Index

Abronychus of Athens 142n

Achaemenes 118, 242

Achaemenid dynasty xxv, 6, 19, 20, 31–3, 112n, 113, 203

Acragas 107

Acropolis, Athens 3, 74, 168, 187

admirals, Persian 118, 242

Aegina 57, 73, 83, 86, 97, 98, 99, 104, 105, 107

Aeolians/Aeolis 21, 51, 117, 239

Aeschylus 3, 89, 165n

Agesilaus II, King of Sparta 70n, 72n, 128n, 162n, 171, 177, 224

Agesilaus, Caius Iulius 170, 171

Agiad dynasty 67, 94, 174

Agis II, King of Sparta 162

Agis III, King of Sparta 167

agôgê 69–70, 206, 227

agora 25, 26, 172, 205

Ahura Mazda 31, 35, 40, 44–5, 46, 48–9

Al-Qaeda 129

Aleuad dynasty 102, 121, 139

Alexander I of Macedon 59, 62, 90–1, 250

Alexander the Great xi, xii, 17n, 19, 90–1, 93n, 114, 167–8

Alpheus 152

Amasis, Pharaoh of Egypt 220

American Revolution 180

Amestris 110, 232

Amompharetus 159

Amphictyonic League 102, 127, 159, 225, 226

Anatolia 21, 51, 114, 117

Anaxandridas II, King of Sparta 67

ancestor worship 126n

Andros 91n

Anopaea path 140, 146–7

Antipater, regent of Macedon 167

Antony, Mark 170

Arabians 115, 117, 233, 237

Arabic scholars 198

Aramaic 38, 216

Arcadia 73, 76–7

Archelaus, King of Macedon 60n

archers, Persian 110–1, 142, 149, 150, 233

architecture, Achaemenid 35–6

Areus I, King of Sparta 174

Argeadae dynasty 59–60

Argos 24–5, 60, 73, 77–8, 107–8, 160

Ariabignes 240

Ariazus 116

Ariomardus 235, 233

Aristagoras of Miletus 52, 66–7, 76, 171

Aristodamus 156–9

Aristophanes 4, 114n, 224

Aristotle 72, 80, 154, 198

Armenians 234

armour

Persian 142–3, 321

Spartan 143–5

army

Greek coalition 132, 138

Persian 95–6, 109–17, 231–8

Spartan 65, 67–9, 129

Arnold, Thomas 188

art

Achaemenid 35–6

inspired by Sparta/Thermopylae 176, 180–3

Artabanus 57, 87, 88–9, 95, 116, 120, 233, 236

Artabazus 33, 114, 233

Artaphernes 55, 57, 97, 234

Artaxerxes II, King of Persia 229

Artayctes 114, 235

Artayntes 233

Artemisia 119–20, 240–1

Artemisium, Battle of 7, 9, 136, 148, 152, 166

Artemisium, Greeks’ naval station at 142

Artochmes 234

Ashoka, Emperor 17n

Asia, Greek settlement and colonization in 16, 29n

Assyrians 34, 117, 232, 238

Athenian Revolution 52

Atheno-Peloponnesian War 26, 29, 54, 90, 118, 165n, 166, 189

Athens

achievements of 11

at war three years in four 6

Battle of Marathon 57, 91, 97, 98, 199

Battle of Salamis 165–166n

Battle of Thermopylae 7, 138, 167

democracy in 11, 28, 52–3, 75, 86, 195, 206

fleet 97–8, 104

and Hellenic League 60, 61–3, 249–50

Herodotus calls saviour of Greece 164–6

and Ionian Revolt 54, 55, 67n, 96

maritime empire 10, 11, 41n, 165

relations with Persia 29n, 54, 56–8, 98

self-criticism in 205

Spartan expeditions against 28, 74–6, 104

Thirty Tyrants 154, 160n, 166, 192

see also Cleisthenes;

Critias;

Hippias;

Pericles;

Solon;

