Note: page references in italic indicate illustrations. Footnote numbers in brackets are used to indicate the whereabouts on the page of authors/works who/which are quoted, but not named, in the text.
Addison, Joseph 226
Adulteration Acts 286
child care 317–20
NHS Direct 334–5
airbathing 262, 303, 304, 324–5, 326
Alcott, Bronson 271–3
Alcott, William 271
Alexandrian Library, Egypt 117
Al-Razi (Rhazes) 161
Ambrose, St 138–9
American Holistic Medicine Association 333
American League for Physical Culture 325
American School of Naturopathy 304
American Sunbathing Association 325
American Vegetarian Society 269
Amos (Hebrew prophet) 130
Anatomy of Melancholy, The (Burton) 238
animal welfare movement 302
Antibarbari (Erasmus) 186
anti-vivisection movement 298–9, 302
Aphrodite 60
apothecaries 164, 167, 191, 242
Appius Claudius 103
Arbuthnot, John 238
Arcana Coelestia (Swedenborg) 269
architecture, domestic 232–3
Aristotle’s Secrets 153
Armstrong, John 239
Arnobius 129
Arnold, Thomas 278
Ars Amatoria (Ovid) 112–14, 115–16
Art of Preserving Health, The (Armstrong) 239
Art of Swimming, The (Thevenot) 219
asceticism 126–43
Christian 129–32, 134, 136–7, 184
Eurasian 127–9
Judaism and 130
Neoplatonism and 132–5
and washing/bathing 137–41
weeping in 136–7
Asclepiades of Bithynia 117–18
Asclepius 81–3
asepsis 300
Association for Promoting Cleanliness among the People 281
Association for the Establishment of Public Baths and Washhouses 282
asthma 348–9
Athanasius, St 133, 134, 139–40
Augustine, St 133, 134, 138, 142
auto-immune diseases 348–9
autointoxication 297
Avenzoar (Ibn Zuhr) 161
ayurveda 94
baby care 339
Bacon, Francis 185, 207, 397 n. 49
Balnea, The (Carey) 245
balneology 76–81, 109, 118, 204
Bar Kochba Revolt 107
medieval 163, 164, 166–7, 182–3
Barnett, Revd S. A. 305 (n. 65)
Barter, Dr Richard 294
bathing, see baths
bathing-dresses 234
bathroom furniture 230
bathrooms 79, 194, 288, 289, 312, 313
air bathing 262, 303, 304, 324–5, 326
closure of 179
cold 43, 58, 219–20, 222, 239, 241–2, 243–4
dew 303
earth 302
royal 188–90
sea bathing 243–6
Baths for the Working Classes movement 282–3
bathtubs 156–7
Bazalgette, Joseph 286
Beddoes, Dr Thomas 263
Behn, Aphra 215
Benedict, St 134
benevolent despotism 256
Bible Christians 269–70
biodeterminism 95
biopsychosocial medicine 336
Bircher-Benner, Dr Max 323
Bladud, king of England 174
Blomfield, Dr Charles, bishop of London 281
body-building 92
Boniface, edict of 168
Book of Children, The (Phayre) 198
Book of the Courtier, The (Castiglione) 188
Book of the Natures and Properties as well as of the Bathes in England as of Other Bathes in Germanye and Italye, A (Turner) 204–5
Boorde, Andrew 198
Booth, Charles 310
Boyle, Robert 7
Bramah, Joseph 234
Braudel, Fernand 5–6
BrethrenofCommonLife 389 n.2
British Holistic Medicine Association 333
British Raj 235
Bronze Age
secondary products revolution 38–9
Brookes, Dr W. P. 296
Brotherton, Joseph 270
Broussais, F. J. V. 273
Brown, Samuel 268
Bruderhof (Hutterian Brotherhood) 327, 428 n. 33
Buchan, William 231–2, 241–2 (n.37), 252–5
Buddha (Sakyamuni) 127
Bullein, William 209
Burton, Richard 238
Byron, Lord George 252
Cadogan, William 252
Callahan, Gerald 352
Calvinism 210
cameralism 256
Canon of Medicine (Ibn Sina) 153
Caracalla Baths 109
Carcopino, Jerome 116–17
Carey, George 245
Caroline, queen of England 234
