1. Wanamaker Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
2. Welcome to Philadelphia and John Wanamaker (Philadelphia: John Wannamaker, 1947).
3. Herbert Ershkowitz, John Wanamaker—Philadelphia Merchant (Philadelphia: Combined Publishing, 1999), 47.
4. Robert Strauss, “A City Tradition: ‘Meet Me at the Iggle,’” Philadelphia Daily News, March 9, 1978.
5. Jane M. Von Bergen, “A Marketing Pioneer Gives Way to the New,” Philadelphia Inquirer, August 28, 1995.
6. John Maass, “The Merchant Pioneer,” Destination Philadelphia (March–April 1977), 13.
7. Ershkowitz, John Wanamaker, 57.
8. Ibid.
9. Philadelphia Bulletin, “Wanamaker’s Completing a Century of ‘Firsts,’” April 2, 1961.
10. Ershkowitz, John Wanamaker, 77.
11. The New York Store (Philadelphia: John Wanamaker, 1907), 26.
12. Ershkowitz, John Wanamaker, 127.
13. The New York Store, 27.
14. New York Times, “Looters at Burning of Wanamaker Home,” February 9, 1907.
15. Thomas Hine, “A Center of Commerce, a Place for People,” Philadelphia Inquirer, August 28, 1995.
16. Philadelphia Record, “The Eagle Gleams Once More,” September 5, 1940.
17. Ray Biswanger, Music in the Marketplace (Bryn Mawr, PA: Friends of the Wanamaker Organ Press, 1999), 32.
18. Ershkowitz, John Wanamaker, 179.
19. Craig Richmond, interview with the author, March 2010.
20. Curt Mangel, interview with the author, May 5, 2010.
21. Ray Biswanger, interview with the author, February 18, 2010.
22. To-day at John Wanamaker Philadelphia (Philadelphia: John Wanamaker, 1936).
23. Mangel, interview.
24. Biswanger, Music in the Marketplace, 93.
25. Biswanger, interview.
26. New York Times, “Wanamaker to have 3 television studios,” August 31, 1945.
27. Welcome to Philadelphia and John Wanamaker, 33.
28. William Allen Zulker, John Wanamaker, King of Merchants (Wayne, PA, Eaglecrest Press, 1993), 139.
29. “A Famous Merchant,” New York Times, December 13, 1922.
30. New York Times, “John Wanamaker Dies at Age of 84 from Heart Attack,” December 13, 1922.
31. Zulker, John Wanamaker, 207.
32. Biswanger, Music in the Marketplace, 156–157.
33. Zulker, John Wanamaker, 162–163.
34. John T. Gillespie, “Wanamaker Kin Battles Board,” Philadelphia Bulletin, November 3, 1978.
35. William Zulker, interview with the author, March 12, 2010.
36. Jan Whitaker, correspondence with the author, April 6, 2010.
37. To-Day at John Wanamaker Philadelphia.
38. Zulker, interview.
39. Philadelphia Inquirer, “Wanamaker’s to Open New Men’s Shop Soon,” August 16, 1932.
40. Bernice Fitz-Gibbon, Macy’s, Gimbels, and Me (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1951), 157.
41. Ibid., 168.
42. Wanamaker Papers.
43. Christopher Kellogg, interview with the author, January 30, 2010.
44. Philadelphia Bulletin, “New War Bond Post Opens,” May 19, 1942.
45. Philadelphia Inquirer, “Wanamaker’s Aids Tin Can Campaign,” October 30, 1942.
46. Lynne Abraham, interview with the author, March 6, 2010.
47. Mercia Grassi, interview with the author, February 11, 2010.
48. Ibid.
49. Wilmington Evening Journal, “Wanamaker’s Reveals Design of Proposed Ninth Ward Store,” September 19, 1947.
50. Wilmington Evening Journal, “John Wanamaker Store to Officially Open Today“, November 15, 1950.
51. Pat Ciarrocchi, interview with the author, March 5, 2010.
52. Trudy Haynes, interview with the author, February 24, 2010.
53. Louise Wanamaker, interview with the author, January 8, 2010.
54. Kellogg, interview.
55. Wanamaker Papers.
56. Milton Bracker, “Bell Tolls Closing of Wanamaker’s as Saddened Staff Toils to the End,” New York Times, December 19, 1954.
