf. 2:8 ).
[BACK TO 14:9] ways of the L ORD. See Ps 18:21 ; 25:4 and note. The prophet concludes by offering each reader the alternatives of walking or stumbling (cf. 4:5 ; 5:5 )—of obedience or rebellion. right. See note on Ps 119:121 .
Joel![]()
a quick look
Author:Joel
Audience:The people of Judah
Date:Probably between the late seventh and early fifth centuries BC
Theme:Restoration and blessing will come to the people of Judah only after judgment and repentance.
Author
The prophet Joel cannot be identified with any of the 12 other figures in the OT who have the same name. He is not mentioned outside the books of Joel and Acts (
Ac 2:16
). The non-Biblical legends about him are unconvincing. His father, Pethuel (
1:1
), is also unknown. Judging from his concern with Judah and Jerusalem (see
2:32
;
3:1
,
6
,
8
,
16–20
), it seems likely that Joel lived in that area. See note on
1:1
.
Date
The book contains no references to datable historical events. Many interpreters date it somewhere between the late seventh and early fifth centuries BC. In any case, its message is not significantly affected by its dating.
The book of Joel has striking linguistic parallels to the language of Amos, Micah, Zephaniah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel. Some scholars maintain that the prophets borrowed phrases from one another; others hold that they drew more or less from the religious literary traditions that they and their readers shared in common—liturgical and otherwise.
Joel sees the massive locust plague and severe drought devastating Judah as a harbinger of the “great and dreadful day of the L ORD ” and calls on everyone to repent.
Theological Message
Joel sees the massive locust plague and severe drought devastating Judah as a harbinger of the “great and dreadful day of the LORD ” ( 2:31 ). (The locusts he mentions in 1:4 ; 2:25 are best understood as real insects, not as allegorical representations of the Babylonians, Medo-Persians, Greeks and Romans, as held by some interpreters.) Confronted with this crisis, he calls on everyone to repent: old and young ( 1:2–3 ), drunkards ( 1:5 ), farmers ( 1:11 ) and priests ( 1:13 ). He describes the locusts as the Lord’s army and sees in their coming a reminder that the day of the Lord is near. He does not voice the popular notion that the day will be one of judgment on the nations but deliverance and blessing for Israel. Instead—with Isaiah ( 2:10–21 ), Jeremiah ( 4:5–9 ), Amos ( 5:18–20 ) and Zephaniah ( 1:7–18 )—he describes the day as one of punishment of unfaithful Israel as well. Restoration and blessing will come only after judgment and repentance.
Joel tells of an invasion of locusts ( 1:4 ) and calls the people to repentance. Swarms of locusts were a significant agricultural threat in the ancient Near East, and remain so today. A desert locust swarm can be 460 square miles (1,200 square kilometers) in size and pack between 40 and 80 million locusts into less than half a square mile (one square kilometer). Each locust can eat its weight in plants each day, so a swarm of such size would eat 423 million pounds (192 million kilograms) of plants every day (see “Locust,” National Geographic, http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/bugs/locust/ ).
© Ruvan Boshoff/ www.istockphoto.com
Outline
I. Title ( 1:1 )
II. Judah Experiences a Foretaste of the Day of the Lord ( 1:2–2:17 )
A. A Call to Mourning and Prayer ( 1:2–14 )
B. The Announcement of the Day of the Lord ( 1:15–2:11 )
C. A Call to Repentance and Prayer ( 2:12–17 )
III. Judah Is Assured of Salvation in the Day of the Lord ( 2:18–3:21 )
A. The Lord’s Restoration of Judah ( 2:18–27 )
B. The Lord’s Renewal of His People ( 2:28–32 )
C. The Coming of the Day of the Lord (ch. 3 )
1. The nations judged ( 3:1–16 )2. God’s people blessed ( 3:17–21 )
1 ‡ The word of the LORD that came † to Joel † son of Pethuel.
An Invasion of Locusts
2 ‡ Hear this, † you elders; †listen, all who live in the land. †Has anything like this ever happened in your daysor in the days of your ancestors? †3 Tell it to your children, †and let your children tell it to their children,and their children to the next generation. †4 ‡ What the locust † swarm has leftthe great locusts have eaten;what the great locusts have leftthe young locusts have eaten;what the young locusts have left †other locusts [1] have eaten. †
5 ‡ Wake up, you drunkards, and weep!Wail, all you drinkers of wine; †wail because of the new wine,for it has been snatched † from your lips.6 ‡ A nation has invaded my land,a mighty army without number; †it has the teeth † of a lion,the fangs of a lioness.7 ‡ It has laid waste † my vinesand ruined my fig trees. †It has stripped off their barkand thrown it away,leaving their branches white.
8 ‡ Mourn like a virgin in sackcloth †grieving for the betrothed of her youth.9 ‡ Grain offerings and drink offerings †are cut off from the house of the LORD .The priests are in mourning, †those who minister before the LORD .10 ‡ The fields are ruined,the ground is dried up; †the grain is destroyed,the new wine † is dried up,the olive oil fails. †
11 Despair, you farmers, †wail, you vine growers;grieve for the wheat and the barley, †because the harvest of the field is destroyed. †12 The vine is dried upand the fig tree is withered; †the pomegranate, † the palm and the apple [2] tree—all the trees of the field—are dried up. †Surely the people’s joyis withered away.