Carson, Rachel 331
Castel of Helth (Elyot) 189–90, 200, 201
Castiglione, Baldesar 188
Cathartic Law, Cyrene 86
Catholic Church 143, 147–8, 184
Caxton, William 198
Celsus, Aulus Cornelius 117, 119, 200, 378 n. 13
Chamberlen, Dr Peter 206
Champneys, Hertfordshire 322
Chandra, Moti 66 (n. 37)
Chanel, Coco 317
Charles II, king of England 216
Charlotte, queen of Savoy 175–6
Chauliac, Guy de 166
Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th earl 227, 228, 231
Cheyne, George 238
advice books 317–20
20th-century 317–18
China and Chinese 26, 46, 50, 51, 94, 96, 127
Chirurgia Magna (Chauliac) 166
chivalry 149
cholera 273
Christian Church 136, 175, 281
and asceticism 128, 129–32, 134
healing mission 141–3
and medieval bathing 168–9
and public baths 123–4
Civil War Parliamentary Committee 106
Clean Air legislation 314, 346
Clean Party 281–2
cleaning products 329
cleanliness 2–3
‘clean’, definitions 8, 27, 359 n. 34
development of 24–9
Cleanliness Institute 310
Cleanness (Middle English poem) 149
cleansing, psychology of 11–12
Cleese, John 425 n. 17
Cleopatra, queen of Egypt 72
cloacae 104
clothing 36, 68, 69, 116, 191, 192
18th-century 235–6
and health reforms 291, 295, 300
Protestant Reformation 207–8, 222
Reformed 303
20th-century 315–17
Clouet, François 189
coal 314–15
Coffin, Dr Isaiah 270
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 244, 252
Combe, George 276–7
Comenius (Jan Amos Komenský) 207–8, 210
comfort (la luxe anglaise) 287–8
Common Aids (Asclepiades) 117
Commonwealth Revolution 196
communism 308–9
Compendious Regiment or a Dyetary of Helth (Boorde) 198
Compleat Swimmer, The (Pearcy) 219
complementary medicine 332, 333, 336
Congress of Nudity and Education 325
Constitution of Man (G. Combe) 276
Cook, Captain James 248
cookery 99
Cornaro, Luigi 201
cosmeceuticals 339
‘cosmetic’: change in definition 98–9
cosmetic literature 114–15, 161, 164–5
cosmetics 45, 210, 229, 290, 329–30, 397 n. 49
16th century 191
18th-century England 231
cosmeceuticals 339
Egyptians and 49
eye paints 67
Greek 98–101
and health care 51–2
male beauty products 340–1, 341
medieval 165–6
at Mohenjo-Daro 56
niche markets 339–40
Romans and 52, 112, 114–15, 117
tools 38–9
trade in 48–51
Coubertin, Baron Pierre de 296
courtesie (courtesy) 146–7
courtly poetry 149–50
Cowper, William 231
Crab, Roger 213–14
Crapper, Thomas 289
Critique of Pure Reason (Kant) 257
Crito 52–3
Cry of Nature, The (Oswald) 252
cutlery 147
De Arte Natande (Digby) 201
De Balneis Omnia (Junta) 204
De Medicina (Celsus) 119
De Sanitate Tuenda (Galen) 120–2, 200
Deacon Who Washed Too Much, The (Notker the Stammerer) 147–8
Defoe, Daniel 197
Degas, Edgar 290
Dent, Arthur 210
dental hygiene 67, 230–1, 318, 357 n. 23
tooth art 37
depilation 66–7, 164–5, 229, 338, 344
dermatology 260
detox regimes 336
Devotio Moderna 389 n. 2
Diane de Poitiers 189
Dickson, Adam 224
pure foods 212–16
dietetics 95–6, 121, 154, 199, 200, 238
Digby, Everard 201
digestive system 11
Diocletian Baths 109–10
Diodorus Siculus 66 (n. 38)
Dioscorides 162
dirt 8–9
acquired response to 15–17
COBS and 17–24
inner cleansing and 9–11
sensual response to 11–14
Dirty Party 282
Discorsi della Vita Sobria (Cornaro) 201
diseases 163, 164, 217–18, 273, 279–80
plague 97–8, 197–8, 199–200, 217, 247, 255–6
disgust response 12, 356 n. 10
divine kingship 53
