Achilles 15, 17, 20, 54, 101, 104, 109–110, 112–114, 142, 178, 180
Aeneas 142, 173, 178–180, 183–187
Aeschylus 11, 17, 23, 155–156, 158, 162–163, 165–166, 169n50
Africa 83
Agamemnon 17, 102, 109, 156, 162–164, 187
Alcestis 85
ancestors 24
angelus 85
anger 11, 110, 155, 158–159, 163–164, 167n15
animals 4, 23, 72, 106, 119, 161; animal blood 16, 53, 184; animal skin 59; see also blood; sacrifice
animus/anima 88–89, 91, 93n3, 179–180, 185–186
anthropology 2, 69, 75, 78, 108, 147n14, 165
Antigone 17
Apollonius Rhodius 156, 158–160, 162–163, 166, 168n49
Aristophanes of Byzantium 157–162, 164–166, 167n16, 168n42, 170n69
Aristotle 168n38
army see war
Artemis 64n10
Athena 38, 60, 73, 104, 106–107, 110–111, 113–114
Athens 10, 15, 19, 23, 52, 72, 121, 161, 168n36, 169n55
Augustus 8, 122, 130n12, 139–140, 177
Bacchus see Dionysus
Bacchic rites see Dionysus: mysteries of battle 168n36; battlefield 177; see also war
belief 1–2, 4, 7–10, 24, 53, 73, 84, 86, 90, 102, 113, 133, 136–138, 142, 145–146, 146n3, 183; in an afterlife 1–9, 20, 22, 24, 26, 29, 71, 74, 84–89, 93, 102, 125, 134, 142, 163; as a concept in ancient religion 1–2, 11n1, 134; in ghosts 7, 29, 133–134, 136–138, 142, 145
bereavement 7; see also grief; mourning
binding: of corpse 160, 164–165, 170n69; spells 164, 169n61
body see corpse
burial 2, 5, 15, 18–20, 22–23, 40, 75, 83, 86, 122, 129, 144, 186; importance of 15–18, 144; see also restless dead
caduceus 55–56, 64n5, 69–72, 74, 186
Caesar, Julius 8, 117–118, 122, 124–125, 127, 129, 130n5, 130n12
Caligula 144
catacomb 72, 74, 83–84, 88–89, 92
Cerberus 5, 16, 52, 70, 72, 141, 180
Ceres see Demeter
Charon 5, 20, 52, 63n2, 72, 187
child/children 2, 60, 63n2, 71, 109, 146n5, 157, 165, 169n58; child loss 3–4; souls of children 180–181
childbirth, death in 120
Christian 1–2, 76–77, 84, 88–92, 134, 174, 183
Christianity see Christian
Cicero 7–9, 117–118, 120–122, 125–129, 130n9, 130n11, 143, 168n36
Circe 54, 73, 106, 110, 114, 185
Corinth 24
corpse 1–2, 5, 7, 15, 17–20, 22–24, 26, 28, 37, 39–40, 43–44, 70–71, 74, 102, 107, 118, 144, 147n10, 184–186; mutilation of 11, 144, 157, 159–162, 164–166, 169n58, 170n69; preparation of 3, 15, 18–19, 144; see also burial: importance of
crossroads 64n10
cultural imagination see imagination
cultural memory see memory: cultural
Cupid see Eros
curse tablets 29; see also tablets, gold/Orphic
Cynthia 139–140, 143–144, 146n6, 147n17
darkness 10, 15–16, 20, 52–53, 64n10, 101–108, 114–115, 185–186
deity 2, 8, 56, 62, 64n11, 69–70, 72–73, 77–78, 130n8; chthonic 60, 62, 64n10, 73–74, 85
Demeter 52, 107, 123; see also mysteries, Eleusinian
demons 90, 135–136, 146n5, 155, 163–164, 169n50; Etruscan 10, 51, 54–57, 59–60, 62–63, 63n2, 63n4, 64n7, 64n8, 64n9
Dickie, M. 75
Dio Cassius 8
Diodorus Siculus 16, 168n38, 169n58, 183
Dionysus 52–53, 56, 123, 130n6; mysteries of 6, 119, 124, 126, 129, 130n6; see also tablets, gold/Orphic
divination 7, 73, 75; see also oracles
