Notes

INTRODUCTION

1.	Earl H. Reed, Sketches in Duneland (New York: John Lane Company, 1918).
2.	P.S. Goodman, letter to the editor, Chicago Daily Tribune, June 22, 1921. Goodman defended his naming of the dune peaks for Prairie Club members and one for Diana. He wrote: “I confess to placing Diana’s name on the map, but does not public interest in Miss Gray justify it?” P.S. Goodman, map of Indiana dunes (Chicago: Rand McNally & Co., 1920).
3.	Chesterton Tribune, “Nymph Alice Now a Diana,” November 16, 1916.
4.	Chicago Examiner, “Diana of Sand Dunes’ is Found, She’s a Graduate of U. of Chicago,” July, 24, 1916.
5.	Ibid.

CHICAGO CHILDHOOD

6.	Dominic Pacyga and Ellen Skerrett, Chicago: City of Neighborhoods (Chicago: Loyola University Press). 1986
7.	Commission on Chicago Landmarks and the Chicago Department of Planning and Development, “Chicago Historic Resources Survey: Community Area no. 59, McKinley Park,” City Hall, 1996.
8.	The city’s Bureau of Vital Statistics has no birth certificate for Alice Gray because, at the time, only hospital births required record keeping. The U.S. census of 1910 indicates her birth date as March 25, 1881; the date is also confirmed by her transcript at the University of Chicago. Her death certificate, containing information provided by a nephew, incorrectly states her birth date as November 25, 1881.
9.	Illinois Labor History Society, “The Chicago Stockyards on the Eve of the CIO,” 1936, http://www.kentlaw.edu/ilhs/stkyards.htm.
10.	Chicago Daily Tribune, “Silver Anniversary of a High School,” May 27, 1900.
11.	Ibid.
12.	Chicago Daily Tribune, “South Division High School,” June 28, 1895.
13.	South Division was later renamed Wendell Phillips High School and relocated.
14.	Chicago Daily Tribune, “End High School Days,” June 25, 1897.

AMBROSE AND SALLIE GRAY

15.	Chicago Herald and Examiner, “The Diary of Diana of the Dunes,” June 2, 1918.
16.	United States Pension Agency affidavits.
17.	Ann Turner, “Guide to Indiana Civil War Manuscripts,” 1965, Indiana Civil War Centennial Commission, Indianapolis.
18.	United States Pension Agency affidavits.
19.	The location is now a parking lot.
20.	United States Pension Office records.
21.	Ibid.
22.	Ibid.
23.	Ibid.
24.	Marion Noble LaRocco (daughter of Dorothy Dunn Noble, who was Alice Gray’s niece and the daughter of Alice’s sister, Leonora Dunn), in an interview with the author, May 20, 2010. LaRocco shared some favorite family stories about Alice. Unfortunately, the family’s photographs of Alice Gray were lost during a move.
25.	Dorothy Dunn Noble (Alice Gray’s niece), audiotape recording retelling family stories about Alice. The tape was made by the LaRocco family but is currently missing.

PHI BETA KAPPA

26.	Chicago Daily Tribune, “Decennial Day Given to Lore,” June 18, 1901.
27.	New York Times, “Diana of the Dunes Dies of Privations,” February 10, 1925.
28.	Department of Mathematics, “The Mathematics Genealogy Project,” North Dakota State University, http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=5879.
29.	G.A. Bliss, “Autobiographical Notes,” American Mathematical Monthly 59, no. 9 (November 1952): 595. Mathematical Association of America, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2306763.
30.	Jusserand’s Pulitzer Prize–winning book is titled (With Americans of Past and Present Days, published in 1916.)

