Notas
Os links aqui citados correspondem à data da publicação original desta obra (2003).
1. Katherine Stapp, “Prisons Double as Mental Wards”, Asheville Global Report , n. 164 (7–13 mar. 2002), disponível em: <www.agrnews.org>. O artigo de Stapp descreve um estudo de Seena Fazel, da Universidade de Oxford, e John Danesh, da Universidade de Cambridge, publicado na revista médica britânica The Lancet . De acordo com Stapp, os pesquisadores concluíram: “Um em cada sete presos sofre de uma doença mental que pode ser um fator de risco para o suicídio, afirma o estudo. Isso representa mais de um milhão de pessoas nos países ocidentais. Os autores do estudo (...) analisaram dados sobre a saúde mental de 23 mil prisioneiros em doze países ocidentais ao longo de três décadas. Eles concluíram que os prisioneiros ‘tinham muito mais chance de ter psicose e depressão profunda, além de cerca de dez vezes mais chance de desenvolver transtorno de personalidade antissocial do que a população em geral’”.
2. Elliot Currie, Crime and Punishment in America (Nova York: Henry Holt and Company, 1998), p. 21.
3. Mike Davis, “Hell Factories in the Field: A Prison-Industrial Complex”, The Nation 260, n.7 (20 fev. 1995).
4. As informações contidas neste parágrafo referentes às datas de abertura das prisões da Califórnia foram obtidas no site do Departamento de Correções da Califórnia: <www.cdc.state.ca.us/facility/facil.htm>.
5. <www.cdc.state.ca.us/facility/instvspw.htm>.
6. <www.cdc.state.ca.us/facility/factsht.htm>.
7. <www.cdc.state.ca.us/facility/instccwf.htm>.
8. Sandow Birk, Incarcerated: Visions of California in the Twenty-First Century (San Francisco: Last Gasp of San Francisco, 2001).
9. Ruth Wilson Gilmore, “Globalisation and U.S. Prison Growth: From Military Keynesianism to Post-Keynesian Militarism”, Race and Class 40, n. 2/3 (out. 1998–mar. 1999), p. 174.
10. Gilmore, p. 184.
11. Gina Dent, “Stranger Inside and Out: Black Subjectivity in the Women In-Prison Film”, in Harry Elam e Kennel Jackson (ed.), Black Cultural Traffic: Crossroads in Black Performance and Black Popular Culture (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005).
12. Marc Mauer, “Young Men and the Criminal Justice System: A Growing National Problem” (Washington, D.C.: The Sentencing Project, 1990).
13. Marc Mauer e Tracy Huling, “Young Black Americans and the Criminal Justice System: Five Years Later” (Washington, D.C.: The Sentencing Project, 1995).
14. Allen J. Beck, Jennifer C. Karberg e Paige M. Harrison, “Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2001”, Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, April 2002, NCJ 191702), p. 12.
15. Adam Jay Hirsh, The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America (New Haven/Londres: Yale University Press, 1992), p. 84.
16. Ibid., p. 71.
17. Ibid., p. 73.
18. Ibid., p. 74–75.
19. Milton Fierce, Slavery Revisited: Blacks and the Southern Convict Lease System, 1865–1933 (Nova York: African Studies Research Center, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, 1994), p. 85–86.
20. Mary Ann Curtin, Black Prisoners and Their World, Alabama, 1865–1900 (Charlottesville/Londres: University Press of Virginia, 2000), p. 6.
21. Curtin, p. 42.
22. Phillip S. Foner (ed.), The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass. Volume 4: Reconstruction and After (Nova York: International Publishers, 1955), p. 379.
23. Cheryl Harris, “Whiteness as Property”, in Kimberlé Crenshaw, Neil Gotanda, Gary Peller e Kendall Thomas, Critical Race Theory (Nova York: The New Press, 1995).
24. Em 1º de março de 2003, o Serviço de Imigração e Naturalização foi oficialmente extinto e suas atividades foram incorporadas pelo novo Departamento de Segurança Interna.
25. Matthew J. Mancini, One Dies, Get Another: Convict Leasing in the American South, 1866–1928 (Columbia, S.C.: South Carolina Press, 1996), p. 25.
