NOTES

 

Chapter 1

 

1Boyle, Jacqueline, and Helena J. Teede. 2016. “Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Update.” Australian Family Physician 41 (10): 752-56. http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/october/polycystic-ovary-syndrome/.

2Lujan, Marla E., Brittany Y. Jarrett, Eric D. Brooks, Jonathan K. Reines, Andrew K. Peppin, Narry Muhn, Ehsan Haider, Roger A. Pierson, and Donna R. Chizen. 2013. “Updated Ultrasound Criteria for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Reliable Thresholds for Elevated Follicle Population and Ovarian Volume.” Human Reproduction 28 (5): 1361–68. doi:10.1093/humrep/det062.

3Guastella, Ettore, Rosa Alba Longo, and Enrico Carmina. 2010. “Clinical and Endocrine Characteristics of the Main Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Phenotypes.” Fertility and Sterility 94 (6): 2197–2201. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.02.014.

4Shroff, Rupal, Craig H. Syrop, William Davis, Bradley J. Van Voorhis, and Anuja Dokras. 2007. “Risk of Metabolic Complications in the New PCOS Phenotypes Based on the Rotterdam Criteria.” Fertility and Sterility 88 (5): 1389–95. doi:10.1016/j. fertnstert.2007.01.032.

5Livadas, Sarantis, and Evanthia Diamanti-Kandarakis. 2013. “Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Definitions, Phenotypes and Diagnostic Approach.” Frontiers of Hormone Research 40: 1–21. doi:10.1159/000341673.

6Jamil, Avin S., Shahla K. Alalaf, Namir G. Al-Tawil, and Talha Al-Shawaf. 2016. “Comparison of Clinical and Hormonal Characteristics among Four Phenotypes of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Based on the Rotterdam Criteria.” Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 293 (2): 447–56. doi:10.1007/s00404-015-3889-5.

Chapter 2

 

1González, Frank. 2012. “Inflammation in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Underpinning of Insulin Resistance and Ovarian Dysfunction.” Steroids 77 (4): 300–305. doi:10.1016/j. steroids.2011.12.003.

2Bell, Kirstine. 2014. “Clinical Application of the Food Insulin Index to Diabetes Mellitus.” PhD diss., University of Sydney, School of Molecular and Microbial Bioscience. http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au:80/handle/2123/11945.

3Bellanger, Sylvian, Marie-Claude Battista, and Jean-Patrice Baillargeon. 2014. “Insulin Resistance and Lipotoxicity in PCOS: Causes and Consequences.” In Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Current and Emerging Concepts, edited by Lubna Pal, 95–115. New York: Springer-Verlag. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-8394-6_7.

4Lammers, Karen M., Ruliang Lu, Julie Brownley, Bao Lu, Craig Gerard, Karen Thomas, Prasad Rallabhandi, et al. 2008. “Gliadin Induces an Increase in Intestinal Permeability and Zonulin Release by Binding to the Chemokine Receptor CXCR3.” Gastroenterology 135 (1): 194–204.e3. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.023.

5Hollon, Justin, Elaine Leonard Puppa, Bruce Greenwald, Eric Goldberg, Anthony Guerrerio, and Alessio Fasano. 2015. “Effect of Gliadin on Permeability of Intestinal Biopsy Explants from Celiac Disease Patients and Patients with Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity.” Nutrients 7 (3): 1565–76. doi:10.3390/nu7031565.

6Zagotta, Ivana, Elitsa Y. Dimova, Jan-Bernd Funcke, Martin Wabitsch, Thomas Kietzmann, and Pamela Fischer-Posovszky. 2013. “Resveratrol Suppresses PAI-1 Gene Expression in a Human In Vitro Model of Inflamed Adipose Tissue.” Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2013. doi:10.1155/2013/793525.

7Ferguson, Jane F., Claire K. Mulvey, Parth N. Patel, Rhia Y. Shah, Julia Doveikis, Weiyu Zhang, Jennifer Tabita-Martinez, et al. 2014. “Omega-3 PUFA Supplementation and the Response to Evoked Endotoxemia in Healthy Volunteers.” Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 58 (3): 601–13. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201300368.

8Fan, Bin, Sai-Hong Dun, Jian-Qiu Gu, Yang Guo, and Shoichiro Ikuyama. 2015. “Pycnogenol Attenuates the Release of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Expression of Perilipin 2 in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Microglia in Part via Inhibition of NF-κB and AP-1 Activation.” PloS One 10 (9). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137837.

9Irandoost, Pardis, Mehrangiz Ebrahimi-Mameghani, and Saeed Pirouzpanah. 2013. “Does Grape Seed Oil Improve Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Overweight or Obese Women?” International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 64 (6): 706–10. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2013.775228.

10Byun, Jae-Kyeong, Bo-Young Yoon, Joo-Yeon Jhun, Hye-Joa Oh, Eun-kyoung Kim, Jun-Ki Min, and Mi-La Cho. “Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Ameliorates Both Obesity and Autoinflammatory Arthritis Aggravated by Obesity by Altering the Balance among CD4+ T-Cell Subsets.” Immunology Letters 157 (1-2): 51–59. doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2013.11.006.

11Müller, Silke, Reinhard März, Manfred Schmolz, Bernd Drewelow, Klaus Eschmann, and Peter Meiser. 2013. “Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial on the Immunomodulating Activities of Low- and High-Dose Bromelain after Oral Administration: New Evidence on the Antiinflammatory Mode of Action of Bromelain.” Phytotherapy Research 27 (2): 199–204. doi:10.1002/ptr.4678.

12Lasram, Mohamed Montassar, Ines Bini Dhouib, Alya Annabi, Saloua El Fazaa, and Najoua Gharbi. 2015. “A Review on the Possible Molecular Mechanism of Action of N-acetylcysteine against Insulin Resistance and Type-2 Diabetes Development.” Clinical Biochemistry 48 (16-17): 1200–1208. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.04.017.

13Naz, Rajesh K. 2011. “Can Curcumin Provide an Ideal Contraceptive?” Molecular Reproduction and Development 78 (2): 116–23. doi:10.1002/mrd.21276.

14Khajehdehi, Parviz, Batol Zanjaninejad, Elham Aflaki, Mohamadali Nazarinia, Fariborz Azad, Leila Malekmakan, and Gholam-Reza Dehghanzadeh. 2012. “Oral Supplementation of Turmeric Decreases Proteinuria, Hematuria, and Systolic Blood Pressure in Patients Suffering from Relapsing or Refractory Lupus Nephritis: A Randomized and Placebo-Controlled Study.” Journal of Renal Nutrition 22 (1): 50–57. doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2011.03.002.

15Ghosh, Shatadal, Sharmistha Banerjee, and Parames C Sil. 2015. “The Beneficial Role of Curcumin on Inflammation, Diabetes and Neurodegenerative Disease: A Recent Update.” Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 83: 111–24. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2015.05.022.

16López, Patricia, Miguel Gueimonde, Abelardo Margolles, and Ana Suárez. 2010. “Distinct Bifidobacterium Strains Drive Different Immune Responses in Vitro.” International Journal of Food Microbiology 138 (1-2): 157–65. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.12.023.