FROM THE USNO TO GERMANY

31.	Delphos Daily Herald (Delphos, OH), “Women in the Employ of the Government,” January 16, 1903.
32.	Ibid.
33.	The Contributions of Women to the United States Naval Observatory: The Early Years, 1997, http://maia.usno.navy.mil/women_history/history.html.
34.	Oral History Interview with Alfred H. Mikesell, U.S. Naval Observatory Oral History Program.
35.	Contributions of Women.
36.	Olga Mae Schiemann, personal letter, 10 November 1954, Sisters of Providence Archives, St. Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana.
37.	The information was provided by Martha Connelly, as researched by her former student, Anika Schusser. Connelly is a senior lecturer at the University of Heidelberg in Heidelberg, Germany.
38.	The University of Gottingen did not record information about what a particular student studied; furthermore, visiting students’ transcripts left the institution when the student did, in their own care.
39.	Schiemann, personal letter, 10 November 1954, Sisters of Providence Archives.
40.	Chicago Herald and Examiner, “Diana of Dunes Loses Fear of Men,” June 6, 1918.
41.	Chicago Herald and Examiner, “Diana of the Dunes Dissects Soul in Diary,” June 3, 1918.

LEAVING CHICAGO

42.	Thomas H. Cannon, H.H. Loring and Charles J. Robb, eds., History of the Lake and Calumet Region of Indiana: Embracing the Counties of Lake, Porter and LaPorte 1 (Indianapolis, IN: Historians’ Association Publishers), 1927.
43.	The University of Chicago cannot verify this employment history.
44.	Olga Mae Schiemann, personal letter, 21 June 1952, Sisters of Providence Archives, St. Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana.
45.	Chicago Herald, “Nymph of Dunes Gives Interview,” July 23, 1916.
46.	The diary is appended.
47.	Taken from an article in the Chicago Examiner, July 23, 1916, lost to history but often quoted in early works about Alice Gray.
48.	Chicago Herald and Examiner, “Diana of the Dunes Dissects Soul in Diary,” June 3, 1918.
49.	Fort Wayne Weekly Sentinel, “‘Diana of the Dunes,’ Fled from the World of Men, Discloses Mystery of Weird Life to Woman,” August 1, 1916.
50.	Chicago Herald, “Nymph of Dunes Gives Interview,” July 23, 1916.
51.	Porter County Vidette, “Mystery Still Hangs About Hermit Woman,” July 26, 1916.
52.	Chicago Herald, “Nymph of Dunes Gives Interview,” July 23, 1916.
53.	Chicago Herald and Examiner, “Diana of the Dunes Dissects Soul in Diary,” June 3, 1918.
54.	Chicago Herald and Examiner, “The Diary of Diana of the Dunes,” June 2, 1918.
55.	Chicago Herald and Examiner, “Diana of the Dunes Says ‘L’ Brought Her Sunshine,” June 2, 1918.

DRIFTWOOD

56.	Chicago Herald and Examiner, “The Diary of Diana of the Dunes,” June 2, 1918.
57.	Lake County Times, “Nymph Is Plump and Forty,” July 24, 1916.
58.	Fort Wayne Weekly Sentinel, “Diana of Dunes Fled from World of Men, Discloses Mystery of Weird Life to Woman,” August 1, 1916.
59.	The site was eventually designated as the Richardson Wildlife Sanctuary. A house was built there in the 1950s; it has since been razed.
60.	Edward C. Howell, memoir, Westchester Township Historical Society.
61.	Gary Evening Post, “Woman Hermit of Sand Dunes Tells Sad Tale,” July 24, 1916.
62.	Chicago Herald and Examiner, “The Diary of Diana of the Dunes,” June 2, 1918.
63.	Ibid.
64.	Chesterton Tribune, “Nymph ‘Alice’ Now a ‘Diana,’” November 16, 1916.
65.	Schiemann, personal letter, 21 June 1952, Sisters of Providence Archives.
66.	Schiemann, personal letter, 10 November 1954, Sisters of Providence Archives.
67.	Margaret A. Larson, Memoirs of Old Baileytown ‘Plus’ (1999; Portage, IN: V.L. Montreuil, 1998).
68.	The home of Agnes Larson now serves as the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Learning Center and is located at 700 West Howe Road in Chesterton.
69.	Gary Evening Post, “Woman Hermit of Sand Dunes Tells Sad Tale,” July 24, 1916.
70.	Chicago Herald and Examiner, “The Diary of Diana of the Dunes,” June 2, 1918.
71.	Chicago Herald and Examiner, “Diana of Dunes Loses Fear of Men,” June 6, 1918.
72.	Gary Evening Post, “Woman Hermit of Sand Dunes Tells Sad Tale,” July 24, 1916.
73.	Prairie Club Bulletin, March 1925.
74.	Lake County Times, “Nymph of Dunes Is Heard from Again,” April 6, 1917.
75.	Schiemann, personal letter, 21 June 1952, Sisters of Providence Archives.
76.	Oral histories, Westchester Historical Museum.
77.	Chicago Herald and Examiner, “Diana of the Dunes Dissects Soul in Diary,” June 3, 1918.
78.	Ibid.
79.	Chicago Herald and Examiner, “The Diary of Diana of the Dunes,” June 2, 1918.
80.	Ibid.