Themistocles

Athos, Mt 96

Atossa 31, 34, 87, 232

Auden, W.H. 189–90

Augustus, Emperor 170

Azanes 235

Babylon/Babylonia 8, 19, 35, 46, 57, 113, 232

Bacchylides 224–5

bachelors, humiliation of 208

Bactria/Bactrians 19, 114, 232, 237

Badres 235

baggage trains, Persian 111, 121

Baghdad 198

Bassaces 235

Berlin Olympics (1936) 191

Bernières, Louis de 243–4

Bisitun inscription 19, 44–6, 48, 113

Blackwood, Adam 181

Boeotia/Boeotians 7–8, 58, 75, 138, 139, 207, 214

Böll, Heinrich 169

Bormann, Martin 192

Bosporan greeks Hellespontire 117, 241

Bosporus 23, 49, 90

Boulis 93, 128

Bowen, Anthony 179n

British School at Athens xiv, 187

Buchan, John 185

Buchanan, George 177

Burn, Robin 190

Bush, George W. 195

Byron, George Gordon, Lord 175, 183–4

Cabelians 235

Caesar, Julius 56, 170

Callidromus, Mt 138, 141

Callisthenes 93n

Calynda 119, 241

Cambyses 6, 23, 31, 46, 49, 220, 245

Cameron, J. Norman 188–9

camp-followers, Persian 111

Cappadocians 234

Caria/Carians 24, 34, 51, 117, 118, 239, 240

Carneia festival 126

Carthage 106–7

Caryae 132

Caspians 233, 237

Castor and Pollux 93, 222

Cavafy, Constantine 1, 186, 255

cavalry, Persian 117, 237

Celsus 174

Cerameicus cemetery, Athens 160n, 191

Chalcidians/Chalcids 75

chariots 155

Chateaubriand, Fran<;al>cois-Ren<;aa>e de 197

Cherasmis, governor of Sestus 114, 235

Chios 15–6, 21

Chorasmians 33, 34, 114, 233

Christians, early 173–4

Churchill, Winston 190

Cicero 169, 213

Cilicians 117, 118, 235, 238–9

Cissians 113, 232, 237

citizenship 5–6, 206

civil war 54, 118, 130, 248

Clarke, Edward Daniel 179n

Cleisthenes 28, 52, 74

Cleomenes I, King of Sparta 56, 66–7, 94, 103, 177

campaign against Aegina 83–4

campaign against Argos 74

campaigns against Athens 28, 73–6, 104

suicide of 84–6, 128, 221

Cleomenes III, King of Sparta 172, 177

Clinton, William J. 4

coalition, Greek see Greece/Greeks

Coelho, Paulo 244

coinage, Persian 39, 111n

Colchians 235

Cold War 195–6

colonization, Greek 15–16, 58, 61

competition, Greek love of 205–7

Corinth 28, 73, 75, 104, 105, 106

Corinth, Isthmus of 7, 99, 102–5, 138

see also Hellenic League

Cos 116, 242

criminals, Spartan 80

Critias of Athens 15, 154, 160n, 192, 207

Crius 81, 82

Croesus, King of Lydia 21–2, 24, 25, 26, 28, 68, 213, 219, 252–3

Ctesias 229

cuirasses, Spartan 144

cultural misunderstanding 93–4, 135–6, 209

cuneiform script 19n, 33, 44n

Cyberniscus 240

Cynisca, Princess 225

Cyprus/Cypriots 8, 23, 51, 54, 117, 118, 238

Cyrene 173

Cyriac of Ancona 76

Cyrus II the Great, King of Persia

death of 6, 19, 242, 245

expansionism 8, 19, 21, 23, 24, 221

founds Achaemenid Persian Empire 6, 31, 113, 199, 245

Herodotus on 246, 252–3

and Sparta 25–6, 199

Dadicans 233

Daiva-Inscription 31, 49

Damasithymus 240

Darius I, Great King of Persia 17, 31, 34–5, 46–9, 83, 118, 251

ascends throne 6

Bisitun inscription 19, 44, 46, 48, 113

coinage 39, 111n

consolidates empire 31, 245

death of 6, 57

and European Thrace 23, 49, 90

expansionism 49, 55, 55–7, 91

and Mardonius 87–8, 96

sends heralds to Sparta 209

Darius III, Great King of Persia 167

Dascyleum xiv, 92, 95

Datis 55, 57, 97, 117, 234

David, Jacques-Louis 181–2

