Introduction
1 Simo Paavilainen, ‘Nordic Classicism, 1910–1930’.
2 ‘Finnish Architecture’, by Nils Erik Wickberg, Otava Publishing Company (1962), p. 11.
3 Goran Schildt, ‘Alvar Aalto’, p. 104.
Chapter 1
1 ‘The Battle of the Styles: Society, Culture and Design of a New Foreign Office, 1855–1861’, by Bernard Porter, Bloomsbury, 2011.
2 ‘A State That Failed: On the Union of Kalmar, Especially Its Dissolution’, by Harald Gustafsson, Scandinavian Journal of History, Vol. 31, pp. 205–220.
3 ‘The History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Iceland’, by TK Derry, Swedish Pioneer Historical Society, 1979.
4 ‘Northern Arts: The Breakthrough of Scandinavian Literature and Art, from Ibsen to Bergman’, by Arnold Weinstein, Princeton University Press, 2010.
5 ‘German and Scandinavian Protestantism 1700–1918’, by Nicholas Hope, Oxford University Press, 1995.
6 ‘Industrialisation, Democratisation and Nationalisation, Approx.1810–1920’, Norden.org.
7 ‘National Romanticism and Modern Architecture in Germany and the Scandinavian Countries’ by Barbara M Lane, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000.
8 ‘Arts and Crafts Architecture’, by Peter Davey, Phaidon, 1995, p. 220.
9 ‘A Guide to Finnish Architecture’, by James Maude Richards, Evelyn, 1966.
10 ‘Lars Sonck 1870–1956’, by Pauli Kivinen, Pekka Korvenmaa and Asko Salokorpi, Electa, 1990.
11 ‘Arts and Crafts Architecture’, by Peter Davey, Phaidon, 1995, p. 220.
12 ‘Sources of Modern Eclecticism’, Demitri Porphyrios, Academy editions, 1982, p. 73.
13 ‘Sigurd Lewerentz’, by Colin St John Wilson, Electa, 2002, p. 28.
14 ‘Alvar Aalto’, by Richard Weston, Phaidon, 1995, p. 22.
15 ‘The Viennese Secession’, by Klaus H. Carl and Victoria Charles, Parkstone Press Limited, 2011.
16 ‘A History of the Modern Movement: Art Architecture Design’, by Kurt Rowland, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1973.
17 ‘Finnish Architecture and the Modernist Tradition’, by Malcolm Quantrill, Taylor and Francis, 2012.
18 ‘Modern Architecture: A Critical History’, by Kenneth Frampton, Thames and Hudson, 1985.
19 ‘Sigurd Lewerentz’, by Colin St John Wilson, Electa, 2002 ‘Journey to Italy’ chapter by Nicola Flora, Paolo Giardiello, Gennaro Postiglione.
20 ‘Italia La Bella’, by Hilding Ekelund and Erik Bryggman, Arkkitehti no. 2 1923.
21 ‘Alvar Aalto – His Life’, by Goran Schildt, Alvar Aalto Museum, 2007, p. 206.
22 ‘Alvar Aalto’, by Richard Weston, Phaidon, 1995, p. 26.
23 ‘Nordic Classicism 1910–1930’, by Simo Paavilainen, Helsinki Museum of Finnish Architecture, 1982, p. 81.
24 ‘Finnish Architecture and the Modernist Tradition’, by Malcolm Quantrill, Taylor and Francis, 2012.
25 ‘Heinrich Tessenow 1876–1950’, by Marco De Michelis, Electa, 1991.
26 ‘Asplund’, by Claes Caldenby and Olof Huktin, Rizzoli, 1985, Chapter ‘Time, Life and Work – An Introduction to Asplund’ by Claes Caldenby.
27 ‘Lars Sonck 1870–1956’, by Pauli Kivinen, Pekka Korvenmaa and Asko Salokorpi, Electa, 1990.
28 ‘Nordic Classicism 1910–1930’, by Simo Paavilainen, Helsinki Museum of Finnish Architecture, 1982, Chapter ‘Modern Classicism in Norden 1910–1930’, by Henrik O Andersson.
29 ‘Classicism in Copenhagen: Architecture in the Age of C.F. Hansen’, by Hanne Raabyemagle and Claus M Smidt, Gyldendal, 1998.