17Wang, Xuexuan, Mary Carmen Valenzano, Joanna M. Mercado, E. Peter Zurbach, and James M. Mullin. 2013. “Zinc Supplementation Modifies Tight Junctions and Alters Barrier Function of CACO-2 Human Intestinal Epithelial Layers.” Digestive Diseases and Sciences 58 (1): 77–87. doi:10.1007/s10620-012-2328-8.

Chapter 3

 

1Carmina, Enrico. 2013. “Obesity, Adipokines and Metabolic Syndrome in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.” Frontiers of Hormone Research 40 (January): 40–50. doi:10.1159/000341840.

2Altuntas, Yuksel, Muammer Bilir, Sema Ucak, and Sadi Gundogdu. 2005. “Reactive Hypoglycemia in Lean Young Women with PCOS and Correlations with Insulin Sensitivity and with Beta Cell Function.” European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology 119 (2): 198–205. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.07.038.

3Tomiyama, A. Janet, Jeffrey M. Hunger, Jolene Nguyen-Cuu, Christine Wells. 2016. “Misclassification of Cardiometabolic Health When Using Body Mass Index Categories in NHANES 2005–2012.” International Journal of Obesity February 2016. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2016.17

4Greenwood, E.A., L.A. Pasch, K. Shinkai, M.I. Cedars, and H.G. Huddleston. 2014. “The Power of Sweat: Vigorous Exercise Is Associated with Improved Outcomes in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) Independent of Total Exercise Volume.” Fertility and Sterility 102 (3): e38. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.137.

5Lee, Heetae, and GwangPyo Ko. 2014. “Effect of Metformin on Metabolic Improvement and Gut Microbiota.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80 (19): 5935–43. doi:10.1128/AEM.01357-14.

6Corominas-Faja, Bruna, Rosa Quirantes-Piné, Cristina Oliveras-Ferraros, Alejandro Vazquez-Martin, Sílvia Cufí, Begoña Martin-Castillo, Vicente Micol, Jorge Joven, Antonio Segura-Carretero, and Javier A. Menendez. 2012. “Metabolomic Fingerprint Reveals That Metformin Impairs One-Carbon Metabolism in a Manner Similar to the Antifolate Class of Chemotherapy Drugs.” Aging 4 (7): 480–98. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3433934&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract.

7Lisi, Franco, Piero Carfagna, Mario Montanino Oliva, Rocco Rago, Rosella Lisi, Roberta Poverini, Claudio Manna, Elena Vaquero, Donatella Caserta, Valeria Raparelli, Roberto Marci, and Massimo Moscarini. 2012. “Pretreatment with Myo-Inositol in Non Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients Undergoing Multiple Follicular Stimulation for IVF: A Pilot Study.” Reproductive Biology Endocrinology 10 (52). doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-10-52.

8Baillargeion, Jean-Patrice, Evanthia Diamanti-Kandarakis, Richard E. Ostlund, J R, Teimuraz Apridonidze, Maria J. Iuorno, and John E. Nestler. 2006. “Altered D-Chiro-Inositol Urinary Clearance in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.” Diabetes Care 29 (2). doi: 10.2337/diacare.29.02.dco5-1070.

9Zhang, Xu, Yufeng Zhao, Jia Xu, Zhengsheng Xue, Menghui Zhang, Xiaoyan Pang, Xiaojun Zhang, and Liping Zhao. 2015. “Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Berberine and Metformin during the Treatment of High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Rats.” Scientific Reports 5 (September): 14405. doi:10.1038/srep14405.

10Wei, Wei, Hongmin Zhao, Aili Wang, Ming Sui, Kun Liang, Haiyun Deng, Yukun Ma, Yajuan Zhang, Hongxiu Zhang, and Yuanyuan Guan. 2011. “A Clinical Study on the Short-Term Effect of Berberine in Comparison to Metformin on the Metabolic Characteristics of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.” European Journal of Endocrinology 166 (1): 99–105. doi:10.1530/EJE-11-0616.

11Ortega, Israel, and Antoni J. Duleba. 2015. “Ovarian Actions of Resveratrol.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1348: 86–96. doi:10.1111/nyas.12875.

12Benrick, Anna, Manuel Maliqueo, Sun Miao, Jesus A. Villanueva, Yi Feng, Claes Ohlsson, Antoni J. Duleba, and Elisabet Stener-Victorin. 2013. “Resveratrol Is Not as Effective as Physical Exercise for Improving Reproductive and Metabolic Functions in Rats with Dihydrotestosterone-Induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013: doi:10.1155/2013/964070.

13McCarty, Mark F. 2002. “Glucomannan Minimizes the Postprandial Insulin Surge: A Potential Adjuvant for Hepatothermic Therapy.” Medical Hypotheses 58 (6): 487–90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12323114.

14Montagut, Gemma, Cinta Bladé, Mayte Blay, Juan Fernández-Larrea, Gerard Pujadas, M. Josepa Salvadó, Lluís Arola, Montserrat Pinent, and Anna Ardévol. 2010. “Effects of a Grapeseed Procyanidin Extract (GSPE) on Insulin Resistance.” The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 21 (10): 961–67. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.08.001.

15Jamilian, Mehri, Maryamalsadat Razavi, Zohreh Fakhrie Kashan, Yasser Ghandi, Tayebeh Bagherian, and Zatollah Asemi. 2015. “Metabolic Response to Selenium Supplementation in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.” Clinical Endocrinology 82 (6): 885–91. doi:10.1111/cen.12699.

16Masharani, Umesh, Christine Gjerde, Joseph L. Evans, Jack F. Youngren, and Ira D. Goldfine. 2010. “Effects of Controlled-Release Alpha Lipoic Acid in Lean, Nondiabetic Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.” Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 4 (2): 359–64. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2864173&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract.

17Kort, Daniel H., and Roger A. Lobo. 2014. “Preliminary Evidence That Cinnamon Improves Menstrual Cyclicity in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 211 (5): 487.e1–487.e6. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2014.05.009.

18Hassanzadeh Bashtian, Maryam, Seyed Ahmad Emami, Nezhat Mousavifar, Habib Allah Esmaily, Mahmoud Mahmoudi, and Amir Hooshang Mohammad Poor. 2013. “Evaluation of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L.), Effects Seeds Extract on Insulin Resistance in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome.” Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 12 (2): 475–81. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3813238&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract.

Chapter 4

 

1Lerchbaum, Elisabeth, Verena Schwetz, Albrecht Giuliani, Thomas Pieber, and Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch. 2012. “Opposing Effects of Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate and Free Testosterone on Metabolic Phenotype in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.” Fertility and Sterility 98 (5): 1318–25.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.07.1057.

2Tsilchorozidou, Tasoula, John W. Honour, and Gerard S. Conway. 2003. “Altered Cortisol Metabolism in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Insulin Enhances 5alpha-Reduction but Not the Elevated Adrenal Steroid Production Rates.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 88 (12): 5907–13. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030240.

