1. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 9; Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 1–3.
2. Scharf, and Westcott, History of Philadelphia.
3. Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 2; Weigley, Philadelphia, 363.
4. Scharf and Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 2171.
5. Ibid., 1703.
6. Dusinberre, Civil War Issues in Philadelphia.
7. Wainwright, “The Loyal Opposition,” 294; Weigley, Philadelphia, 375.
8. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War.”
9. Dusinberre, Civil War Issues in Philadelphia, 27–33.
10. Ibid., 76–79.
11. Weigley, Philadelphia, 391–92.
12. Dusinberre, Civil War Issues in Philadelphia, 102–3.
13. Philadelphia Inquirer, November 8, 1860.
14. Dusinberre, Civil War Issues in Philadelphia, 95.
15. Ibid., 111.
16. Ibid., 108.
17. Ibid., 109.
18. Philadelphia Inquirer, December 17, 1860.
19. Ibid., December 20, 1860.
20. Dusinberre, Civil War Issues in Philadelphia, 116–17.
21. Philadelphia Inquirer, April 13 and 15, 1861.
22. Ibid., April 13, 1861.
23. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 29.
24. Public Ledger, April 15, 1861; Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War”; Weigley, Philadelphia, 394–95; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 27–28.
25. Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 11–12; Weigley, Philadelphia, 395–96.
26. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 4–5.
27. Ibid., 5.
28. Ibid.
29. Philadelphia Inquirer, April 15, 1861.
30. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 5–6.
31. Philadelphia Inquirer, April 15, 1861.
32. Ibid.
33. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 6.
34. Ibid., 6.
35. Philadelphia Inquirer, April 20, 1861.
36. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 8.
37. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 265.
38. Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 1; Davis and Haller, Peoples of Philadelphia, 136–37.
39. Davis and Haller, Peoples of Philadelphia, 137: Clark, Irish in Philadelphia; Leaving the Emerald Isle.
40. Clark, Irish in Philadelphia.
41. Miller, Philadelphia: Immigrant City.
42. Ibid.
The Irish were initially poorer than the Germans, who were often skilled laborers or craftsmen. In 1850, nearly half of the Irish worked in day labor, handloom weaving or carting, and less than a third of them were in skilled trades. The construction laborers, especially, lived in alleys and side streets all over the city. There were some Irish concentrations in the Southwark, Moyamensing and Gray’s Ferry districts along the southern border of the city. Two-thirds of the Germans, by contrast, were employed in trades such as tailoring, shoemaking and baking, and they had settled heavily in the Northern Liberties, Kensington, Fishtown and other newer manufacturing districts to the northeast of the old city.
43. Ibid., 138.
44. Weigley, Philadelphia, 385.
45. Wolf, “The American Jew as Patriot, Soldier and Citizen.”
46. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 187–95.
47. Rolph, Two Hispanic Brothers.
48. Kowalewski, Captain Mlotkowski; Bolek, Who’s Who in Polish America.
49. Pivany, Hungarians in the American Civil War; Vida, “True Cause of Freedom.” Other immigrants from Philadelphia included General Joshua T. Owen from Wales; Colonel Max Einstein, a German Jew; General Alexander Schimmelfennig, a Prussian German; and General Henry Bohlen, born in Germany. Those from Ireland were Michael Kerwin of the 13th Pennsylvania Cavalry, the Irish Dragoons; Dennis O’Kane of the Philadelphia Brigade; St. Clair Mulholland of the Irish Brigade and Medal of Honor recipient; Charles Collis of the 114th Pennsylvania Volunteers, another Medal of Honor recipient; Dennis Heenan of the 116th Pennsylvania Volunteers; James Gwyn of the 118th Pennsylvania Volunteers, the Corn Exchange Regiment; John Flynn of the 28th Pennsylvania Volunteers; and a number more. Canada was represented by William H. Boyd of the 21st Pennsylvania Cavalry.
50. Lonn, Foreigners in the Union Army; Bates, Martial Deeds of Pennsylvania.
51. Public Ledger, April 16, 1861; Philadelphia Inquirer, April 16, 1861.
52. Philadelphia Inquirer, April 20, 1861–April 23, 1861; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 28–29; Weigley, Philadelphia, 395: Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 9. Private George Leisenring, 2nd Regiment, Washington Brigade, died of his wounds suffered in the Baltimore Riot at Pennsylvania Hospital and was buried in Union Wesleyan and Harmony Burial Ground in Fishtown (then Kensington).
53. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 9; Oberholtzer, Philadelphia, 11, 362.
54. Scharf and Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 790; Weigley, Philadelphia, 398; Philadelphia Inquirer, April 24, 1861.
55. Bates, History of Pennsylvania Volunteers; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 31; Weigley, Philadelphia, 396.
56. Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 254; Bacon, Sinews of War.
57. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 10–11; North American, April 29, 1861.
58. North American, April 25, 1861; Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 11–12.
59. Ibid., 12.
60. Ibid., 12–13; North American, April 26, 1861.
61. North American, April 22, 1861.
62. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 13; approved by an ordinance of City Councils, May 23, 1861, under an act of the Pennsylvania General Assembly, May 16, 1861. See “Report of General Pleasonton to Mayor Henry” (1861).
63. North American, April 26, 1861; Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 13.
64. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 13–14.
65. Ibid., 14.
66. Wainwright, “Loyal Opposition,” 294–314; The Age, July 14, 1864; Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 15–16.
67. Wainwright, “Loyal Opposition,” 297; Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 26.
68. Scharf and Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 770.
69. Wainwright, “Loyal Opposition,” 299.
70. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 35.
71. Wainwright, “Loyal Opposition,” 312; Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 35–36.
72. Wainwright, “Loyal Opposition,” 295–96.
73. Ibid., 295.
74. Ibid.; Weigley, Philadelphia, 403.
75. Weigley, Philadelphia, 407.
76. Ibid., 402–4.
77. Wainwright, “Loyal Opposition,” 300.
78. Sprogle, Philadelphia Police; Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 183–85.
79. Wainwright, “Loyal Opposition,” 308; Oberholtzer, Philadelphia, 379.
80. Weigley, Philadelphia, 405.
81. Greenberg, Charles Ingersoll, 190–217.
82. Dusinberre, Civil War Issues in Philadephia, 174.
83. Hoch, Lincoln Trail, 8–11, 44.
84. Basler, Collected Works.
85. Mires, Independence Hall, 6–8.
86. Weigley, Philadelphia, 393.
87. Hoch, Lincoln Trail, 8–9.
88. Basler, Collected Works, vol. 4, 240–41.
89. This narration was approved by William B. Spittall, a surviving Pinkerton agent who was one of the guards in Lincoln’s car. Allan Pinkerton was delegated by General McClellan to organize the Secret Service of the army. He held a military commission as “Major E.J. Allen” (the maiden name of Pinkerton’s wife). Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 16.
90. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 16.
91. Hoch, Lincoln Trail, 135.
92. Philadelphia Inquirer, April 24, 1865.
93. Basler, Collected Works. Local newspapers noted that in the very same room in which Lincoln lay in state, he had pledged his life to the promise of liberty found in the Declaration, and they reprinted the text of his February 22, 1861 speech with its stunning conclusion: “If this country cannot be saved without giving up that principle…I would rather be assassinated!”
94. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 25–26; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 224–27.
95. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 25.
96. Weigley, Philadelphia, 402.
97. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 228.
98. Weigley, Philadelphia, 395; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 29; Philadelphia Inquirer, April 23, 1861.
99. Weigley, Philadelphia, 402; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 231–34.
100. Weigley, Philadelphia, 399–400; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 231–34.
101. Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion, 906–8.
102. Ibid., 906.
103. Weigley, Philadelphia, 399; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 231–34; Satterlee Hospital.
104. Vieira, West Philadelphia Illustrated, 178–79; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 234–35; Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 25; Notes on Satterlee Hospital, from collection at the GAR Museum.
105. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 227.
106. Ibid.
107. Weigley, Philadelphia, 399; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 227; Philadelphia Inquirer, November 11, 1862.
108. Rev. S. Hotchkins, Ancient and Modern Germantown, Mt. Airy and Chestnut Hill, 1889. The information was furnished by Dr. James Darrach of Germantown, Germantown Historical Society.
109. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 228; Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 25.
110. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 228, 230; Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 25.
111. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 229; Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 25.
112. Miller, History of the German Hospital; Mills, Military History of the Falls of Schuylkill; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 228.
113. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 224–37. A Pennsylvania State Historical marker for Mower Hospital was placed at the Wyndmoor Station in 2000 by a committee headed by Dr. Sandford Sher, a local historian and specialist in Mower Hospital.
114. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 262; Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 126.
115. Maxwell, Lincoln’s Fifth Wheel; Brockett and Vaughn, Women’s Work in the Civil War, 596–606; Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 27–28. In 1862, much-prized certificates were given to children for picking lint for bandages. So great was the zeal of the boys and girls in the schools that the secretary of the Sanitary Commission sent out word late in the year that no more lint could be accepted.
116. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 263.
117. Stille, Memorial of the Great Central Fair. Our Daily Fair was the daily newspaper of the fair.
118. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 263; Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 126.
119. Meade, Life and Letters of General Meade, 209.
120. Stille, Memorial of the Great Central Fair; Public Ledger, July 1, 1864.
121. Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 126; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 262–64; Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 27–28.
122. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 265.
123. Ibid., 264.
124. Brockett and Vaughn, Women’s Work in the Civil War, 293–94; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 306.
125. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 307.
126. Ibid.; Brockett and Vaughn, Women’s Work in the Civil War, 647–49.
127. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 307.
128. Ibid.
129. Ibid.
130. Ibid., 308.
131. Ibid., 309.
132. Philadelphia Inquirer, February 10, 1863; May 12, 1863; February 17, 1864; May 26, 1864; November 17, 1864; Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 136.
Many Confederate prisoners and refugees were brought into Philadelphia. Public meetings were held to help organize relief. The prisoners were fed, clothed and given work. Philadelphia’s charity toward the late enemy was as generous as its patriotism.
Soldiers’ relief efforts by the city: The final report of the Commission for the Relief of Families of Philadelphia Volunteers indicates that financial assistance was given in the course of the war to 48,707 families. In addition, money was repaid to the Philadelphia Gas Works for sums disbursed to dependents of employees who had enlisted. The commission met the funeral expenses of 780 soldiers or members of soldiers’ families. The members of the commission were citizens of the city, including the mayor, Alexander Henry, as president and Charles P. Trego as vice-president; Theodore Cuyler, MD, Charles E. Lex, Matthew W. Baldwin, Caleb Cope and other civic leaders. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War; Mitchell, In Wartime.
133. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 206; Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 21; Weigley, Philadelphia, 399; Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 135.
134. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 22.
135. Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 129; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 207; Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 20.
136. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 20; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 207.
137. Mackay, Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 21; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 209.
138. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 21.
139. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 207. The Confederate ram Atlanta was an ironclad converted from an English blockade runner, the Fingal. The Atlanta was captured with but five shots by the monitor USS Weehawken in the Savannah River on June 17, 1863. This ship was repaired at the Philadelphia Navy Yard and used as a U.S. Navy warship.
140. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 22; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 209.
141. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 208.
142. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 22.
143. Ibid.; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 211: Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 138.
144. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 23.
145. Ibid.; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 212.
146. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 23; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 211.
147. Weigley, Philadelphia, 399: Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 129; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 212.
148. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 212.
149. Rosenblatt, Anti-Rebel, 56.
150. Moore, History of the Cooper Shop Refreshment Saloon. The death of the devoted creator of this home, Miss Anna M. Ross, due to her efforts at the refreshment saloon is a sad incident in the story of Civil War benevolence in Philadelphia. Post #94, GAR, Department of Pennsylvania (now represented by the Anna M. Ross Camp #1 of the Sons of Union Veterans), took its name from this martyr to duty, and a city park at Tenth Street and Glenwood Avenue perpetuates her memory. Her grave was located in the American Mechanics Cemetery but was transferred to Lawnview Cemetery when the area was developed for housing.
151. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 24; Report of the Managers, Soldiers’ Home, Sixteenth and Filbert Streets, Philadelphia, 3. Among the occupations adopted by discharged soldiers after the war was that of messenger. The men employed by the Soldiers’ City Messenger Company wore red military caps and charged one cent per message.
152. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 211.
153. Ibid., 237.
154. Ibid., 238.
155. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 11; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 238.
156. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 238; Bates, History of Pennsylvania Volunteers.
157. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 238–39.
158. Ibid., 239.
159. Weigley, Philadelphia, 405–7; Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 95–96; Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 26; Whiteman, Gentlemen in Crisis.
160. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 26; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 240.
161. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 27; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 240. Lieutenant James Hamilton Kuhn was a son of Hartman, who was killed in action while serving as aide-de-camp to General Meade.
162. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 240.
163. Ibid.
164. Ibid., 240–41.
165. Whiteman, Gentlemen in Crisis—The First Century of the Union League of Philadelphia, 45.
166. Ibid.
167. Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 115–16.
168. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 241. On the evening of April 10, 1865, the news of the surrender of General Lee’s Confederate force was brought to the Union League by Miss Louise Claghorn and Mrs. John W. Forney, who had followed a telegraph worker to the press office and obtained the dispatch after it had been copied for publication. The original, attested by Mr. J. Gillingham Fell, is preserved in the archives.
The continued interest of the Union League in the events of the Civil War was also evidenced by a group of its members composing “The Pilgrims to the Battlefields of the Rebellion.” This organization consisted of over thirty members, of whom many were veterans. The “Pilgrims” held an annual banquet on Lincoln’s Birthday and undertook a visit, each year, to some of the scenes of battles and campaigns of the Civil War. This object is continued to this day by the Civil War Round Table of the Union League and Post #1 Society.
*On his visit to Philadelphia on June 16, 1864, to visit the Great Central Sanitary Fair and attend a reception by the Union League, Abraham Lincoln was entertained at the League House and spoke to the league members to answer words of welcome: “I believe of the Union League—an organization free from political prejudices, and promoted in its formation by motives of the highest patriotism, I have many a time heard of its doing great good work.” Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 242.
169. Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 279; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 44.
170. Abdill, Civil War Railroads; Burgess and Kennedy, Centennial History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company.
171. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 14–15.
172. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 44–45.
173. Ibid., 45.
174. Ibid., 44.
175. Haupt, Reminiscences of General Herman Haupt.
176. Abdill, Civil War Railroads; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom.
177. Official Records, War of the Rebellion (1880); Bates, History of Pennsylvania Volunteers; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 46.
178. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 45. Major General George B. McClellan was a native of Philadelphia. He was assigned to the U.S. Corps of Engineers after graduation from West Point in 1846. He resigned from the army in 1857 to pursue a career in railroads. He was a son of Dr. George McClellan of Philadelphia (president of Jefferson Medical College). He was born near the southwest corner of Ninth and Walnut Streets on December 3, 1826. McClellan entered politics after his resignation from army service and ran as Democratic Party opponent to Lincoln in the presidential election of 1864. Later, he served several terms as governor of New Jersey.
179. Ibid., 45.
180. Ibid.
181. Soldiers Guide in Philadelphia, 1865. The Pennsylvania Central Railroad occupied the building on the south side of Market Street east of Eleventh in 1852, when the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad Company vacated it upon completion of its new terminal building at Broad and Prime Streets. It was here that the Pennsylvania Railroad was organized, and it was its main point of arrival and departure, the cars being hauled to and from West Philadelphia by horses or mules. In the Civil War, the hotel on the site was the New Mansion House.
In later years, a large proportion of the men who occupied important positions with the railroad companies located in Philadelphia were veterans of military service. In the summer of 1864, the demonstrations of disloyalty in the Pennsylvania coal region, manifested by strikes and riots, induced the government to take military control of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad in order to secure the necessary supply of coal for the war effort. During the course of the war, there were troops stationed at Pottsville, Schuylkill County, including the 10th New Jersey Infantry, the 1st NY Artillery and the Veteran Reserve Corps. During the Gettysburg Campaign, some Pennsylvania Emergency Militia units were assigned to duty in this region.
182. Lorin Blodget’s Manufactures of Philadelphia; Weigley, Philadelphia, 397–98.
183. Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 267.
184. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 16; Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 243; Public Ledger, November. 27, 29; December 3, 1860; Scharf and Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 378.
185. Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 282.
186. Ibid., 288.
187. Philadelphia Inquirer, March 31, 1862.
188. Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 254; Edwin T. Freedley’s Philadelphia and Its Manufactures.
189. Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 255.
190. Scranton, Proprietary Capitalism, 304–9.
191. Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 267, 277; Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 18.
192. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 220–23: Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 19; Oberholtzer, Jay Cooke, 128–32.
193. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 223; Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 278; Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 20.
194. U.S. Army Regulations, 1861, 74–78.
195. Ibid., 76.
196. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom.