26. Ibid.
27. David Oshinsky, “Worse Than Slavery”: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice (Nova York: The Free Press, 1996).
28. Alex Lichtenstein, Twice the Work of Free Labor: The Political Economy of Convict Labor in the New South (Londres/Nova York: Verso, 1996).
29. Oshinsky, p. 45.
30. Curtin, p. 44.
31. Lichtenstein, p. 13.
32. Ibid., p. xix.
33. Ibid.
34. Curtin, p. 1.
35. Curtin, p. 213–214.
36. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (Nova York: Vintage Books, 1979), p. 234. [Edição brasileira: Vigiar e punir: nascimento da prisão . Petrópolis: Vozes, 2013.]
37. Ibid., p. 3.
38. Louis J. Palmer Jr., The Death Penalty: An American Citizen’s Guide to Understanding Federal and State Laws (Jefferson, N.C./Londres: McFarland & Co, Inc. Publishers, 1998).
39. Russell P. Dobash, R. Emerson Dobash e Sue Gutteridge, The Imprisonment of Women (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986), p. 19.
40. John Hirst, “The Australian Experience: The Convict Colony”, in Norval Morris e David J. Rothman (eds.), The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society , (Nova York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 244.
41. Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). [Edição brasileira: Dos delitos e das penas . São Paulo: Pillares, 2013.]
42. Ver Georg Rusche e Otto Kirchheimer, Punishment and Social Structure (Nova York: Columbia University Press, 1939), e Dario Melossi e Massimo Pavarini, The Prison and the Factory: Origins of the Penitentiary System (Totowa, N.J.: Barnes and Noble Books, 1981).
43. Estelle B. Freedman, Their Sisters’ Keepers: Women’s Prison Reform in America, 1830–1930 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1984), p. 10.
44. Ver a discussão sobre o relatório escrito em 1977 por John Howard The State of the Prisons in England and Wales , in Michael Ignatieff, A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution, 1750–1850 (Nova York: Pantheon Books, 1978).
45. Jeremy Bentham, The Panopticon and Other Prison Writings (Londres/Nova York: Verso, 1995).
46. Charles Dickens, The Works of Charles Dickens, Vol. 27, American Notes (Nova York: Peter Fenelon Collier and Son, 1900), p. 119–120.
47. Gustave de Beaumont e Alexis de Tocqueville, On the Penitentiary System in the United States and its Application in France (Carbondale/Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press), 1964 [1833].
48. Beaumont e Tocqueville, p. 131.
49. “Cold Storage: Super-Maximum Security Confinement in Indiana”, A Human Rights Watch Report (Nova York: Human Rights Watch, October 1997), p. 13.
50. “Cold Storage”, p. 18–19.
51. Para uma discussão mais detalhada sobre a prisão de segurança supermáxima, ver Craig Haney e Mona Lynch, “Regulating Prisons of the Future: A Psychological Analysis of Supermax and Solitary Confinement”, New York University Review of Law and Social Change 23 (1997), p. 477–570.
52. “Cold Storage”, p. 19.
53. Chase Riveland, “Supermax Prisons: Overview and General Considerations” (Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Corrections, U.S. Department of Justice, January 1999), p. 4.
54. John Bender, Imagining the Penitentiary: Fiction and the Architecture of Mind in Eighteenth-Century England (Chicago/Londres: University of Chicago Press, 1987), p. 2.
55. Ignatieff, p. 47.
56. Ibid., p. 53.
57. Bender, p. 1.
58. Ignatieff, p. 58.
59. Ibid., p. 52.
60. Bender, p. 29.
61. Ibid., p. 31.
62. Robert Burns, I Am a Fugitive from a Georgia Chaingang! (Savannah, Ga.: Beehive Press, 1994).
63. George Jackson, Soledad Brother: The Prison Letters of George Jackson (Westport, Conn.: Lawrence Hill and Co., 1994).
64. Bettina Aptheker e Angela Davis (eds.), If They Come in the Morning: Voices of Resistance (Nova York: Third Press, 1971).