A Call to Lamentation
13 ‡ Put on sackcloth, † you priests, and mourn;wail, you who minister † before the altar.Come, spend the night in sackcloth,you who minister before my God;for the grain offerings and drink offerings †are withheld from the house of your God.14 ‡ Declare a holy fast; †call a sacred assembly.Summon the eldersand all who live in the land †to the house of the LORD your God,and cry out † to the LORD . †
15 ‡ Alas for that † day!For the day of the LORD † is near;it will come like destruction from the Almighty. [3] †
16 Has not the food been cut off †before our very eyes—joy and gladness †from the house of our God? †17 The seeds are shriveledbeneath the clods. [4] †The storehouses are in ruins,the granaries have been broken down,for the grain has dried up.18 ‡ How the cattle moan!The herds mill aboutbecause they have no pasture; †even the flocks of sheep are suffering. †
19 ‡ To you, LORD , I call, †for fire † has devoured the pastures † in the wildernessand flames have burned up all the trees of the field.20 Even the wild animals pant for you; †the streams of water have dried up †and fire has devoured the pastures † in the wilderness.
An Army of Locusts
1 ‡ Blow the trumpet † in Zion; †sound the alarm on my holy hill. †
Let all who live in the land tremble,for the day of the LORD † is coming.It is close at hand † —2 ‡ a day of darkness † and gloom, †a day of clouds † and blackness. †Like dawn spreading across the mountainsa large and mighty army † comes,such as never was in ancient times †nor ever will be in ages to come.
3 ‡ Before them fire † devours,behind them a flame blazes.Before them the land is like the garden of Eden, †behind them, a desert waste † —nothing escapes them.4 ‡ They have the appearance of horses; †they gallop along like cavalry.5 ‡ With a noise like that of chariots †they leap over the mountaintops,like a crackling fire † consuming stubble,like a mighty army drawn up for battle.
6 ‡ At the sight of them, nations are in anguish; †every face turns pale. †7 They charge like warriors; †they scale walls like soldiers.They all march in line, †not swerving † from their course.8 They do not jostle each other;each marches straight ahead.They plunge through defenseswithout breaking ranks.9 ‡ They rush upon the city;they run along the wall.They climb into the houses; †like thieves they enter through the windows. †
10 ‡ Before them the earth shakes, †the heavens tremble, †the sun and moon are darkened, †and the stars no longer shine. †11 ‡ The LORD † thunders †at the head of his army; †his forces are beyond number,and mighty is the army that obeys his command.The day of the LORD is great; †it is dreadful.Who can endure it? †
Rend Your Heart
12 ‡ “Even now,” declares the LORD ,“return † to me with all your heart, †with fasting and weeping and mourning.”
13 ‡ Rend your heart †and not your garments. †Return † to the LORD your God,for he is gracious and compassionate, †slow to anger and abounding in love, †and he relents from sending calamity. †14 ‡ Who knows? He may turn † and relent †and leave behind a blessing † —grain offerings and drink offerings †for the LORD your God.
15 ‡ Blow the trumpet † in Zion, †declare a holy fast, †call a sacred assembly. †16 ‡ Gather the people,consecrate † the assembly;bring together the elders, †gather the children,those nursing at the breast.Let the bridegroom † leave his roomand the bride her chamber.17 ‡ Let the priests, who minister † before the LORD ,weep † between the portico and the altar. †Let them say, “Spare your people, LORD .Do not make your inheritance an object of scorn, †a byword † among the nations.Why should they say among the peoples,‘Where is their God? † ’ ”
The LORD ’s Answer
19 ‡ The LORD replied [5] to them:
“I am sending you grain, new wine † and olive oil, †enough to satisfy you fully; †never again will I make youan object of scorn † to the nations.
20 ‡ “I will drive the northern horde † far from you,pushing it into a parched and barren land;its eastern ranks will drown in the Dead Seaand its western ranks in the Mediterranean Sea.And its stench † will go up;its smell will rise.”
Surely he has done great things!21 ‡ Do not be afraid, † land of Judah;be glad and rejoice. †Surely the LORD has done great things! †22 ‡ Do not be afraid, you wild animals,for the pastures in the wilderness are becoming green. †The trees are bearing their fruit;the fig tree † and the vine † yield their riches. †23 ‡ Be glad, people of Zion,rejoice † in the LORD your God,for he has given you the autumn rainsbecause he is faithful. †He sends you abundant showers, †both autumn † and spring rains, † as before.24 ‡ The threshing floors will be filled with grain;the vats will overflow † with new wine † and oil.