3Plat, Laurence, Maria M. Byrne, Jeppe Sturis, Kenneth S. Polonsky, Jean Mockel, Françoise Féry, and Eve Van Cauter. 1996. “Effects of Morning Cortisol Elevation on Insulin Secretion and Glucose Regulation in Humans.” The American Journal of Physiology 270 (1 Pt 1): E36–42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8772471.

4Weiner, Cindy L., Margaret Primeau, and David A. Ehrmann. 2004. “Androgens and Mood Dysfunction in Women: Comparison of Women With Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome to Healthy Controls.” Psychosomatic Medicine 66 (3): 356–62. doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000127871.46309.fe.

5Dokras, Anuja. 2012. “Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Women with PCOS.” Steroids 77 (4): 338–41. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2011.12.008.

6Delarue, Jacques, Oscar Matzinger, Christophe Binnert, Philippe Schneiter, Rene Chioléro, and Luc Tappy. 2003. “Fish Oil Prevents the Adrenal Activation Elicited by Mental Stress in Healthy Men.” Diabetes & Metabolism 29 (3): 289–95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12909818.

7Unno, Keiko, Kazuaki Iguchi, Naoki Tanida, Keisuke Fujitani, Nina Takamori, Hiroyuki Yamamoto, Naoto Ishii, et al. 2013. “Ingestion of Theanine, an Amino Acid in Tea, Suppresses Psychosocial Stress in Mice.” Experimental Physiology 98 (1): 290–303. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2012.065532.

8Hellhammer, Juliane, Dominic Vogt, Nadin Franz, Ulla Freitas, and David Rutenberg. 2014. “A Soy-Based Phosphatidylserine/Phosphatidic Acid Complex (PAS) Normalizes the Stress Reactivity of Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal-Axis in Chronically Stressed Male Subjects: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study.” Lipids in Health and Disease 13: 121. doi:10.1186/1476-511X-13-121.

9Monteleone, Palmiero, Mario Maj, Lucia Beinat, Mariantonietta Natale, Dargut Kemali, “Blunting by Chronic Phosphatidylserine Administration of the Stress-Induced Activation of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Healthy Men.” European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 42 (4): 385-8

10Armanini, Decio, Mee Jung Mattarello, Cristina Fiore, Guglielmo Bonanni, Carla Scaroni, Paola Sartorato, and Mario Palermo. “Licorice Reduces Serum Testosterone in Healthy Women.” Steroids 69 (11-12): 763–66. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2004.09.005.

11Yu, Jin, Dongxia Zhai, Li Hao, Danying Zhang, Lingling Bai, Zailong Cai, and Chaoqin Yu. 2014. “Cryptotanshinone Reverses Reproductive and Metabolic Disturbances in PCOS Model Rats via Regulating the Expression of CYP17 and AR.” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014. doi:10.1155/2014/670743.

12Grundman, Oliver, Yuanhua Lv, Olaf Kelber, Veronika Butterweck. 2010. “Mechanism of St. John’s Wort Extract (STW3-VI) During Chronic Restraint Stress Is Mediated by the Interrelationship of the Immune, Oxidative Defense, and Neuroendocrine System.” Neuropharmacology 58 (4–5): 767-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20036263?itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum&ordinalpos=2.

13Yang, Shui-Jin, Hai-Yang Yu, Dan-Yu Kang, Zhan-Qiang Ma, Rong Hui Qu, Qiang Fu, Shi_Ping Ma. 2014. “Antidepressant-like Effects of Salidroside on Olfactory Bulbectomy-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Production and Hyperactivity of HPA Axis in Rats.” Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior Sept (124): 451–7. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.07.015.

14Panossian, Alexander, Marina Hambardzumyan, Areg Hovhanissyan, and Georg Wikman. 2007. “The Adaptogens Rhodiola and Schizandra Modify the Response to Immobilization Stress in Rabbits by Suppressing the Increase of Phosphorylated Stress-Activated Protein Kinase, Nitric Oxide, and Cortisol.” Drug Target Insights 2: 39–54.

15Held, Katja, Irina A. Antonijevic, Heike E. Kunzel, Manfred Uhr, Thomas C. Wetter, I. C. Golly, A. Steiger, and Harald Murck. 2002. “Oral Mg (2+) Supplementation Reverses Age-Related Neuroendocrine and Sleep EEG Changes in Humans.” Pharmacopsychiatry 35 (4): 135–43. doi: 10.1055/s-2002-33195.

16Infante, Jose R., Fernando Peran, Margarita Martinez, Ana Roldan, Rafael Poyatos, Concha Ruiz, Francisco Samaniego, and Frederico Garrido. 1998. “ACTH and Beta-Endorphin in Transcendental Meditation.” Physiological Behavior 64 (3): 311–315.

17Stefanaki, Charikleia, Flora Bacopoulou, Sarantis Livadas, Anna Kandaraki, Athanasios Karachalios, George P. Chrousos, and Evanthia Kandarakis. 2015. “Impact of a Mindfulness Stress Management Program on Stress Anxiety, Depression, and Quality of Life in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Stress 18 (1): 57_66. doi: 10.3109/10253890.2014.974030.

18Manincor, Michael de, Alan Bensoussan, Caroline Smith, Paul Fahey, and Suzanne Bourchier. “Establishing Key Components of Yoga Interventions for Reducing Depression and Anxiety, and Improving Well-Being: A Delphi Method Study.” 2015. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 15: 85. doi: 10.1186/s12906-015-0614-7.

19Rofey, Dana L., Eva M. Szigethy, Robert B. Noll, Ronald E. Dahl, Emily Lobst, and Silva A. Arslanian. 2009. “Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Physical and Emotional Disturbances in Adolescents with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Pilot Study.” Journal of Pediatric Psychology 34 (2): 156–63. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsn057.

Chapter 5

 

1Gersh, Felice. 2015. Anti-Aging Therapeutics Volume XVII, Volume 17, Volume 12. Chicago: A4M American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine. https://books.google.com/books?id=xY3oCgAAQBAJ&pgis=1.

2Hillman, Kathrin and Ulrike Blume-Peytavi. 2009. “Diagnosis of Hair Disorders.” Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 28 (1): 19–32.

3Hacivelioglu, Servet, Ayse Nur Cakir Gungor, Meryem Gencer, Ahmet Uysal, Deniz Hizli, Evrim Koc, Emine Cosar. 2013. “Acne Severity and the Global Acne Grading System in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.” International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 123 (1): 33_36. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2013.05.005

4Adeniji, Anthonia Adinike, P. A. Essah, J. E. Nestler, K I Cheang. 2016. “Metabolic Effects of a Commonly Used Combined Hormonal Oral Contraceptive in Women with and without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.” Journal of Women’s Health. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26871978.

5Somjen, Dalia, Esther Knoll, Jacob Vaya, Naftali Stern, and Snait Tamir. 2004. “Estrogen-like Activity of Licorice Root Constituents: Glabridin and Glabrene, in Vascular Tissues in Vitro and in Vivo.” The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 91 (3): 147–55. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.04.003.

