abortion clinics 172
Academy and Laboratory of Medical Sciences of Catalonia 72, 81
acclimatization movement 26, 31–4, 38, 44
Acracia 124
advertisements 10, 87, 90, 102, 110, 164, 226, 238, 240–1
Agell, Josep 15
Aguilar-Amat, Joan B. d’ 62
Alba, Vicente 55
Alcoholarium 64
Alella, Marqués d’ 50
Almera, Jaume 18, 31, 35, 52, 54n, 56–7
Álvarez Junco, José 118
amateurs 14, 56n, 61, 225; in astronomy 5, 11, 14–15, 182, 184, 194–9; entomology 49; natural history 53, 62–3; radio 10, 201, 209–11, 214, 219, 221
American entertainments 106; see also entertainment
American Museum of Natural History (New York) 29
American spiritualists 140; see also spiritualists
Amsterdam 9, 142, 144, 165, 237
amusement parks 6, 7, 11, 13, 18–19, 45, 92–6, 111; electricity at 226; patrons of 97–8, 111–12; rides at 96–9, 101–3, 105–12; and social control 94
analgesics 76
anarchism 3, 7, 11, 13, 115–18, 123–8, 165, 172; intellectual 127–9; and science 119–20
anarchist-syndicalism 127, 130–1, 134
anatomical museums 96, 164, 171, 173–7
Andreu, Salvador 102
Andreu, Santiago 58
antediluvian creatures 36–7, 43
anthropological spectacle 104–5
anticlericalism 42, 99, 124, 138, 143–4, 150–2, 157
antiseptic room 70
anti-tuberculosis Central Dispensary (DCA) 159, 163
Aquarium (at Cascada Monumental) 28, 34, 38–40
Aragon, Ferran 31
Archaeological Museum of Catalonia 110
architecture 2, 72, 74, 76, 78, 91, 93, 165; Bauhaus 227; of Museu Martorell 47–8; see also Art Nouveau; Modernism
aristocracy 12, 46, 49, 60, 63, 65, 98, 168
Arkinstall, Christine 146
Arrúe Astiazarán, Martín 231, 233–4, 241
Art Museum of Catalonia 110
Arús, Rossend 125
aseptic room 70–1, 76, 81–3, 90, 135
Asociación de Ingenieros Industriales de Barcelona (Association of Industrial Engineers of Barcelona) 108
Asociación Española de Luminotecnia (AEL) 223, 226, 230–1, 234
Associación Nacional de Radiodifusión (National Radio Broadcasting Association; ANR) 202, 203–4, 207, 211, 212, 214, 219
Association of Hoteliers 166
Astronomical Society of Barcelona (SAB) 194–6
Astronomical Society of Spain 195–6, 198
Astronomical Society of Spain and America (SADEYA) 196–7
astronomy: amateur 11, 14, 194–8; in Barcelona 182–6, 199; civic 188; observational 14; observatories 7, 29, 36, 104, 183–4, 186–94, 219; popularization of 182; public lectures on 16; on radio programs 219; urban 11; see also Fabra Astronomical Observatory
Ateneu Barcelonès 159n
athenaeums: libertarian 129, 152; popular 13, 133, 152; rationalist 6, 127–9
Aubin, David 186
auction (of animals) 32
audience 12, 14, 41, 67, 99–100, 115, 123, 130, 136, 139, 141–2, 146, 173, 175, 177; for academic lectures 115, 123, 130–1, 134; for amusement parks 99–100; for astronomy lectures 16, 182, 191, 197; for hypnotherapy 156; for lectures on lighting 233, 238; for modern health care 74; at the Roca musuem 175, 177; for the popularization of science 10, 12, 13, 15, 41, 43, 59, 67; for spiritism 136, 139, 141–2, 146, 148
authority: and the anarchists 13; astronomical 182, 189, 195, 199; of the Catholic church 117, 138; medical 78; moral 19; radio 215, 221; scientific 11, 125, 133; of women 117, 125, 133, 138, 144
Automobile Fair (Barcelona 1913) 104
automobiles 19
Avinguda Diagonal 237
Avinguda de la Reina Maria Cristina 109, 229
Avinguda Portal de l’Àngel 237
Bakunin, Mikhail 118
Baltá Elias, José 233n
Banti, Alberto M. 53
Barcelona (Hughes) 2
Barcelona City Council (Ayuntamiento) 29–30, 32–4, 40, 47, 66, 72, 97, 99, 178, 184, 197, 230, 235–6
Barcelona Society of Printing Press Workers 123
Barcelona Zoo (Parque zoológico de aclimatación y naturalización) 18, 31–4, 42–3, 97, 99
Barceloneta (district) 54, 224
Bargués, Ramon 97
Barre, Juan Antonio de la (Barón de la Barre) 50
Barrio Chino 7, 11, 14, 18, 161, 163, 172–3, 175, 177–8; neon lighting in 241; urban geography of 164–71; see also Fifth District; Raval district
Bauhaus 227
Bellmunt, Domènec de 166, 170, 172
Benjamin, Walter 171n
Besses, Emilio T. 197
Biblioteca Arús 13
Board of Natural Sciences see Junta Autònoma de Ciències Naturals
Bofill, Artur 31, 35, 49, 50n, 51n, 54, 62, 64, 66
Bofill i Pichot, Josep M. 56
botanical gardens 7, 27, 30, 50, 58; Paris 29; Vienna 27
Bourbon Restoration see Restoration period
Bourdieu, Pierre 67n
bourgeoisie/middle class: and amusement parks 97–8, 100; and the anarchists 13, 118; and the Barrio Chino 14, 165–6, 169; Catalan industrial 2, 13, 37, 65, 227; criticism of 127; homes of 193; intellectual 149–50, 160; interest in astronomy 182; newspapers 142; pacification of 23; as patrons of medical clinics 13, 16, 72, 74–6, 84; petit 139; professionals 53; and the public park 41, 43, 102, 104, 112; and science 19, 65, 117–19, 134–5; and Tibidabo development 188; upper-class 49–50, 65, 67, 84, 101