Davies, Anna 226–7

Davis, Thomas 184

de Pauw, Cornelius 180

death, Spartan attitude to 25, 79–83, 130–2, 149, 159–62

see also funerary customs

Degas, Edgar 71n

Delécluze, E. 182

Delian League 10

Delos 101

Delphi 3, 24, 84, 102, 105, 127, 135n, 149, 225, 252

Demaratus, ex-King of Sparta

at Panathenaic Games 155

deposed and exiled 84, 205

Herodotus on 88n, 91, 94, 132–4, 135–6, 178, 210, 218

rift with Cleomenes 67, 75–6, 83–4, 104

democracy, development of 11, 13, 28, 52–3, 55, 86, 195, 205

Demosthenes 205

Dickens, Charles 186

Dieneces 149, 152

Diodorus 147n, 229–30

disgrace, public 156–9

Dithyrambus 152

Dorieus 67

Dôrians/Doris 117, 126, 127, 134, 200, 239

Doriscus 109, 121, 123

Dotus 234

dyarchy, Spartan 16, 67, 85, 126

East Gate, Thermopylae 140

East versus West conflict xi–xii, xv, 15, 89, 193–4, 197–9

Ecbatana xiv, 21, 34

education, Spartan 69–71, 124, 128, 185, 206, 208, 224

Egan, Richard 193

Egypt/Egyptians 23, 35, 46, 57, 96, 108, 117, 118, 238, 240

Ehrenberg, Victor 192

Eirene 4

Elis 5, 61, 103–4

Enlightenment, The 178–80

Ephesus 22, 43

Ephialtes 146–7, 186, 229, 254

ephors 69, 78, 128

Ephorus 147n, 229–30

Epidaurians 105

Erchomenians 105

Eretria 55, 96

Esther, Book of 40

Ethiopia/Ethiopians 35, 115, 233–4

Euagoras 227

Euainetus 121

Euboea 41, 55, 75, 123

eugenics 71, 79–80, 227

Eugenides, Jeffrey 189

eunuchs 41

Eurybiadas 9, 10, 128, 1555, 172

Eurypontid dynasty 67, 70n, 83n, 94, 174

Eurysthenes 174

Eurytus 158

exposure of infants 80, 206, 213

fascism 190, 203

Fénelon, François de Salignac de la Mothe- 182

Ferguson, Adam 178

film, Sparta in 193–4

food habits 63

Fortification Tablets 33, 42

freedom xii, 2, 8, 12, 13, 52, 135, 192, 205, 207

French Revolution 180

Funeral Speeches, Athenian 166–7, 188–9, 205

funerary customs 63, 79, 81–2, 159–62, 250–2

Gadatas 47

Gandarans 233

Gaza 199

Gelon of Syracuse 61, 105–6

generals, Persian 116, 236

Gergis 116, 236

German Archaeological Institute 191

Gerousia 66, 78, 128

Gibbon, Edward 1, 213

girls, Spartan 70–2

Glover, Richard 179, 184

Gobryas 88, 96, 116, 118

Gobryes 234

Göring, Hermann 192

gold 111

Golding, William 211

Gorgo 66, 103, 128, 129, 133, 186

Gorgos 103

Gorgus 240

Graeco-Persian Wars 1, 8–11, 59

cause of 17, 90–1, 214–15, 219

East vs West conflict xi–xii, 15, 90

mobilization 87–122

Spartan memorials to 100–2, 164, 171–2

see also Artemisium;

Mycale;

Plataea;

Salamis;

Thermopylae

Granicus River, Battle of 167

grave goods 79, 81

Greece/Greeks

Battle of Thermopylae 141–52

battle position 141–2

betrayed by Ephialtes and out-flanked 146–7

consider retreat before 139

forces at 1, 7, 132, 138

tactics 145–7

colonization 15–16, 58, 61

divisions among 6–7, 58–9, 107

formation of Hellenic League 7, 60, 63, 100, 102–6, 107, 108

Hellenic world before Graeco-Persian Wars 50–63

influence on Western civilization xii–xiii, 195, 202, 203

pro-Persian xiii–xiv, 7–8, 27–8, 74, 83, 84, 88, 107, 114–15, 118, 121, 132, 138–9, 146

in Second World War 190–1

strategy against Persians 121–2, 123–4, 127, 139–40

see also Artemisium;

Athens;

Graeco-Persian Wars;

Marathon;

Mycale;

Plataea;

Salamis;

Sparta;

