Table of Contents

1. Cover
2. Series Page
3. Title Page
4. Copyright
5. About the Author
6. Series Foreword
   1. Essentials of Forensic Science
7. Preface
   1. What is document examination?
   2. Purpose of this book
   3. Structure of this book
   4. Further reading
8. Acknowledgements
9. About the Companion Website
10. Chapter 1: Introduction
    1. 1.1 Historical background
    2. 1.2 Is document examination a science at all?
    3. 1.3 Quality assurance
    4. 1.4 Standards in forensic document examination
    5. 1.5 Competence of forensic practitioners
    6. 1.6 Cognitive bias
    7. 1.7 Training to be a forensic document examiner
    8. References
11. Chapter 2: Handwriting Development and Comparison
    1. 2.1 Introduction
    2. 2.2 The process of writing
    3. 2.3 Models of writing production
    4. 2.4 The learning of handwriting in young children
    5. 2.5 Handwriting in the adolescent: the origins of individuality
    6. 2.6 Mature handwriting of the adult
    7. 2.7 The deterioration of handwriting skill
    8. 2.8 The forensic analysis of handwriting
    9. 2.9 Interpretation of handwriting evidence
    10. 2.10 Examination notes in handwriting cases
    11. 2.11 Reporting findings
    12. References
12. Chapter 3: Signature Examination
    1. 3.1 Introduction
    2. 3.2 The development of signatures
    3. 3.3 Simulating signatures
    4. 3.4 Computer-based recognition of signatures
    5. 3.5 The forensic examination of signatures
    6. 3.6 Interpreting findings in signature cases
    7. 3.7 Note taking in signature cases
    8. 3.8 Reports in signature cases
    9. References
13. Chapter 4: Documents Produced Using Office Technology
    1. 4.1 Introduction
    2. 4.2 Typewriters
    3. 4.3 The forensic examination of typebar typewriters
    4. 4.4 Single element typewriters
    5. 4.5 Typewriter ribbons and correcting typescript
    6. 4.6 Computer printers
    7. 4.7 Fax (facsimile) machines
    8. 4.8 Photocopiers
    9. 4.9 Case notes in cases involving typed and copied documents
    10. 4.10 Reports in cases involving typed and copied documents
    11. References
14. Chapter 5: The Examination of Printed Documents
    1. 5.1 Introduction
    2. 5.2 Some general principles of printing
    3. 5.3 Relief printing processes
    4. 5.4 Planographic printing
    5. 5.5 Recess printing
    6. 5.6 Screen printing
    7. 5.7 Security documents
    8. 5.8 Dry transfer lettering
    9. 5.9 Key diagnostic features of various printing methods
    10. 5.10 Case notes in printing cases
    11. 5.11 Reports in cases involving printing
    12. References
15. Chapter 6: Materials Used to Create Documents
    1. 6.1 Paper
    2. 6.2 Ink
    3. 6.3 Staples
    4. 6.4 Adhesives
    5. 6.5 Miscellaneous materials
    6. 6.6 Case notes relating to the physical components of a document
    7. 6.7 Reports relating to the physical components of a document
    8. References
16. Chapter 7: Analytical Techniques Used in Document Examination
    1. 7.1 Chromatography
    2. 7.2 Mass spectrometry (MS)
    3. 7.3 Spectroscopy
    4. 7.4 X-ray fluorescence (XRF)
    5. 7.5 Electrophoresis
    6. 7.6 Case notes when scientific equipment is used
    7. 7.7 Reports in cases where scientific equipment is used
    8. References
17. Chapter 8: Altered and Tampered Documents
    1. 8.1 Alterations involving the examination of inks
    2. 8.2 The examination of paper
    3. 8.3 The examination of written or machine-generated details
    4. 8.4 Copy documents
    5. 8.5 Altering security documents
    6. 8.6 Case notes in alterations cases
    7. 8.7 Reports in alterations cases
    8. References
18. Chapter 9: Indented Impressions
    1. 9.1 Visualising indented impressions
    2. 9.2 Oblique light
    3. 9.3 Case notes in indented impressions cases
    4. 9.4 Reports in indented impressions cases
    5. References
19. Chapter 10: Dating Documents
    1. 10.1 Dating handwriting
    2. 10.2 Dating ink
    3. 10.3 Dating paper (and other related materials)
    4. 10.4 Dating typescript and other mechanical processes
    5. 10.5 Dating pages from a pad or stack of paper
    6. 10.6 Sequencing
    7. 10.7 Miscellaneous factors
    8. 10.8 Summary
    9. 10.9 Case notes and reports in cases involving document dating
    10. References
20. Chapter 11: Duties of The Expert
    1. 11.1 Note taking
    2. 11.2 Reports
    3. 11.3 Preparing for court
    4. 11.4 Giving evidence
    5. 11.5 Ethics and duties of experts
    6. 11.6 Summary
21. Index
22. End User License Agreement