Bouvila, Onofre (character in City of Marvels) 1, 21
British Astronomical Association 195
Brown Boveri 224
Büchner, Ludwig 119
Buen, Odón de 14, 19, 52, 53n, 67n, 126
Buigas, Carles 20, 99, 109, 111, 228–9
bullfighting 103
Buxó Izaguirre, Polión 220
Buxó, Francesc 172
cachalot tooth 50
Cambra de Propietat 235
Carbonell y Esteva publishing house 152
Cárcel Modelo (prison) 189
Cardenal, Salvador 69, 71–2, 75, 77, 79–82, 86, 90
Cardona 46
Carrer de Girona (Girona Street) 237
Cartuja Observatory 189
Casademunt, Modest 52
Castell dels Tres Dragons 28, 30, 38–40, 58, 66
Castro, José 131
Catalan: autonomy 20–1, 66; culture 20, 66, 182; language 20, 62–3, 168, 204
Catalan–Balearic region 52, 54
Catalanism: conservative 13, 59, 176; and the Martorell 56; political 25, 30, 34, 40, 45, 54, 66; scientific 20, 62–3
Catalan Meteorological Service 196, 220
Catalan Nationalism 5, 12, 19–20, 53n, 56, 62n, 65
Catalunya Ràdio (magazine) 204
Catholic and conservative scientists 12–13, 25, 31, 34, 37, 47, 54–5, 97
Catholic church 52–4, 109, 117, 137–8; and anarchism 117; attack on 19; and the spiritists 14, 19, 137–8, 143, 151–3; and women 150; see also priests
Catholic ideology 12–13, 19, 53, 56, 65, 97, 99; questioning of 124, 126, 151–3, 156–7; see also anticlericalism
Catholic organizations 13
CCL see Comité Català de Luminotècnia
CDL see Comité de Difusión Luminotécnica
Cembrano Ferrer, José 154
cemeteries 55, 150; civil cemetery of Montjuïc 152, 157
Central Park (New York) 29
Central University of Madrid 193n
Centro Barcelonés de Estudios Psicológicos (Barcelona Centre of Psychological Studies) 139, 143, 145, 148–9
Cerdà, Ildefons 76
Certeau, Michel de 11
charity 77, 213, 217; secular 151–7
chirurgical practices 18
Chocolates Juncosa 241
cinema 6, 96, 172, 176, 213, 220, 236–7
CIRPAC (Comité international pour la réalisation de l’architecture contemporaine) 158–9, 170
City of Marvels (Mendoza) 1–3, 20–1
Clínica Hidro-Magnética de Caridad (Hydro-Magnetic Charity Clinic) 154–7
clinics: abortion 172; in Barrio Chino 170–2; charity 154; Clinic Hospital 86, 189; Dr Botey’s 75, 77–8, 83–90; Hydro-Magnetic Charity Clinic 154–7; private 6, 12, 16, 76–8, 86, 90–1, 154; tuberculosis 171; venereal disease 170–1; see also Clinicum; hospitals
Clinicum (Dr. Cardenal) 69–70, 72, 79–83; facade 80; floor plans 71; trolley and lift 72
CNT see Confederación Nacional del Trabajo
Colavida, José 150
collections: anatomical models 173, 175; animal furs 64; archaeology 47–8, 50–1; botany 48, 51, 63; butterflies 50; of clinic photographs 81; donated 16, 37, 44, 47, 49–51, 57, 62–3, 66; entomology 60, 64; ethnography 50; ethnology 47; exotic animals 32, 34; exotic objects 50; fish 64; fossils 48, 51, 55; geology 48–9, 51; ICHN 56; malacology 47, 64; of microscope slides 88; mineralogy 51, 58; molluscs 50; natural history 16, 47, 50; numismatic 47, 48, 51; ornithology 50, 64; paleontology 51; petrographic 34, 37, 43–4; in the pisciculture exhibit 39; purchased 57; regional 47, 54, 57, 66; reptiles 64; teratological samples 54; zoology 34, 48–51
College of Apothecaries 52
Collserola mountain 95, 100–6, 112
Comas i Solà, Josep 14, 181–2, 190–2, 194–7, 199, 219–20, 233n
Comité Català de Luminotècnia (CCL) 234
Comité de Difusión Luminotécnica (CDL) 230, 233–4, 236
Comité international pour la réalisation de l’architecture contemporaine see CIRPAC
‘commercial organisation of a brothel, The’ (Madrid) 171–2
Compañia Barcelonesa de Electricidad 70, 237–8, 241
Compañia de Aplicaciones Eléctricas 233, 237–9
Compañía de Ferrocarriles Madrid-Zaragoza-Alicante 37
Compañía General Española de Electricidad Lámpara ‘METAL’ 237–8
concrete, reinforced 25, 35, 159n, 161
Conde del Asalto (street) 171–3, 237
Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (National Confederation of Labour; CNT) 127–9, 134
conservatism 17–19, 45, 56, 65; Catholic and conservative scientists 12–13, 25, 31, 34, 37, 47, 54–5, 97; Catholic vs. Catalanist 19; conservative Catalanism 13, 59, 176; conservative Catholicism 13, 59, 99, 166; newspapers 42, 92, 140, 232; political 99–100, 138, 166
consumers 16, 106, 210, 235, 237, 240, 242
consumerism 231
Conway, Hazel 27
cosmopolitanism 49
counter-hegemonies 11, 13, 19; see also hegemony
Crookes, William 140
Crystal Palace, Sydenham (London) 35
culture: amateur 11; Arabic 109; astronomical 186; bourgeois 117; Catalan 20, 66, 182; electricity 226, 231, 238, 241–2; elite 11; high 119; industrial 105; intellectual 129; lack of 43; liberal 91; material 77–8, 88, 242; medical 11, 76–7, 85–6, 88–9, 164, 173, 177; political 118, 124; popular 43, 94, 117; promotion of 59, 217; scientific 5, 8, 9–11, 14–16, 20, 116; Spanish 182; technological 19; urban 11, 16, 21, 26