Thermopylae

Greekness 6–7, 59–63, 102, 104, 152, 219, 249–50

Griffiths, Benjamin Leonidas Arthur Lumley 185

Grote, George 199

gymnastics 137

Gymnopaediae festival 171

Hahn, Kurt 185

hair

Spartan facial 194n

Spartan long 137, 209

Halicarnassus 119, 240

Halieians 105

Handel, George Frideric 178

harems 41

Harmamithres 237

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich xii

Helen of Troy 222

Hellas/Hellenism 58, 59–63, 225, 249–250

Hellenic League 7, 60, 63, 100, 102–6, 107, 108

Hellenion (Sparta) 100, 164

Hellespont (Dardanelles) 90, 95, 96, 108

helmets, Spartan 143–4

Helots 12, 65, 69, 71, 73, 77, 84, 143, 160, 164n, 170, 192–3, 202–3, 207

at Thermopylae 132, 147

‘helot’, origin of term 202–3

Helvétius 178

Heracles 126, 187, 229

heralds, murder of Darius’s 92, 209

Hermionians 105

Herodotus

on Aristodamus 157–9

on Athens and Hellenic League 62–3

on Athens as saviour of Greece 164–5

on Battle of Marathon 57–8

on Battle of Plataea 156, 166n

on Battle of Thermopylae 139, 142, 152

on circle of life 234–4, 246, 253

on Cleomenes 66–7, 76–7, 84–5

on coalition forces 138–9

on Croesus 22

on Cyrus II the Great 245, 252–3

on Demaratus 88n, 94, 123, 133–5, 218–19

on Greekness 6–7, 59, 104

on Hellenic League 62–3, 104

Histories ix, 3, 15, 32–3, 209

on Ionian Revolt 51–2, 54–5

on Mardonius 88–90

panhellenism of 219, 248

on Persian Empire 19, 31–3, 40–2

on Persian forces 109–21, 231–41

on Perso-Greek relations 31, 54, 219–20

as a source 141, 215–24, 223, 229–30, 246

on Sparta 24, 25–6, 65–7, 74, 76, 78–9, 83, 84, 160–1, 171, 209, 210

strategic sense of 122

theological interpretations of 221, 246–7

on Xerxes 57–8, 87, 88–9, 108, 142, 218

Hesiod 4

Hieron 106

High Command

Greek 121–2

Persian 116, 118–9, 236

Himera, Battle of 107, 177n

hippeis 129

Hippias of Athens 28, 29, 74, 76

Hippias of Elis 108

Histiaeus 51–2, 66, 240

historiography 213–30, 246

Hitler, Adolf 191, 192, 203

Homer 214, 223, 227

Iliad 3, 4, 15, 109

Odyssey 149, 214

homosexuality 70, 128n

honour code 130

hoplites 68, 72, 81, 111, 115, 133, 142, 143–5, 158, 189

Horace 169

horses, Spartan 225

Housman, A.E. 186

Hume, David 179

Hydarnes, commander of the Immortals 116, 145, 236

Hydarnes, Satrap of Sardis 93, 116

Hyperides 166, 167

Hyrcanians 112, 232

Hystaspes 34, 35, 114, 232

Ibn Khaldun 150n

Ilium 15

Imhotep 35

Immortals 116, 145–6, 148, 236

India/Indians 17–18, 35, 114, 232, 237

infanticide 80, 206, 213

infantry

Greek 142–3, 160

Persian 111–15, 142–3, 231–6

see also hoplites

Ionia/Ionians 21, 25, 35, 49, 51, 53, 117, 118, 239, 240

Ionian Revolt 49, 51-2, 53-5, 68, 96, 118n

Iran xi, 20, 110, 111, 114, 242

Iraq, Western intervention in 194–5

Irish nationalists 184

Irsama (Arsames) 34, 233

Isagoras 75

Islam

contribution of 198

fundamentalism 242

Isocrates 231

Isthmia 7, 99, 102, 103–4

Jews

claim shared descent with Spartans 174

Cyrus II liberates from Babylon 8, 46n

Judah 40, 46n

kamikaze pilots 131

Keeley, Edmund 183

Khyber Pass 17

Lacedaemon 73, 105

Laconia 2n, 65, 68, 72, 132, 160

‘laconic’, origin of term 202

Lacrines 25

Lade, Battle of 54, 56, 118n

Lagrenée, Louis-Jean-François the Elder 181

Lamia 167

Lampon 151

language 60–1, 63

legacy of Sparta 200–3

Larissa 88, 102, 121, 139

Laureum 97

Lausanne, Treaty of (1923) 11

