Page numbers in italics indicate photographs.
Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem (née Alcindor), 160–62
activism: by Abdul-Jabbar, 160–61; for African Americans, 111–12, 148; by Ashe, 156–57, 157; boycotts for, 154–55; with Brooklyn Dodgers, 113, 141–43; celebrity power for, 135–36; for civil rights, 149, 203; by Clemente, 165; by Doolittle, 169–70; ethics and, 168–69; for feminism, 163–65; by Kaepernick, 134, 171–72; legacy of, 9; in NBA, 167–68; The Negro’s Church on, 20–21; religion for, 89–90; after retirement, 54–56, 87, 114–15, 148–50; for Robinson, R., 98; social justice, 135–37; in sports, 118–19, 131–35, 169–76; at UCLA, 161–62; against Vietnam War, 162–63
African Americans: activism for, 111–12, 148; advancement for, 11–12; alienation for, 19–20; AME church for, 22–23; Black Panthers for, 86; church for, 15; civil rights for, 41; community for, 5–6, 50, 76; discrimination against, 1–2, 47, 64–65; fame for, xii–xiii; Islam for, 119, 152, 160–62; Jim Crow for, 12–13, 121–22, 139–40, 189–90; legacy for, 29, 33, 58, 113–14, 177–78, 178; Methodism for, 15–16, 20–21; in MLB, 32–33, 202–3; NAACP for, 38, 54; nationalism for, 2–3, 152; NBA for, 154; NFL for, 155; Olympics for, 95–96; OMBE for, 111; police for, xiii; politics of, 100–106, 109–12; poverty for, 154; prejudice against, xiv; racism against, 132; religion for, 22, 56; Republican party for, 103–4, 106–9, 107; The Souls of Black Folk, 117; in sports, 10–11, 96–97; stereotypes of, 66, 145–46; US for, 14, 77, 88; Vietnam War for, 161–62; violence against, 39–40; white people and, xiii, 10–11, 14, 55, 64, 89; in World War II, 57. See also specific topics
After Jackie (Fussman), 78
Alcindor, Lew, 160–62
Ali, Muhammad, xiv, 93–94, 119, 126; relationship with, 152; against Vietnam War, 157–58
Allen, George, 163
Allen, Maury, 53
All the Young Men (Bartlett), 110
Amaechi, John, 197
AME church, 22–23
Anderson, Marian, 103
The Audacity of Hope (Obama), 119
Baker, Dusty, 192
Baldwin, Doug, 172
Ball Four (Bouton), 163
Bartlett, Hall, 110
Baseball’s Great Experiment (Tygiel), 59
Bean, Billy, 190
Becoming Kareem (Abdul-Jabbar), 161
Bell, Cool Papa, 31
Beltrán, Carlos, 172
Benswanger, William, 63
Betts, Mookie, 172
BEU. See Black Economic Union
Bird, Sue, 191
Black, Joe, 53
Black, William, 124
Black Economic Union (BEU), 155
blackface, 60–61, 66–67, 67, 153
Black Metropolis (Drake and Cayton), 116–17
Black Power, 54–55, 97, 113, 117–18; civil rights and, 127; discrimination and, 124–25; nationalism and, 119–20; politics of, 86; reputation of, 160; violence and, 120–21
Black press, 57–58; golf in, 184–85; for MLB, 61–62; against racism, 156; women in, 180–81
Black women: civil rights for, 184–88; in sports, 177–84, 178
Blankers-Koen, Fanny, 181
Bogaerts, Xander, 173
Boston Red Sox, 63–64, 93, 140, 153
Bouton, Jim, 163
Bradley, Bill, 215n2
Bradley, Jackie, Jr., 172
Bragan, Bobby, 39
Bragman, Howard, 197–98
Branca, Ralph, 31
Brees, Drew, xiii
Brock, Lou, 32
Brooklyn Dodgers: activism with, 113, 141–43; attendance for, 51–52, 143; debut on, 69, 83; fans for, 45; in playoffs, 31, 32; Rickey for, 23; segregation for, 29, 34; teammates on, 35–36, 141–42