Curie, Marie 135
D’Ací i d’Allà 166
Dalmau, Miquel 35
Dalmau, Tomàs Josep 223n
Darder, Francesc 18, 30–4, 38, 41–2, 44, 49, 52, 99
Darwin, Charles 13, 115, 119, 125
Darwinism 6, 14, 116, 120, 122–5, 134n
Delanne, Gabriel 141
Denis, Léon 141
determinism 235
Diario del Museo (Roca) 173, 176–7
dictatorship 47; Primo de Rivera 66, 107, 170, 202–3, 207, 227; Franco 2, 21, 160n, 163n, 178
Dierig, Sven 8
dinosaur sculptures 35
Diputació de Barcelona 40, 66, 184, 201, 227, 230–1
disease: cholera 27; tuberculosis 14, 27, 76n, 88, 163, 166, 171; venereal 14, 130, 166, 170–2
doctors see medical practitioners
Domènech i Montaner, Lluís 2
domestication 11, 230, 233, 242
Domingo Soler, Amalia 14, 137, 145–50, 157
donations 12, 46–7, 49, 51, 53–7, 63, 67, 145–6
Dramard, Louis 123
‘Dr Cardenal’s Surgical Healing House’ see Clinicum
Dreamland (amusement park) 93
d’Ors, Eugeni 169
Dudley Observatory (Albany) 188
Duran, Claudi 35
eclecticism 29, 44, 47–9, 66, 109, 130, 177, 189
Edison, Thomas A. 88, 224, 231, 236n, 242
education 203, 216; classrooms 59–61, 66; evening schools 6; on radio programs 213, 217–19; rationalist 126, 148
eggs: bird 12, 31–3, 55; fish 38
Einstein, Albert 6
Eixample district: as bourgeois enclave 169–70; clinics in 12–14, 16; 69, 70, 73, 75–7, 79, 86, 90; observatory in 193; scientific practices in 7; urban planning 95, 100, 102
El Clot’s Libertarian Athenaeum 128
El criterio espiritista spiritist journal 145–6
electric companies 224
electric lighting 6, 11, 15, 17, 19–20, 74, 186, 230; domestic use of 235–42; early use of 223–4; showrooms 16, 226, 235–42; street lighting 227; and technological change 224–6; urban use of 235–7; at the 1888 Exhibition 224; at the 1929 Exhibition 226–8, 241–2
electric locomotive 105
electrical appliances 16
Electricidad Industrial y Doméstica 226, 233–4, 237, 240, 242
electricity 70, 84, 224–5, 228, 238, 240, 242; supply 238, 240; see also electric lighting
El Escándalo 166
elite(s): and amusement parks 104, 111, 114; anarchist 119; and astronomy 183; in Barcelona 230–1; bourgeois 67; Catalan 227; commercial and industrial 37; conservative 17; control by 11; cultural 102, 183; discourses of 18; donations by 46, 49; economic and political 16, 102; homes of 101; hunting by 50; intellectual 188; libertarian 123; scientific 9; social 8, 16, 65; urban 16, 20, 225; see also upper class
El Progreso 232
El Raval see Raval district
El trabajo humano (Rubió) 109
engineering 53, 94n, 107, 110, 228; sanitary 160n; transport 109
engineers 107–8, 164, 171, 201, 207, 223, 225, 228, 231, 233–4, 236–8; forestry 182; military 159; sanitary 166
English Barcelona Besòs Waterworks Ltd 50
entertainment 173; American 106; in the Barrio Chino 164, 167; children’s 152; commodification of 111; industry 14; instruction as 25, 45, 66, 135; parks as 27, 43; popular 96–7, 101, 103, 107, 111–12; radio as 213, 215, 222; rational 96; see also amusement parks; Magic Fountains
Escola de Directors d’Indústries Químiques 15
Escoles Pies 57
Estudios (magazine) 129
eugenics 116
Eva (Soldevila) 169
evolution 25, 37, 57, 122; materialist 126; spiritual 153
exhibitions: 1888 Barcelona International Exhibition (Parc de la Ciutadella) 2, 4, 17, 19, 30, 40, 50–1, 96, 107, 115, 139, 186, 189, 197, 224, 228; 1929 Barcelona International Exhibition 2, 17, 19–21, 95, 99, 107, 197, 207–8, 223, 226, 229, 232, 237, 241; Chicago Columbian Exhibition (1893) 227n; Exhibition of Import and Export Products 104; International Congress of Radio Amateurs 211; International Electrical Exhibition (Philadelphia 1884) 228n; International Exhibition (Dublin 1907) 29; International Exhibition (Philadelphia 1876) 140; International Exhibition of Electrical Industries and their Applications (1915) 224; International Fisheries Exhibition (London 1883) 38; International Medical Congress (Barcelona) 154; world fairs 96, 110, 112, 226, 230
experts 6, 8–9, 10–11, 13, 129, 133, 164; on astronomy 15; on electric lighting 15, 225–6, 232, 235; medical 14, 76–7, 84, 164; in natural history 45; scientific 55; in transport engineering 109
Exposición de la Luz (EL; Exhibition of Light) 15, 223, 226–7, 230–3, 241–2; main entrance and Street of Light 232
Exposición Universal see Exhibitions: 1888 Barcelona Universal Exhibition; 1929 Barcelona International Exhibition
Fabra i Fontanils, Camil (Marqués d’Alella) 50, 189
Fabra Astronomical Observatory 104, 182, 189–92, 195–6, 198, 219–20, 233n