30 ‘Gunnar Asplund’, by Peter Blundell Jones, Phaidon, 2006.
31 ‘Alvar Aalto’, by Richard Weston, Phaidon, 1995, p. 21.
32 ‘Frauen und Häuser’, by Karl Heinz Hoffmann and Anika Hakl, Hamburgisches Architekturarchiv der Hamburgischen Architektenkammer.
33 ‘Finland: Modern Architectures in History’, by Roger Connah, Reaktion Books, 2005.
34 ‘Architectural Association Journal’, Article by Morton Shand, October 1925.
35 ‘Vers Une Architecture’, by Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, Reprint, John Rodker Publisher, 1931.
36 ‘Alvar Aalto – His Life’, by Goran Schildt, Alvar Aalto Museum, 2007, p. 232.
37 ‘The CIAM Discourse on Urbanism 1928–1960’, by Eric Mumford, MIT Press, 2002.
38 ‘Efforts in Architecture’, by Nils Erik Wickberg, Otava, 1963.
39 ‘Sigurd Lewerentz’, by Colin St John Wilson, Electa, 2002 p. 28.
40 ‘Modern Architecture since 1900’, by William JR Curtis, Phaidon, 1982, p. 144.
Chapter 2
1 ‘Arkitekten Carl Petersen: der Tegnede Faaborg Museum’, by Hakon Stephensen, Copenhagen, Arkitektens Forlag, 1979.
2 ‘Colours’, by Carl Petersen, published posthumously 1923, Architekten DK.
3 ‘Arkitekten Carl Petersen: der Tegnede Faaborg Museum’, by Hakon Stephensen, Copenhagen, Arkitektens Forlag, 1979.
4 ‘Contrasts’, by Carl Petersen, published 1919, Architekten DK.
5 ‘Contrasts’, by Carl Petersen, published 1919, Architekten DK.
6 ‘Urban Space in Theory and Practice’, Rob Krier, AAM Brussels, 1975.
7 ‘Contrasts’, by Carl Petersen, published 1919, Architekten DK.
8 The sculpture of Mads Rasmussen is by friend of the Funen painters, Kai Nielsen, and indeed, such was the close relationship between this group that there is even a painting of Kai Nielsen, sculpting the statue of Mads Rasmussen from life, ‘Kai Nielsen Modelling Mads Rasmussen’, by Peter Hansen, of 1913.
9 Sean Godsell, RIBA Journal, July 2014.
10 ‘Colours’, by Carl Petersen, published posthumously 1923, Architekten DK.
Chapter 3
1 ‘Neoclassical and 19th Century Architecture’, by Robin Middleton and David Watkin, Faber and Faber, London 1987.
2 ‘Ivar Tengbom: Byggnadskonst pa Klassisk Grund’, by Anders Bergstrom, Byggforlaget, 2001.
3 George Nelson ‘Building a New Europe – Portraits of Modern Architects’, 1935–1936.
4 ‘Architectural Association Journal’, Article by Morton Shand, October 1925.
5 ‘Materials, Form and Architecture’, by Richard Weston, Lawrence King, 2003, p. 164.
6 ‘Asplund’ by Claes Caldenby and Olof Hultin, ‘The Sky as a Vault … Gunnar Asplund and the Articulation of Space’ by Elias Cornell, Rizzoli, 1985, p. 24.
7 ‘The Match King: Ivar Kreuger and the Financial Scandal of the Century’, by Frank Partnoy, Bradshaw, 2009.
8 ‘Svenska Tandsticks Aktiebolagets Huvudkontor’, by Ivar Tengbom, Nordisk Rotogravyr, 1931, p. 72.
9 ‘Svenska Tandsticks Aktiebolagets Huvudkontor’, by Ivar Tengbom, Nordisk Rotogravyr, 1931, p. 36.
10 ‘Svenska Tandsticks Aktiebolagets Huvudkontor’, by Ivar Tengbom, Nordisk Rotogravyr, 1931, p. 73.
Chapter 4
1 The now forgotten Melchior Wernstedt, Erik Karlstrand and Josef Ostlihn.
2 ‘Asplund’ by Claes Caldenby and Olof Hultin.