6Tamir, S., M. Eizenberg, D. Somjen, S. Izrael, and J. Vaya. 2001. “Estrogen-Like Activity of Glabrene and Other Constituents Isolated from Licorice Root.” The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 78 (3): 291–98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11595510.

7Takeuchi, Toru, Osamu Nishii, Takashi Okamura, and Tsutomu Yaginuma. 1991. “Effect of Paeoniflorin, Glycyrrhizin, and Glycyrrhetic Acid on Ovarian Androgen Production.” The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 19 (1): 73–78. doi:10.1142/S0192415X91000119.

8Hiipakka, Richard A., Han-Zhong Zhang, Wei Dai, Qing Dai, and Shutsung Liao. 2002. “Structure-Activity Relationships for Inhibition of Human 5alpha-Reductases by Polyphenols.” Biochemical Pharmacology 63 (6): 1165–76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11931850.

9Nagata, Chisato, Michinori Kabuto, and Hiroyuki Shimizu. 1998. “Association of Coffee, Green Tea, and Caffeine Intakes with Serum Concentrations of Estradiol and Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin in Premenopausal Japanese Women.” Nutrition and Cancer 30 (1): 21–24. doi:10.1080/01635589809514635.

10Fujita, Rumi, Jie Liu, Kuniyoshi Shimizu, Fumiko Konishi, Kiyoshi Noda, Shoichiro Kumamoto, Chie Ueda, et al. 2005. “Anti-Androgenic Activities of Ganoderma Lucidum.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102 (1): 107–12. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.041.

11Liu, Jie, Kuniyoshi Shimizu, Fumiko Konishi, Kiyoshi Noda, Shoichiro Kumamoto, Kenji Kurashiki, and Ryuichiro Kondo. 2007. “Anti-Androgenic Activities of the Triterpenoids Fraction of Ganoderma Lucidum.” Food Chemistry 100 (4): 1691–96. doi:10.1016/j. foodchem.2006.01.003.

12Akdoğan, Mehmet, Mehmet Numan Tamer, Erkan Cüre, Medine Cumhur Cüre, Banu Kale Köroğlu, and Namik Delibaş. 2007. “Effect of Spearmint (Mentha spicata Labiatae) Teas on Androgen Levels in Women with Hirsutism.” Phytotherapy Research 21 (5): 444–47. doi:10.1002/ptr.2074.

13Grant, Paul. 2010. “Spearmint Herbal Tea Has Significant Anti-Androgen Effects in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Phytotherapy Research 24 (2): 186–88. doi:10.1002/ptr.2900.

14Prager, Nelson, Karen Bickett, Nita French, and Geno Marcovici. 2004. “A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Determine the Effectiveness of Botanically Derived Inhibitors of 5-Alpha-Reductase in the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia.” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 8 (2): 143–52. doi:10.1089/107555302317371433.

15Murata, Kazuya, Kazuma Noguchi, Masato Kondo, Mariko Onishi, Naoko Watanabe, Katsumasa Okamura, and Hideaki Matsuda. 2013. “Promotion of Hair Growth by Rosmarinus officinalis Leaf Extract.” Phytotherapy Research 27 (2): 212–17. doi:10.1002/ptr.4712.

16Fischer, Tobias, G Burmeister, H W Schmidt, and Peter Elsner. 2004. “Melatonin Increases Anagen Hair Rate in Women with Androgenetic Alopecia or Diffuse Alopecia: Results of a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.” British Journal of Dermatology 150 (2): 341-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.05685.x

17Hostanska, Katarina, Thomas Nisslein, Johannes Freudenstein, Juergen Reichling, and Reinhard Saller. “Apoptosis of Human Prostate Androgen-Dependent and -Independent Carcinoma Cells Induced by an Isopropanolic Extract of Black Cohosh Involves Degradation of Cytokeratin (CK) 18.” Anticancer Research 25 (1A): 139–47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15816531.

18Seidlová-Wuttke, D., L. Pitzel, P. Thelen, and W. Wuttke. 2006. “Inhibition of 5α-Reductase in the Rat Prostate by Cimicifuga Racemosa.” Maturitas 55: S75–82. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2006.06.019.

19Rushton, D. Hugh, M. J. Norris, R. Dover, and Nina Busuttil. 2002. “Causes of Hair Loss and the Developments in Hair Rejuvenation.” International Journal of Cosmetic Science 24 (1): 17–23. doi:10.1046/j.0412-5463.2001.00110.x.

20Rushton, D. Hugh, and Isobel D. Ramsay. 1992. “The Importance of Adequate Serum Ferritin Levels During Oral Cyproterone Acetate and Ethinyl Oestradiol Treatment of Diffuse AndroDen-Dependent Alopecia in Women.” Clinical Endocrinology 36 (4): 421–27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1424176.

21Darabi R., Hafezi M.A., Akbarloo N. 2007. “A Comparative, Investigator-Blind Study of Topical Tea Tree Oil versus Erythromycin Gel in the Treatment of Acne.” European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 15. http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/eccmid15/abstract.asp?id=36262.

22Bassett, I. B., D. L. Pannowitz, Ross St C. Barnetson. 1990. “A Comparative Study of Tea Tree Oil vs. Benzoylperoxide in the Treatment of Acne.” The Medical Journal of Australia 153 (8): 455–58

23Kwon, Hyuck Hoon, Ji Young Yoon, Seon Yong Park, Seonguk Min, and Dae Hun Suh. 2014. “Comparison of Clinical and Histological Effects between Lactobacillus-Fermented Chamaecyparis Obtusa and Tea Tree Oil for the Treatment of Acne: An Eight-Week Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Split-Face Study.” Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) 229 (2). 102–9. doi:10.1159/000362491.

Chapter 6

 

1Bhide, Priya, Merve Dilgil, Anil Gudi, Amit Shah, Charity Akwaa, and Roy Homburg. 2015. “Each Small Antral Follicle in Ovaries of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Produces More Antimüllerian Hormone than Its Counterpart in a Normal Ovary: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study.” Fertility and Sterility 103 (2): 537–41. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.10.033.

2Cimino, Irene, Filippo Casoni, Xinhuai Liu, Andrea Messina, Jyoti Parkash, Soazik. 2016. “Novel Role for Anti-Mullerian Hormone in the Regulation of GnRH Neuron Excitability and Hormone Secretion.” Nature Communications 7:10055. doi: 10.1038/ncomms10055.

3Ong, Kee J., Efstathios Theodoru, and William Ledger. 2006. “Long-Term Consequence of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome.” Current Obstetrics & Gynaecology 16 (6): 333–36. doi:10.1016/j.curobgyn.2006.09.002.

4Takahashi, K., and M. Kitao. “Effect of TJ-68 (shakuyaku-kanzo-to) on Polycystic Ovarian Disease.” International Journal of Fertility and Menopausal Studies 39 (2): 69–76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8012442.