Brooklyn Nets, 194
Broun, Heywood, 61
Brown, H. Rap, 120
Brownsville affair, 101–2
Brown v. Board of Education, 108, 136
Burgin, Dave, 194–95
Burke, Glenn, 191–93
Bush, George H. W., 169
business, 150–54
Campanella, Roy, 45–46, 51, 53, 75, 147, 192
Campanis, Al, 191–92
Campbell, Tevin, 75
Canha, Mark, 172
Cannon, Jimmy, 142
capitalism, 19
career, 40–41, 85–86, 216n11, 216n16
Carlos, John, 97, 125, 153, 160
Carmichael, Stokely, 120
Cayton, Horace, 116–17
celebrity power, 114–15; for activism, 135–36; for civil rights, 131, 163–64; in politics, 132, 176; for social justice, 173
Chapman, Ben, 142
charity, 134–35
Charleston, Oscar, 31
Chicago Riots of 1919, 10
Chicago White Sox, 140
childhood: discrimination in, 114; education in, 141; gangs in, 44; juvenile delinquency in, 135; prejudice in, 9–10; racism in, 137–38; religion in, 19; sports and, 6, 30
Chock full o’Nuts, 111, 124–25, 148–49
Church, Robert R., Jr., 103
Cincinnati Reds, 36
civil rights: activism for, 149, 203; for African Americans, 41; Black Power and, 127; for Black women, 184–88; celebrity power for, 131, 163–64; gender and, 179–80; history of, 100; legacy with, 44–47, 54–56, 84–85, 98–99, 115–16, 176; in MLB, 135; for NAACP, 86–87; nationalism and, 91–92; nonviolence for, 42–44, 52–56; politics and, 4, 88, 108; in US, xi; white people for, 93
class, 17
Clay, Cassius. See Ali
Clemente, Roberto, 31, 158, 165
Cleveland Indians, 51
Clinton, Bill, 75, 126–27, 193
Clinton, Hillary, 193
Coachman, Alice, 181
Coker, Yvonne, 185
Cold War, 91
Coleman, Len, 73–74
Coleman, Vince, 32
commercial endorsements, 132–34
communism, 91, 121–22; discrimination and, 62–63; politics of, 111, 143–46; against segregation, 149–50; in US, 62–63, 93
Congress of Racial Equality, 135
Connelly, Chris, 198
Connolly, Maureen, 181
Cora, Alex, 173
Correa, Carlos, 172
“The Cover Up” (Harrison), 195
Crosby, Bing, 143
Crouch, Stanley, 110
Culliver, Chris, 197
Curry, Steph, 172
Dancing with the Stars (TV show), 200
Daniel, Dan, 65–66
Davis, Mo’ne, 187
Davis, Sammy, 120
Dean, Dizzy, 62
Dee, Ruby, 146
DeGeneres, Ellen, 189
Delgado, Carlos, 166–67
Dellinger, David, 43
Devers, Rafael, 172–73
Dewey, Tom, 63
DiMaggio, Joe, 50
discrimination: against African Americans, 1–2, 47, 64–65; Black Power and, 124–25; in childhood, 114; communism and, 62–63; faith and, 18; against Jewish people, 47–48, 50; legacy against, 137–41; in MLB, xi–xiii, 49; politics of, 65–66; Quinn-Ives Act against, 140–41; for Robinson, R., 36–37; segregation and, 55–56; service and, 5; in US, xiii–xiv, 59–60
Doby, Larry, 51
Dolan, Eireann, 169–70
Donne, Elena Delle, 191
Doolittle, Sean, 169–70, 175–76
Downs, Karl, 11, 20–22, 22, 25
Drake, Clair, 116–17
Du Bois, W. E. B., 23, 102–3, 113–15, 117
Dwyre, Bill, 196
Eastland, James, 149–50
Eckert, William, 158
Edwards, Harry, 160
Eig, Jonathan, 70
Eisenhower, Dwight, 2, 12–13, 86, 107–8, 149
Ellington, Duke, 149
Ellis, Dock, 163
emancipation, 22
ethics: activism and, 168–69; legacy and, 4–5, 53; World War II and, 65
Evers, Medgar, 155
Faggs, Mae, 181
Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC), 106–7
faith: discrimination and, 18; in Methodism, 24; politics and, 25; religion and, 16–17
family: health and, 94–95; legacy with, 3–4; Methodism for, 20; religion for, 15; Robinson, S., as, 73–74; in sports, 96
Farmer, James, 43
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 137
Feller, Bob, 153
feminism, 163–65
FEPC. See Fair Employment Practice Committee
Fitzgerald, Ella, 149
Fowler, Dexter, 171
Foyle, Adonal, 167–69
free agency, 23–24
Freedom National Bank, 2
Fussman, Cal, 78
Gandhi, Mohandas, 42–44, 49, 56
gangs, 44
Garagiola, Joe, 161
Garner, John Nance, 103
Garvey, Ed, 174–75
Gehrig, Lou, 35
gender: civil rights and, 179–80; religion and, 19–20; Title IX for, 185–86. See also LGBTQ community
Germany, 65
Godfrey, Paul, 167
Golden State Warriors, 172
Goldwater, Barry, xiv, 25, 55, 112, 151
golf, 184–85
González, Adrián, 170–71
Goodwin, Tom, 72
Grantham, Dewey, 102
Great Depression, 104
Greenberg, Hank, 47–48, 50, 153
Gregory, Ann, 184
Gregory, Dick, 122–23
Griner, Brittney, 191
Groom, Buddy, 72
Guerra, Javy, 176
Guillén, Ozzie, 165–66
Halberstam, David, 43
Hall of Fame, 72–73
Hand, Jack, 58
Hardaway, Tim, 197
Harrison, Hugh, 195
Hartnett, Gabby, 62
Hayes, Rutherford B., 101
health: family and, 94–95; after retirement, 83–84
Hearst, Garrison, 196–97
Henry VIII (king), 17
history: of civil rights, 100; of Jim Crow, 105; legacy and, 35; of racism, 78–79; for Robinson, R., 37–38; of slavery, 99; of sports, 71–72; of US, 74, 201
Hodges, Craig, 169
Hoover, Herbert, 103–4
Hopper, Clay, 142
Houser, George, 43
House Un-American Activities Committee, 2, 90–91, 121–22, 143–46
Hubbell, Carl, 62
Humphrey, Hubert, 95, 109, 112, 150–51
Huskey, Butch, 72
individualism, 25
I Never Had It Made (Robinson, J.), 1–3, 5, 56, 91, 98
influence: leadership and, 92–93; legacy and, 38–39, 70, 88, 201–4; of MLB, 71–80, 72; of sports, 77
Ingraham, Laura, 133–34
Islam, 116, 119, 152, 160–62, 171
Isum, Rachel. See Robinson, Rachel
“I’ve Got to Be Me” (Davis, S.), 120
Jackie Robinson (film), 3
Jackie Robinson (Long and Lamb), 16–17
Jackie Robinson Day, 76–80, 187, 202
Jackie Robinson Foundation, 186–87
The Jackie Robinson Story (film), 146
Jackie Robinson Youth Council, 124
Jenkins, Malcolm, 203
Jethroe, Sam, 63–64
Jim Crow: for African Americans, 12–13, 121–22, 139–40, 189–90; history of, 105; in US, xii–xiii; during World War II, 2
Johnson, Jack, 66
Johnson, Mamie “Peanut,” 182–83
Johnson, Mordecai, 44
Jonas, Gil, 38
Jones, Absalom, 18
Jones, Adam, 203
Jordan, Michael, 132–33, 215n2
Joseph Peniel, 118
juvenile delinquency, 135
Kaepernick, Colin, xiii, 1, 175; activism by, 134, 171–72; for Robinson, R., 2–3
Kansas City Monarchs, 9, 31, 46
Keefe, Bill, xiii
Kennedy, Jackie, 85
Kennedy, John F., 12–13, 56, 83, 108–9, 150–51
King, Billie Jean, 163–65, 196
King, Coretta Scott, 85
King, Martin Luther, Jr. (MLK), xiii–xiv, 5–6, 58, 113–14; assassination of, 83–86, 85, 158; for FBI, 137; leadership of, 39–40, 151; legacy of, 14, 42, 52, 89, 92; NAACP and, 120; politics of, 43–44, 46–47, 56, 84; relationship with, 87–88, 92–93, 95, 115, 118, 150; Vietnam War for, 55, 152