3 ‘Asplund’ by Peter Blundell Jones, Phaidon, 2004.
4 ‘Asplund’ by Claes Caldenby and Olof Hultin, ‘Artist and Professional: Glimpses of Asplund’s Last Years’ by Carl-Axel Acking.
5 ‘The Architects’ Journal’, Masters of Building by Dan Cruikshank, 1988.
6 Lister County Courthouse, like many of Asplund’s buildings, has been analysed in extraordinary detail by many architectural historians – with the swollen balusters in the courtroom, for example, being read by Stuart Wrede as symbolic of pregnancy and by Peter Blundell Jones as witnesses to the execution of justice. The most likely explanation of their source however is CF Hansen’s Vor Frue Kirk in Copenhagen, where they first appeared in 1829.
7 ‘Gunnar Asplund Diary’ February 1914.
8 ‘Crafts, Art and Design from 1895 to 1975’ by Dag Widman from ‘Art in Sweden’, (1991) Ed: Sven Sandström, 2nd edn, Norstedts, p. 495.
9 Alvar Aalto, Interview in ‘Abo Underrattelser’, 1930.
10 ‘Asplund’ by Claes Caldenby and Olof Hultin, p. 106.
11 The Architect’s Journal, ‘Architecture Ancient and Modern’ by Bjorn Linn, 1988.
12 ‘Gunnar Asplund’ by Peter Blundell Jones, Phaidon, 2012.
13 ‘Sources of Modern Eclecticism’ by Demetri Porphyrios, p. 48.
14 ‘Asplund’ by Claes Caldenby and Olof Hultin, ‘The Sky as a Vault … Gunnar Asplund and the Articulation of Space’ by Elias Cornell.
15 ‘Neoclassical and 19th Century Architecture’ by Robin Middleton and David Watkin, Faber and Faber, London, 1987.
16 Kirsten Nielson, The Architect’s Journal Stockholm City Library, 1988.
Chapter 5
1 ‘JS Sirén, 1889–1961, Arkkitehti’, by Severi Blomstedt, Suomen Rakennustaiteen Museo, 1989.
2 ‘JS Sirén – Architect –1889–1961’ (Exhibition Catalogue), JS Sirén Lecture, 1950 entitled ‘Opaque and Transparent Reality’.
3 ‘JS Sirén – Architect-1889–1961’, by Osmo Lappo, Finland, 1989.
4 ‘JS Sirén’, Museum of Finnish Architecture, mfa.fi.
5 ‘JS Sirén – Architect – 1889–1961’ (Exhibition Catalogue), JS Sirén Lecture, 1950.
6 Description of Sirén by one of his former students Arne Ervi in Arkkitehti in 1939.
7 ‘Morphlogy’ (a lecture by Sirén), reproduced in ‘JS Sirén, 1889–1961, Arkkitehti’, by Severi Blomstedt, Suomen Rakennustaiteen Museo, 1989.
8 JS Sirén writing in Kansan Kuvalehti Magazine, 1932.
9 Introduction by JS Sirén to the catalogue for an exhibition of Eliel Saarinen’s work in 1955.
10 ‘The Architectural Morals of Our Church Building’, by JS Sirén, Arkkitehti 3–5 1948.
11 ‘Finnish Architecture and the Modernist Tradition’, by Malcolm Quantrill, E & F Spon, 1995, p. 143.
12 ‘JS Sirén – Architect 1889–1961’ (Exhibition Catalogue), JS Sirén Lecture, 1950 entitled ‘Opaque and Transparent Reality’.
13 ‘JS Sirén – Architect –1889–1961’ quote from JS Sirén (Exhibition Catalogue).
14 ‘Suomen Eduskuntatalo’, by JS Sirén, Helsinki, 1938.
15 University of Technology Otaniemi Publication ‘A19’, 1975, p. 110.
16 Ironically, one of the first acts of the newly independent Finland was to descend into civil war.
17 ‘Nordic Classicism in Finland’, Nordic Classicism 1910–1930, by Simo Paavilainen, Exhibition Catalogue, Museum of Finnish Architecture.
18 ‘Svenska Dagbladet’, Gotthard Johansson, March 1931.
19 ‘Arkkitehti’, 5, 1931, p. 65.
