Notes

Abbreviations

BM

British Museum

C SP Span

Calendar of Letters, Documents and State Papers relating to Negotiations between England and Spain ... ed. G.A. Bergenroth, P. D. Goyanyos, G. Mattingley and R. Tyler (1862–1965)

C SP Yen

Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts Relating to English Affairs Existing in the Archives and Collections of Venice ... ed, R.L. Brown, C Cavendish-Bentinck, H.F. Brown and A.B. Hmds (1864–1940)

DNB

Dictionary of National Biography

HO

A Collection of Ordinances and Regulations for the Government of the Royal Household, Society of Antiquaries (1790)

IKH

Inventory of King Henry VIII: the Transcript, ed. D. Starkey (1988)

L & P

Letters & Papers Foreign & Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII, ed. S.J. Brewer, 2nd edn (1861–3)

OED

Oxford English Dictionary

PRO

Public Record Office

For other references, see the Bibliography.

Chapter 1 The Counting House

1.HO 17–18.

2.HO 63.

3.PRO E36/241, f. 360.

4.HO 56.

5.HO 58.

6.HO 228.

7.HO 213, 211.

8.HO 162.

9.HO 69.

10.HO 175, 191.

11.HO 193–4, 197.

12.HO 230–1.

13.HO 211.

14.HO 231.

15.HO 224, 226.

16.HO 62.

17.Barkeley (1874), II, 90–4.

18.HO 228.

19.HO 231.

20.PRO LC6/202, ff. 148–50, 157, transcribed in Thurley (1990), 26–5.

21.HO 229, 236.

22.HO 238.

23.HO 62.

24.HO 62, 236

25.HO 237.

26.HO 237.

27.HO 230.

28.HO 67–8.

Chapter 2 Serving the Court

1.HO 174, 191.

2.HO 185–90.

3.Wriothesley.

4.HO 191.

5.See DNB, Barkeley; Barkeley (1848), xl–xlii.

6.HO 191.

7.HO 171.

8.HO 177–90.

9.HO 174–5.

10.CSP Span, XIII, 31.

Chapter 3 The Outer Court

1.Thurley (1990), 22.

2.HO 220–1.

3.Sneyd, 10.

4.Simon (1944), 68–9.

5.Elyot, 31.

6.Venner, iii, 64.

7.Browne, 319.

8.Venner, 62.

9.Simon (1944), 54; OED, Puffin.

10.Carew, 35b.

11.Simon (1959), 13.

12.Simon (1944), 8.

13.Buttes, 137–8.

14.Shakespeare, W., Henry the Eighth, Act 3 Scene 2 lines 279–82.

15.Elyot, 21.

16.Brears (1989), 109.

17.Boorde, 270; Buttes, 137–8.

18.Buttes, 137.

19.Wilson, 118.

20.HO 220.

21.HO 223.

22.HO 237, 231.

23.Spry and Hume, 632.

24.HO 68–70, 140, 232.

25.HO 237, 231; L&P 1545, I, 856; 1544, I, 1023.

26.HO 282, 209.

27.L&P 1546, I, 774.

28.HO 69.

29.Markham, 126.

30.HO 195.

31.Markham, 126; HO 69.

32.Jaine, 69–94; Seager, 304.

33.HO 195.

34.Boorde, 261.

35.HO 69, 194.

36.HO 238, 213, 196, 35.

37.L&P 1541, p. 766; 1543, I, 623/20; 1545, I, 612, 259, 846 (1).

38.HO 196.

39.HO Act 43, Eliz I, cap. 14.

40.HO 162.

41.HO Thurley (1993), 230.

42.Allan, 126.

43.CSP Ven, II, 219.

44.Anon. (1775), II, 190; Rye, 101–13; Jonson, ii, 5.

45.Brears (1989), 179–89.

46.Nicholas, 12/12/1529.

47.HO 63, 175, 121.

Chapter 4 The Greencloth Yard

1.L&P 1544, I, 275, 1023; HO 239.

2.HO 65.

3.HO 42.

4.Nicholas, 11–13/5/1530; Cavendish (1893), 183.

5.HO 196.

6.HO 227.

7.HO 144.

8.Thurley (1990), 18.

9.Groos, 152.

10.HO 234–5.

11.Boorde, 80-9.

12.L&P 1540, 220 (36); 1544, I, 1035 (116); HO 285.

13.Fairholt, 332.

14.HO 82.

15.HO 15.

16.HO 195.

17.HO 162.

18.IKH 6000–1.

19.Nicholas, 18/3/1531.

20.Anon. (1775), II, 190.