Guide

1. Cover
2. Table of Contents
3. Series Foreword
4. Preface
5. Begin Reading

List of Illustrations

1. Chapter 2: Handwriting Development and Comparison
   1. Figure 2.1 A similar pen path is used for writing the letter d and the letter pair el.
   2. Figure 2.2 Handwriting from same person using accustomed and unaccustomed hand.
   3. Figure 2.3 Handwriting with clockwise and right to left t-crossbar (left-hand example) and anticlockwise and left to right t-crossbar (right-hand example).
   4. Figure 2.4 Examples of national handwriting characteristics (see text).
   5. Figure 2.5 The tip of a ballpoint pen (x8 approx.).
   6. Figure 2.6 Striation lines in a ballpoint pen ink line (x10 approx.).
   7. Figure 2.7 A felt tip pen nib (x8 approx.).
   8. Figure 2.8 Various letterforms (see text).
   9. Figure 2.9 Worked example: Anonymous note.
   10. Figure 2.10 Worked example: Sample of handwriting.
   11. Figure 2.11 Worked example: List of music albums.
2. Chapter 3: Signature Examination
   1. Figure 3.1 The upper signature has a smooth pen line with variation in pen pressure. The lower signature is a freehand simulation showing a shaky pen line and a ‘drawn’ appearance.
   2. Figure 3.2 The tracing lines are close to, but not exactly overwritten by, the ink line.
   3. Figure 3.3 A scanned and printed signature overwritten in ink.
   4. Figure 3.4 Five naturally written specimen signatures compared to (i) a genuine signature written at about the same time; (ii) a genuine signature written many years earlier; (iii) a disguised signature written by the true signatory; (iv) a memory copy; (v) a freehand simulation.
   5. Figure 3.5 Worked example: Agreement.
   6. Figure 3.6 Worked example: Specimen signatures.
3. Chapter 4: Documents Produced Using Office Technology
   1. Figure 4.1 The arrangement of typebars.
   2. Figure 4.2 Two characters are present at the end of each typebar with the upper one accessed by using the shift mechanism (x3 approx.).
   3. Figure 4.3 Letter m in a font with (left) and without (right) serifs.
   4. Figure 4.4 Paper inserted round a typewriter platen.
   5. Figure 4.5 Close up of letter w showing the weave pattern from the fabric ribbon (x15 approx.).
   6. Figure 4.6 Close up of a carbon copy.
   7. Figure 4.7 Close up of a letter h with top and bottom serifs on left side damaged (x15 approx.).
   8. Figure 4.8 Close up of an infilled letter e (x15 approx.).
   9. Figure 4.9 Showing a printwheel with one character at the end of each spoke (x2 approx.).
   10. Figure 4.10 Close up of a severely damaged letter w on a printwheel (x10 approx.).
   11. Figure 4.11 A carbon film ribbon showing readable text after use.
   12. Figure 4.12 A lift off correction ribbon with removed characters present.
   13. Figure 4.13 Matrix characters are made up of a pattern of dots (x15 approx.).
   14. Figure 4.14 Letter e printed with a laser printer showing the molten appearance of raised toner on a paper surface (x30 approx.).
   15. Figure 4.15 Close up of a group of drum defects (x15 approx.).
   16. Figure 4.16 Close up of a colour laser print showing four colour (showing as shades of grey) dots (x30 approx.).
   17. Figure 4.17 Close up of inkjet printing with ink absorbed into paper (x30 approx.).
   18. Figure 4.18 Worked example: Note item 1.