Faculty of Medicine 72, 76, 77, 189
Falqués, Pere 37
Fanny (Soldevila) 170
Fargas, Miquel A. 77
Febrer, Joaquim 191
Federación de Trabajadores de la Región Española (FTRE) 120
Federación Obrera (Workers Federation) 152
Ferlandina Street 148
Fernández Colavida, José (the ‘Spanish Kardec’) 150
Ferrer Guàrdia, Francesc 19, 216; Escuela Moderna 126
Ferri, Enrico 119
Ferrié (General) 211
Ferrocarriles de Montaña a Grandes Pendientes 102
Festa del Peix (Fish Festival) 26, 38, 45
Festa del Sol (Festival of the Sun) 196
Fiestas Cientificoartísticas see Science-Art Festivals
Fifth District (Barcelona) 161–3; in Bellmunt’s writing 170; Conde de Asalto 171–3; in the Guías P.I.C.S. 166–7; in Vida privada 168–9; see also Barrio Chino; Raval district
First International Spiritist Congress 139–43, 154
fisheries 38
Flammarion, Camille 140, 194, 196
Fomento de la Instrucción Libre (Promoting Free Instruction) 149
Fomento de la Sericicultura Española 39
Font de la Vall, Federico 198
Font del Gat garden 109
Font i Sagué, Norbert 18, 31, 44, 56–7
Fontserè, Eduard 184, 187, 189–90, 194–6, 220
Forestier, Jean Claude Nicolas 109
fountains see Magic Fountains
Fourth International Geological Congress (London) 35
France 31, 106, 184, 232; astronomy in 195–6, 199; hypnotism in 154; public sphere in 123; spiritism in 136–7, 140–1; see also Paris
Franco, Francisco 2, 21, 178; see also dictatorship
Fraternidad Republicana (Republican Fraternity) 152
freemasons and freemasonry 124–5, 134, 138, 144, 148–9, 152
freethinking movement 124–6, 144, 148, 149–50
Free-thinking Society of Barcelona 124
Frigidaire 235
FTRE see Federación de Trabajadores de la Región Española
Gabarró Freixas, Manuel 233n
Gallardo, Antoni 109
García, Eulàlia 62n
García Faria, Pedro 72, 160n, 187n
gardens 35, 41, 86, 99, 108–10, 193; botanical 7, 27, 30, 50, 58
Garriga Bosch, Sergi 188
GATEPAC 158
gender 112, 142n, 145, 150, 199, 238, 240; see also men; women
Generación Consciente 129
Generalitat de Catalunya (Catalan autonomous Government) 108, 158–9
Generalitat Health Service 163n, 170
geology 14, 37, 48, 49, 51–2, 59, 63–5, 184
germ theory of disease 70, 74, 76, 80–1, 83
German Pavilion 227
Girona family 102
glass obelisks 109
Gooday, Graeme 225
Gònima, Erasme de 167
Gràcia 7, 120, 127, 139, 146–9, 156
Graells, Mariano de la Paz 32
Grandes Fábricas de Material Eléctrico 230
Granshaw, Lindsay 75
Grau, Enric 49
greenhouse see Hivernacle
Grott, Mina 104
Grubb, Howard 193
Güell, Eusebi 37
Guías P.I.C.S. 166
Haeckel, Ernst 119–20, 123–4, 126
Hagenbeck, Carl 35
Hård, Mikael 17
Hardinge Britten, Emma 145n
Hegelbacher, Marcel 111
hegemony 123; anarchist 127; bourgeois 100; cultural 11, 13; epistemological 14; male 16
henhouses 55
Hidalgo Vega, Miguel 197
Horta, Gerard 137
hospitals: Clinic Hospital 189; Hospital del Sagrat Cor (Sacred Heart Hospital) 77; Hospital General de la Santa Creu (General Hospital of the Holy Cross) 72, 76–7; see also clinics
Hughes, Robert 2
Hughes, Thomas 225
hydraulic power 3
hygiene 18, 27, 103, 112, 133, 160n, 223; sexual 11
IAT (International Association of Workers) 123
ideology: anarchist 118, 133; conservative 45, 56; double determination of 67n; technocratic 13, 94, 111
industrialists 2, 37, 50, 84, 153, 201, 203, 216, 220
industrialization 2, 3n, 27, 34, 156
Institució Catalana d’Història Natural (ICHN) 5, 35, 53–4, 56, 62–3
Institución Libre de Enseñanza 147
Institut Agrícola Català de Sant Isidre 30
Institut d’Estudis Catalans 5, 54n
Institut für Luminotechnik 231
instruments: astronomical 182; 184, 186, 193–6; medical 12, 72n, 77, 81–2, 84, 88–90, 155; scientific 14–15, 39, 198, 230, 232
intellectuals 67, 116, 127–8, 130–1, 138
International Association of Workers see IAT
International Astronomical Exhibition (1921) 197
International Congress of Radio Amateurs 211
International Exhibition (1888, Parc de la Ciutadella) 2, 16–17, 19, 30, 40, 50–1, 96, 107, 115, 139, 186, 189, 197; general view of Barcelona and harbor 4
International Exhibition (1907, Dublin) 29
International Exhibition (1929, Montjuïc) 2, 17, 19–21, 99, 107, 207, 229, 241; construction of wire networks 208
international exhibitions see exhibitions
International Fisheries Exhibition (London) 38
International Medical Congress (Barcelona) 154
Jardín Botánico (Madrid) 32
Jardin d’acclimatation (Paris) 33
Jardin de Plantes (Paris) 29
Jeanneret–Gris, Charles Édouard see Le Corbusier
Jorba (department store) 18, 237, 241n
Juillard, Adolf 187
Junta Autònoma de Ciències Naturals (Junta) 12, 30–1, 34–5, 37–9, 40, 43–5, 55–6, 59, 63, 65–6, 97, 99; and the Martorell 56–8; and the Museu de Catalunya 58–62