21.e.g. ‘cotton wick for candles 18d’ recorded in 1560; Emmison, 64.

22.HO 82.

23.HO 114.

24.IKH 1184.

25.L&P 1545, I, 465 (10); HO 75.

26.Boorde, 271.

27.Tusser, 49.

28.Thurley (1990), 32.

29.L&P 1544, I, 275, 1023; HO 239.

Chapter 5 The Pastry Yard

1.PRO E36/241, ff. 581–2.

2.HO 225.

3.HO 289.

4.HO 196.

5.HO 175.

6.Owen, 42.

7.Boorde, 142.

8.HO 196, 76.

9.Seager, 213.

10.Buttes, 211.

11.Young, 144.

12.Giustianino, June 1518, 193.

13.HO 81.

14.Nicholas.

15.HO 81.

16.IKH 1118.

17.HO 81.

18.Boorde, 286.

19.Adams, S., 145.

20.Dugdale, 132.

21.Anon. (1775), III, 244–6.

22.Ashmole, 603.

23.HO 450.

24.Cavendish (1962), 103; Lorwin, 388.

25.Cavendish (1962), 102–3.

26.Hieatt and Butler, 153.

27.Partridge (1585).

28.Plat, 27.

29.Ruscelli; Dawson, II, 39.

30.L&P 1540/41, 124; 1542, 66; 1543, II, 530; 1544, I, 1023.

31.Nicholas, 14/8/1530, 14/6/1531.

32.PRO E36/237, f. 442.

Chapter 6 The Paved Passage

1.HO 297.

2.L&P 1543, II, 530.

3.L&P 1541, 947 (26); 1544, II, 960 (27); 1543, II, 530.

4.HO 62.

5.HO 288, 296. These details of the Larder fees include the feet and belly-pieces of each ox, even though HO 297 states that they had already been taken by the Acatery. Presumably the officers concerned understood the workings of the apparent anomaly.

6.HO 279.

7.HO 226–7.

8.HO 224.

9.HO 296.

10.HO 237.

11.Thurley (1990), 16.

12.HO 288.

13.HO 296.

14.Boorde, 262.

15.Hodgett, 29.

Chapter 7 The Hall-place and Lord’s-side Kitchens

1.L&P 1541, 878 (58), 141, 1226 (24).

2.HO 148.

3.L&P 1541, 140.

4.L&P 1540, 123b, 163b.

5.HO 69.

6.HO 174–92.

7.Hodgett.

8.See Bibliography.

9.Frere, 23.

10.Tusser, 25.

11.Anon. (1775), I, 229.

12.Thurley (1990), 20.

13.Thurley (1993), 157.

14.Tusser, 3.

15.May, 194.

16.Gate.

17.Hodgett, 30; Austin, 78–890.

18.Furnivall, 8/97, 152/35.

19.BM Cott. MS Vesp. CXIV f. 105.

20.HO 42–3.

21.Hollingshead, III, 820.

22.HO 72.

Chapter 8 The Privy Kitchen

1.HO 158.

2.Thurley (1990), 21.

3.HO 174–6.

4.Hodgett, 19.

5.Boorde, 274–5.

6.Boorde, 263; Hieatt and Butler, 62; Brears (1987), 172–4.

7.Austin, 79; Furnivall (1868), 103; Boorde, 270.

8.Furnivall (1868), 49; HO 430.

9.Jacques de Longuydon, Voeux de Paon, New York, Pierpont Morgan Library, Glazier, 24, f. 52.

10.Dawson, I, 7.

11.Nicholas, 83, 26/10/1536.

12.Boorde, 267; Hodgett, 24.

13.Strutt, II, 103.

14.C SP Yen, II, 918.

15.A.W, 31.

16.Dawson, II, 19.

17.IKH 76; Dawson II, 26; Brears (1993), 136.

18.Seager, 42.

19.Tusser, 256.

Chapter 9 Preparing for Dinner

1.HO 232, 71–2.

2.Cogan, 27.

3.L&P 1541, 503 (6); 1544, I, 23.

4.See Simon (1959) 37–41, for a description of wines of the period.

5.Anon, (c.1500), f. 2.

6.HO 76.

7.Anon. (1508); Partridge (1585).

8.L&P 1542, II, 1251 (24); HO 233–4, 77.

9.HO 78.

10.HO 83.

11.HO 291, 196.

12.L&P 1545, I, 848.

13.Simpkinson, app. lx, hi (1633–4).

14.HO 83.

Chapter 10 Serving the King

1.HO 48.

2.HO 36, 42.

3.HO 36.

4.HO 192.