197. Bates, History of Pennsylvania Volunteers.
198. Civil War Society, Encyclopedia of the Civil War.
199. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 270; Mills, Military History of the Falls of Schuylkill, 28–44; Bates, History of Pennsylvania Volunteers.
200. Weigley, Philadelphia, 395; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 270.
201. Philadelphia Inquirer, January 22, 1862.
202. Ibid., November 23, 1861.
203. Weigley, Philadelphia, 409; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 245; Scharf and Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 1029–033.
“During the Civil War fear was felt for the safety of the assets of the banks, including the Germantown National Bank. When Pennsylvania was invaded by Lee’s army, a special meeting of the Bank directors was held June 29, 1863. They decided to burn all the bank notes in possession of the bank. Paper money was burned, and coins were stored in the vaults. Most of this was gold, which was packed in a strong box and shipped by express to New York City and was consigned to the Bank of New York. The success of the Union forces at Gettysburg enabled the officers to bring the assets back.” Germantown National Bank, from The Beehive, vol. 7, no. 2, 13.
204. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 245.
205. Mills, Military History of the Falls of Schuylkill; Bates, History of Pennsylvania Volunteers.
206. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 33.
207. Mills, Military History of the Falls of Schuylkill.
208. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 10.
209. Ibid.
210. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 26.
211. Ibid., 27.
212. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 10.
213. Scharf and Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 1016–22.
214. Ibid. 1016–22.
215. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 196; Alotta, Stop the Evil; Scharf and Westcott, History of Philadelphia.
216. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 33–34; Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 11–12; Weigley, Philadelphia, 395; Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 8.
217. Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 10–11; Weigley, Philadelphia, 395; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 39.
218. Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 12; Public Ledger, April 17, 1861.
219. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 35.
220. Ibid., 35–36.
221. Ibid., 36.
222. Ibid.
223. Ibid.
224. Weigley, Philadelphia, 396.
225. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 37.
226. Ibid., 25.
227. History of the Twenty Third Pennsylvania.
228. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 38.
229. Army and Navy Journal, November 19, 1864, 196.
230. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 38.
231. First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry, History of the First Troop.
232. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 39.
233. Ibid.
234. General Order No. 191.
235. Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 23.
236. Godcharles, Pennsylvania Political; Wray, Birney’s Zouaves.
237. Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 17.
238. General Order 33.
239. Official Records, War of the Rebellion; Shannon, Organization and Administration of the Union Army; 28th Regiment, Reunion of the 28th & 147th Regiments, Pennsylvania Volunteers, Philadelphia, November 24, 1871.
240. Bates, History of the Pennsylvania Volunteers; Sypher, History of the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps.
241. Bates, History of the Pennsylvania Volunteers.
242. Sypher, History of the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps.
243. Ibid.; Bates, History of the Pennsylvania Volunteers.
244. The staff of General McCall, commander of the Pennsylvania Reserves, included Lieutenant Colonel Henry J. Biddle, AAG, Captain Henry Sheetz and Captain Henry Coppee, all of Philadelphia.
Major General Samuel Wylie Crawford, of Philadelphia, was a surgeon in the garrison at Fort Sumter in 1861 who later accepted a combat command.
245. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 67.
246. Ibid., 81; Banes, History of the Philadelphia Brigade.
On April 21, 1861, a meeting of citizens of California was held at the Metropolitan Hotel in New York City, Senator Edward D. Baker being one of the vice-presidents. Resolutions were adopted “to raise a regiment composed of men from the Pacific coast and others who might choose to join.”
247. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 81.
248. Ibid., 83–84.
249. Ibid., 85.
250. Ibid., 93.
251. Ibid., 96.
252. Ibid., 99–101; Nachtigall, Geschichte des 75sten Regiments.
253. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 104–5.
254. Ibid., 106–8; Vautier, History of the 88th Pennsylvania Volunteers.
255. Durkin, The Last Man and The Last Life.
256. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 111–12.
257. Galloway, “Ninety-fifth Pennsylvania Volunteers.”
258. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 116–17.
259. Ibid., 118–19.
260. Veale, “The 109th Regiment Penna. Veteran Volunteers.”
261. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 124.
262. Hagerty, Collis’ Zouaves; Rauscher, Music on the March; Bates, History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1185.
263. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 126–27.