Dolnií Věstonice, Czech Republic 38
domestic appliances 313–15
Domestic Medicine (Buchan) 252–5
Dominicetti, Bartolomeo 243
on purity rules 31–2, 35, 360 n. 41
Downman, Hugh 251 (n.53)
drug therapy 273–4
du Chaillu, Paul 170–1
Dunfermline, Lord 283
Early Hours Movement 295–6
Eclectic Movement 302
ecology 331
Edelstein, Count von 177
education 265, 278, 295, 318–19
Edward I, king of England 164
Edward III, king of England 150, 156
Edward IV, king of England 158
and cosmetics trade 49–50
grooming routines 64, 65, 66–7
purity rules 57–8
Einhard 146
electricity industry 314
elimination system 11; see also evacuations
Elizabeth I, queen of England 188–90
Ellis, Havelock 311
Elyot, Sir Thomas 189–90, 200, 201
Emerson, Ralph Waldo 271
Émile, ou, L’Éducation (Rousseau) 250–1
Emily, Duchess of Leinster 409 n. 54
English Gymnosophist Society 325
English Royal Wardrobe bath accounts 150
English Vegetarian Society 270
Enquiry into the Right Use and Abuse of Hot, Cold, and Temperate Baths in England, An (Floyer) 219
environmental hygiene 285–7
environmental physiology 25
epidemic diseases 47–8, 97–8, 301
Erasmus, Desiderius 179, 186, 207
Eros, cult of 90
Eshnunna, palace at 61
Essay concerning Human Understanding (Locke) 221
Essay concerning the Effects of Air on Human Bodies, An (Arbuthnot) 238
Essay concerning the Nature of Ailments, An (Arbuthnot) 238
Essay on Health and Long Life (Cheyne) 238
Essay upon Nursing, and the Management of Children (Cadogan) 252
Essenes (Jewish sect) 131–2
Eugenics Education Society 310
Eugenics Review 310
Eurasian asceticism 127–9
Eurasian Bronze Age 38–9, 45–6
evacuations 9, 97, 200, 202–4, 205
cleaning practices 28, 116, 141
evacuees 312
gymnastics 277–8
Fabian Society 327
Factor, Max 315
Family Oracle of Health, The 275–6
fashion, see clothing
fevers 217–18
flies 300
Floyer, Sir John 212 (n. 55), 219, 220, 239
Folly’s Praise of Folly (Erasmus) 186
Force de Vie Privat-Klinik 323
Forsyth, J. S. 288
Fourier, Charles 271
Francis I, king of France 188
Frank, Johann-Peter 256
Frederico da Montefeltro, Duke 188
Freikorperkultur (free body culture) 324–5
Friends of the Rising Light 325
Fry, Elizabeth 249
Fuller, Francis 238–9
Gale, John 319–20
Gall, Franz Joseph 276–7
ganikas 71–2
gas supplies 314–15
Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire 236–8
germ theory 297–302
Gibbon, Edward 378 n. 17
global warming 345–6
GM crops 347–8
Gouernayle of Helthe, The 198
Government of Health, The (Bullein) 209
Graham, James 236 (n. 27), 250
Graham, Sylvester 271
Great Exhibition, Crystal Palace 287, 291
Greaves, James Pierrepont (Apostle Greaves) 271, 272
Greece 74–101
balneology 76–81
cosmetics 98–101
gymnasiums 89–93
personal hygiene 95–6
public bathhouses 80–1
public parks 89–90
scientific hygiene 93–9
superstition 85–7
swimming pools 80
green movement 331
Gregory I the Great, pope 141
Grmek, Mirko 93
grooming practices 63–9
16th century 191
18th-century 228–30
20th-century 342–4
COBS (care of the body surfaces) 17–24, 93
medieval 154–7
Puritan 207–12
and social elites 47
and social politics 22–4
Grunpeck, Josephus 182
guest honour 62–3
guild system 166
Gully, James Manby 294
gymnasiums 79, 89–93, 100–1, 106, 123–4
gymnastics (callisthenics) 277–8
Hahnemann, Samuel 270
hair powder 236
hairstyles 66, 117, 210, 229, 291
Hall, Thomas 196–7 (n. 24)
Haller, Albrecht von 249