5.HO 113, 84; IKH 1143 et seq, 1747 et seq.

6.IKH 1616 et seq, 1553 et seq, 1418 et seq, 1468.

7.HO 84.

8.KH 1502–4.

9.IKH 1323 et seq.

10.IKH 1678 et seq.

11.IKH 1505 et seq, 17218 et seq.

12.IKH 1928; HO 118, 115.

13.IKH 1766 et seq.

14.Anon, (c.1500).

15.HO 118, 114.

16.HO 152.

17.IKH 11198; Anon. (c. 1500).

18.IKH 1657 et seq.

19.IKH 1661.

20.HO 75.

21.IKH 1035.

22.HO 154, 109.

23.IKH 1927.

24.Furnivall, 272, 230–1, 358; OED, ‘voider’.

25.IKH 1683–4, 1235, 1248.

26.E.G. IKH 11853 et seq, 17194 et seq, 11865–7.

27.HO 119.

28.HO 153.

Chapter 11 Dining in Chamber and Hall

1.HO 171.

2.HO 171–2.

3.Knell.

4.HO 83–4.

5.Furnivall.

6.Winchester, 146.

7.IKH 17619.

8.Furnivall, 22, 178, 255.

9.Furnivall, 178–9.

10.Furnivall, 157.

11.Furnivall, 22.

12.Furnivall, 279–80.

13.Brears (1987) 28, 76; (Hutton 1998), 16.

14.Adams, J, 19–20.

15.Adams, J., 19–20; HO 83–4.

16.Bread trenchers do not appear to have been made for the court in the 1540s, the only trenchers provenanced to this date being the wooden examples recovered from the Mary Rose (Barkeley, xlv; HO 72).

17.Barkeley, xlvii, xlvi.

18.HO 195, 78.

19.Barkeley, xxxvi.

20.Barkeley, xxxvii, xxxv.

Chapter 12 The Recipes

1.HO, 174-6.

2.Markham, 4.

3.Markham, 64.

4.Austin, 6, 76; Hodgett, 23.

5.Austin, 10, 70.

6.Hieatt and Butler, 62.

7.Harrison, 158; Murrell (1638), 11.

8.Hodgett, 13.

9.Hodgett, 19.

10.Markham, 52.

11.A.W., 10.

12.Hodgett, 14.

13.Hodgett, 15.

14.Anon (1508), I, 229; Anon (1588).

15.A.W., 25.

16.Simon (1959), 82.

17.Hodgett, 20.

18.Austin, 74.

19.Partridge (1585).

20.A.W., 31

21.Boorde, 267; Hodgett, 24.

22.Austin, 80, 81, 78.

23.Hodgett, 20.

24.Simon (1959), 79.

25.Partridge (1585).

26.Austin, 79.

27.Austin, 109.

28.Hodgett, 19.

29.Partridge (1585); Markham, 68.

30.Dawson I, 7.

31.Frere, 37.

32.Dawson, 17.

33.Frere, 39.

34.Harleian MS276 in Furnival (1868), 145

35.Austin, 29.

36.Austin, 17, 105; Furnival 41/582.

37.Hodgett, 53.

38.McNeil, 170.

39.Austin, 100.

40.May, 331; Nott, ‘Calver Salmon’.

41.Hodgett, 21.

42.Frere, 21.

43.A.W., 27

44.Austin, 104.

45.Austin, 10.

46.Austin, 109.

47.Austin, 102; Napier, 69.

48.Hodgett, 32.

49.Hodgett, 24.

50.Hieatt and Butler, 119.

51.Frere, 41.

52.HO., 446; Austin, 10, 89; Napier, 86.

53.Hodgett, 18.

54.Hodgett, 18.

55.A.W., 24.

56.Austin, 107; Furnival, 45-9.

57.Napier, 31.

58.Frere, 37.

59.Furnival, 5, 50, 52-3, 157, 166.

60.Partridge (1573)

61.Dawson II, 37.

62.Partridge (1573).

63.Plat, 31; Brears (1991), 109.

64.Dawson II, 76.

65.Partridge (1585)

66.Dawson (1597), 39.

67.Murrell (1621).

68.Plat, 13.

69.Anon (1611), 26.

70.Anon (1611), 33; W.M. (1671), 69.

71.A.W., 32.

72.Plat, 29.

73.Plat, 42.

74.Dawson II, 19.

75.Anon (1508); Partridge (1585).

76.Brears (Derby, 1998), 15.

77.Brears (Hutton, 1998), 19.

78.Anon (1508).

79.Plat, 47.

80.Dawson II, 26.