65. Mumia Abu-Jamal, Live from Death Row (Nova York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1995), p. 65–67.
66. Mumia Abu-Jamal, Death Blossoms (Farmington, Pa.: The Plough Publishing House, 1997).
67. Mumia Abu-Jamal, All Things Censored (Nova York: Seven Stories Press, 2000).
68. A Secção 20.411 do Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act de 1994 proibiu a concessão de Pell Grants para financiar a educação de presos. Essa determinação continua vigente. Ver: <usinfo.state.gov/infousa/laws/majorlaws/h3355_en.htm>.
69. H. Bruce Franklin (ed.), Prison Writing in Twentieth-Century America (Nova York: Penguin Books, 1998), p. 13.
70. Malcolm X, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (As Told to Alex Haley) (Nova York: Random House, 1965).
71. The Last Graduation , dirigido por Barbara Zahm (Zahm Productions and Deep Dish TV, 1997).
72. Marcia Bunney, “One Life in Prison: Perception, Reflection, and Empowerment”, in Sandy Cook e Susanne Davies (eds.), Harsh Punishment: International Experiences of Women’s Imprisonment (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1999), p. 29–30.
73. Assata Shakur, Assata: An Autobiography (Westport, Conn.: Lawrence Hill and Co., 1987).
74. Ibid., p. x.
75. Ibid., p. 83–84.
76. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, The Alderson Story: My Life as a Political Prisoner (Nova York: International Publishers, 1972).
77. ACE (Members of AIDS Counseling and Education), Breaking the Walls of Silence: AIDS and Women in a New York State Maximum Security Prison (Nova York: Overlook Press, 1998).
78. Vivien Stern, A Sin Against the Future: Imprisonment in the World (Boston: Northeastern Press, 1998), p. 138.
79. Ver Elaine Showalter, “Victorian Women and Insanity”, in Andrew Scull (ed.), Madhouses, Mad-Doctors and Madmen: The Social History of Psychiatry in the Victorian Era (Filadélfia: University of Pennsylvania Press), 1981.
80. Luana Ross, Inventing the Savage: The Social Construction of Native American Criminality (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1998), p. 121.
81. Freedman, p. 15.
82. Ver Freedman, capítulos 3 e 4.
83. Joanne Belknap, The Invisible Woman: Gender, Crime, and Justice (Belmont, Calif.: Watsworth Publishing Company), p. 95.
84. Lucia Zedner, “Wayward Sisters: The Prison for Women”, in Norval Morris e David J. Rothman (ed.), The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society (Nova York: Oxford University Press), p. 318.
85. Ibid., p. 318.
86. Currie, p. 14.
87. Ross, p. 89.
88. Ibid., p. 90.
89. Tekla Dennison Miller, The Warden Wore Pink (Brunswick, Me.: Biddle Publishing Company, 1996), p. 97–98.
90. Ibid., p. 100.
91. Ibid., p. 121.
92. Philadelphia Daily News , 26 abr. 1996.
93. American Civil Liberties Union Freedom Network, 26 ago. 1996, disponível em: <aclu.org/news/w82696b.html>.
94. All Too Familiar: Sexual Abuse of Women in U.S. State Prisons (Nova York: Human Rights Watch, December 1996), p. 1.
95. Ibid., p. 2.
96. <www.oneword.org/ips2/aug98/03_56_003>.
97. Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners [Regras Mínimas para o Tratamento de Prisioneiros] (adotadas pelo Primeiro Congresso das Nações Unidas sobre a Prevenção do Crime e Tratamento dos Delinquentes, realizado em Genebra em 1955, e aprovadas pelo Conselho Econômico e Social em suas resoluções 663 C (XXIV), de 31 de julho de 1957, e 2.076 (LXII), de 13 de maio de 1977).
98. Amanda George, “Strip Searches: Sexual Assault by the State”, disponível em: <www.aic.gov.au/publications/proceedings/20/george.pdf>, p. 211–212.
99. Amanda George fez esse comentário no vídeo Strip Search , produzido pela Simmering Video e pela Coalition Against Police Violence (data indisponível).
100. Linda Evans e Eve Goldberg, “The Prison Industrial Complex and the Global Economy” (panfleto) (Berkeley, Calif.: Prison Activist Resource Center, 1997).