Junta mixta de Ciències Naturals (Junta mixta) 40
Junta técnica de los Museos de Ciencias Naturales, Parque Zoológico y Jardín Botánico (Junta técnica) 30, 33–4, 44–5, 52–3
Kardec, Allan 136–7, 140–2, 146, 150, 152
Kardecism 136; see also spiritism
Kargon, Robert 8
knowledge: applied 20; appropriation of 10, 202; astronomical 181, 199; circulation of 7, 13, 16, 30, 115–19, 123, 127, 129–30, 132–3, 182, 197, 202, 211, 220n; dissemination of 119, 129–30, 226; electrical 226, 237, 241; heterodox 138; management 130, 202, 214–16, 221; medical 76–8, 90–1, 155; places of 8; production of 6–7, 10, 90, 119, 211, 216; regimes of 94, 107, 111; scientific 7, 72n, 116–19, 123, 127, 130, 132, 135; technical 133; in transit 10
Krausism 149
‘La Academia’ 125
Laboratori ictiogènic see Fish Laboratory
Laboratori Escola de Directors d’Indústries Químiques 15
Laboratori Microbiològic Municipal 5, 72
Laboratorio de Fototécnia de Madrid 232
laboratory 7, 39, 47, 59–62, 66, 69, 72, 74, 83, 85, 88, 90, 141–2, 209, 217, 225–7, 230; radio-technical 211; taxidermy 51, 58n
laboratory medicine 11–12, 72, 74–5, 77, 82, 84n
La Buena Nueva (spiritist group) 146, 149
Lachmund, Jens 8
La ‘Creu Roja’ de l’amor (The ‘Red Cross’ of Love; Bellmunt) 170
La Humanidad 124
La Lliga (Lliga Regionalista) 34, 54n, 56, 62, 107, 108n, 170
La Luz del Porvenir (spiritist journal) 146
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste 115
Lánderer, José Joaquín 184, 194n
L’àngel bohemi (Bellmunt) 166
La Publicitat newspaper 166, 170
‘La Regeneración’ 124
La Revista Blanca 129
Laribal garden 109
La Salle Brothers 57
L.A. Scenic Railway Company 105
Latin America 50, 143, 146, 155
La Unión (spiritist journal) 146
La Vanguardia newspaper 42, 92, 99, 107, 142–3, 182, 201, 209, 232
Lavergata, Antonello 122
leisure activities: upper class 100–6
Le Révolté 122
Le spiritisme devant la science (Delanne) 141
L’Esquella de la Torratxa 39, 43, 166, 235–6
Leymarie, Pierre-Gaëtan 140
libertarian movement 116–18, 120, 122, 125–9, 149
Liceu (opera theatre) 205, 223
lighting see electric lighting
Light Fortnight 235
lighting shop windows contest 232
Litrán, Cristobal 124
Livingstone, David 9
Llach, Lluís 146
Lliga Regionalista see La Lliga
Loisel, Gustave 33
London 8, 17n, 35, 38, 41, 72n, 75, 79n, 138, 226
López de Ayala, Ángeles 148–50
Lorenz, Ralph 181n
‘Los Averiados’ (film) 176
Los Urales (roller coaster) 97
Luminosos Neón 241
Luminotechnics 231
Macaya, Romà 102
Madrid 2, 9n, 20, 29, 105, 139, 145, 150, 236n
Magic Fountains 99, 109, 111, 223–4, 228–30
magnetism: magnetic healing 14, 153–4; earth 184
male suffrage 42
mammoth sculpture 12, 25–6, 28, 35–7, 42–3, 45, 97
Manchester 8–9; Catalan 3; White City Amusement Park 105n
Mancomunitat de Catalunya 40, 47, 56, 62–3, 169n
manuals 62–3, 80–2, 127–9, 133
Maquinista Terrestre y Maritima (La) 224
Marconi, Guglielmo 207
Maricel Park 95–6, 108–10, 112
Martí-Codolar, Lluís 32
Martorell, Francesc 47
Martorell, Manuel 49
Martorell Museum see Museu Martorell
Marx, Karl 118
mechanical rides 96–9, 101–3, 105–12
medical clinics see clinics
medical directories and guides 10, 90
Medical International Congress 154
medical pamphlets 69–70, 74, 90
medical practitioners 6; as entrepreneurs 78, 90, 176; specialization of 12, 18, 75, 84, 89, 163; as writers 90
medical press 163n, 173; Catalan 87
medical advertisement and publicity 102, 110
medicalization 14, 16, 18, 75, 169, 171
media/mass media 6, 197, 220; radio 15, 201–4, 211–12, 214–17, 221
medium (spritism) 11, 137, 142, 145–8, 152
Mella, Leandro 50
men: and male suffrage 42; as target users of Parc de la Ciutadella, 29; see also workers
Ménagerie (Paris) 29
Mendelson, Andrew 8
Mentora Alsina experimental physics museum 104
meteorology 183–4, 187, 196, 219; radio lecture on 220
Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig 227
Mining Law 46
Mirador 170
Miró, Joan 2
Modernism: architecture 58, 60, 80n, 189; art 2; literature 127
modernity 2, 21, 94, 111, 188, 225, 231, 237; agent of 242; conservative 18; rhetoric of 74; urban 16–21, 199
modernization 3, 6, 25, 37, 100, 184, 186, 202, 216–17; sanitation 72
Mohun, Arwen 93
monism 19
Monografies Mèdiques 160
monorails 105
Monroe, John Warne 141
Montjuïc hill 1, 12, 19, 21, 55, 95–6, 107–12, 144, 152, 157, 188n, 223, 226, 228n
Mumford, Lewis 16
Museu de Catalunya 28, 40, 44, 58–61, 66; classroom and laboratory 56; ground and first floor plans 57; oceanographic section 59–60; reform and consolidation 63–5; see also Museu de Ciències Naturals
Museu de Ciències Naturals 6, 32, 37, 43–4, 46–7, 62; see also Museu de Catalunya