Leonidaea festival 163, 168, 170

Leonidaion, Sparta 163, 168

Leonidas, King of Sparta 12, 66, 122, 177

accession of 85, 128

alleged Acropolis statue of 187–8

at Thermopylae 142, 145–52

betrayed by Ephialtes 146

body of 160–2

commands coalition force 1, 7, 13, 127–9, 132, 137–8, 204

contribution of 152

death of 150

and Delphic oracle 127–8

heroization of 162, 172, 173, 174, 176–85, 189

Leosthenes 167

Leotychidas, King of Sparta 10, 83, 94, 127

Lepreans 105

Lesbos 16, 21, 200

Leuctra, Battle of 72, 82, 132n, 207

Levant 23, 51

Libyans 115, 234, 237

Ligyans 234

literature, Sparta/Thermopylae in 183–90, 191, 194

Locris/Locrians 8, 139

Lucian 172, 178, 215n

Lycia/51, 118, 235, 23924, 72, 135n, 211, 227

Lydia/Lydians 21, 34, 92, 95, 115, 234

Lysander 70n, 156, 177

Lysias 166–7

Lytton, Edward Bulwer 185

Mably, abbé de 178–9

Macedonia/Macedonians 7, 11, 23, 49, 51, 55, 60–1, 116n, 117, 121, 168, 234

Macrones 114, 235

Magnesia 46

Malis/Gulf of Malis 140, 141, 142n, 146

Manfredi, Valerio Massimo 185

Manning, Olivia 185

Mantinea 77

Marathon, Battle of 1, 6, 57, 85, 91, 97, 98, 108, 117, 126, 195, 199, 224, 245

Mardonius 55n, 91, 96, 116, 236

appointment of 87–8

Battle of Plataea 87, 100, 117, 166n, 203

conquest of European Thrace 90

and decapitation of Leonidas 151, 162

remains in Greece after Salamis 59, 166n, 249

Mardontes 236

Mariandynians 234

Marians 235

Maron 151

martyrdom, voluntary 130–2, 199, 209, 211

Masistes 116, 236

Masistius 236

Massages 234

Matienians 234

Mattên 240

Medes/Medians 35, 36–7, 111–12, 142–3, 145, 232, 237, 239

medism see Greece/Greeks, pro-Persian

Megabazus, commander of Persian fleet 240

Megabyzus 116, 236

Megapanus 232

Megara/Megarians 7, 73, 105, 138

Megistias 148–9

Mehmet II, Sultan 176

Melos 105

Merbalus 240

Mesopotamia 19

Messenia/Messenians 2n, 65, 68, 76, 160, 170, 207

Middle Gate, Thermopylae 141, 146, 148

Miletus 51, 53, 66

Mill, John Stuart 199

Miller, Frank 194

Miltiades 57

Milyans 235

Minos, King of Crete 220

Mistra 2n, 176

Mistry, Rohinton 242–3, 244

monarchy 46, 59–60, 177

Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de 154, 177–8

Moorish Spain 198

More, Thomas 210

Moschians 235

Mossynoecians 114, 235

Mycale, Battle of 10, 177, 236

Mycenaeans 105

Mysians 234–5

Napoleon, Emperor 182, 199

Naqsh-i-Rustam 21, 45

nation, sense of 248–9

navy

Athenian 97–9, 103, 152

Persian 109, 117–20, 142, 152, 238–41

Naxos 55

Nazi Germany 190, 187, 190–2, 203

Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon 19

9/11 atrocity 130, 198–9

Nisyra 119, 240

nomos 60, 63, 135, 247, 251

Nubians 115

nuclear weapons 242

nudity 137, 208

Octavian 170

Ollier, François 154, 203

Olympia 101–2

Olympic Games 5, 61, 102–3, 124–5, 138, 155, 191, 206, 225

oracles 24, 79, 84, 127, 150, 221, 252

oral tradition 219–20

Origen 173

ostracism 86, 99

Otanes 110, 116

Otaspes 232

Othryades 24–5

Oz, Amos 242

Pactyans 233

Pahlavi, Mohammed Reza, Shah of Iran 242

Paine, Thomas 128n

Palestine 117, 238

Pamphylians 239

Pan 223–4

Panathenaic Games 155

panhellenic sites 100–4, 225

panhellenism 58, 168, 219, 248

Pantites 156–7

Paphlagonians 112, 234

Paricanians 233, 237

Parsi religion 243

Parthians 33, 114, 170, 233

patriotism 248

Pausanias, Regent of Sparta 10, 12, 151–2, 163, 163–4n, 172, 177, 200, 204, 227–8, 253