20 ‘Finnish Architecture and the Modernist Tradition’, by Malcolm Quantrill, E & FN Spon, 1995, p. 18.
21 ‘Finnish Architecture and the Modernist Tradition’, by Malcolm Quantrill, E & FN Spon, 1995, p. 11.
22 Riitta Nikula, in ‘JS Sirén, 1889–1961, Arkkitehti’, by Severi Blomstedt, Suomen Rakennustaiteen Museo, 1989.
Chapter 6
1 ‘Arkitkten Hack Kampmann’, by Johan Bender, Risskov, 2014.
2 ‘The Architecture of the Ecole Des Beaux-Arts’, by Arthur Drexler, Museum of Modern Art, 1977.
3 ‘Danish Architecture since 1754’, by Martin Keiding, Marianne Amundsen and Kim Dirckinck-Holmfield, Danish Architectural Press, 2007.
4 Lisbet Balsev Jorgensen ‘Hack Kampmann’ Architectural Review, January 1983.
5 http://www.copenhagenet.dk/CPH-History.htm.
6 ‘City Planning According to Artistic Principles’ by Camillo Sitte, Random House, 1965 (Reprint) Original published 1889.
7 ‘Kobenhavns Politi Politigarden’, Udgivet af Kobenhavns PolitisInformationsafdeling, Politigarden, www.kbhpol.dk.
8 ‘Kritisk Revy’, Editor Poul Henningsen, July, 1926.
9 ‘Nordic Classicism 1910–1930’, by Simo Paavilainen, Helsinki Museum of Finnish Architecture, 1982.
Chapter 7
1 ‘Sigurd Lewerentz, 1885–1975’, by Nicola Flora, Paolo Giardiello and Gennaro Postiglione; with an essay by Colin St John Wilson. ‘The Sacred Buildings and the Sacred Sites’, Phaidon, 2001.
2 ‘Der Deutsche Werkbund. 1907–1934’, by Joan Campbell, Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart, 1981.
3 ‘Alvar Aalto’, by Richard Weston, Phaidon, 1990, p. 23.
4 ‘Last Landscapes: The Architecture of the Cemetery in the West’, by Ken Worpole, Reaktion, 2003, p. 147.
5 ‘Asplund’, by Claes Caldenby and Olof Hultin, Rizzoli, 1985, Chapter ‘Landscape and Architecture – Classical and Vernacular’, by Stuart Wrede, p. 41.
6 ‘Sigurd Lewerentz, 1885–1975’, by Nicola Flora, Paolo Giardiello and Gennaro Postiglione, Phaidon, 2001, p. 151.
7 ‘Sigurd Lewerentz, Church of St Peter, Klippan, 1963–66’, by Peter Blundell-Jones, Architectural Review Quarterly, No. 6, pp. 159–173.
8 ‘Sigurd Lewerentz, 1885–1975’, by Nicola Flora, Paolo Giardiello and Gennaro Postiglione; with an essay by Colin St John Wilson. ‘The Sacred Buildings and the Sacred Sites’, Phaidon, 2001.
9 ‘Sigurd Lewerentz, 1885–1975’, by Nicola Flora, Paolo Giardiello and Gennaro Postiglione; with an essay by Colin St John Wilson. ‘The Sacred Buildings and the Sacred Sites’, Phaidon, 2001, p. 11.
Chapter 8
1 ‘Oiva Kallio’, by Timo Jeskanin and Pekka Leskela, Finnish Museum of Architecture, 2000.
2 ‘Kauno S. Kallio’, Museum of Finnish Architecture, mfa.fi.
3 ‘The Battle of the Styles: Society, Culture and Design of a New Foreign Office, 1855–1861’, by Bernard Porter, Bloomsbury, 2011.
4 ‘City Planning According to Artistic Principles’ by Camillo Sitte, Random House, 1965 (Reprint) Original published 1889.
5 Elsi Borg won the competition for the Taulumaki Church (1928–1929) in Jyväskylä in 1927, much to the frustration of then local architect, Alvar Aalto.
6 ‘Modernism in Scandinavia: Art, Architecture and Design’, by Charlotte Ashby, Bloomsbury Academic, 2017.
7 ‘A History of Architecture’, by Sir Banister Fletcher, The Athlone Press, 1975 (18th edn), pp. 332–333.