Ham Common Concordium 271, 273
Hampton Court Palace 188
Han dynasty 94
Hancocke, John 219
Hans von Waldheim 176
harems 70–1
Harington, Sir John 190
Hassall, Dr Arthur Hill 285–6
Haygarth, Dr John 249
head lice 19–20, 158–9, 160, 229–30
Health and Cleanliness Council 310
Health and Morals of Apprentices Act 265
Health Education Council 334
health food movement 331–2
Health for All 322
Health of Towns Association 279
Health of Towns Commission 279
health reforms
America 271
magazines and 275–6
Henry VIII, king of England 179, 188
herbalists 52, 268, 269, 270, 414 n. 14
Herbert, George 209
Hercules 77
Here’s Health 322
Herod the Great, king of Judea 106–7
Herodicus 91
Hesiod 100
Hetepheres, queen 66
Hill, Christopher 211–12
Himmler, Heinrich 328
Hinduism 32
Hippias 110–11
Hippocrates 94
Hippocratic Writings 96–7
History of Cold Bathing, The (Floyer) 220
Hitler, Adolf 328
Hoffman, Friedrich 256
Holmes, Dr Oliver Wendell 278
Holocaust 350–1
homeopathy 270
homeostasis 9–14
Hortatus Sanitatis 160
hot springs (thermae) 40–2, 41, 107–9, 173–4, 175
housework
19th-century 299–300
20th-century 315
housing, suburban 313–15
Howard, John 249
Hufeland, Christian Wilhelm 258–9, 262
Human Development Index, World Health
Organization 75–6
Humanitarian League 302
Hunter, John 231
Hutterian Brotherhood (Bruderhof) 327, 428 n. 33
hydropathy 293–5
hydrotherapy 322–3
hydros 291–5
Hygeia: A City of Health (Ward Richardson) 298
Hygëia: or, Essays Moral and Medical (Bleddoes) 263
Hygiasticon: or, The Right Cause of Preserving Life and Health unto Extream Old Age 201–2
hygieia 94–5
environmental 285–7
French Revolution and 255
Galen and 120–2
scientific 93–9
sexual 163
hygienic behaviouralism 4
Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) 161
immunology 301
Improvement Commissioners 224
Inanna-Ishtar 58
healers 94
Instauratio Magna (Bacon) 185
invalidism 240
Isaiah (Hebrew prophet) 131
Islamic culture 124, 148–9, 167
medieval centres of learning 152–3
washing practices 140–1
Jaeger, Gustav 303
Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig 277
James, William 296
Johannitius 121
John Cassian, St 134
John Chrysostom, St 135–6, 142
John of Burgundy’s Regimen 155
Joy of Light naturism 324, 327
Junta, Thomas 204
Juvenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis) 221
Kama Sutra (Vatsyayana) 55, 67 (n.39), 71–2
Kant, Immanuel 257
Kellogg, Dr Harvey 304–5
King, John 242
King, Dr Truby 317
Klein, Calvin 14
Kneipp, Father Sebastian 303
Kneipp Hydrotherapy Centre 323
Kneippism 304
Koch, Robert 298
Komenský, Jan Amos (Comenius) 207–8, 210
Kraut, Georg 160
Lamartine, Alphonse de 251–2
latrines 28, 104–5, 156, 188, 279
in Middle Ages 158
18th-century 232
20th-century 330
League of Nations: Health Organization Committee 308
levée 228
Leverhulme, Lord 304–5
Leviticus (Old Testament book) 31–2, 130, 131
lice 19–20, 158–9, 160, 163–4, 229–30, 300
life insurance 256
Lind, Dr James 248
Lindlahr, Henry 322
Ling, Per Henrik 277
Lister, Joseph 287
Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine 299
Liverpool Infirmary 243
Lloyd, Humphrey 198–9
Lloyd George, David 309
Lollards 196
London 183, 192, 194–6, 311–12
17th-century bagnios 205–6
public baths 206–7
Southwark stews 178–9
longevity-knowledge 94–5
Louis XIV, king of France 194
Lovelock, James 331
Lucian 88 (n. 16), 110–11 (n. 16)
Lust, Benedict 304