5Düker, E. M., L. Kopanski, H. Jarry, and W. Wuttke. 1991. “Effects of Extracts from Cimicifuga racemosa on Gonadotropin Release in Menopausal Women and Ovariectomized Rats.” Planta Medica 57 (5): 420–24. doi:10.1055/s-2006-960139.

6Shahin, Ahmed Y, Alaa M. Ismail, Kamal M. Zahran, and Ahmad M. Makhlouf. 2008. “Adding Phytoestrogens to Clomiphene Induction in Unexplained Infertility Patients—a Randomized Trial.” Reproductive Biomedicine Online 16 (4): 580–88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18413068.

7Shahin, Ahmed Y, and Safwat A Mohammed. 2014. “Adding the Phytoestrogen Cimicifugae Racemosae to Clomiphene Induction Cycles with Timed Intercourse in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Improves Cycle Outcomes and Pregnancy Rates—a Randomized Trial.” Gynecological Endocrinology 30 (7): 505–10. doi:10.3109/09513590. 2014.895983.

8Ye, Qi, Qiao-yan Zhang, Cheng-jian Zheng, Yang Wang, and Lu-ping Qin. 2010. “Casticin, a Flavonoid Isolated from Vitex rotundifolia, Inhibits Prolactin Release in Vivo and in Vitro.” Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 31 (12): 1564–68. doi:10.1038/aps.2010.178.

9Nasri, Sima, Shahrbano Oryan, Ali Haeri Rohani, and Gholam Reza Amin. 2007. “The Effects of Vitex Agnus Castus Extract and Its Interaction with Dopaminergic System on LH and Testosterone in Male Mice.” Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 10 (14): 2300–2307. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19070148.

10Ibrahim, N. A., A. S. Shalaby, R. S. Farag, G. S. Elbaroty, S. M. Nofal, and E. M. Hassan. 2008. “Gynecological Efficacy and Chemical Investigation of Vitex Agnus-Castus L. Fruits Growing in Egypt.” Natural Product Research 22 (6): 537–46. doi:10.1080/14786410701592612.

11Webster, D. E., J. Lu, S. N. Chen, N. R. Farnsworth, and Z. Jim Wang. 2006. “Activation of the Mu-Opiate Receptor by Vitex agnus-castus Methanol Extracts: Implication for Its Use in PMS.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 106 (2): 216–21. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.12.025.

12Samochowiec L, Glaesmer R, Samochowiec J. 2005. “No TEinfluss von Monchspfeffer Auf Die Konzentration von Beta-Endorphine Im Serum Weiblicher Ratten. Aerztezeitschrift Fur Naturheilverfahrenitle.” SOFW-Journal 131: 1–4.

13Silberstein, S. D., and G. R. Merriam. 2000. “Physiology of the Menstrual Cycle.” Cephalalgia 20 (3). 148–54. doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.2000.00034.x.

14Pasqualotto, Eleonora B., Fabio Firmbach Pasqualotto, Bernardo P. Sobreiro, and Antonio Marmo Lucon. 2005. “Female Sexual Dysfunction: The Important Points to Remember.” Clinics (São Paulo, Brazil) 60 (1): 51–60. doi:/S1807-59322005000100011. (REV et al. 2007; Pasqualotto et al. 2005).

15Zangeneh, Farideh Zafari, A. Mohammadi, Sh Ejtemaeimehr, Mohammad Mahdi Naghizadeh, and Aminee Fatemeh. 2011. “The Role of Opioid System and Its Interaction with Sympathetic Nervous System in the Processing of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Modeling in Rat.” Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 283 (4): 885–92. doi:10.1007/s00404-010-1776-7.

Chapter 7

 

1Mueller, A, Schofl, R Dittrich, S Cupisti, P G Oppelt, R L Schild, M W Beckmann, L Haberle. 2009. “Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Is Associated with Insulin Resistance Independently of Body Mass Index and Age in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.” Human Reproduction 24 (11): 2924–30.

2Janssen, Onno Eilard, Nadine Mehlmauer, Susanne Hahn, Alexandra H Offner, Roland Gaertner. 2004. “High Prevelence of Autoimmune Thyroiditis in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.” European Journal of Endocrinology 150 (3): 363–9. doi: 10.1530/eje.0.1500363.

3NACB: Laboratory Support for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Thyroid Disease. Laurence M. Demers, Ph.D., F.A.C.B.and Carole A. Spencer Ph.D., F.A.C.B. (page 175)

4Mueller, A, Schofl, R Dittrich, S Cupisti, P G Oppelt, R L Schild, M W Beckmann, L Haberle. 2009. “Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Is Associated with Insulin Resistance Independently of Body Mass Index and Age in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.” Human Reproduction 24 (11): 2924–30.

5Dittrich. R., N. Kajaia, S. Cupisti, I. Hoffmann, M. W. Beckmann, A. Mueller. 2009. “Association of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone with Insulin Resistance and Androgen Paramneters in Women with PCOS.” Reproductive Biomedicine Online 19 (3)L: 319–25.

6Selva, David M and Geoffrey L Hammond. 2009. “Thyroid Hormones Act Indirectly to Increase Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin Production by Liver via Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-4.” Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 43 (1): 19–27. doi: 10.1677/JME-09-0025.

7Muderris, Iptisam Ipek, Abdullah Boztosun, Gokalp Oner, Fahri Bayram. 2011. “Effect of Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy on Ovarian Volume and Androgen Hormones in Patients with Untreated Primary Hypothyroidism.” Annals of Saudi Medicine 31 (2): 145–51. doi: 10.4103/0256-4947.77500.

8Kachuei, M., F. Jafari, A. Kachuei, A.H. Keshteli. 2011. “Prevalence of Autoimmune Thyroiditis in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.” Archive of Gynecology and Obstetrics 285 (3): 853–6. doi: 1007/s00404-011-2040-5.

9Du, Dafeng and Li Xuelian. 2013. “The Relationship Between Thyroiditis and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis.” International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 6 (10): 880–9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3832324/.

10Ott, Johannes, Stefanie Austin, Christine Kurz, Kazem Nouri, Stefan Wirth, Johannes C. Huber, and Klaus Mayerhofer. “Elevated Antithyroid Peroxidase Antibodies Indicating Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Are Associated with the Treatment Response in Infertile Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.” Fertility and Sterility 94 (7): 2895–2897. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.05.063.

11Kiortsis DN, Durack I, Turpin G 1999 Effects of a Low-Calorie Diet on Resting Metabolic Rate and Serum Triiodothyronine Levels in Obese Children. European Journal of Pediatrics 158: 446–450.

12Arujo, Raphael L., Bruno M Andrade, Alvaro S Padron, Mandeep P Gaidhu, Ruby L Perry, Denise P Caralho, and Rolando B Ceddia. 2010. “High-Fat Diet Increases Thyrotropin and Oxygen Consumption without Altering Circulating 3,5,3’-Triidothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine in Rats: The Role of Iodothyronine Deiodinases, Reverse T3 Production, and Whole-Body Fat Oxidation.” Endocrinology 151 (7): 3460–9. doi: 10.1210/en.2010/en.2010-0026.