dreams and dreaming 7–8, 10, 73, 101, 105–107, 138, 140–142, 144–145, 146n5, 146n7, 147n10, 147n12, 147n13; see also Gates of Dreams; Gates of Helios
Edmonds, R. G. 74
eidōlon 17, 20, 22, 26, 28–29, 103, 106–107, 143
Elysian fields see Elysium
Elysium 55, 84–90, 93, 141, 180–182, 187
Endymion 4
Epic of Gilgamesh see Gilgamesh, Epic of
peitaph 3, 5–6, 35, 83, 88, 117, 119–123, 128, 130n7, 134, 142; see also catacomb; grave; memorial; monument; sarcophagus
Erebus 103
folklore 9–10, 112, 133–136, 138, 141, 143–145, 146n3, 147n14, 147n16, 147n17
Frazer, J. G. 108
funeral 4, 15, 18–20, 22, 24, 26, 121–122, 139–140, 144
Gallic see Gaul
Gates of Dreams 105, 107, 140–142, 144, 147n10, 147n12, 147n13
Gates of Helios 101, 104–105, 107, 141
Gates of Horn and Ivory see Gates of Dreams
Gaul 85
Gilgamesh, Epic of 108
ghost 7, 10, 16, 22, 24, 26, 103, 106–107, 133–138, 140–145, 146n5, 146n7, 147n15, 187; see also animus/anima; eidōlon; manes; phantom; psychē; shade; soul; spirit
gods 3, 6–8, 34, 36, 43, 52, 60, 74, 76, 78, 90, 101, 104, 110, 113, 118, 124–125, 127, 158, 161–162, 178, 186–187; chthonic see deity: chthonic
Graf, F. 142
grave 15, 18–20, 22–24, 26–29, 33–34, 46n5, 54, 63n2, 74, 83–84, 88, 90–91, 121–123, 142–144, 155, 158–159, 169n62; goods 2, 5, 83; marker 22–23, 26–28, 34–36, 39–42, 45–46, 46n10, 46n11, 83–84; offerings at 19–20, 22, 24, 26–27; see also catacomb; epitaph; memorial; monument; sarcophagus; sēma
grief 8–9, 22–23, 147n12, 181–182; see also bereavement; mourning
guide 53, 73, 113–114; see also Hermes; psychopomp
Hades (god) 4, 39, 52, 56, 72–74 107, 142; house of 102, 105–106, 110, 114–115
Hades (realm) 5, 15–16, 20, 22, 33, 53–54, 56–57, 59, 62–63, 101–106, 142–143; see also Elysium; Erebus; Tartarus; underworld
haunting 7, 16, 143–144, 146n5
heaven 8, 103–104, 110, 126, 128, 142
Heaven (Christian) 88
Hecate 59, 64n10, 72, 78, 79n1
Helen 111
Helios 72, 101, 103–105, 107, 114, 141; see also Gates of Helios
Heracles 16, 52–53, 59, 70, 72, 106, 169n58, 173, 178
Hercules see Heracles
Hermes 10, 20, 55–56, 64n5, 69–75, 77–78, 79n1, 85, 102, 106–107, 110–111, 113–115, 141, 147n10, 187; see also caduceus; guide; psychopomp
Herodotus 24, 44, 73, 144, 165, 168n37, 169n58
Homer 10, 17, 20, 28, 35, 46n18, 54, 73, 101–110, 113, 115, 128, 141–144, 147n9, 147n13, 156, 162, 173, 176, 178–180, 185–186
Horace 144
Horsfall, N. 147n11, 173, 175, 181, 186
Hypnos (god) 20
imagination 26, 110, 133, 142, 155; cultural 9–10, 124, 136
immortality 6, 10, 101, 106, 108, 125–126, 128; of gods 125, 127; of the soul 2, 7, 74, 77
internet, folklore on 135, 145
Jesus of Nazareth 91; see also Christian
Jews see Judaism
Johnston, S. I. 16, 18, 22–23, 28–29, 142–143, 147n15, 148n18, 169n51, 169n60, 173, 177
judgement 73–74, 85, 87, 128, 180
Juno see Hera
Jupiter see Zeus
katabasis 15–16, 101, 104, 114, 141–142
killing/killers 24, 41, 109, 136, 140, 143, 156, 158–163, 169n50, 169n58, 180, 184; see also murder; restless dead; sacrifice; suicide