8 ‘Finnish Summer Houses’, by Jari Jetsonen and Siirkaliisa Jetsonen, Princeton Architectural Press, 2008.
9 ‘Finnish Architecture and the Modernist Tradition’, by Malcolm Quantrill, Taylor and Francis, 1995.
10 ‘Villa Oivala – the Architect’s Self-Portrait’, by Pekka Leskelä, Arkkitehti, Vol. 94, No. 4, 1997, pp. 60–63.
11 The Villa Oivala was left to SAFA (the Finnish Association of Architects) by Oiva Kallio. The association has been responsible for a major restoration project over recent years, which has been painstakingly carried out by Livady Architects in Helsinki. It is available to rent from SAFA at some times of the year.
Chapter 9
1 ‘Finnish Architecture and the Modernist Tradition’, by Malcolm Quantrill, Taylor and Francis, 2012.
2 ‘Alvar Aalto Architect’, by John Stewart, Merrell Publications, 2017.
3 ‘Iltalehti Magazine’, Article, by Alvar Aalto, 1920.
4 ‘Alvar Aalto: His Life’, by Goran Schildt, Alvar Aalto Museum, 2007, p. 210.
5 ‘Alvar Aalto: His Life’, by Goran Schildt, Alvar Aalto Museum, 2007, p. 190.
6 ‘Finnish Architecture and the Modernist Tradition’, by Malcolm Quantrill, Taylor and Francis, 2012.
7 ‘Alvar Aalto’, Richard Weston, Phaidon, 1995, pp. 25/26.
8 ‘Alvar Aalto: His Life’, by Goran Schildt, Alvar Aalto Museum, 2007, pp. 227–229.
9 ‘The CIAM Discourse on Urbanism 1928–60’, Eric Mumford, MIT Press, 2002.
10 ‘800 Years of Finnish Architecture’, by James Maude Richards, David&Charles, 1978.
11 ‘Design Museum’, Alvar Aalto Profile, designmuseum.org.
12 ‘Alvar Aalto’, Richard Weston, Phaidon, 1995.
13 ‘The Times’ newspaper, 1957.
14 ‘Alvar Aalto’, Richard Weston, Phaidon, 1995, p. 28.
15 ‘Asplund’, by Claes Caldenby and Olof Hultin, Rizzoli, 1986.
Chapter 10
1 Edvard Thomsen by Villads Villadsen, in Danish Biographical Lexicon, 3rd edn., Gyldendal 1979–1984.
2 ‘City Planning According to Artistic Principles’ by Camillo Sitte, Random House, 1965 (Reprint) Original published 1889.
3 ‘Arkitekten, Professor Edvard Thomsen, 1884–1980’, by Hans Erling Langkilde, Obituary, Berlingske, Copenhagen, 1980.
4 Einar Utzon-Frank was architect, Jorn Utzon’s uncle, Thomsen’s fellow Professor of Sculpture at the Royal Danish Academy and sculptor of ‘The Snake Killer’ at Hack Kampmann’s Copenhagen Police Headquarters.
5 ‘Nordic Classicism 1910–1930’, by Simo Paavilainen, Helsinki Museum of Finnish Architecture, 1982, Lisbet Balslev Jorgensen, p. 75.
6 ‘Nordic Classicism 1910–1930’, by Simo Paavilainen, Helsinki Museum of Finnish Architecture, 1982, Lisbet Balslev Jorgensen, p. 75.
7 ‘Nordic Classicism 1910–1930’, by Simo Paavilainen, Helsinki Museum of Finnish Architecture, 1982, Lisbet Balslev Jorgensen, p. 75.
8 ‘The Architect Edvard Thomsen, 1884–1980: Exhibition of Drawings on the Occasion of 100 Years’, The School Library Charlottenborg, January 23 to March 17, by Art Academy, Denmark, 1984.
9 www.weblager.dk, Gentofte, Gersonsvej 32.
10 ‘Plockross’ Skole og Oregard Gymnasium, 1903–2003’, by Helle Askgaard and Kamma Haugan, Gylling, Denmark, 2003.
Chapter 11
1 Martti Valikangas, Museum of Finnish Architecture, mfa.fi.
2 ‘Funkis’, by Ingrid Sommar, Bokforlaget Forum, 2006.
