List of Illustrations

1: E. M. Forster, 1924. (Pictorial Press Ltd / Alamy Stock Photo)

2: Portrait of Democritus, from an engraving. (Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International [CC BY 4.0])

3: Zora Neale Hurston. (Science History Images / Alamy Stock Photo)

4: Petrarch. Nineteenth-century engraving by Raffaele Morghen. (Bridgeman Images)

5: Giovanni Boccaccio, by Andrea del Castagno. Fresco transferred to wood, circa 1450. (IanDagnall Computing / Alamy Stock Photo)

6: Giovanni Boccaccio, Decamerone over cento novelle, Venice, 1504. Detail from day 9, story 2. (© Giancarlo Costa / Bridgeman Images)

7: The plague of Florence, 1348, illustrating an episode in Boccaccio’s Decameron. Etching by L. Sabatelli the Elder. (Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International [CC BY 4.0])

8: Spectacles, worn by Saint Paul. Ornamental letter from fourteenth-century manuscript Bible historiale, Epistle to the Romans. (Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International [CC BY 4.0])

9: Basel Minster panel, circa 1100, showing six of the apostles with books and scrolls. (Sarah Bakewell)

10: Poggio Bracciolini. Engraving by Theodor de Bry from Jean-Jacques Boissard’s Bibliotheca chalcographica, Frankfurt, 1650. (© Florilegius / Bridgeman Images)

11: Humanistic hand of Poggio Bracciolini. (Art Collection 2 / Alamy Stock Photo)

12: Tourists visiting Lake Nemi excavation, 1932. (agefotostock/ Alamy Stock Photo)

13: “Justice Enters the City of Ladies,” from The Book of the Queen, collected works by Christine de Pizan, circa 1410–1414. British Library: Harley 4431. (Album / British Library / Alamy Stock Photo)

14: Cassandra Fedele. Painting by an artist of the Lombard school, circa 1600–1649, from the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, Milan. (© Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana / Mondadori Portfolio / Bridgeman Images)

15: Opening lines of Pietro Bembo, De Aetna, Venice: Aldus Manutius, 1496. (The Picture Art Collection / Alamy Stock Photo)

16: Desiderius Erasmus, Erasmi Roterodami adagiorum chiliades tres, Venice: Aldus Manutius, 1508. (Bridgeman Images)

17: Lorenzo Valla. Engraving by Johann Theodor de Bry, from Jean-Jacques Boissard’s Bibliotheca chalcographica, Frankfurt, 1650. (© Florilegius / Bridgeman Images)

18: Platina and Pope Sixtus IV with the Vatican Library collection, by Melozzo da Forlì. (Alinari / Bridgeman Images)

19 (top left): Vitruvius, De architectura, 1521, illustration by Cesare Cesariano. (The Stapleton Collection / Bridgeman Images)

21 (center right): Francesco di Giorgio Martini, Trattato di architettura civile e militare, circa 1470, from the Biblioteca Nazionale, Florence, showing church design corresponding to the human figure. (The Picture Art Collection / Alamy Stock Photos)

22 (bottom right): The humanist “Happy Human” symbol, in the slightly rounded variant. (Humanists UK)

23 (bottom left): Leonardo da Vinci, Vitruvian Man, circa 1490, from the Gallerie dell’Accademia, Venice. (The Stapleton Collection / Bridgeman Images)

24: Girolamo Savonarola. Line engraving by H. Hondius. (Wellcome Collection)

25: Savonarola preaching in the pulpit of the cathedral of Florence, from his tract Compendio di revelatione, Florence: Pietro Pacini da Pescia, 1496, fol. i r. (Universal History Archive / UIG / Bridgeman Images)

26: Girolamo Fracastoro. Line engraving by N. de Larmessin, 1682. (Wellcome Collection)

27 (top): Anatomical theater at Padua, diorama. (Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International [CC BY 4.0])

28 (bottom): The motto “Here death delights in helping life,” from the anatomical theater at Padua. (Sarah Bakewell)

29: A man seated in a chair in a landscape, holding an open book, directing a dissection that is taking place in the foreground, circa 1493. (Wellcome Collection)

30: Vesalius’s copy of Galen on respiration, with signature “And. Vesalius” on the title page. Libri V jam primum in latinam linguam conversi / Jano Cornario medico interprete. De causis respirationis, liber I. De utilitate respirationis, liber I. De difficultate respirationis libri III, Basel, 1536. (Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International [CC BY 4.0])

31: Andreas Vesalius. Woodcut, 1543, after J. S. van Calcar (?). (Wellcome Collection)

32: Andreas Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica libri septem, p. 164, Basel, 1543. (Wellcome Collection)

33: Rodolphus Agricola. Portrait by Lucas Cranach the Elder, Alte Pinakothek, Munich. (Bridgeman Images)

34: Desiderius Erasmus. Portrait drawing, circa 1795, after H. Holbein. (Wellcome Collection)

35: Two fifteenth-century armored knights. Lithograph from Paul Lacroix, Les arts au Moyen âge et à l’époque de la Renaissance, Paris: Firmin Didot, 1873. (Bridgeman Images)

36: Michel de Montaigne. Portrait by unknown artist, seventeenth century. (Bridgeman Images)

37: Michel de Montaigne, Essais, Paris: Abel L’Angelier, 1588, copy with author’s amendments (“Bordeaux Copy”), from Bibliothèque Municipal de Bordeaux, via Gustave Lanson, Histoire illustré de la littérature française, Paris and London: Hachette, 1923, vol. 1. (Lebrecht Authors / Bridgeman Images)