Museu Martorell 5–6, 12, 14, 30–1, 37, 39, 43–5, 57–8, 63, 65–6, 97; architecture 47; construction of 47; donors and donations 46–51, 53–7, 63, 66–8; emphasis on Catalan natural history 51–6; evolution of 47–51; exhibition rooms 58; female employees 62; furniture 48, 81, 83; ground and first floor plans 57; guide 52, 59, 61; internal spaces 49; library 34, 47–9, 51, 62, 88; mademoiselles 62; professionalization of 56–62; see also Museu de Catalunya
Muséum d’histoire naturelle (Paris) 29
museum(s) 6–8, 26–7, 96; anatomical 96, 164, 171, 173–7; archaeological 110; art 110; Barrio Chino as 168–70; experimental physics 104; industrial 112; medical 88; public 6, 11; technical 110; war 104
Mussolini, Benito 207
Nash, Mary 143
national identity, Catalan 30
nationalism 98–9, 104, 107; Catalan 5, 12, 20, 26, 36–7, 56, 65; Spanish 20, 227
nation-building 54
natural history 5, 11–12, 14–15, 18, 183; applied 18, 26, 33, 44–5; practitioners 53; popularization of 25; see also collections
natural history museum 6, 26–7, 30, 47, 51, 65–7
Natural History Museum of Barcelona see Museu Martorell
natural sciences 14, 56, 58, 66, 97; amateurs 61; and entertainment 66, 97; and politics 58; popularizing 25, 40, 46, 58; professionalization 53, 67
Navás, Longinos 54
Newcastle 9
New-Malthusianism 116
newspapers 6, 166, 181, 201, 209, 213, 229–30, 232–3, 238; see also individual newspapers by name; press
Nits de Barcelona (Planes) 166
Novellas, Onofre Jaume 183
Novelles Rizo, José 197
Nuevo Mundo newspaper 150
objectivity 19
observatories 7; Dudley Observatory (Albany) 188; Fabra Astronomical Observatory 104, 182–4, 186–96, 198–9, 219–20; on map of Barcelona 198; Paris Observatory 191; University of Barcelona Observatory 192–4; see also Vil·la Urània
Olió Pigem, Manuel 198
Olympic Games (Barcelona 1992) 2
‘optical trips’ 105
Oyón, José Luis 95
Palace of Industry 197
Palace of Justice 189
Palace of La Lonja 1
Palace of Metallurgy 109
Palace of Pedagogy, Hygiene and Social Institutions 109
Palace of Work 109
Palacio de Bellas Artes 115
palaeontologists 55
Palau, Antonio (bishop of Barcelona) 139n
Pallenberg, Josef 35
Palomera, Eusebi 49
Parallel/Paralelo/Paral·lel (avenue) 39–40, 43, 96, 100, 167, 170–2, 188n, 237
Parc de la Ciutadella 1, 5, 7, 11–12, 19, 25–45, 47, 50, 54–5, 109–10, 197–8; amusement park within 95–6, 99–100; creation of 29–31; history of 44; map 28; transformation of 25–6, 40, 66; visitors to 41–3
Pardillo, Francisco 62
Paris 8, 17–18, 29, 33, 51, 120, 122, 127n, 136, 138, 143, 170, 186, 191, 196, 226, 231n, 235, 237n, 241; see also France
parks see amusement parks; Parc de la Ciutadella; public parks
Passeig de Colom 224
paternalism 111
patients 6, 10–11, 13–14, 16, 70, 74, 79, 82–6, 88–90, 152, 154–6; see also clinics; hospitals
Patines Siglo XX 97
patriotic/patriotism 26, 37, 46, 49, 66, 177
Patxot i Jubert, Rafael 195
Pérez Vilar, Ramón 217
Pestre, Dominique 94
Peyrí, Antoni 170
philanthropy, and the spiritists 151–7
Phillips (company) 224
Phoenix Park (Dublin) 29
photographic studios 172
Picasso, Pablo 2
Pich, Rosendo 238
Pich i Pon, Joan 235
Pisani, Félix 51
pisciculture (fish farming) 26, 28, 38–40, 43–5
Pisciculture and Fishery Exhibition 38–40
Pla, Xavier 160
Plaça Catalunya 7, 96, 100, 109, 149, 157, 200, 235–8, 241
Plaça Espanya 109
Planes, Josep Maria 166
planning 78, 110, 158, 178, 213; rational 115; regional 94, 110–11; urban 11, 74, 160, 164, 166, 171
Pòlit, Isidre 191
politics 6, 34, 46, 79, 93–4, 96, 111, 207; political activism 53, 65; political tensions 53, 55; see also anarchism; conservatism; republicans
Pollés i Vivó, Bonaventura 80
Porcar, Manuel 50
Porret, Antoni 54
port (harbor) 4, 55, 160–1, 167, 231
post-hygienist paradigm 159
poverty 1, 14, 34, 85, 156, 166, 177
Practical Guide for Healing Wounds and the Application of the Antiseptic Method in Surgery (Cardenal) 81
Practical Manual of Antiseptic Surgery (Cardenal) 80–1
Presas, Llorenç 183
press 45–6, 77, 102, 106, 123, 136, 150, 160, 170, 173, 183, 187, 197, 199, 212, 220, 230n, 233–5, 240, 242; and libertarian communication 123, 129–30; censored 227; cuttings 51n, 176, 227n; medical 87, 163n, 173; satirical 10, 235; release 59; support for astronomy by 197
priests 18, 31, 52–3, 56–7, 152, 176, 187
Primo de Rivera, Miguel 21, 47, 63, 66, 107, 202–3, 207, 227; see also dictatorship
Productores y Distribuidores de Energía Eléctrica de España 230
progress 1, 3, 9, 13, 17–20, 112, 117–18, 184, 188, 191, 193, 199, 203, 236, 238
property speculation 111
prostitution 14, 17, 165, 167, 177
psychotechnics 109
public health issues 17–18, 165–6; and radio 220; and the press 220
public lectures 5, 16, 43, 156, 182, 191, 196, 199, 233–4, 241