13Tripathi, Yamini B., O. P. Malhotra, and San N. Tripathi. 1984. “Thyroid Stimulating Action of Z-Guggulsterone Obtained from Commiphora Mukul.” Planta Medica 50 (1): 78–80. doi:10.1055/s-2007-969626.

Chapter 8

 

1Akin, Leyla, Mustafa Kendirci, Figen Narin, Selim Kurtoglu, Recep Saraymen, and Meda Kondolot. 2014. “The Endocrine Disruptor Bisphenol A May Play a Role in the Aetiopathogenesis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Adolescent Girls.” Acta Paediatrica 104 (4). doi: 10.1111/apa.12885

2Tarantino, Giovanni, Rossella Valentino, Carolina D. Somma, Vittoria D’Esposito, Federica Passaretti, Genoveffa Pizza, Valentina Brancato, Francesco Orio, Pietro Formisano, Annamaria Colao, and Silvia Savastano. 2012. “Bisphenol A in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Its Association with Liver-Spleen Axis.” Clinical Endocrinology 78 (3). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04500.x

3Nilsson, Eric, Ginger Larsen, Mohan Manikkam, Carlos Guerrero-Bosagna, Marina I. Savenkova, and Michael K. Skinner. 2012. “Environmentally Induced Epigenetic Transgenerational Inheritance of Ovarian Disease.” PLOS ONE 7 (5): e36129. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036129.

4Vargas-Mendoza, Nancy, Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán, Angel Morales-González, Jaime Esquivel-Soto, Cesar Esquivel-Chirino, Manuel García-Luna Y. González-Rubio, Juan A. Gayosso-de-Lucio, and José A. Morales-González. 2014. “Hepatoprotective Effect of Silymarin.” World Journal of Hepatology 6 (3): 144–49. doi:10.4254/wjh.v6.i3.144.

5Dinkova-Kostova, A. T., and P. Talalay. 1999. “Relation of Structure of Curcumin Analogs to Their Potencies as Inducers of Phase 2 Detoxification Enzymes.” Carcinogenesis 20 (5): 911–14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10334211.

6Lin, H. J., N. M. Probst-Hensch, A. D. Louie, I. H. Kau, J. S. Witte, S. A. Ingles, H. D. Frankl, E. R. Lee, and R. W. Haile. 1998. “Glutathione Transferase Null Genotype, Broccoli, and Lower Prevalence of Colorectal Adenomas.” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 7 (8): 647–52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9718215.

7Kensler, T. W., T. J. Curphey, Y. Maxiutenko, and B. D. Roebuck. 2000. “Chemoprotection by Organosulfur Inducers of Phase 2 Enzymes: Dithiolethiones and Dithiins.” Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions 17 (1-4): 3–22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11201301.

Chapter 9

 

1Holt, S. H., J. C. Miller, and P. Petocz. 1997. “An Insulin Index of Foods: The Insulin Demand Generated by 1000-kJ Portions of Common Foods.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 66 (5): 1264–76. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/66/5/1264.abstract.

2Bao, Jiansong, Fiona Atkinson, Peter Petocz, Walter C. Willett, and Jennie C. Brand-Miller. 2011. “Prediction of Postprandial Glycemia and Insulinemia in Lean, Young, Healthy Adults: Glycemic Load Compared with Carbohydrate Content Alone.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 93 (5): 984–96. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.005033.

3ewg. 2003. “PCBs in Farmed Salmon.” Accessed February 12, 2016. http://www.ewg.org/research/pcbs-farmed-salmon.

4Handa, Y., H. Fujita, S. Honma, H. Minakami, and R. Kishi. 2009. “Estrogen Concentrations in Beef and Human Hormone-Dependent Cancers.” Annals of Oncology 20 (9): 1610–11. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdp381.

5Daley, Cynthia A., Amber Abbott, Patrick S. Doyle, Glenn A. Nader, and Stephanie Larson. 2010. “A Review of Fatty Acid Profiles and Antioxidant Content in Grass-Fed and Grain-Fed Beef.” Nutrition Journal 9 (1). doi:10.1186/1475-2891-9-10.

6Ponnampalam, Eric N., Neil J. Mann, and Andrew J. Sinclair. 2006. “Effect of Feeding Systems on Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Trans Fatty Acids in Australian Beef Cuts: Potential Impact on Human Health.” Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 15 (1): 21–29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16500874.

7Giovannucci, E. “Nutrition, Insulin, Insulin-like Growth Factors and Cancer.” Hormone and Metabolic Research 35 (11-12): 694–704. doi:10.1055/s-2004-814147.

8Blum, Jürg W., and Craig R. Baumrucker. 2008. “Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGFs), IGF Binding Proteins, and Other Endocrine Factors in Milk: Role in the Newborn.” Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 606: 397–422. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74087-4_16.

9Tian, Xiaodong, Kun Hao, Changfu Qin, Kun Xie, Xuehai Xie, and Yinmo Yang. 2013. “Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor Promotes the Growth and Chemoresistance of Pancreatic Cancer.” Digestive Diseases and Sciences 58 (9): 2705–12. doi:10.1007/s10620-013-2673-2.

10Loglisci, Ralph. 2010. “New FDA Numbers Reveal Food Animals Consume Lion’s Share of Antibiotics.” Center for a Livable Future (blog) December 23. http://www.livablefutureblog.com/2010/12/new-fda-numbers-reveal-food-animals-consume-lion%E2%80%99s-share-of-antibiotics.

11Madjd, Ameneh, Moira A. Taylor, Alireza Delavari, Reza Malekzadeh, Ian A. Macdonald, and Hamid R. Farshchi. 2015. “Effects on Weight Loss in Adults of Replacing Diet Beverages with Water during a Hypoenergetic Diet: A Randomized, 24-Wk Clinical Trial.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 102 (6): 1305–12. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.109397.

12Ritchie, K., I. Carrière, A. de Mendonca, F. Portet, J. F. Dartigues, O. Rouaud, P. Barberger-Gateau, and M. L. Ancelin. 2007. “The Neuroprotective Effects of Caffeine: A Prospective Population Study (the Three City Study).” Neurology 69 (6): 536–45. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000266670.35219.0c.

13Takami, Hidenobu, Mariko Nakamoto, Hirokazu Uemura, Sakurako Katsuura, Miwa Yamaguchi, Mineyoshi Hiyoshi, Fusakazu Sawachika, Tomoya Juta, and Kokichi Arisawa. 2013. “Inverse Correlation Between Coffee Consumption and Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome: Baseline Survey of the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort (J-MICC) Study in Tokushima, Japan.” Journal of Epidemiology 23 (1): 12–20. doi:10.2188/jea.JE20120053.

14González, Frank, Chang Ling Sia, Marguerite K. Shepard, Neal S. Rote, and Judi Minium. 2014. “The Altered Mononuclear Cell-Derived Cytokine Response to Glucose Ingestion Is Not Regulated by Excess Adiposity in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 99 (11): E2244–51. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-2046.