Pausanias the Periegete 99, 159, 171–2, 173, 176

Peacock Throne 242

pederasty 70, 129n, 208

Peiraeus 97

Peisistratids 28, 66, 73, 88

Peloponnesian League 76–7, 96–7, 103, 105, 140

Peloponnesian War see Atheno-Peloponnesian War

Pericles 58, 83, 98, 189, 205, 254

perioeci 68, 73, 132, 143, 147, 160

Persepolis (Persai) xiii, 20, 33, 34, 35, 36, 42

Persian Empire

art and architecture 31, 35–7

bureaucracy 31–2, 42–3

complexity of 31

conquest of `India’ 17–19, 114

ethnic diversity of 32, 34–5, 35–9

forces in Graeco-Persian Wars 109–20, 231–41

growth and extent of 6, 7–8, 16–23

ideal of truth 47–8, 133–4

military obligations 41–2

nature of xiii, 8–9, 13, 31–49

provinces (satrapies) 40–2, 95

relations with Greeks 8–9, 31–2, 46–9, 53–4, 219–20

religion in 43–9

society and political system 44–5

see also Artemisium;

Cyrus II the Great;

Darius I;

Graeco-Persian Wars;

Marathon;

Mycale;

Plataea;

Salamis;

Thermopylae;

Xerxes

Persian Stoa, Sparta 99, 164, 172

Perugino 176

Pharandates 235

Pharnaces (Parnaka) 33, 34, 42, 114

Pharnazathres 233

Pharnouches 237–8

Pherendates 233

Philip II of Macedon 59n, 60n, 90, 167

Philippides 56, 223–4

Philocyôn 159

Phleiasians 105

Phocians/Phocis 8, 59, 139, 140, 141n, 145, 146

Phoenicians 23, 54, 55, 96, 106–7, 108, 117, 118, 238, 239

Photius 229

Phrygia/Phrygians 92, 234

Pichat, Michel 182

Pigres 240

Pindar 3, 208, 222

Pisidians 235

Pizzicolli, Ciriaco dei see Cyriac of Ancona

plane tree, Xerxes’s 179

Plataea 8, 57, 91, 139, 199

Plataea, Battle of 9–10, 33, 68n, 88, 100, 117, 151, 152n, 158, 163n, 165-166n, 177, 195, 200, 225, 227