public museums see museums
public sphere 11, 13, 42n, 53, 116n, 123, 145, 195, 197, 241–2
publicity 46, 70, 79, 90, 173, 176, 197
publics 10, 12, 15–16, 41, 92, 96, 98, 112; see also audiences
Pueblo Español 227
Puig i Cadafalch, Josep 2
Puig i Valls, Rafael 182
Pursell, Carroll 93
Rabassada 96, 100, 102n, 103–6, 112; postcards from 101
Rabassada Sociedad Anónima Inmobiliaria de Sports y Atracciones 102
RAC see Ràdio Associació de Catalunya
RACAB see Reial Acadèmia de Ciències i Arts de Barcelona
radical individualism 123
radio 6, 11, 14–15, 17, 19, 104, 197, 200–5, 207, 209–17, 219–22, 233–5, 240
Ràdio Associació de Catalunya (RAC) 204
Radio Barcelona 15, 19, 104, 197, 209–10, 233–4; early difficulties and mergers 203–4; lectures on electricity 233–4; inauguration of 200; public health role of 220; radio antennas for 204–7, 215; social contributions of 212–13, 215–17, 219, 221
Radio Barcelona (magazine) see RBM
radio broadcasts: on astronomy 219; on health 220
Radio Catalana (magazine) 204
Radio Charity (Radiobeneficiencia) 213, 217
Radio-technical Laboratory 211
railways 17; aerial 105–6; cable 188, 191; electric 104; funicular 101, 103–4, 109; scenic 105; steam 110
Rambla (La)/ Ramblas (Las)/ Rambles (Les) 80, 154n, 166–71, 178, 186, 223–4, 237
Ramos, María Dolores 137, 148n
rational recreation movement 41, 96–7, 99
rational urbanism 110
rationalist athenaeums see athenaeums
Raval district 14, 72, 86, 120, 127, 139, 149, 156; see also Barrio Chino; Fifth District
RBM (Radio Barcelona magazine) 201–2, 204, 209, 210–11, 213–14, 216–17, 219
Real Automóvil Club de Cataluña (Royal Automobile Club of Catalonia) 104
red-and-black belt 95, 101, 107, 112
regenerationist movement 183
regimes of knowledge 94, 107, 111
regimes of pleasure 13, 94, 99, 107, 111–12, 135
regional planning see planning
regulation of radio broadcasting 203
Reial Acadèmia de Ciències i Arts de Barcelona (Royal Academy of Sciences and Arts of Barcelona, RACAB) 30, 182–7, 189–90, 194, 198, 205
Renaixença (La) 20
republican: associations of 13; Catalan 178; federal 134; ideals of 19, 42, 117–18, 126, 144, 166; nationalists 99; political parties 52, 55, 138, 143, 152, 157–9, 162, 164, 178; publications 143, 171; radical 65, 67, 118, 124–5, 178
Restoration period (Bourbon Restoration) 20, 65, 138
Revista de Estudios Psicológicos (spiritist journal) 154–6
Ribot, Théodule 119
Ricart Giralt, Josep 184
Richardson, Joseph 50
Rifà, Mariano 50
risk 78, 93, 101, 103, 106, 150, 177, 240, 242; commodification of 93, 103
Rius i Taulet, Francesc 47
Roca, Juan 198
Rogent, Elies 193
roller coasters 93, 96–7, 105, 110–11
Roman Catholic church see Catholic Church
Romero, Angel del 183
Ronda de la Universitat 237
Rose of Fire (name for Barcelona) 100, 115
Royal Academy of Medicine 182
Royal Observatory of Madrid 189
Rubió family 111
Rumeu, Darío 200
Sabadell, Josep 102
Sagarra, Belén de 149
Sagarra, Josep Maria de 166, 168–70, 172n, 175
Sagrat Cor Church 104
Sala, Joaquim 90
Salabert, Casila de see Medinaceli, Duchess of
Salón Eslava theatre 140
salt mines 46
Salud y Fuerza 129
Samà, Salvador de (Marqués de Marianao) 37, 49–50
Sangre en las Drassanes (Madrid) 166
Sant Andreu del Palomar 3, 170
San Gervasi 236
Sant Martí de Provençals 3
Sant Pau Street 149
S.A. Tibidabo Company 101
Saturno Park 45, 95–7, 99–100, 112; postcards of rides 98
Sayé, Lluís 163
Schönbrunn Menagerie (Vienna) 27–8, 33
science 177, 199, 215–20; anarchist 119–29; anarchist without scientists 129–34; bourgeoisie vs. working class 119; Catholic 13; libertarian management of 134; metropolitan 192; official vs. public 5; popular 10–11; popularization of 10, 15, 26–7, 62, 97, 129, 134–5, 160, 196; public 191; role of 3; see also scientists
scientific culture 5, 9–11, 14–16, 20, 42, 116; of Barcelona 3, 8–9, 14, 16
scientific knowledge see knowledge
scientific management 94, 109, 111–12
scientism 126
scientists, Catholic and conservative see Catholic and conservative scientists
sculpture: dinosaur 35; see also mammoth sculpture
seal exhibit 38
Second Spanish Republic 21, 108
secularization 124, 136, 148, 151, 156–7
segregation, socio-spatial 115, 127; divided city 13, 124, 134
Segundo Certamen Socialista (Second Socialist Contest) 115
Seminari de Barcelona 18
Sentiñón, Gaspar 124
sericulture 39
Serrano, Emilia (Baronesa de Wilson) 50
Serret, Assumpció 191
Setmana Tràgica (Tragic Week) 19, 100, 126
Sexenio Democrático 123
shade-house see Umbracle
Sharp, Lynn 136
Sheets-Pyenson, Susan 65
silk industry 39
skating ring 97
social class; and symbolic power 41, 49, 119, 142, 156, 164, 191, 199; see also bourgeoisie; elite(s); upper class; workers; working class