Kopay, Dave, 194–97
Koufax, Sandy, 75
Krieger, Ali, 173–74
Lacy, Sam, 61
La Follette, Bob, 102
Landis, Kenesaw Mountain, 61, 144, 215n6
Landon, Alf, 105
Lapchick, Richard, 133
Lasorda, Tommy, 192
Latin American League, 45
leadership: influence and, 92–93; legacy of, 6; of MLK, 39–40, 151; of Nixon, 95; in religion, 21; against segregation, 74–76; in sports, 73–74
Lee, Robert E., xiv
legacy: of Aaron, 186; of activism, 9; of advancement, 13; for African Americans, 29, 33, 58, 113–14, 177–78, 178; with civil rights, 44–47, 54–56, 84–85, 98–99, 115–16, 176; against discrimination, 137–41; ethics and, 4–5, 53; with family, 3–4; in 42, 3; of Gandhi, 42–44; Gregory, D., on, 122–23; with Hall of Fame, 72–73; history and, 35; influence and, 38–39, 70, 88, 201–4; of leadership, 6; of Malcolm X, 119; in MLB, 29–30; of MLK, 14, 42, 52, 89, 92; after retirement, 71–80, 72; of Rickey, 24, 114, 142; Robinson, R., and, 36, 94–95, 127, 187–88; at UCLA, 68; against violence, 42–44, 52–54; with youth, 123–24
León, Sandy, 173
Leonard, Buck, 31
Lewis, John, 52
LGBTQ community, 163–65, 201; Burke for, 191–93; Collins for, 193–94; Kopay for, 194–97; Sam for, 197–200; in sports, 189–91
Life of Christ (Papini), 49
Logan, Arthur, 88
Logan, Marian, 88
Lombardi, Ernie, 62
Long, Michael, 16–17
Los Angeles Dodgers, 74–75, 191–92
Lucas, Bill, 154
Mack, Connie, 66
Major League Baseball (MLB): African Americans in, 32–33, 202–3; attendance in, 40; Black press for, 61–62; Burke in, 191–93; civil rights in, 135; discrimination in, xi–xiii, 49; Flood in, 158–60; free agency in, 23–24; influence of, 71–80, 72; legacy in, 29–30; LGBTQ Pride events for, 190; Negro Leagues and, 41, 61; nonviolence in, 47–52; racism in, 51–53, 70, 141–42; retirement from, 35; Robinson, R., on, 4, 77; Robinson, S., for, 187–88; Rookie of the Year in, 114, 143, 202; segregation in, 12, 43, 93, 113–14, 153, 155–56; for white people, 38–39; women for, 186–87; World War II for, 45
Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA), 174–76
Malcolm X, xiv, 2, 113–15; legacy of, 119; politics of, 54–55; relationship with, 84, 90, 96, 110–11, 116–18, 124–26, 152, 203
Mankiewicz, Joseph, 110
Marcantonio, Vito, 140
Marsalis, Wynton, 110
Marshall, Brandon, 172
Martin, Billy, 192
Maxwell, Billy, 124
Maxwell, Bruce, 172
Mays, Benjamin, 20–21
McCarthy, Brandon, 170–71
McGovern, George, 163
McNally, Dave, 159
McRae, Hal, 32
media: blackface in, 66–67, 67; relationship with, 75, 125–27, 135–36; reputation with, 147–48; Rickey with, 58; Robinson, R., with, 75, 204; segregation for, 60–69, 67, 73–74; white people in, 57–60, 70. See also Black press
Mee, Tom, 194–95
Meet the Press (TV show), 162
Meggyesy, Dave, 162
Meredith, James, 118
Messersmith, Andy, 159
Methodism: for African Americans, 15–16, 20–21; AME church for, 23; faith in, 24; for family, 20; politics and, 24–25; slavery for, 18–19; in US, 17–18
Milk, Harvey, 189
Minnesota Twins, 194–95
MLB. See Major League Baseball
MLBPA. See Major League Baseball Players Association
MLK. See King, Martin Luther, Jr.