Korē see Persephone
Kübler-Ross, E. 9
lake, underworld 52; see also rivers, underworld
larva 143
lemures 143
Lenin, body of 5
Lévi-Strauss, C. 108, 143, 147n14
libation 16, 23, 54, 83, 88–90, 93, 114, 130n8; see also offering
magic 3, 73–75, 77–78, 79n2, 90, 155, 164–165, 177, 179; see also curse tablets; necromancy; sciomancy
manes 6, 90, 93, 126, 142–143, 146
marriage 140; death before 4, 34, 37–40
Melissa (wife of Periander) 24, 144
memorial 5, 44, 83, 120, 129; Vietnam Wall Memorial 5; see also epitaph; grave; monument; tomb
memory 1, 3, 5, 10, 18, 23, 26, 28, 36, 44, 46, 46n5, 75–76, 83–84, 88, 93, 106, 110–111, 118, 120–121, 124, 129, 130n3, 178; cultural 5, 119
Mercury see Hermes
Minerva see Athena
Mithras 90
monument 5, 10, 22, 33–46, 46n5, 46n15, 46n16, 59, 69, 77–78, 83, 91, 117–118, 120–124, 128–129; see also catacomb; epitaph; grave; memorial; sarcophagus
monumentum see monument
mourning 20, 118, 144; see also bereavement; grief
mummification 5
murder 7, 11, 17–18, 136, 140, 143–144, 155–160, 163–164, 167n15; see also killing/killers; restless dead; sacrifice; suicide
mutilation of the living 161–162, 166, 168n37, 168n38; see also corpse: mutilation of
mysteries see mystery cults
mystery cults 6, 10, 16, 52, 63, 75, 84, 142; see also Dionysus: mysteries of; mysteries, Eleusinian; Orphism; Pythagoreanism; tablets, gold/Orphic
myth see mythology
mythology 3–4, 17, 20, 27, 54, 64n8, 84–85, 112–113, 134, 139, 141, 146n3, 164, 173–174, 177, 185; of the underworld 3–4, 16, 105, 142, 182
necromancy 23, 177, 184–185; see also magic; sciomancy
netherworld see underworld
North Africa see Africa
Oceanus 16, 103, 107–108, 127, 185
Octavian see Augustus
Odysseus 15–16, 20, 54, 73, 101–102, 104–115, 141, 178, 184–185
offering 2, 20, 23–24, 27–28, 35, 38–39, 89–90, 92–93, 124, 130n8, 156–158, 162; see also libation
Ogden, D. 79n2, 143–144, 146n7, 147n15, 168n33, 168n48, 169n60, 177, 183
oracles: of Amphiaraus 147n13; of the dead 177, 183; Sibyl 142, 179; see also Avernus; divination
Orpheus 16, 173; see also Orphism; tablets, gold/Orphic
Orphic see Orphism
Orphism 10, 73–75, 77–78, 173; see also Orpheus; tablets, gold/Orphic
Pausanias 16, 73, 144, 157, 185
Periander (tyrant of Corinth) 24, 144, 168n38
Persephone 4, 35–36, 38–39, 52, 72–74, 85, 107
Petronius 122
phantom 101, 103, 106–108, 110; see also ghost
philosophy 9, 117, 126, 173, 176–177, 188
Phrasikleia 10, 33–46, 46n15, 46n16, 109
Plato 16, 125–126, 147n10, 161, 169n50, 173, 176
Pluto see Hades (god)
Polydorus 157
Polyxena 54
power: of the dead 159–160, 163, 169n56, 186; over the dead 74; of the gods 73, 104, 107, 114, 187; of images 90; metaphorical 4, 40, 42, 121, 145–146; of names 108–109, 112; political 5, 8, 72; powerlessness of the dead 28, 40
Price, S. R. F. 1, 76, 124–125
Prometheus 17
Propertius 10, 88, 130n12, 133, 135, 138–146, 146n6, 147n8, 147n17
Proserpine see Persephone
Psyche 4