SURFACING IN THE DUNES

81.	Earl H. Reed, The Dune Country (New York: John Lane Company, 1916).
82.	Gary Tribune, “100 Degrees in Shade: Hottest Gary Has Known,” July 24, 1916.
83.	Porter County Vidette, “Luna Slips Into the Earth’s Shadow,” July 19, 1916.
84.	Gary Evening Post, “National Dune Park Campaign Launched,” July 17, 1916.
85.	Lake County Times, “Adam May Find Six New Eves,” July 17, 1916.
86.	Porter County Vidette, “Five Women Have Valpo on Hiker’s Route,” July 12, 1916.
87.	Lake County Times, “What Will These Women Try Next?” July 15, 1916.
88.	Lake County Times, “Gary Boy Scouts to Capture Shark,” July 14, 1916.
89.	Lake County Times, “Small Shark Seen East of Miller,” July 14, 1916.
90.	Lake County Times, “Ask for Fair Play at Beach; 2 Hrs. Long Enough for Sport,” July 22, 1916.
91.	Lake County Times, “Miller Beach Crowded Sunday,” July 24, 1916.
92.	Gary Tribune, “Lake Road Not Large Enough for All Bathers,” July 31, 1916.
93.	Chicago Herald, July 30, 1916.

DIANA OF THE DUNES

94.	Lake County Times, “Mystic Nymph in Wild Dunes,” July 22, 1916.
95.	Lake County Times, “Cave Man? Hist Alice Wake Up!” December 10, 1918.
96.	Gary Evening Post, “Mystic Nymph in Wild Sand Dunes,” July 22, 1916.
97.	Chicago Herald, “Nymph of Dunes Gives Interview,” July 23, 1916.
98.	Lake County Times, “Mystic Nymph in Wild Dunes,” July 22, 1916.
99.	Lake County Times, “Nymph Is Plump and Forty,” July 24, 1916.
100.	Chicago Herald, “Nymph of Dunes Gives Interview,” July 23,1916.
101.	Lake County Times, “Nymph Is Plump and Forty,” July 24, 1916.
102.	Chicago Herald, “Boys Bathe in Fountain as U. of C. Co-Eds Shriek,” July 25, 1916.
103.	Gary Daily Tribune, “Is This a Scheme to Attract People to Dune Region?” July 22, 1916.
104.	Lake County Times, “Suggests a Park at Dunes with Diana in Charge,” July 26, 1916.
105.	Ibid.
106.	Lake County Times, “Nymph O’ Dunes Visits Chicago,” July 26, 1916.
107.	Chicago Daily Tribune, “Back to Dunes, Says Alice Gray After City Tour; ‘Nymph’ of Indiana Shore Finds Movies and Pier Sights Tedious,” July 26, 1916. The full text of this article is appended.
108.	Ibid.
109.	Gary Evening Post, “Diana Dunes May Go Back to Life,” July 26, 1916.
110.	Porter County Vidette, “‘Diana of the Dunes’ Flees Her Habitation,” July 26, 1916.
111.	Chicago Herald and Examiner, “Diana of the Dunes Says ‘L’ Brought Her Sunshine,” June 4, 1918.