25 ‡ “I will repay you for the years the locusts † have eaten † —the great locust and the young locust,the other locusts and the locust swarm [6] —my great army † that I sent among you.26 ‡ You will have plenty to eat, until you are full, †and you will praise † the name of the LORD your God,who has worked wonders † for you;never again will my people be shamed. †27 ‡ Then you will know † that I am in Israel,that I am the LORD † your God,and that there is no other;never again will my people be shamed. †
The Day of the LORD
28 ‡ “And afterward,I will pour out my Spirit † on all people. †Your sons and daughters will prophesy, †your old men will dream dreams, †your young men will see visions.29 Even on my servants, † both men and women,I will pour out my Spirit in those days. †30 ‡ I will show wonders in the heavens †and on the earth, †blood and fire and billows of smoke.31 ‡ The sun will be turned to darkness †and the moon to bloodbefore the coming of the great and dreadful day of the LORD . †32 ‡ And everyone who callson the name of the LORD † will be saved; †for on Mount Zion † and in Jerusalemthere will be deliverance, †as the LORD has said,even among the survivors †whom the LORD calls. [7] †
1 ‡ “In those days and at that time,when I restore the fortunes † of Judah † and Jerusalem,2 ‡ I will gather † all nationsand bring them down to the Valley of Jehoshaphat. [9] †There I will put them on trial †for what they did to my inheritance, my people Israel,because they scattered † my people among the nationsand divided up my land.3 ‡ They cast lots † for my peopleand traded boys for prostitutes;they sold girls for wine † to drink.
4 ‡ “Now what have you against me, Tyre and Sidon † and all you regions of Philistia? † Are you repaying me for something I have done? If you are paying me back, I will swiftly and speedily return on your own heads what you have done. † 5 For you took my silver and my gold and carried off my finest treasures to your temples. [10] † 6 ‡ You sold the people of Judah and Jerusalem to the Greeks, † that you might send them far from their homeland.
7 “See, I am going to rouse them out of the places to which you sold them, † and I will return † on your own heads what you have done. 8 ‡ I will sell your sons † and daughters to the people of Judah, † and they will sell them to the Sabeans, † a nation far away.” The LORD has spoken. †
9 ‡ Proclaim this among the nations:Prepare for war! †Rouse the warriors! †Let all the fighting men draw near and attack.10 ‡ Beat your plowshares into swordsand your pruning hooks † into spears. †Let the weakling † say,“I am strong!” †11 ‡ Come quickly, all you nations from every side,and assemble † there.
Bring down your warriors, † LORD !
12 “Let the nations be roused;let them advance into the Valley of Jehoshaphat, †for there I will sitto judge † all the nations on every side.13 ‡ Swing the sickle, †for the harvest † is ripe.Come, trample the grapes, †for the winepress † is fulland the vats overflow—so great is their wickedness!”
14 ‡ Multitudes, † multitudesin the valley † of decision!For the day of the LORD † is nearin the valley of decision. †15 ‡ The sun and moon will be darkened,and the stars no longer shine. †16 ‡ The LORD will roar † from Zionand thunder from Jerusalem; †the earth and the heavens will tremble. †But the LORD will be a refuge † for his people,a stronghold † for the people of Israel.
Blessings for God’s People
17 ‡ “Then you will know † that I, the LORD your God, †dwell in Zion, † my holy hill. †Jerusalem will be holy; †never again will foreigners invade her. †
18 ‡ “In that day the mountains will drip new wine, †and the hills will flow with milk; †all the ravines of Judah will run with water. †A fountain will flow out of the LORD ’s house †and will water the valley of acacias. [11] †19 ‡ But Egypt † will be desolate,Edom † a desert waste,because of violence † done to the people of Judah,in whose land they shed innocent blood.20 ‡ Judah will be inhabited forever †and Jerusalem through all generations.21 ‡ Shall I leave their innocent blood unavenged? †No, I will not. † ”
![]()
Statue of a deity holding a vase with water flowing out (Iraq, 721–705 BC). In the ancient Near East, this type of statue was common and represented the life-giving quality of fresh water. Joel 3:18 describes the Lord’s house as flowing with water.
Kim Walton, courtesy of the Oriental Institute Museum
The LORD dwells in Zion! †
Joel 1
[BACK TO [1]] 1:4 The precise meaning of the four Hebrew words used here for locusts is uncertain.[BACK TO [2]] 1:12 Or possibly apricot[BACK TO [3]] 1:15 Hebrew Shaddai[BACK TO [4]] 1:17 The meaning of the Hebrew for this word is uncertain.Joel 2
[BACK TO [5]] 2:18, 19 Or LORD will be jealous … / and take pity … / 19 The LORD will replyJoel 2
[BACK TO [6]] 2:25 The precise meaning of the four Hebrew words used here for locusts is uncertain.[BACK TO [7]] 2:32 In Hebrew texts 2:28–32 is numbered 3:1–5.Joel 3
[BACK TO [8]] In Hebrew texts 3:1–21 is numbered 4:1–21.Joel 3
[BACK TO [9]] 3:2 Jehoshaphat means the LORD judges ; also in verse 12 .[BACK TO [10]] 3:5 Or palaces[BACK TO [11]] 3:18 Or Valley of Shittim