Montreal Royals, 57, 64, 67–69, 141–42
Morgan, Alex, 131–32
Morgan, Connie, 182–83
Morrison, Toni, 180
Morrow, E. Frederic, 108
Muchnick, Isadore, 140
NAACP. See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Nash, Steve, 167
Nastase, Ilie, 165
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), xiii–xiv; for African Americans, 38, 54; civil rights for, 86–87; MLK and, 120; relationship with, 114–15, 123–24, 149, 152–53
National Basketball Association (NBA), 154, 160, 167–68, 193–94, 215n2
National Football League (NFL), xiii; for African Americans, 155; Kaepernick for, 171–72; Kopay for, 195–97; Sam for, 197–200; segregation in, 10–11
nationalism: for African Americans, 2–3, 152; Black Power and, 119–20; civil rights and, 91–92; racism and, 146; in sports, 166–67; in US, 2
NBA. See National Basketball Association
Negro Leagues, 141; fans from, 51–52; Latin American League and, 45; MLB and, 41, 61; for segregation, 30–31; “What’s Wrong with Negro League Baseball?,” 110; women in, 182–83
The Negro’s Church (Mays, B., and Nicholson), 20–21
New Deal, 104–5
New York Mets, 29, 75–76, 162–63
NFL. See National Football League
Nicholson, Joseph W., 20–21
Nixon, Richard, xiv, 1–2, 43; career of, 107–8, 162–63; Kennedy, J. F., and, 83, 108–9, 150–51; leadership of, 95; OMBE by, 111–12; racism for, 101–2; support for, 124
nonviolence: for civil rights, 42–44, 52–56; in MLB, 47–52; politics of, 44–47; religion and, 49; SNCC, 135, 150
No Way Out (Mankiewicz), 110
Núñez, Eduardo, 173
Oakland Athletics, 169–70, 192
Obama, Barack, xii, 50, 119, 126, 169, 193, 215n2
Office of Minority Business Enterprise (OMBE), 111–12
Olderman, Murray, 119
Olympics, 95–96, 125–26, 156–57, 157, 160–61
OMBE. See Office of Minority Business Enterprise
Oprah Winfrey Network, 199
Ordóñez, Magglio, 165–66
Ott, Mel, 62
Our Sports (magazine), 180–82, 184
Out of Their League (Meggyesy), 162
Outsports (website), 197–98
pacifism, 48
Palica, Erv, 34
Papini, Giovanni, 49
Parks, Rosa, 47
Payne, Daniel, 22
Perry, Dayn, 73
personality, 3–4, 48, 51, 146–48, 153
Philadelphia Athletics, 66
Philip Morris, 165
Pinson, Vada, 31
Pittsburgh Pirates, 63, 140, 158
Poitier, Sidney, 109–10
politics, 215n2, 215n6; of African Americans, 100–106, 109–12; of Black Power, 86; business and, 150–54; celebrity power in, 132, 176; civil rights and, 4, 88, 108; of Cold War, 91; of communism, 111, 143–46; of Democratic Party, 102–7; of discrimination, 65–66; faith and, 25; identity, 17; of Jackie Robinson Day, 76–80; of Malcolm X, 54–55; Methodism and, 24–25; of MLK, 43–44, 46–47, 56, 84; of nonviolence, 44–47; Progressive, 102–3; religion and, 44–45; of Republican party, 24, 100–103, 110–12; of Rickey, 47–48, 54, 63–64, 145; of segregation, 12, 39; sports and, 165–68; in US, 89–90, 92, 169–76; of Vietnam War, 43, 92–93
Pollock, Syd, 182
poverty: for African Americans, 154; racism and, 104–5; violence and, 94
Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 88, 110–11, 115–16
The Power of Nonviolence (Gregg), 43
Powers, Jimmy, 61
prejudice: against African Americans, xiv; in capitalism, 19; in childhood, 9–10; at Ebbets Field, 38; individualism and, 25; against Reese, xii–xiii; for Robinson, R., xiii; in US, 50; by white people, xi–xii, 11–12
Price, David, 173
privilege, 5
Progressive politics, 102–3
protests, 18–19
Puerto Rico, 166–67
Racine, Hector, 57–59
racism: against African Americans, 132; in Army, 138–39; Black press against, 156; in childhood, 137–38; history of, 78–79; in MLB, 51–53, 70, 141–42; nationalism and, 146; for Nixon, 101–2; poverty and, 104–5; in US, 97–99, 108–9, 151–52; Vietnam War and, 163; from white people, 9, 66–69, 67; during World War II, 139–40