social control 11, 94, 96, 221; in Barrio Chino 165, 173; of working class 27
social elites see elite(s)
social mobilization 57
social reform 17
social struggle 100
Sociedad Anónima El Tibidabo 188
Sociedad Autónoma de Mujeres (Autonomous Women’s Society) 144, 148
Sociedad de Atracción de Forasteros (SAF; Society for the Attraction of Foreigners) 102, 168
Sociedad de Obras y Construcciones 37
Sociedad Progresiva de Mujeres 149
Sociedad Progresiva Femenina (Progressive Feminine Society) 148
Sociedad Sportiva Pompeya 236
Société Astronomique de France 195
Solidaritat Municipal 55
Soria, Mariano 233n
Spanish Civil War 2, 118, 173, 181
Spanish Regional Federation (FRE) 123
Spanish Spiritist Society 140, 146
spatial turn 7–8; medical specialism and 72, 78, 83–4, 86, 89–90
speleology 14
Spencer, Herbert 115, 119–20, 125
spiritism and spiritists 19, 125, 136–8, 140, 142, 146; auto-da-fé against 139n; and the Catholic Church 14, 19, 137–8, 143, 151–3; local geography of 138–9; and philanthropy 151–7; and the secular women’s league 148–50; split in 141; séances 137; women as mediums 145–6; see also medium
symbolic power 65; social class and 41, 49, 119, 142, 156, 164, 191, 199
steam locomotive 105
steam-engine railway, miniature 110
Steeplechase (amusement park) 93
Stippak, Markus 17
Stirner, Max 123
Subirana, Joan Baptista 163
surgery 70, 74–90, 178; antiseptic/aseptic 70–1, 76, 81–3, 90, 135; see also clinics; germ theory of disease; hospitals
Tàpies, Antoni 2
Tarazona Blanch, Ignacio 193
Tarrida del Mármol, Fernando 125
taxidermist/taxidermy 31, 51–2, 58n
technological fun belt 95–6, 100–1, 107, 111–12
technology 11; in amusement parks 11, 104; communication 201, 210–11; and development 103; and leisure activities 13; war 104; see also electric lights; radio broadcasts
Technotheque 110
telecommunication industry 203
telescopes 105, 182, 186, 191, 193
temples of science 47
Textile Art Pavilion 230
Teyá’s public school and wireless telephony 218
theosophists 147
Thomson, LaMarcus 105
Tibidabo mountain 7, 204–6; plans for new observatory 186–9; radio tower on 205–6
Tibidabo Park 96, 100, 102–5, 107–9; postcards from 101
Tibidabo station 220
tisiology 163
Torra Bassols, Ramón 130
Torres Clavé, Josep 163
Torres-Solanot, Antonio 140–1, 154n
transport engineering 109
transportation 3, 18, 92, 101, 103
Traver Engineering Company 110
Traver, Harry 110
Travessera de les Corts 237
tuberculosis 14, 27, 76n, 88, 163, 166, 171
Turró, Ramón 33
Tyndall, John 115
Ullastres, Evarist 125
United States: amusement park rides imported from 105–6
universal suffrage 42, 143, 148
University of Barcelona 14, 53, 187, 190, 192–4, 196, 198, 205, 217, 233n
University of Valencia 193n
upper class 49, 65, 67, 100, 145, 188; see also elite(s)
urban: expertise 8; growth 3; history of science 9–10; modernity 16–21; parks 6, 47; planning and parks11, 74, 100, 160, 164, 166, 171; Plan Cerdà 7; planning see planning; radio communication 205; see also radio; renewal 26; spirituality 137
Urban Modernity 8
utopian socialism 136
Valencia Regional Exposition (1909) 97
Valls, Laura 97
venereal disease 14, 130, 166, 170–2
Vich, Antoni 58
Vidal, Luis M. 52
Vidal Burdills, Francisco 234
Vidal Españó, Manuel 231, 233n, 241
Vida privada (Sagarra) 166, 168–9, 170, 175–6
Vilaplana Enrich, José 197
visitors: to the Barrio Chino 164, 168–9, to the Exhibition of Light 19, 223, 229–32, 241; to the Exhibition of Lunar Studies 195; to parks and museums 12–13, 25–6, 30, 37, 39, 41–5, 53, 63–4, 93, 97, 99, 102–6, 109–10; to the Roca museum 175; to showrooms 237
War Gallery 104
War Museum 104
wire networks: at the 1929 Exhibition 208; from Grand Hotel 206; from Tibidabo mountain 206
Wise, George 188
women: and the Catholic Church 150; as customers 15; and electric appliances 238, 240; interactions with science 15–16; and the Natural History Museum 16, 62; as prostitutes 16, 167; public sites for 143–5; and the secular women’s league 148–50; and spiritism 14, 141–2, 145–8; as workers 144, 149
workers 1, 3, 13, 16, 34, 41, 53, 150, 152, 214, 217, 220, 222, 240; and the anarchist movement 18, 116–20, 123–30, 132–5; in the Barrio Chino 165, 167–8; female 144, 149; leisure activities of 27, 41, 43, 98, 103; and spiritism 139; see also working class
working class: activism by 64–5, 67; and amusement parks 13, 100, 102, 107; and the anarchist movement 117, 119, 123–4, 127, 130, 132–4; clinics for 84; in the Fifth District 170; and public parks 41; science and 13, 17, 119, 133, 182; social control of 27; and spiritism 139, 141, 152, 156; see also workers