   19. Figure 4.19 Worked example: Note item 2.
4. Chapter 5: The Examination of Printed Documents
   1. Figure 5.1 (a) The symbol on the front of the currency note; (b) the symbol on the reverse of the currency note; (c) the currency note viewed with transmitted light giving the completed symbol (x4 approx.).
   2. Figure 5.2 Close up of a half tone image showing how shades of grey are created by different densities of printed dots (x30 approx.).
   3. Figure 5.3 A letterpress printing surface (x25 approx.).
   4. Figure 5.4 Ink squash around the edge of printed characters (x25 approx.).
   5. Figure 5.5 Stamp impressions vary in appearance depending on different conditions of applying. The upper stamp impression has been applied more heavily than the lower impression.
   6. Figure 5.6 The gradual merging of colours found in split duct printing.
   7. Figure 5.7 Close up showing raised ink on paper surface from a recessed printing process viewed under oblique lighting (x25 approx.).
   8. Figure 5.8 Microprinting (x25 approx.).
5. Chapter 6: Materials Used to Create Documents
   1. Figure 6.1 Multi-coloured thread for stitching (x25 approx.).
   2. Figure 6.2 Perforated pages of a passport (x3 approx.).
   3. Figure 6.3 Worked example: Note item 1.
   4. Figure 6.4 Worked example: Crumpled piece of paper item 2.
   5. Figure 6.5 Worked example: Torn edges from items 1 and 2 in close proximity.
   6. Figure 6.6 Worked example: Paper sheared.
   7. Figure 6.7 Worked example: Sheared edges overlapped to show correct physical fit.
6. Chapter 7: Analytical Techniques Used in Document Examination
   1. Figure 7.1 A typical thin line chromatography plate showing the separation of ink components. Each component has its own separation factor, known as R_f, which is calculated by dividing the distance the component has migrated (X) by the distance travelled by the solvent (Y).
7. Chapter 8: Altered and Tampered Documents
   1. Figure 8.1 The electromagnetic spectrum.
   2. Figure 8.2 Two pieces of paper with similar crease patterns viewed under oblique light.
   3. Figure 8.3 Shadow staple holes (x3 approx.).
   4. Figure 8.4 Oblique light view of an abraded document close up (x3 approx.).
   5. Figure 8.5 a and b. An obliterated entry before and after use of appropriate filters to reveal the original entry.
   6. Figure 8.6 An entry covered with correction fluid viewed from behind the document illuminated with transmitted light.
   7. Figure 8.7 Showing a close up of a shadow line suggesting a composite document.
   8. Figure 8.8 Worked example: Agreement, item 1.
   9. Figure 8.9 Worked example: Handwriting specimen.
8. Chapter 9: Indented Impressions
   1. Figure 9.1 The dark grey line is typical of that produced by an impression and the pale tramlined line (running from bottom left to top right) is typical of that produced by an inkline on the paper. Where they cross (arrowed) any break in the lines may indicate whether the impressions were present on the page before the ink or vice versa (×3 approx.)
   2. Figure 9.2 Worked example: Electrostatic trace from the hold up note.
   3. Figure 9.3 Indented impressions revealed using an oblique light source to produce shadows created by the deep impression.

List of Tables

1. Chapter 5: The Examination of Printed Documents
   1. Table 5.1 Diagnostic features of printing processes