15Teff, Karen L., Sharon S. Elliott, Matthias Tschöp, Timothy J. Kieffer, Daniel Rader, Mark Heiman, Raymond R. Townsend, Nancy L. Keim, David D’Alessio, and Peter J. Havel. 2004. “Dietary Fructose Reduces Circulating Insulin and Leptin, Attenuates Postprandial Suppression of Ghrelin, and Increases Triglycerides in Women.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 89 (6): 2963–72. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031855.

16Turnbaugh, Peter J., Vanessa K. Ridaura, Jeremiah J. Faith, Federico E. Rey, Rob Knight, and Jeffrey I. Gordon. 2009. “The Effect of Diet on the Human Gut Microbiome: A Metagenomic Analysis in Humanized Gnotobiotic Mice.” Science Translational Medicine 1 (6): 6ra14. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3000322.

17Alang, N., and C. R. Kelly. 2015. “Weight Gain After Fecal Microbiota Transplantation.” Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2 (1): 001-002. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofv004.

18Fowler, Sharon P., Ken Williams, Roy G. Resendez, Kelly J. Hunt, Helen P. Hazuda, and Michael P. Stern. 2008. “Fueling the Obesity Epidemic? Artificially Sweetened Beverage Use and Long-Term Weight Gain.” Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 16 (8): 1894–1900. doi:10.1038/oby.2008.284.

19Preedy, Victor R. 2015. Calcium: Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effects. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry. https://books.google.com/books?id=OajHCgAAQBAJ&pgis=1.

20Feskanich, D., W. C. Willett, M. J. Stampfer, and G. A. Colditz. 1997. “Milk, Dietary Calcium, and Bone Fractures in Women: A 12-Year Prospective Study.” American Journal of Public Health 87 (6): 992–97. doi:10.2105/AJPH.87.6.992.

21Hollon, Justin, Elaine Leonard Puppa, Bruce Greenwald, Eric Goldberg, Anthony Guerrerio, and Alessio Fasano. 2015. “Effect of Gliadin on Permeability of Intestinal Biopsy Explants from Celiac Disease Patients and Patients with Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity.” Nutrients 7 (3): 1565–76. doi:10.3390/nu7031565.

22Lammers, Karen M., Ruliang Lu, Julie Brownley, Bao Lu, Craig Gerard, Karen Thomas, Prasad Rallabhandi, et al. 2008. “Gliadin Induces an Increase in Intestinal Permeability and Zonulin Release by Binding to the Chemokine Receptor CXCR3.” Gastroenterology 135 (1): 194–204.e3. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.023.

23Jönsson, Tommy, Ashfaque A. Memon, Kristina Sundquist, Jan Sundquist, Stefan Olsson, Amarnadh Nalla, Mikael Bauer, and Sara Linse. 2015. “Digested Wheat Gluten Inhibits Binding between Leptin and Its Receptor.” BMC Biochemistry 16: 3. doi:10.1186/s12858-015-0032-y.

24Bray, Molly, J-Y Tsai, Carlina Villegas-Montoya, Brandon B. Boland, Zackary Blasier, Oluwaseun Egbejimi. 2005. “Timf-of-Day-Dependent Dietary FatConsumption Influences Multiple Cardiometabolic Syndrome Parameters in Mice.” International Journal of Obesity 34 (11): 158–98.doi: 10.1038/ijo.2010.63

Appendix A

 

1Biljan, M. M., R. Hemmings, and N. Brassard. 2005. “The Outcome of 150 Babies Following the Treatment with Letrozole or Letrozole and Gonadotropins.” Fertility and Sterility 84 (Suppl 1): S95. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.07.230.

2Tulandi, T., J. Martin, R. Al-Fadhli, N. Kabli, R Forman, J. Hitkari, C Librach, E Greenblatt, and R F Casper. “Congenital Malformations Among 911 Newborns Conceived After Infertility Treatment with Letrozole or Clomiphene Citrate.” Fertility and Sterility 85 (6): 1761–5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16650422.

3Papaleo, E., V. Unfer, J. P. Baillargeon, and T. T. Chiu. 2009. “Contribution of Myo-Inositol to Reproduction.” European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology 147 (2): 120–23. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2009.09.008.

4Nordio, M., and E. Proietti. 2012. “The Combined Therapy with Myo-Inositol and D-Chiro-Inositol Reduces the Risk of Metabolic Disease in PCOS Overweight Patients Compared to Myo-Inositol Supplementation Alone.” European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 16 (5): 575–81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22774396.

5Lisi, Franco, Piero Carfagna, Mario Montanino Oliva, Rocco Rago, Rosella Lisi, Roberta Poverini, Claudio Manna, et al. 2012. “Pretreatment with Myo-Inositol in Non Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients Undergoing Multiple Follicular Stimulation for IVF: A Pilot Study.” Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 10: 52. doi:10.1186/1477-7827-10-52.

6Isabella, Rosalbino, and Emanuela Raffone. 2012. “Does Ovary Need D-Chiro-Inositol?” Journal of Ovarian Research 5 (1): 14. doi:10.1186/1757-2215-5-14.

7Woo, Irene, Kyle Tobler, Ayatallah Khafagy, Mindy S. Christianson, Melissa Yates, and Jairo Garcia. 2015. “Predictive Value of Elevated LH/FSH Ratio for Ovulation Induction in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.” The Journal of Reproductive Medicine 60 (11-12): 495–500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26775457.

8Saha, Lekha, Sharonjeet Kaur, and Pradip Kumar Saha. 2013. “N-Acetyl Cysteine in Clomiphene Citrate Resistant Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Review of Reported Outcomes.” Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics 4 (3): 187–91. doi:10.4103/0976-500X.114597.

9Fulghesu, Anna Maria, Mario Ciampelli, Giuseppe Muzj, Chiara Belosi, Luigi Selvaggi, Gian Franco Ayala, and Antonio Lanzone. 2002. “N-Acetyl-Cysteine Treatment Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.” Fertility and Sterility 77 (6): 1128–35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12057717.

10Polyzos, Nikolaos P., Ellen Anckaert, Luis Guzman, Johan Schiettecatte, Lisbet Van Landuyt, Michel Camus, Johan Smitz, and Herman Tournaye. 2014. “Vitamin D Deficiency and Pregnancy Rates in Women Undergoing Single Embryo, Blastocyst Stage, Transfer (SET) for IVF/ICSI.” Human Reproduction 29 (9): 2032–40. doi:10.1093/humrep/deu156.

11An, Yuan, Zhuangzhuang Sun, Yajuan Zhang, Bin Liu, Yuanyuan Guan, and Meisong Lu. 2014. “The Use of Berberine for Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Undergoing IVF Treatment.” Clinical Endocrinology 80 (3): 425–31. doi:10.1111/cen.12294.

12Chen, Jui-Tung, Kunihiko Tominaga, Yoshiaki Sato, Hideo Anzai, and Ryo Matsuoka. 2010. “Maitake Mushroom (Grifola frondosa) Extract Induces Ovulation in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Possible Monotherapy and a Combination Therapy After Failure with First-Line Clomiphene Citrate.” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 16 (12): 1295–99. doi:10.1089/acm.2009.0696.