Raines, Tim, 32
Rampersad, Arnold, 16, 21, 86–87, 109, 140
Ransom, Reverdy, 103
Rauschenbusch, Walter, 21
Reese, Pee Wee, xii–xiii, 35–37, 37, 40, 199
religion: for activism, 89–90; for African Americans, 22, 56; in childhood, 19; class and, 17; faith and, 16–17; for family, 15; gender and, 19–20; identity and, 23; Islam, 116, 119, 152, 160–62, 171; leadership in, 21; nonviolence and, 49; politics and, 44–45; protests against, 18–19; for Robinson, R., 22; sports and, 23–24; in US, 16. See also specific topics
Rendon, Anthony, 176
Republican party: for African Americans, 103–4, 106–9, 107; allegiance with, 43; politics of, 24, 100–103, 110–12; reputation of, 151
retirement: activism after, 54–56, 87, 114–15, 148–50; Ebbets Field after, 8; health after, 83–84; of jersey, 29–30; legacy after, 71–80, 72; from MLB, 35
Rhoden, Bill, 204
Rickey, Branch, xii, 21, 140–41, 190–93; for Brooklyn Dodgers, 23; legacy of, 24, 114, 142; Mack on, 66; with media, 58; politics of, 47–48, 54, 63–64, 145; relationship with, 44–46, 49–51, 53, 67–68, 91, 118, 143, 216n11; segregation for, 59–60
Rivera, Mariano, 72–73
Roberts, Dave, 202
Robeson, Paul, 2, 90–91, 121–22; career of, 217n16; relationship with, 143–46, 154
Robinson, Frank (baseball player), 31, 78–79, 153–54, 203
Robinson, Frank (brother), 11
Robinson, Jack Roosevelt. See specific topics
Robinson, Jerry, 20
Robinson, Rachel (née Isum), 22; activism for, 98; discrimination for, 36–37; history for, 37–38; Kaepernick for, 2–3; legacy and, 36, 94–95, 127, 187–88; with media, 75, 204; on MLB, 4, 77; prejudice for, xiii; relationship with, 179; Robinson, S., and, 30, 76; as wife, 11, 22, 40–41, 69, 120–21
Robinson, Sharon, 3–4, 120–21; as family, 73–74; for MLB, 187–88; Robinson, R., and, 30, 76
Robinson, Willa Mae, 11
Robles, Víctor, 176
Rockefeller, Nelson, 94, 109, 115, 151
Rogers, Adam Amel, 201
Rookie of the Year, 114, 143, 202
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 104
Roosevelt, Franklin, 24, 100–106
Roosevelt, Theodore, 101
Rose, Pete, 31–32
Rosellini, Lynn, 195
Ross, Joe, 176
Rudolph, Wilma, 177–79, 178, 188
Rutgers University, 217n16
Ruth, Babe, 40
Sagmoen, Marc, 72
Sam, Michael, 192, 196, 197–200
Schlafly, Phyllis, 106
Schoenke, Ray, 163
Scott, Isaiah Benjamin, 15–16
Seaver, Nancy, 163
Seaver, Tom, 163
segregation: Black Metropolis, 116–17; for Brooklyn Dodgers, 29, 34; Brown v. Board of Education, 108, 136; communism against, 149–50; in community, 20; for Democratic Party, 102–3; discrimination and, 55–56; in education, 20; leadership against, 74–76; for media, 60–69, 67, 73–74; in MLB, 12, 43, 93, 113–14, 153, 155–56; Negro Leagues for, 30–31; in NFL, 10–11; politics of, 12, 39; for Rickey, 59–60; in sports, 13, 31–32; in US, 10, 121–22, 136, 141–42; white people against, 45–46
Selig, Bud, 73–76, 126–27, 166–67, 187
Sharpe, Sterling, 197
Shea Stadium, 29
Shridharani, Krishnalal, 43
Smith, Claire, 73
Smith, Tommie, 96–97, 125, 153, 160
Smith, Wendell, 40, 61–62, 64, 67–68, 141–42
SNCC. See Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Snider, Jeff, 79–80
The Souls of Black Folk (Du Bois), 117
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 135, 150
Sparkman, John J., 107–8
Spink, J. G. Taylor, 63, 65, 70