Lydgate’s Dietary 155
McCourt, Frank 356 n. 19
Maimonides, Moses ben Maimon 130–1
Makrobiotik (Hufeland) 258–9
Marcus Aurelius 128
marriage celebrations 34, 42, 172–3
Mary, Queen of Scots 190
massage 91, 92, 118, 121–2, 268–9, 336
measles 363 n. 4
medical advice books 198–9, 238
medical insurance 309–10
medical materialism 24
‘Medicamina Faciei Feminae’ (‘Cosmetic for Ladies’, Ovid) 114–15
Medicina Gymnastica (Fuller) 238–9
Medicina Statica (Sanctorius) 202, 203
barbers and 57, 116, 163, 164, 166–7, 182–3, 191
medieval 152–4, 161–2, 163, 167
Roman 117–18
self-help groups 333–4
Meditations (Marcus Aurelius) 128
Menagier’s Wife, The 159–60
menopause 253–4
menstruation 34, 97, 116, 231–2, 253, 317
Metamorphoses (Ovid) 112
Metcalfe, William 269
Methodism (therapeutic system) 117–18, 202
‘Mirrors of Princes’ 153–4
monasteries and monks 147–8, 152, 156
Mondeville, Henri de 166
Mongolian gers/yurts 28–9
Montague, Elizabeth 234
Montaigne, Michel de 182
Montessori, Maria 318
More, Henry 214
Morris, William 5
Moulton, Thomas 198
MRSA (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus) 349
Muhammad 140–1
Mullet, Charles 239
multiculturalism 330–2
Myrrour or Glasse of Helth, The (Moulton) 198
Nacktkultur 324–5
nakedness 44; see also nudity
narcissism 344
national health systems 256
National Vaccine Establishment 265
natural birth movement 333
Natural History (Pliny) 109
Natural History of the Human Teeth, The (Hunter) 231
Nature Cure Annual 304
Naturopath and Herald of Health magazine 304
Naturopathic Society of America 304
Naturphilosophie 256–8
Nefertari, queen of Egypt 65
Nefertiti, queen of Egypt 68
Neolithic/Late Stone Age 22, 25–8, 36–8
Neoplatonism and Neoplatonists 132–5, 214
New Age and Concordium Gazette 271
New Age culture 335–6
New Lanark 267
New Public Health 309
New View of Society, A (Owen) 267
Newton, Isaac 238
Newton, John Frank 252
NHS Direct 334–5
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm 304
Nightingale, Florence 285, 298–9
nits, see head lice
non-naturals (six) 95–6, 121, 154, 199, 200, 238
Notker the Stammerer 147–8
Nude Airbathing Association of Berlin 325
nudity 90, 134, 168–9, 205, 211
cult of (Nacktkultur) 324–5
nursing/medical care 22, 254–5
nutritional science 323
Obelkevich, Jim 330
obesity 277
Observations on the Diseases of the Army (Pringle) 248
Odyssey (Homer) 63
Office International d’Hygiène Publique 308
Oliver, Jamie 348
On Civility in Children (Erasmus) 207
Order of the Bath 150
organic farming 348
Ornement des Dames 161
Orphism 85–6
Orsippus 90
Orwell, George 424 n. 10
Oswald, John 252
Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) 112–17
Owen, Robert 267
Panacea 81
Pan-American Sanitary Bureau 308
Paracelsus 204
parasites 19–20, 47, 160, 163–4, 229–30, 300
Parsival (medieval German poem) 150
Pasteur, Louis 297–8
Paul, St 133
Paynell, Thomas 198
Pearcy, William 219
People, The (magazine) 267–8
Pepys, Elizabeth 206
personal hygiene 64, 262, 338, 341–3
Phayre, Thomas 198
pheromones 14
Philip the Good 175
Philippe de Bourgogne 175
phrenology 276–7
physical fitness training 92, 295–6
physiology 25, 247, 249, 275–8, 280
Place, Francis 395 n. 40
plague 97–8, 197–8, 199–200, 217, 247, 255–6
Platonism 214
Platter, Thomas 158–9
Pliny the Elder 103–4, 108, 109
plumbing 234–5
poetry, medieval courtly 149–50
pollution 29–35, 301, 331, 345
