1.1. Andy Warhol, (1928–1987) © Copyright. Untitled from Marilyn Monroe (Marilyn). 1967. One from a portfolio of ten screenprints, composition and sheet: 36″ × 36″ (91.5 × 91.5 cm). Publisher: Factory Additions, New York. Printer: Aetna Silkscreen Products, Inc., New York. 250. Gift of Mr. David Whitney. The Museum of Modern Art. Digital Image © The Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by SCALA/Art Resource, NY. Used by permission.
1.2. Jenny Holzer, Money Creates Taste, 1994. © 2016 Jenny Holzer, member Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Used by permission.
1.3. From Have You Heard of the Four Spiritual Laws? written by Bill Bright, ©1965–2016 The Bright Media Foundation and Campus Crusade for Christ, Inc. All rights reserved. Included by permission.
1.5. Nina Leen, portrait of “The Irascibles,” The LIFE Picture Collection. Getty Images. Used by permission.
1.6. Jackson Pollock, Number 1, 1950 (Lavender Mist). © 2016 The Pollock-Krasner Foundation/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Used by permission.
2.2. Kiki Smith, Untitled: Silvered glass water bottles, 1987–1990. Used by permission.
2.7. Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase (No. 2), 1912. The Philadelphia Museum of Art/Art Resource, NY. © Succession Marcel Duchamp/ADAGP, Paris/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York 2016. Used by permission.
2.8. Barbara Kruger, Untitled (Your Body Is a Battleground). Courtesy of Mary Boone Gallery, New York.
3.3. Donald Judd, American, 1928–1994, Untitled, 1976, Douglas fir plywood (3/4 inch), 91.5 × 233 × 214.6 cm (36 × 91 3/4 × 84 1/2 in.). Through prior gift of Adeline Yates, 2008.11, The Art Institute of Chicago. Photography © The Art Institute of Chicago. Used by permission.
4.3. Giotto, Faith, c. 1304. Scrovegni Chapel. Wikimedia Commons.
4.5. Gilles Bassignac, Operation Iraqi Freedom—Day 21: US Troops Enter Central Baghdad and Topple Statue of Saddam Hussein on April 9, 2003, in Baghdad, Iraq. Getty Images. Used by permission.
4.6. Warner Sallman, Christ at Heart’s Door, © 1942, 1970, Warner Press, Inc., Anderson, Indiana. Used by permission.
4.7. Warner Sallman, Head of Christ, © 1941, 1968, Warner Press, Inc., Anderson, Indiana. Used by permission.
5.1. René Magritte, The Treason of Images (This Is Not a Pipe), 1929. © 2016 C. Herscovici/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Used by permission.
5.4. Barry Moser, engraving from The Pennyroyal Caxton Bible, 1995–1999. Courtesy of Barry Moser.
6.2. Bruce Nauman, Life, Death, Love, Hate, Pleasure, Pain, 1983. © 2016 Bruce Nauman/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Used by permission.
6.3. Corita Kent, Stop the Bombing, 1967. Courtesy of Corita Art Center, Immaculate Heart Community, Los Angeles. Used by permission.
8.2. Claude Monet, Rouen Cathedral. Metropolitan Museum of Art, Theodore M. Davis Collection, Bequest of Theodore M. Davis, 1915. Wikimedia Commons.
8.3. Frank Stella, Shoubeegi, 1978. © 2016 Frank Stella/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Used by permission.
Plate 1. Willem de Kooning, Woman II, 1952. © 2016 The Willem de Kooning Foundation/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Used by permission.
Plate 3. Ten Commandments, Thomas Ingmire, Copyright 2002 The Saint John’s Bible, Saint John’s University, Minnesota, USA. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Scripture quotations are from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible, Catholic Edition, Copyright 1993, 1989 National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
Plate 4. Sol LeWitt, Objectivity, 1962. National Gallery of Art, Gift of the Collectors Committee. © 2016 The LeWitt Estate/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Used by permission.
Plate 5. Richard Serra, Charlie Brown. Photo © Peter Aaron/OTTO for Robert A. M. Stern Architects; Charlie Brown, 2000, by Richard Serra reproduced with permission: © 2016 Richard Serra / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Used by permission.