264. Mulholland, Story of the 116th Regiment.
265. Smith, History of the Corn Exchange Regiment.
266. Maier, Rough and Regular.
267. Survivor’s Association, History of the 121st Regiment.
Lieutenant Joseph Rosengarten (later brevet major) was detailed to the staff of Major General John F. Reynolds and was with Reynolds at Gettysburg when he was killed in action.
Captain William W. Dorr, of Company K, killed at Spotsylvania on May 10, 1864, was a son of the Reverend Dr. Dorr of Christ Church, on the walls of which his comrades placed a memorial tablet.
268. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 141–42.
269. Ibid., 143.
270. Gibbs, History of the 187th Regiment.
271. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 145–46.
272. Ibid., 147–49.
273. Ibid., 147–54.
274. Ibid.
275. Ward, History of the Second Pennsylvania.
276. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 152.
277. Ibid., 152.
278. Ibid., 153.
279. Ibid., 152–53.
280. Ibid., 155–56.
281. Rawle, History of the Third Pennsylvania Cavalry.
282. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 160–62.
283. Gracey, Annals of the Sixth Pennsylvania Cavalry.
284. Carpenter, A List of the Battles.
285. Kirk, History of the Fifteenth Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry.
286. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 181–82.
287. Ibid., 155–84.
288. Ibid., 146.
289. Ibid., 215–18.
290. Ibid., 218–20; Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 19–20.
291. Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 22–23; Weigley, Philadelphia, 409–10.
292. Life of Rev. Thomas Brainerd.
293. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 242–44.
294. Ibid., 244.
295. First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry, History of the First Troop.
296. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 247–49.
297. Ibid., 247–51.
298. Ibid., 275.
299. Ibid., 271–75.
300. Ibid., 272–75.
301. Ibid., 276–79.
302. Ibid., 186–89.
303. Ibid., 188.
304. Ibid.
305. Ibid.; Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 49; Biddle and Dubin, Tasting Freedom.
306. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 190. Reverend Jeremiah Asher was an abolitionist who took a leave of absence from his church (Shiloh Baptist) to serve as a chaplain of the 6th Regiment United States Colored Troops and died in service during the war.
307. Hart, Slavery and Abolition.
The first recorded suggestion for the employment of Colored Troops in the Federal army is found in a letter written to Simon Cameron, secretary of war, on April 16, 1861, by Burr Porter, late major in the Ottoman army. Official Records.
President Lincoln, writing to Horace Greeley on August 22, 1861, said: “If there be those who would not save the Union unless at the same time they could save slavery, I do not agree with them. If there be those who would not save the Union unless they could at the same time destroy slavery, I do not agree with them.”
General Order No. 143, May 22, 1863, provided for a bureau to be attached to the office of the adjutant general at Washington to record all matters relating to the organization of Colored Troops.
For the assistance of these volunteers, the Colored Women’s Sanitary Commission was formed, with headquarters at 404 Walnut Street, Philadelphia.
308. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 186–95.
309. Ibid.; Gallman, Mastering Wartime, 35–53; Bates, History of the Pennsylvania Volunteers.
310. National Cyclopaedia of American Biography; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 293–94, 259–60.
311. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 200.
312. Veit, “The Innovative, Mysterious Alligator,” 26–29.
313. Weigley, Philadelphia, 398; Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 15.
314. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 200.
315. Ibid., 320–21.
316. Ibid., 321.
317. Drayton, Naval Letters, 1861–1865.
318. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 200; Simmons, United States Marines.
319. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 203.
320. Ibid., 202. The Delaware River wards of Southwark furnished a large percentage of the men who formed the crews of the Philadelphia-built warships, and later, when drafts threatened, the employment of thousands of men in the shipyards and machine shops along the Delaware River was used as a valid reason for the deficiency found in filling quotas of volunteers for the army.
Numerous prize ships were brought to Philadelphia during the course of the war. But many commercial ship owners lost their merchant vessels to Confederate privateers. The packet ship Tonawanda of the Cope Line, Captain Theodore Julius, was captured on October 9, 1862, by the famous CSS Alabama.
At the close of the war, the navy had in service over 51,500 seamen and 7,500 officers. The approximate total number killed during the war was 4,647 officers and men. The sailors and marines enlisted from Pennsylvania during the war numbered over 14,000.