Polybius 103
Preissnitz, Vincenz 293
preventive medicine 287, 309–10, 311
Primitive Physic (Wesley) 241
Principles of Physiology Applied to the Preservation of Health, The (A. Combe) 276
Progressive League 327
Protestant health regimens
cold water 219–20
cool air 216–18
pure foods 212–16
sects 211–12
public baths 80–1, 105–11, 123–4, 172–9, 262, 266, 280–1
bagnios 205–6
and brothels 178–9
closure of 179–80
diplomatic baths 174–6
etchings of 170, 171, 176, 179
in London 206–7
lying-in baths 173
medieval 168–72
naked bathing in 168–9, 205, 244
Roman 104, 105–7, 109–11, 122–3
Saturday baths 171–2
stews 178–9
sweat huts 170
unprofitability of 312
public fountains (conduits) 77–9, 78, 187–8
Public Health Act (1875) 286
public health policies 225
public health reform 264–7
public parks 89–90
public toilets, closure of 413 n. 3
Public Works (Manufacturing Districts) Act (1863) 286
publications
advice books 198–9, 238, 243, 247, 317–20, 333
medieval 147, 152, 153, 155, 167
purdah 34
purification ceremonies 30–1, 42–3, 57
Ur 54–5
Puritanism and Puritans 3, 196–7, 207–12, 350
purity rules 31–2, 35, 135, 360 n. 41
Egyptian 57–8
in palaces 60–1
Pythagoras his Mystick Philosophy Reviv’d (Tryon) 215
Pythagoreanism 86, 100–1, 214, 359 n. 38
Quacks Charter 183
quarantine 247
Querini, Pietro 43
Rational Recreation movement 278, 281, 296
Regimen Sanitatis Salerni 198
Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum (Salerno Regimen) 152, 154–5
cold water therapy 240–2
six non-naturals 95–6, 121, 154, 199, 200, 238
religion 25, 55–6, 75, 81–3, 140–1, 350
and eroticism 59–60
purification 53–5
purity 29–30 see also individual religions
Remarks on the Necessity and Means of Suppressing Contagious Fever (Stanger) 266
Renée (fashion model) 316
Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee on Physical Deterioration 310
Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Classes (Chadwick) 279, 281
Rhazes (Al-Razi) 161
rickets 279–80
Rikli, Arnold 302–3
Ritson, Joseph 252
Roger I, Norman king 148
Roger II, Norman king 148–9
Romans
latrines 104–5
public baths 104, 105–7, 109–11
spas 107–9
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 250–1
Royal Academy of Medicine, France 256
Royal Society 216
Ruskin, John 298
Sakyamuni (Buddha) 127
Salerno Regimen (Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum) 152, 154–5, 198
Salop Infirmary 242–3
Sanctorius Sanctorius 202–4, 203, 217
Sartre, Jean-Paul 15–16
SBCICP (Society for Bettering the Condition and Improving the Comforts of the Poor) 265, 266, 412 n. 2
scapegoats/scapegoating 32–3, 130
Schelling, Friedrich 257
School of Fontainebleau 188, 189
School of Infancy (Comenius) 207–8
science
17th-century 216–17
18th-century 246–50
Scipio Africanus 111
Seasonal Regimen of Ancestor Peng (China) 96
‘Second Letter to Virgins’ (Athanasius) 139–40
seduction 70–2
Semmelweis, Dr Ignaz 287
sexual diseases 131, 163, 180–4, 229, 293
sexual freedom 324
Shang dynasty 46
Shanks, John 289
shaving 66–7
Shaw, George Bernard 304, 421 n. 59
Shelley, Percy Bysshe 252
Shiva 60
Short Discourse concerning Pestilential Contagion, A (Mead) 220
Sigerist, Henry 421 n. 58
Silent Spring (Carson) 331
Simeon Stylites, St 134
Simon, Sir John 286
Simpson, James 283
Sinclair, Sir John 225
Siricius, pope 135
skinceuticals 340
Smedley, John 294
Smith, Dr Southwood 285 (n. 35)