Plato 77, 80, 154, 197, 204, 207, 249

Pleistarchus 129, 163n

Plutarch 39, 79, 81, 133, 139, 147n, 154, 160, 172–3, 216, 226

poetry, inspired by Sparta/Thermopylae 182–4, 188–90, 191

polis 16, 20, 60, 224, 244–5, 248

polyandry 208

Polycrates of Samos 26–8, 60, 219n, 220

Poseidonius 159

Pressfield, Steven 133, 185, 193

Prexaspes 240

proskunêsis 45, 93

Protagoras 247

public schools, British 185

Rawlinson, Henry 33, 44n

Rebenich, Stefan 191

religion

fundamentalism 246–7, 248

in Hellas 62–3, 219, 247, 251

in Persian Empire 43–8

in Sparta 79, 81–2, 92–3, 124, 126–7, 128, 148, 209, 223

Renaissance, the 175–6

reproduction, Spartan 71, 79–80

retreats, feigned 145

Rhigas, Constantinos 183

Richardson, Ralph 193

River Eurymedon, Battle of the 10

Rollin, Charles 178

Roman Empire 169–70, 171

Rosenberg, Alfred 203

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 154, 178, 203–4

Royal Road 43, 93, 121

Sacae 113, 232, 239

Sacred Band of Thebes 129n

sacrifices

animal 79, 148–9

human 92–3, 212

Sagartians 117, 237

Saint-Marcellin, France 179

Salamis, Battle of 9, 10, 33, 59, 107, 120, 152n, 155, 165–6n, 177, 249

Samos 16, 21, 26, 55, 67, 118n, 219n, 220

Samurai 131, 194

Sarangians 233

Sardis xiv, 21, 25, 35, 43, 66, 92, 95, 108

Saspeirians 235

satrapies 40–2, 95

Schiller, Friedrich 169

Scythian expedition, Darius’s 23, 246

Scythians 19, 113, 232, 252

Second Sophistic 172, 215n

Second World War 185, 190–1

Seleucid dynasty 174

self-criticism 205

Sepeia, Battle of 77

Sepias, Cape 142

Serpent Column, Delphi 105, 225–6, 228n

sexual attitudes 63

Shelley, Percy Bysshe 149

shields

Persian 142–3, 231

Spartan 132, 143–5

shrines, panhellenic 100–4, 225

Sicily 61, 73, 106–7

Sicyon/Sicyonians 105, 144n

Sidon/Sidonians 120, 240–1

silver, Athenian 11, 97–8

Simonides xi, 3, 135n, 148, 153, 159, 169, 192, 210, 253

as a source 213, 222–28

Siromitres 233

Sisamnes 233

Skunkha 19

slavery

Athenian 11–13, 114n

Persians associated with xii, 58, 108, 134, 135

Spartan 195, 202–3, 207

Smerdomenes 116, 236

Smith, Adam 179

Snedeker, Caroline Dale 185

Socrates 154, 197, 199, 248

Sogdiana/Sogdians 19, 34, 233

Solon 22, 51, 213

Sophocles, <I>Antigone<R> 3

sources 213–30

Sparta

in 485 BCE 65–86

and Battle of Leuctra 72, 82, 209

and Battle of Marathon 57, 85, 126, 224

and Battle of Plataea 165–6n, 200

and Battle of Thermopylae

contribution at xiv, 152, 204

elite taskforce (the 300) x, 3, 7, 124, 126, 129–32, 148n, 152, 156, 159, 194, 209

leadership of coalition x, 104–6, 121–2, 126, 204

relays, fighting in 145

survivors 157–60

foreign policy and alliances 73, 75–7, 83–4, 86, 96–7, 103, 204

commitment to defence of central Greece questioned 100, 139

domination of Peloponnese 24–5, 73–6

expeditions against Athens 28–9, 74–5, 104

Hellenic League 63, 102–6 249

Ionian Revolt 53–5, 68

naval expedition against Samos and Athens 26–9, 67, 73–4

reaction to Persian threat 91–4, 209

relations with Alexander the Great 167–8

relations with Argos 24–5, 73, 77–8

relations with Croesus of Lydia 24, 25, 68

relations with Macedon 167

relations with Rome 169–70

military machine 65, 67–9, 73, 104, 123, 129, 134–5, 204

arms and armour 143–5

attitude to war 5–6, 65

standing army 66

myth-tradition of 2, 154–5, 168–74, 176–95, 200, 254–5

claims of kinship with 173–4

contribution to ancient Greek

culture 200, 204–8

places named after 180–1

Spartan legacy 200–11

political system 11–12, 66–7, 2005

dyarchy 16, 67, 85, 126

totalitarian state 195, 203

society 11–12, 69–71, 207–8

attitude to death 25, 63, 79–83, 130–2, 149, 159–62

competitiveness 205, 206–7

courage state-imposed? 189, 205

education system 69–71, 124, 128, 206, 208, 224

honour and shame culture 156–9

ideal of freedom xi, 8, 12, 65, 192, 205, 207–8

ideal of self-sacrifice xi, 195, 203, 211–12, 213

legal system 77–8, 135, 205–6, 212

religiosity 7, 79, 81–2, 92–3, 124, 126–8, 127, 148–9, 209–10, 221

treatment of Helots 12, 65, 69, 71, 73, 77, 132, 164n, 192–3, 202–3, 207

xenophobia 170–1

war memorials 100, 164, 171, 211

see also Agesilaus;

Agis;

Cleomenes;

Demaratus;

Leonidas;

Leotychidas;

Lycurgus;

Pausanias, Regent;