FULLERTON HALL

112.	Alice Gray, “Chicago’s Kinland” (essay, Fullerton Hall, Chicago, IL, April 6, 1917). This essay, courtesy of Westchester Township History Museum, is appended.
113.	“American Memory,” Library of Congress, http://memory.loc.gov. Both photographs are available for viewing online by doing a search for “Alice Gray” on the website.
114.	Chesterton Tribune, “‘Diana of the Dunes’ to Appear on Platform,” April 5, 1917.
115.	“The Dunes Under Four Flags,” Dunes Pageant Association, 1917.
116.	Lake County Times, “Nymph of Dunes Is Heard from Again,” April 6, 1917.
117.	This essay, courtesy of Westchester Township History Museum, is appended.

PAUL WILSON: CAVEMAN

118.	Joseph Thomas, ed., A History of Ogden Dunes (n.p.: 1976).
119.	Evening Messenger, “Picturesque Characters Have Left the Duneland,” December 5, 1923.
120.	Michigan City News, “Dunes Rover Is Identified as Former Resident,” June 16, 1922.
121.	Michigan City News, “Denial by Eisenblatters,” June 17, 1922.
122.	Times (Hammond, IN), “Caveman Husband of Diana Reveals His Life Story,” June 23, 1922.
123.	Chicago Herald and Examiner, “6 Foot 2 Inch Caveman Wins Dunes’ Diana,” June 27, 1920.
124.	Their historic house still stands today.
125.	Chicago Herald and Examiner, “The Diary of Diana of the Dunes,” June 2, 1918.
126.	Chicago Herald and Examiner, “Diana of the Dunes Dissects Soul in Diary: Tells of Preparing New Book,” June 3, 1918.
127.	Times (Hammond, IN), “Caveman Husband of Diana Reveals His Life Story,” June 23, 1922.
128.	Chesterton Tribune, “Diana’s Caveman Tells How He Met the Nymph of the Dunes,” June 29, 1922.
129.	Evening Messenger, “Picturesque Characters Have Left the Duneland,” December 5, 1923.
130.	Samuel Reck, developer of Ogden Dunes, recalled making the same suggestion to Paul as a means of income.
131.	Ibid.
132.	Thomas, ed., A History of Ogden Dunes.

MURDER IN THE DUNES

133.	Evening Messenger, “Diana Suffers a Fracture of Skull,” June 14, 1922.
134.	Evening Messenger, “Found Dead and Cremated at Waverly,” June 9, 1922.
135.	Gary Evening Post and Daily Tribune, “‘Diana’ Knows Nothing of Dunes Death Mystery,” June 10, 1922.
136.	Evening Messenger, “Sand Dune Stranger Is Identified,” June 10, 1922.
137.	Chicago Herald and Examiner, “Dunes Victim Is Believed Identified,” June 11, 1922.
138.	Chicago Herald and Examiner, “Dunes Slaying ‘Victim’ Sees ‘His’ Death Pyre,” June 12, 1922.
139.	Gary Evening Post, “Hurried Visit of Beautiful Girl to Sand Dunes Where Charred Body of Unknown Man Was Found May Solve Latest Death Mystery,” June 13, 1922.
140.	Complaint for Damages, filed in the District Court of the United States for the District of Indiana, June 9, 1924: Paul George Wilson and Alice Gray Wilson, Plaintiffs v. The Evening American Publishing Company, and the Tribe of K., defendants.
141.	Times (Hammond, IN), “Dunes’ Diana in Hospital Badly Hurt; Woman’s Protector Shot in Foot and Her Skull Is Fractured in Battle on Sands,” June 14, 1922.
142.	Ibid.
143.	Gary Evening Post, “Diana’s Cottage Broken Into by Curiosity Seekers, Claim—Her Cave-Man Mate Gives His Version of Fight in Which Diana Was Injured,” June 17, 1922.
144.	Ibid.
145.	Gary Evening Post, “Husband of Diana Gives First Clue,” June 14, 1922.
146.	Daily Herald (La Porte, IN), “Caveman Mate Bares Attack,” June 15, 1922.
147.	Gary Post-Tribune, “First Pictures of Sand Dunes Cottage of Diana and Her Mate,” June 19, 1922.
148.	Gary Evening Post, “Diana’s Cottage Broken Into by Curiosity Seekers, Claim—Her Cave-Man Mate Gives His Version of Fight in Which Diana Was Injured,” June 17, 1922.
149.	Gary Post-Tribune, “Original ‘Diana of the Dunes’ and Mate Flee as Civilization Intrudes,” November 23, 1923.
150.	Lake County Times, “Has Diana Left the Dunes? Never!” April 23, 1923.