Smith, Sydney 412 n. 2
Snow, John 273
Sober Diet 201–2
Social Darwinism 310–11
social stratification 46–8
Society for Bettering the Condition and Improving the Comforts of the Poor (SBCICP) 265, 266, 412 n. 2
Society for the Reformation of Manners 265
Society of Clean and Innocent Livers 215
sociology 309
Some Thoughts concerning Education (Locke) 220, 221
spartanism 406 n. 35
Roman 107–9
medieval 151–2
16th century 204–5
20th-century 322
Spectator magazine 226
speech, development of 20
Spencer, Herbert 310–11
sport 325–7
springs
hot 40–2, 41, 77, 107–9, 174, 175, 176
Spurlock, Morgan 348
Spurzheim, J. C. 276–7
Stanger, Dr Christopher 266–7
Stephen, king of Hungary 174
Stoic philosophy 128
stoving 42–3
strip washing 79–80, 235, 243, 288, 290
Stubbes, Philip 208–9
sulpha drugs 309
Sumeria and Sumerians 26, 46, 54–5
Sunbathing Society 325
Sunday School movement 265
Sunghir’, Russia 38
Super Size Me (film) 348
superstitions 85–7
Suren, Major Hans 325
Sussmilch, Peter 256
Swedenborg, Emanuel 269
swimming pools 80, 92, 103, 219–20
Swiss League of Light 324
Sydenham, Thomas 216, 217, 219
System of Transcendental Idealism (Schelling) 257
Tacitus 158
tacuinums 154
tai chi 127
tattooing 37–8
Taylor, Martha 214
temperance 199, 213–15, 270, 277
Greek doctrine of 96–7
Temperance Leagues 269
Theophrastus 85–6
thermal cities 108–9
Thevenot, Melchisedech 219
Thompson, James L. 421 n. 58
Thomson, Samuel 270
Tiberius 108
time 5–6
Times, The 285
Tittle-Tattle 395 n. 39
Titus, Baths of 109
toilets
Ireland 311
electronic 337
latrines 28, 104–5, 156, 188, 279
public, closure of 413 n. 3
‘smart’ 337
water closets 190, 234, 395 n. 40
toilet-training 16–17
Topsell, Edward 208
touch 13–14
Trajan 271
Treasure of the City of Ladies, the (Christine de Pizan) 157–8
Treasuri of Helth contayning Many Profitable Medicines, The (Lloyd) 198–9
Treatise of Cleanness in Meats and Drinks, A (Tryon) 218
trepanning 22
Tryon, Thomas 214–16, 218, 220
tuberculosis 301
Tucker, Henry 243
Turkmenistan 343–4
Turner, Dr William 204–5
Twyford, Thomas 289
Ulrich von Hutten 169
underlinen 144, 145, 158, 193–4
underwear 232
valetudinarianism 91
vegetarianism 112, 213–15, 251–2, 269, 271, 302, 323
Veldes sanatorium 302–3
venereology 163
Vigarello, Georges 193
Vigée Le Brun, Elizabeth Louise 230
virginity 127, 135–8, 142; see also celibacy; chastity
Virgo aqueduct 123
Vitruvius (Marcus Vitruvius Pollio) 79
voluntarism 265
Wakely, Thomas 274
Walpole, Horace 240–1
Ward Richardson, Sir Benjamin 298
washermen 57
washing 134, 137–41, 208–9, 210; see also baths
washing machines 330
water closets 190, 234, 395 n. 40
water supplies 39, 76–81, 103–5, 187–8, 254
Webb, Captain Matthew 327
Webb, Sidney and Beatrice 306
Wedding of Youth and Cleanness, The (broadsheet) 181
well-being industries 338–9
Wentworth, Anne 214
‘wet-wrap’ therapy (hydropathy) 293–4
Whigs 265–6
white goods 328
Wight, Sarah 214
Wilberforce, Archdeacon Samuel 281
Williams, Neville 404 n. 21
Willich, A. F. M. 258 (n.62), 259–60, 262
Wilson, James 294
Winstanley, G. 211
Woman in a Tub (Degas) 290
Women’s Bathhouse (Dürer) 171
women’s liberation 333
work–life balance 336
World Health Organization 75–6, 308
Wright, Lawrence 5
writing 75
Wyclif, John 196
Xian cult 127
YHA (Youth Hostels Association) 320–1
Young, Thomas 252
Zimmerman, Werner 324
Zurich Medical Society 323