3 ‘Rationalism and Classicism’, by Eva Eriksson, Prestel, 1998.
4 ‘La Ville Radieuse’, by Le Corbusier, Editions de l’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui, 1933.
5 ‘800 Years of Finnish Architecture’, by JM Richards, David and Charles, 1978.
6 ‘Modern Architecture: A Critical History’, by Kenneth Frampton, Thames and Hudson, 1980.
7 ‘Alvar Aalto’, by Richard Weston, Phaidon, 1986.
8 ‘The Architects Journal’, article by Simo Paavilainen, 17 February 1988.
9 ‘Nordic Classicism in Finland’, by Simo Paavilainen in ‘Nordic Classicism 1910–1930’, Finnish Museum of Architecture, 1982.
10 ‘Finnish Architecture and the Modernist Tradition’, by Malcolm Quantrill, Taylor and Francis, 2012.
11 ‘Alvar Aalto’, by Richard Weston, Phaidon, 1986, p. 21.
Chapter 12
1 ‘Last Landscapes: The Architecture of the Cemetery in the West’, by Ken Worpole, Reaktion Books, 2004.
2 ‘The Woodland Cemetery’, by Caroline Constant, Byggforlaget, 1994.
3 ‘Landscape and Architecture – Classical and Vernacular by Asplund’, by Stuart Wrede, in ‘Asplund’, Rizzoli, 1985.
4 ‘Modern Cemeteries: Notes on the Landscape’, essay by Sigurd Lewerentz.
5 ‘Modern Cemeteries: Notes on the Landscape’, essay by Sigurd Lewerentz.
6 ‘Arkitektur’, July1921, article by Gunnar Asplund.
7 ‘Sigurd Lewerentz’, by Colin St John Wilson, Pall Mall, 2013.
8 ‘Liselund: Endroit Cheri de Lis’, by Hack Kampmann, Louis Bobe and Chr Axel Jensen.
9 ‘Landscape and Architecture – Classical and Vernacular by Asplund’, by Stuart Wrede, in ‘Asplund’, Rizzoli, 1985, p. 44.
10 Attributed to Lewerentz by Asplund in his article on the Woodland Chapel in ‘Arkitektur’, July 1921.
11 Gunnar Asplund ‘Arkitektur’ July 1921.
12 ‘Gunnar Asplund’, by Peter Blundell Jones, Phaidon, 2006, p. 67.
13 ‘The Architecture of Gunnar Asplund’, by Stuart Wrede, MIT Press, 1980, p. 32.
14 ‘Postwriting’ by Poul Ingemann, in: Hanne Raabyemagle and Claus M. Smidt (ed.), Classicalism in Copenhagen: The Architecture of CF Hansen's Time, Gyldendal, Copenhagen, 1999.
Epilogue
1 ‘The Stockholm City Hall’, by Mats Wickman, Sellin & Partner, 2003 (1993).
2 ‘Alvar Aalto’, by Richard Weston, Phaidon, 1994.
3 Erik Bryggman: Museum of Finnish Architecture, mfa.fi.
4 ‘Finnish Architecture and the Modernist Tradition’, by Malcolm Quantrill, E & F Spon, 1995, p. 45.
5 ‘Hilding Ekelund (1893–1984)’, Arkkitehti, by Timo Tuomi, Editor, Museum of Finnish Architecture, Helsinki, 1997.
6 ‘Nordic Classicism 1910–1930’, by Paavilainen, Simo and Juhani Pallasmaa (eds.), Catalogue, Helsinki: Museum of Finnish Architecture, 1982.
7 ‘Finland’, in Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Architecture, by William C Miller, Fitzroy Dearborn, New York, p. 462.
8 Pauli Blomstedt and Marta Blomstedt, Museum of Finnish Architecture, mfa.fi.
9 ‘Arkitkten Hack Kampmann’, by Johan Bender, Risskov, 2014.
10 ‘Arkitekten Povl Baumann’, by Hans Erling Langkilde, Arkitektens Forlag, Copenhagen, 1991.
11 ‘Arkitekten Kay Fisker’, by Hans Erling Langkilde, Arkitektens Forlag, Copenhagen, 1960.