13Milewicz, Andrzej, E. Gejdel, H. Sworen, K. Sienkiewicz, J. Jedrzejak, T. Teucher, and H. Schmitz. 1993. “Vitex Agnus Castus Extract in the Treatment of Luteal Phase Defects due to Latent Hyperprolactinemia. Results of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Study.” Arzneimittel-Forschung 43 (7): 752–56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8369008.

14Kamel, Hany H. 2013. “Role of Phyto-Oestrogens in Ovulation Induction in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome.” European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology 168 (1): 60–63. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.12.025.

15Shahin, Ahmed Y., and Safwat A. Mohammed. 2014. “Adding the Phytoestrogen Cimicifugae Racemosae to Clomiphene Induction Cycles with Timed Intercourse in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Improves Cycle Outcomes and Pregnancy Rates—A Randomized Trial.” Gynecological Endocrinology 30 (7): 505–10. doi:10.3109/09513590. 2014.895983.

16El Refaeey, Abdelaziz, Amal Selem, and Ahmed Badawy. 2014. “Combined Coenzyme Q10 and Clomiphene Citrate for Ovulation Induction in Clomiphene-Citrate-Resistant Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.” Reproductive Biomedicine Online 29 (1): 119–24. doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.03.011.

17Sun, Wen-Shu, Atsushi Imai, Keiko Tagami, Michiyo Sugiyama, Tatsuro Furui, and Teruhiko Tamaya. 2004. “In Vitro Stimulation of Granulosa Cells by a Combination of Different Active Ingredients of Unkei-to.” The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 32 (4): 569–78. doi:10.1142/S0192415X0400220X.

18Jedel, Elizabeth, Fernand Labrie, Anders Odén, Göran Holm, Lars Nilsson, Per Olof Janson, Anna-Karin Lind, Claes Ohlsson, and Elisabet Stener-Victorin. 2011. “Impact of Electro-Acupuncture and Physical Exercise on Hyperandrogenism and Oligo/amenorrhea in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism 300 (1): E37–45. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00495.2010.

19Leonhardt, Henrik, Mikael Hellström, Berit Gull, Anna-Karin Lind, Lars Nilsson, Per Olof Janson, and Elisabet Stener-Victorin. 2015. “Serum Anti-Müllerian Hormone and Ovarian Morphology Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Response to Acupuncture and Exercise in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Secondary Analyses of a Randomized Controlled Trial.” Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 94 (3): 279–87. doi:10.1111/aogs.12571.

20D’Anna, Rosario, V. Di Benedetto, P Rizzo, E Raffone, Maria Lieta Interdonato, F Corrado, and Antonino Di Benedetto. 2011. “Myo-Inositol May Prevent Gestational Diabetes in PCOS Women.” Gynecological Endocrinology 28 (6): 440–2. doi: 10.3109/09513590.2011.633665.

Appendix B

 

1Tehrani, Fahimeh Ramezani, Masoud Solaymani-Dodaran, Mehdi Hedayati, and Fereidoun Azizi. 2010. “Is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome an Exception for Reproductive Aging?” Human Reproduction 25 (7): 1775–81. doi:10.1093/humrep/deq088.

2Shah, D., and S. Bansal. 2014. “Polycystic Ovaries: Beyond Menopause.” Climacteric 17 (2): 109–15. doi:10.3109/13697137.2013.828687.

3Glintborg, Dorte, Anne Pernille Hermann, and Marianne Andersen. 2013. “Bone Mineral Density and Vitamin D in PCOS and Hirsutism.” Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism 8 (5): 449–59. doi:10.1586/17446651.2013.827384.

4Mirabi, Parvaneh, and Faraz Mojab. 2013. “The Effects of Valerian Root on Hot Flashes in Menopausal Women.” Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 12 (1): 217–22. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3813196&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract.

5Wuttke, Wolfgang, and Dana Seidlová-Wuttke. 2015. “Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) Is a Non-Estrogenic Alternative to Hormone Replacement Therapy.” Clinical Phytoscience 1 (1): 12. doi:10.1186/s40816-015-0013-0.

6Knapen, Marjo H., Nadja E. Drummen, E. Smit, Cees Vermeer, and Elke Theuwissen. 2013. “Three-Year Low-Dose Menaquinone-7 Supplementation Helps Decrease Bone Loss in Healthy Postmenopausal Women.” Osteoporosis International 24 (9): 2499–2507. doi:10.1007/s00198-013-2325-6.

7Spector, Tim D., Mario R. Calomme, Simon H. Anderson, Gail Clement, Liisa Bevan, Nathalie Demeester, Rami Swaminathan, Ravin Jugdaohsingh, Dirk A. Vanden Berghe, and Jonathan J. Powell. 2008. “Choline-Stabilized Orthosilicic Acid Supplementation as an Adjunct to Calcium/Vitamin D3 Stimulates Markers of Bone Formation in Osteopenic Females: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.” BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 9: 85. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-9-85.

Appendix C

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4Dunn, Winston, Ronghui Xu, and Jeffrey B. Schwimmer. 2008. “Modest Wine Drinking and Decreased Prevalence of Suspected Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.” Hepatology 47 (6): 1947–54. doi:10.1002/hep.22292.

5Lee, Gene S., Jim S. Yan, Raymond K. Ng, Sanjay Kakar, and Jacquelyn J. Maher. 2007. “Polyunsaturated Fat in the Methionine-Choline-Deficient Diet Influences Hepatic Inflammation but Not Hepatocellular Injury.” Journal of Lipid Research 48 (8): 1885–96. doi:10.1194/jlr.M700181-JLR200.

6Stanković, Milena N., Dušan Mladenović, Milica Ninković, Ivana Ethuričić, Slađana Sobajić, Bojan Jorgačević, Silvio de Luka, Rada Jesic Vukicevic, and Tatjana S. Radosavljević. 2014. “The Effects of α-Lipoic Acid on Liver Oxidative Stress and Free Fatty Acid Composition in Methionine-Choline Deficient Diet-Induced NAFLD.” Journal of Medicinal Food 17 (2): 254–61. doi:10.1089/jmf.2013.0111.

7Loguercio, Carmela, Pietro Andreone, Ciprian Brisc, Michaela Cristina Brisc, Elisabetta Bugianesi, Maria Chiaramonte, Carmela Cursaro, et al. 2012. “Silybin Combined with Phosphatidylcholine and Vitamin E in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Free Radical Biology & Medicine 52 (9): 1658–65. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.008.

8Gottschau, Mathilde, Susanne Krüger Kjaer, Allan Jensen, Christian Munk, and Lene Mellemkjaer. 2015. “Risk of Cancer among Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Danish Cohort Study.” Gynecologic Oncology 136 (1): 99–103. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.11.012.

9Ezzat, Shereen, Sylvia L. Asa, William T. Couldwell, Charles E. Barr, William E. Dodge, Mary Lee Vance, and Ian E. McCutcheon. 2004. “The Prevalence of Pituitary Adenomas: A Systematic Review.” Cancer 101 (3): 613–19. doi:10.1002/cncr.20412.