Tyrtaeus

‘spartan’, origin of term 202

spears, Spartan 145

Sperthias 93, 128

Stalingrad 195

stasis 118, 249

suicide/homicide x, 130–2, 199, 204, 209–10, 211

survivor-guilt 156–9

Susa xiii, 7, 21, 34–5, 36, 40, 43, 87, 93

swords, Spartan 144, 176

Syennesis 240

Synesius of Cyrene 173–4

Synodinou, Anna 193

Syracuse 61, 73, 106

Syrians 117–18, 232, 234, 238

task forces, elite 129

Tegea/Tegeans 73, 77, 105, 158

Tempe line 7, 121–22, 123, 124, 138

terrorism 130, 243

Tetramnestus 240

The 300 (film) 194

Thebes/Thebans 72, 75, 82, 129n, 170, 207

at Thermopylae 7, 138–9, 147, 152n

medism 9

Themistocles 9, 91n, 97–9, 121, 142n, 155, 165n

Thermopylae, Battle of 141–52, 249

battle positions 141–2

composition of Greek force 7–8, 132, 138

Greek morale victory 199, 204

Greek tactics 145

Greeks betrayed and outflanked 146–8

Greeks rearguard action 148, 149–51

legend of

in antiquity 154–74

in modern times 153, 177–95, 211

places named after 179, 181n

in Renaissance 175–6

memorials to x–xi, 100–2, 152n, 155, 161, 163, 213, 225–6

Persian losses at 149, 150

significance of xi–xii, 1, 13, 151

topography x, 123, 138, 141

Thermopylae–Artemisium axis 122, 123

Theron 107

Thespiae/Thespians 9, 138, 147, 152, 188, 189

Thessaly 7, 23, 59, 88, 102, 117, 121, 122, 123, 147

Thirty Tyrants 154, 160n, 166, 192

Thrace/Thracians 11, 109, 116, 235

Darius I and European 23, 49, 90

Thucydides 5, 90, 98, 118, 139, 189, 205, 215, 216, 223, 227, 228n, 254

Tibarenians 235

Tigranes 113, 232

Timonax 240

Tirynthians 105

Tithaeus 237

Tod, Marcus Niebuhr 65, 190–1

Tomyris, Queen 19

totalitarian regimes 189, 192, 203

Trajan, Emperor 170

Treasury Texts 42

tribute, Persian 8, 19, 31, 36–7, 43, 114

triremes 99, 238

Tritantaechmes 116, 236

Troezenians 105

Trojan War 15

trousers 111, 231

Troy 108

truth, Persian ideal of 47–8, 133–4

Trypanis, Constantine 191

tyrants, Persian support for 88

Tyrrhastiades 146n

Tyrtaeus 81, 173, 174, 227

uranium conversion 242

Utians 233

utopia 204, 210–11

Vannucci, Pietro see Perugino

Vitruvius 132n

Voltaire 179

war

in Greek culture 2–6

Herodotus’s view of 248

memorials to 3–4, 100, 164, 171–2, 211

Thucydides on causes of 90

Western view of 131

Warner Brothers 194

weapons of mass destruction 242

West Bank 199

whips, Persian use of 108, 134, 149

wife-sharing 208

women

in Graeco-Persian Wars 118–20, 240

partan 71–2, 81–2, 132–3, 210, 224–5

xenophobia, Spartan 170–1

Xenophon 72, 79, 82, 114, 162, 171

Xerxes, Great King of Persia 46, 59, 168, 178, 218–19

accession 87

Daiva-Inscription 31, 49

death of 245–6

expansionism 31, 58

Graeco-Persian Wars

advances on mainland Greece 108–9, 121, 123

assassination, alleged attempt on 146–7, 230

Battle of Salamis 165n

Battle of Thermopylae 1, 142, 145, 146–7, 149, 150–1, 161, 200, 249

decision to invade mainland

Greece 6–7, 87–91, 246

forces 109–20, 231–41

preparations for invasion 95–7

returns to Asia after Salamis 59, 165–6n, 249

relations with Sparta 8–9, 93–4, 209, 210

supposed dialogues with Demaratus 91, 94, 133–5, 178, 210, 218, 233–4

Xerxes (Handel) 178, 179

Yamada, Yoji 131

Zopyrus 116

Zoroastrianism 43, 243