While the English-built Confederate privateers, largely manned by British crews, were capturing and burning American merchant ships, Philadelphia filled a ship—the bark Achilles—with food to the value of $30,000 for the relief of the starving workers of British mills. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War.
321. Ibid., 206.
322. Brooks and Waskie, History and Guide to Laurel Hill Cemetery.
323. Scharf and Westcott, History of Philadelphia.
324. Articles by the “Man on the Corner,” Naaman K. Ployd, 1927, Germantown newspaper.
325. Germantown Independent-Gazette, 1912.
326. Official Records, War of the Rebellion, 229–38.
327. Appleton’s Cyclopedia.
328. Lane, Roots of Violence; Silcox, “Nineteenth Century Philadelphia Black Militant.”
329. Appleton’s Cyclopedia.
330. Ibid.
331. Brockett and Vaughan, Woman’s Work in the Civil War, 149–60.
332. Bauer, “Viva la Vivandieres,” 20–24.
333. Collis, A Woman’s War Record.
334. Conklin, Women at Gettysburg.
335. Rauscher, Music on the March.
336. Conklin, Women at Gettysburg; Evening Bulletin, May 14, 1863.
337. Hagerty, Collis’ Zouaves.
338. Pittsburgh Dispatch, “Death of French Mary,” May 15, 1901.
339. Melchiori, “The Death of French Mary,” 14–15.
340. Brockett and Vaughan, Woman’s Work in the Civil War, 779–82.
341. Gillespie, A Book of Remembrance.
342. Dubois, To My Countrywomen.
343. Cromwell, Lucretia Mott.
344. Brockett and Vaughan, Woman’s Work in the Civil War.
345. Ibid.; Waskie, “Brief History of the Philadelphia Refreshment Saloons.”
346. Conklin, Women at Gettysburg.
347. Philadelphia Inquirer, “Elizabeth E. Hutter—Obituary,” June 20, 1895.
348. Gallman, The North Fights the Civil War, 136.
349. Forten, Journal, 1953.
350. Gallman, America’s Joan of Arc.
351. Ibid., 36–37.
352. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 310; Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 42–43.
353. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 311; Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 45–46.
354. Weigley, Philadelphia, 417–18; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 311–12; Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 47–48.
355. Donald, The Civil War and Reconstruction.
356. Weigley, Philadelphia, 417; Mackay, “Philadelphia During the Civil War,” 47–51.
357. Philadelphia Inquirer, April 25, 1865. Mayor Henry, the city officials and police wore mourning crepe on their sleeves thirty days following the date of the ceremonies incident to the departure of the Lincoln funeral train.
358. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 313.
359. Philadelphia Inquirer, June 12, 1865.
360. Weigley, Philadelphia, 418.
361. Philadelphia Inquirer, July 5, 1866; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 315–19.
362. Philadelphia Inquirer, April 15, 1865.
363. Mires, Independence Hall in American Memory; Philadelphia Inquirer.
364. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 324.
365. Zell, “The Organization of the Loyal Legion”; Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 322–24; Devens, “Twenty-fifth Anniversary Oration at the MOLLUS Reunion.”
366. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 324–25; Beath, History of the Grand Army of the Republic. Discharged veterans of the army and navy residing in Philadelphia held a meeting in 1865, the presiding officer being Lieutenant Colonel Henry A. Cook, of Baxter’s Fire Zouaves (72nd PV), and proposed to secure a charter for a society of veterans and to establish branch organizations throughout Pennsylvania. Army and Navy Journal, May 1865. This was one of the many now forgotten organizations that were absorbed into the Grand Army of the Republic.
367. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 326–27; Grand Army Scout & Soldiers Mail; National Tribune, GAR newspaper.
368. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 328–29.
369. Ibid., 330–31. The State of Pennsylvania awarded to each regiment the sum of $1,500 to pay the cost of battlefield monuments. Nearly all of those erected were far more expensive; the additional outlay was paid by the regimental associations.
370. Ibid., 331–32. The Philadelphia Naval Veteran Association No. 32 once counted hundreds of members.
371. Ibid., 332–33.
372. Ibid., 333.
373. Ibid., 335–36; Mulholland, Military Order Congress Medal of the Honor Legion of the United States.
374. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War, 338–39.
375. Ibid., 339; Mulholland, Military Order Congress Medal of Honor Legion of the United States.