psychopomp 20, 22, 55–56, 63, 64n9, 72–75, 78, 107, 111, 113–114; see also caduceus; guide; Hermes
psychopompos/psychopompus see psychopomp
Pyriphlegethon 54
Pythagoreanism 73
restless dead 16, 143; see also burial: importance of; murder; suicide; violence: violent death; youth/young
revenge 143–144, 159, 163–165, 169n56
ritual 2, 5, 10, 22, 26, 38, 74, 76, 79, 93, 117, 123–124, 129, 143, 155, 157–162, 166, 168n45, 177, 183–185
rivers, underworld 16, 54, 180, 182–183, 186–187; see also Acheron; Cocytus; Lethe; Pyriphlegethon; Styx
Rohde, E. 164, 168n41, 168n49, 169n55
Rome 72, 78, 84, 86–87, 89, 91, 118–120, 127, 129, 134, 142, 173–175
sacrifice 9, 16, 53, 90, 92, 158, 160–162, 164, 168n49; human 54, 168n44;
see also killing/killers; murder
sarcophagus 4, 54–55, 59–60, 62, 63n1, 70–72, 74–75, 83, 86, 88, 91; see also catacomb; epitaph; grave; memorial; monument
sciomancy 184–185; see also magic; necromancy
sēma 22, 34–36, 39–45, 46n10, 46n16
Servius 11, 125, 147n9, 173–188
Servius Sulpicius Rufus 9
shade 15, 17, 22, 54, 73, 88, 106, 141–143, 147n12, 178, 180, 184, 186–187; see also animus/anima; eidōlon; ghost; manes; phantom; psychē; soul; spirit
Shades see manes
shrine 2, 64n6, 185; at Avernus 183, 185; for Cicero’s daughter Tullia 8, 120–122, 129
Sibyl see oracles
Sicily 89
Sophocles 11, 17, 24, 155–159, 162, 166, 166n1, 168n32, 169n56
soul 1–2, 4, 6–8, 10, 15–18, 20, 22–24, 26–29, 60, 69, 72–74, 77–78, 85–93, 101–103, 105–110, 113–115, 141–142, 177, 179–182, 185–188; transmigration of 73, 179; see also animus/anima; ghost; manes; phantom; psychē; shade; spirit
Sparta 111
spirit 5, 23–24, 107, 113, 115, 142–144, 147n7, 163, 186; see also animus/anima; ghost; manes; phantom; pyschê; shade; soul
stillbirth see child/children: child loss
Stoic see Stoicism
Strabo 165
suicide 161, 164, 179, 181; see also killing/killers; restless dead
tablets, gold/Orphic 74–75, 86, 142; see also curse tablets
Tantalus 17
Tartarus 186
Thanatos (god) 20
tomb see grave
tragedy, Greek 23, 27, 159, 162–163, 166
transmigration of souls see reincarnation
Tullia, daughter of Cicero 8–9, 118, 120, 122, 125–129
unbelief see belief
underworld 3–4, 15–18, 20, 22–23, 33, 39, 51–52, 55, 62–63, 64n4, 64n10, 72–74, 77, 86, 93, 102, 106–107, 110, 125, 142–144, 173, 177–179, 186–187; geography of 15–16, 51–55, 57, 59–60, 101, 105, 141–142, 177–183; journey to 18, 22, 55, 57, 62, 63n2, 73–74, 85, 101, 103, 107, 114, 179, 185, 187; see also Elysium; Erebus; Hades (realm); katabasis; Tartarus
universe 63, 108, 123, 126, 129, 188
vengeance see revenge
Venus see Aphrodite
Veyne, P. 8, 11n1, 134, 139–140, 146n6, 147n8
violence 136, 163–164; violent death 17, 130n5, 143, 163; see also restless dead
Virgil 10–11, 73, 86, 117–119, 122–124, 126–129, 130n2, 130n12, 141–142, 144, 147n12, 173–183, 185–188
war 10, 19, 158–159, 161, 187; see also battle
wrath see anger
youth/young 4, 8, 10, 18, 20, 28, 33–34, 36–38, 40, 55–56, 59–60, 70, 91–92, 106, 114, 118, 130n3, 165, 175; see also restless dead