101. Ver nota 3.
102. Wall Street Journal , 12 mai. 1994.
103. Ibid.
104. Allen M. Hornblum, Acres of Skin: Human Experiments at Holmesburg Prison (Nova York: Routledge, 1998), p. xvi.
105. Hornblum, p. 212.
106. Hornblum, p. 37.
107. Ver A.S. Relman, “The New Medical Industrial Complex”, New England Journal of Medicine 30 (17) (23 out. 1980), p. 963–970.
108. Vince Beiser, “How We Got to Two Million: How Did the Land of the Free Become the World’s Leading Jailer?”, Debt to Society , MotherJones.com Special Report, 10 jul. 2001. Disponível em: <www.motherjones.com/prisons/overview.html>, p. 6.
109. Paige M. Harrison e Allen J. Beck, “Prisoners in 2001”, Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, jul. 2002, NCJ 195189), p. 1.
110. Allen Beck e Paige M. Harrison, “Prisoners in 2000”, Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, ago. 2001, NCJ 1888207), p. 1.
111. Harrison e Beck, “Prisoners in 2001”.
112. Steve Donziger, The Real War on Crime: Report of the National Criminal Justice Commission (Nova York: Perennial Publishers, 1996), p. 87.
113. Allen J. Beck, Jennifer C. Karberg e Paige M. Harrison, “Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2001”, Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin (Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, abr. 2002, NCJ 191702), p. 12.
114. Harrison e Beck, “Prisoners in 2001”, p. 7.
115. Ibid.
116. Sue Anne Pressley, “Texas County Sued by Missouri Over Alleged Abuse of Inmates”, Washington Post , 27 ago. 1997, p. A2.
117. Madeline Baro, “Video Prompts Prison Probe”, Philadelphia Daily News , 20 ago. 1997.
118. “Beatings Worse Than Shown on Videotape, Missouri Inmates Say”, The Associated Press, 27 ago. 1997, 7:40 P.M. EDT.
119. Joel Dyer, The Perpetual Prison Machine: How America Profits from Crime (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 2000).
120. Abby Ellin, “A Food Fight Over Private Prisons”, New York Times , Education Life, Sunday, 8 abr. 2001.
121. Ver Julia Sudbury, “Mules and Other Hybrids: Incarcerated Women and the Limits of Diaspora”, Harvard Journal of African American Public Policy , outono de 2002.
122. Amanda George, “The New Prison Culture: Making Millions from Misery”, in Sandy Cook e Susanne Davies, Harsh Punishment: International Experiences of Women’s Imprisonment (Boston: Northeastern Press, 1999), p. 190.
123. Comunicado à imprensa feito pela Wackenhut em 23 de agosto de 2002.
124. Ibid.
125. Dyer, p. 14.
126. Ver o comunicado à imprensa feito pela Anistia Internacional, disponível em: <www.geocities.com/turkishhungerstrike/amapril.html>.
127. <www.hrw.org/wr2k2/prisons.html>.
128. <www.suntimes.co.za/20>.
129. Arthur Waskow, Institute for Policy Studies, Saturday Review , 8 jan. 1972, citado em Fay Honey Knopp et al., Instead of Prisons: A Handbook for Abolitionists (Syracuse, N.Y.: Prison Research Education Action Project, 1976), p. 15–16.
130. <www.bettyfordcenter.org/programs/programs/index.html>.
131. <www.bettyfordcenter.org/programs/programs/prices.html>.
132. Herman Bianchi, “Abolition: Assensus and Sanctuary”, in Herman Bianchi e René Swaaningen (eds.), Abolitionism: Toward a Non-Repressive Approach to Crime (Amsterdam: Free University Press, 1986), p. 117.
133. A antropóloga Nancy Schepper-Hughes descreveu essa surpreendente reviravolta em uma palestra proferida na Universidade da Califórnia em Berkeley em 24 de setembro de 2001, intitulada “Un-Doing: The Politics of the Impossible in the New South Africa”.
134. Bella English, “Why Do They Forgive Us”, Boston Globe , 23 abr. 2003.
135. Ibid.
136. Gavin Du Venage, “Our Daughter’s Killers Are Now Our Friends”, The Straits Times (Singapura), 2 dez. 2001.