sports: activism in, 118–19, 131–35, 169–76; African Americans in, 10–11, 96–97; blackface in, 153; Black women in, 177–84, 178; career in, 40–41, 85–86; childhood and, 6, 30; fame from, 52–53; family in, 96; history of, 71–72; influence of, 77; leadership in, 73–74; LGBTQ community in, 189–91; in modern era, 33; nationalism in, 166–67; personality in, 146–48; religion and, 23–24; segregation in, 13, 31–32; women in, 191
Stanford University, 38
Stanky, Eddie, 147
Stark, Jayson, 73
Stealing Home (Robinson, S.), 3–4
Steinem, Gloria, 165
stereotypes, 50–52, 66, 145–46
Stevenson, Adlai, 107–8
Stewart, Dave, 76–77
Stone, Toni, 182–83
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 135, 150
Suero, Wander, 176
Taft, Robert, 106
Taft, William Howard, 106
Taylor, Harry, 34
Taylor, Michael A., 176
Temple, Ed, 177
tennis, 163–65
Thomas, Norman, 215n6
Thomas, Tim, 169
Thomson, Bobby, 31
Thurmond, Nate, 35
Title IX, 185–86
Toliver, Kristi, 203
transgender community. See LGBTQ community
Trotter, William Monroe, 102–3
Trump, Donald, xiii–xiv, 131–32, 134, 162, 169–76
Tuaolo, Esera, 196–97
UCLA. See University of California Los Angeles
The Undefeated (website), 203–4
unions, 174–75
United States (US): for African Americans, 14, 77, 88; Army, xii, 47, 48, 216n11; Brown v. Board of Education, 108, 136; civil rights in, xi; communism in, 62–63, 93; democracy in, 20; discrimination in, xiii–xiv, 59–60; FEPC in, 106–7; Germany and, 65; history of, 74, 201; House Un-American Activities Committee in, 2; Islam in, 171; Jim Crow in, xii–xiii; Methodism in, 17–18; nationalism in, 2; New Deal, 104–5; politics in, 89–90, 92, 169–76; prejudice in, 50; privilege in, 5; racism in, 97–99, 108–9, 151–52; religion in, 16; segregation in, 10, 121–22, 136, 141–42; Soviet Union and, 91, 144; Title IX, 185–86; unions in, 174–75; white people in, 39; women in, 164–65; after World War II, 63
University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), 30, 43, 58, 138–39; activism at, 161–62; legacy at, 68
US. See United States
Van Cuyk, Johnny, 34
Vann, Robert L., 103–4
Vaughan, Sarah, 149
Vázquez, Christian, 173
Veeck, Bill, 215n6
Velázquez, Hector, 173
Vietnam War, 2, 43, 92–93; activism against, 162–63; for African Americans, 161–62; Ali against, 157–58; for MLK, 55, 152; racism and, 163
violence: against African Americans, 39–40; Black Power and, 120–21; legacy against, 42–44, 52–54; pacifism and, 48; by police, 10; poverty and, 94; stereotypes of, 50–52. See also nonviolence
Virginia Slims, 165
Walton, Bill, 162
Washington, Booker T., 101–3, 111–12, 113–14
Washington, Kenny, 199
The Way It Is (Flood), 159–60
Weddington, Elaine, 186–87
“What’s Wrong with Negro League Baseball?” (Robinson, J. R.), 110
White, Bill, 156
White, Walter, 103
white people: African Americans and, xiii, 10–11, 14, 55, 64, 89; blackface for, 60–61; for civil rights, 93; in media, 57–60, 70; MLB for, 38–39; prejudice by, xi–xii, 11–12; racism from, 9, 66–69, 67; against segregation, 45–46; in US, 39; white supremacy, 109–10
Wilkins, Roy, 55, 87–89, 115, 123
Williams, Albert, 165
Williams, Eugene, 10
Williams, Franklin H., 87
Williams, Joe, 66
Williams, Marvin, 63–64
Williams, Ted, 134
Willkie, Wendell, 105
Wills, Maury, 32
Wilson, Woodrow, 102–3
women, 163–65; Black, 177–84, 178; in Black press, 180–81; for MLB, 186–87; in Negro Leagues, 182–83; in sports, 191
Wood, John, 143–44
Wooden, John, 162
Woods, Tiger, 133
World War II: African Americans in, 57; ethics and, 65; Jim Crow during, 2; for MLB, 45; racism during, 139–40; US after, 63
Young, Dick, 147
Young, John, 76–77
Young, Whitney, 55
Zaun, Gregg, 167
Zeigler, Cyd, 197–98
Zirin, Dave, 166