38: Earthquake at Lisbon, 1755. (GRANGER—Historical Picture Archive)

39: Voltaire writing, after a sketch by D. N. Chodowiecki. Vignette from German edition of Voltaire’s Candide, 1778. (The Picture Art Collection / Alamy Stock Photo)

40: Comet of 1680–1681. Print by Jan Luyken, Amsterdam, 1698. (Artokoloro / Alamy Stock Photo)

41: Lamoignon de Malesherbes. Engraved portrait. (Ivy Close Images / Alamy Stock Photo)

42: David Hume. Engraving based on a portrait by Allan Ramsay in the National Gallery of Scotland. Photographer: Oxford Science Archive / Heritage Images. (The Print Collector / Alamy Stock Photo)

43: Amelia Bloomer wearing bloomers, from The Illustrated London News, September 27, 1851. (Look and Learn / Illustrated Papers Collection / Bridgeman Images)

44: Jeremy Bentham. Etching by G. W. Appleton after R. M. Sully. (Wellcome Collection)

45: Frederick Douglass. Daguerreotype portrait, circa 1855. (GRANGER—Historical Picture Archive)

46: Edward Carpenter and George Merrill. (Prismatic Pictures / Bridgeman Images)

47: Wilhelm von Humboldt. Engraved portrait. (© SZ Photo / Scherl / Bridgeman Images)

48 (top): Harriet Taylor Mill, portrait by unknown artist, circa 1834, in the National Portrait Gallery, London. (GRANGER—Historical Picture Archive / Alamy Stock Photo)

49 (bottom): John Stuart Mill, circa 1865. (GRANGER—Historical Picture Archive)

50: “Mill’s Logic; or, Franchise for Females,” cartoon showing John Stuart Mill with Lydia Ernestine Becker and others, by John Tenniel, from Punch, March 30, 1867. (Photo 12 / Alamy Stock Photo)

51: Matthew Arnold. Illustration captioned “Sweetness and Light,” showing him as a trapeze artist moving between poetry and philosophy. Drawing by Frederick Waddy, 1873, for Cartoon Portraits and Biographical Sketches of Men of the Day. (© Look and Learn / Bridgeman Images)

52: Thomas Henry Huxley. Cartoon showing him giving School Board Lecture, with a poster labeled “Genus Homo: Learned Baby.” Lithograph, 1871. (Wellcome Collection)

53: Leslie Stephen. Portrait from Edward Whymper, Scrambles amongst the Alps, London, 1871, p. 324. (Magite Historic / Alamy Stock Photo)

54: Mary Augusta Ward. Photograph by Herbert Rose Barraud. (Bridgeman Images)

55: Ernest Renan. Illustration for The Graphic, October 8, 1892. (Look and Learn / Illustrated Papers Collection / Bridgeman Images)

56: The Festival of Reason in Notre-Dame, Paris, November 10, 1793, with Sophie Momoro as the goddess of Reason. From Charles d’Héricault, La révolution 1789–1882, Paris: D. Dumoulin, 1883. (© Look and Learn / Bridgeman Images)

57: L. L. Zamenhof. Photograph by H. Caudervelle, circa 1910. (Pictorial Press Ltd / Alamy Stock Photo)

58: The builders of the Tower of Babel start to argue as their language is confounded. Etching by M. van der Gucht after G. Hoet, c. 1700. (Wellcome Collection)

59: Unua Libro, 1887. (History and Art Collection / Alamy Stock Photo)

60: Plaque in Esperanto, commemorating Petrarch at Fontaine de Vaucluse. (Sarah Bakewell)

61: Robert G. Ingersoll, circa 1890. (GRANGER—Historical Picture Archive)

62: Bertrand Russell as a boy. (Abbus Archive Images / Alamy Stock Photo)

63: Bertrand Russell, circa 1907. (History and Art Collection / Alamy Stock Photo)

64: Benedetto Croce, circa 1910. (Luisa Ricciarini / Bridgeman Images)

65: Erika Mann and Thomas Mann. (Prestor Pictures LLC / Alamy Stock Photo)

66: The Warburg Library in Hamburg, with some of the Mnemosyne panels on display, 1927. (© Fine Art Images / Heritage Images) (Heritage Image Partnership Ltd / Alamy Stock Photo)

67: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Spanish-language version, held by Eleanor Roosevelt, 1948. (Photo 12 / Ann Ronan Picture Library) (Photo 12 / Alamy Stock Photo)

68: Bertrand Russell at a Ban the Bomb demonstration, Trafalgar Square, London, 1962. Photography credit: Mirrorpix. (Trinity Mirror / Mirrorpix / Alamy Stock Photo)

69: Charles Bradlaugh being arrested by police in 1881 for refusing to take the oath as a Member of Parliament, and subsequently rejoicing at the passage of his Oaths Bill in 1888. Color lithograph by Tom Merry, 1888. (Wellcome Collection)

70: Vashti McCollum. (Archive PL / Alamy Stock Photo)

71: London bus showing “There’s probably no God” advertisement, with Ariane Sherine, who proposed and organized the campaign. (Leon Neal/AFP via Getty Images)

72: Vasily Grossman, 1960. Photograph from the Institute of Russian Literature, Pushkin House, London. (Bridgeman Images)

73: Humanists UK symbol. (Courtesy of Humanists UK)