57. Wanamaker Papers.
58. New York Times, “The Wanamaker Fire,” editorial, July 16, 1956.
59. Kellogg, interview.
60. Sally Starr, interview with the author, February 5, 2010.
61. Kellogg, interview.
62. Joel Spivak, interview with the author, February 9, 2010.
63. John Wanamaker—the Magic of Christmas (Philadelphia: John Wanamaker,1956).
64. John Wanamaker—Pageant of Lights, video, Clair Pruett Studios–John Wanamaker’s Portrait Studios (Philadelphia: John Wanamaker, 1992).
65. Ibid.
66. Haynes, interview.
67. Leon Harris, Merchant Princes (New York: Kodansha International, 1994), 379.
68. Ciarrocchi, interview.
69. Wanamaker Papers.
70. Kellogg, interview.
71. Alfred Lief, Family Business (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968), 283.
72. Grassi, interview.
73. Philadelphia Inquirer, “Wanamaker to Build in New Jersey,” February 7, 1961.
74. Philadelphia Bulletin, “A Famous Eagle Spreads His Wings,” August 12, 1965.
75. Laura Lee, “Wanamaker’s and Gimbels Plan Harrisburg Branches,” Philadelphia Bulletin, April 21, 1968.
76. Frank R. Veale, Family Business—The Momentous Seventies (Philadelphia: Strawbridge & Clothier Press, 1981), 26.
77. Laurence Hooper, “Wanamakers,” Philadelphia Magazine (April 1989).
78. Ibid.
79. Veale, Family Business, 20.
80. Grassi, interview.
81. Trudy Prokop, “S&C Led the List in ’73 Retail Sales,” Philadelphia Bulletin, March 24, 1974.
82. Wanamaker, interview.
83. Trudy Prokop, “Ailing Blum Store to be Sold to N.Y. Liquidator,” Philadelphia Bulletin, August 8, 1975.
84. Herbert Ershkowitz, interview with the author, February 10, 2010.
85. John T. Gillespie, “Lits Adds to Slump of Parent Company,” Philadelphia Bulletin, April 3, 1977.
86. John T. Gillespie, “Wanamaker’s Facelifts—$30 million,” Philadelphia Bulletin, March 13, 1978.
87. Richard P. Hauser, interview with the author, February 15, 2010.
88. Jan Schaffer, “A Rededication to Taste at John Wanamaker,” Philadelphia Inquirer, January 24, 1982.
89. Arthur Howe, “Ending an Era at Wanamakers of New York,” Philadelphia Inquirer, August 6, 1983.
90. Hooper, “Wanamakers.”
91. Ibid.
92. Lisa Schwartz, “Shoppers Say ‘Buy’ to Stern’s,” Philadelphia Inquirer, February 13, 1992.
93. Caroline E. Mayer, “Woodies Enters Bid for Wanamakers,” Washington Post, September 20, 1986.
94. Hauser, interview.
95. Barbara Demick, “$185 Million Historic Renovation Slated for Wanamaker Building,” Philadelphia Inquirer, March 9, 1988.
96. Barbara Demick, “The Eagle Becomes an Albatross,” Philadelphia Inquirer, January 16, 1989.
97. Barbara Demick, “Wanamakers No Longer for Sale,” Philadelphia Inquirer, February 8, 1989.
98. Susan Warner, “The Eagle Seeks New Wings,” Philadelphia Inquirer, June 24, 1991.
99. Cynthia Mayer, “What’s In a Name? A City’s Soul,” Philadelphia Inquirer, June 25, 1995.
100. Jacqueline Love, “A Loss of a Great Landmark,” Philadelphia Daily News, June 22, 1995.
101. John F. Morrison, “Wanamakers—Biggest Sale Ever,” Philadelphia Daily News, June 22, 1995.
102. Jane M. Von Bergen, “He’s Got Plans for Hecht’s,” Philadelphia Inquirer, September 10, 1995.
103. Andrew Cassel, “A Center City Hecht’s May Not Help the Downtown Much, But It Won’t Hurt,” Philadelphia Inquirer, August 13, 1995.
104. Maureen Graham, “Good-Byes, Good Buys at Store,” Philadelphia Inquirer, February 2, 1997.
105. Jane M. Von Bergen, “High Hopes and Red Roses,” Philadelphia Inquirer, August 4, 1997.
106. Ibid.
107. Richard Longstreth, The American Department Store Transformed—1920–1960 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010), 117.
108. Peter Richard Conte, interview with the author, July 8, 2010.
109. Hawaiian salad, Cheese Pie and Eggs with Mornay Sauce recipes as listed in Anna Wetherill Reed’s The Philadelphia Cook Book of Town and Country (New York: Random House, 1963). All recipes listed as from the John Wanamaker Crystal Tea Room.