A CASE OF LIBEL

151.	Evening Messenger, “Picturesque Characters Have Left the Duneland,” December 5, 1923.
152.	Gary Post-Tribune, “Dunes Route Formally Opened,” November 16, 1923.
153.	Chesterton Tribune, “Dunes Hiway Dedication a Great Success,” November 22, 1923.
154.	Gary Post-Tribune, “20,000 Autos Use New Dunes Route Sunday,” November 20, 1923.
155.	Gary Post-Tribune, “Will Unload Machinery at Dune Station,” November 14, 1923.
156.	Lake County Times, “Giant of Duneland Is Fined,” June 25, 1923.
157.	Gary Post-Tribune, “Original ‘Diana of the Dunes’ and Mate Flee as Civilization Intrudes,” November 23, 1923.
158.	Ibid.
159.	Ibid.
160.	Ibid.
161.	Thomas, ed., A History of Ogden Dunes.
162.	Ibid.
163.	Legal documents obtained courtesy of the National Archives, Great Lakes Region, Chicago, Illinois.
164.	Gary Evening Post, “Diana of the Dunes Starts $100,000 Suit: Charges Newspaper with Libel,” June 10, 1924.
165.	Legal documents obtained courtesy of the National Archives, Great Lakes Region, Chicago, Illinois.
166.	Complaint for Damages, filed in the District Court of the United States for the District of Indiana, June 9, 1924: Paul George Wilson and Alice Gray Wilson, Plaintiffs v. The Evening American Publishing Company, and the Tibe of K. defendants.
167.	Times (Hammond, IN), “Diana of Dunes Reported Dead in Her Lonely Shack,” February 9, 1925.

IN THE END

168.	Evening Messenger, “Mystery Woman of Dunes Dies,” February 10, 1925.
169.	Thomas, ed., A History of Ogden Dunes.
170.	Gettysburg Times, “Diana Dead,” February 19, 1925.
171.	Helena Independent, “Diana of Dunes Is Dead, Dancing in Moonlight on Sands of Shore at End,” February 10, 1925.
172.	New York Times, “‘Diana of the Dunes’ Dies of Privations,” February 10, 1925.
173.	Syracuse Herald, February 9, 1925. The subheadline of the story added more flavor: “Diana of the Dunes, Daughter of Wealthy Family Dwelt Nine Years Amid Privations—Wore Only Nature’s Garbs.”
174.	Thomas, ed., A History of Ogden Dunes.
175.	La Porte Herald Argus, “‘Respectable’ Funeral for Diana of the Dunes,” February 11, 1925.
176.	Gary Post-Tribune, “Diana, ‘Dunes Nymph,’ Is Laid to Rest in Oak Hill; Friends Donate Flowers,” February 11, 1925.
177.	Thomas, ed., A History of Ogden Dunes.
178.	Times (Hammond, IN), “Paul Packs His Gun at Diana’s Bier,” February 12, 1925.
179.	Thomas, ed., A History of Ogden Dunes.
180.	Ibid.
181.	Times (Hammond, IN), “Diana of Dunes Reported Dead in Her Lonely Shack,” February 9, 1925.
182.	Times (Hammond, IN), “Paul Packs His Gun at Diana’s Bier,” February 12, 1925.
183.	Chester Dunn inadvertently provided an incorrect birth date on Alice Gray’s death certificate. He stated she was born on November 25, 1881, when in fact it was March 25, 1881.
184.	Gary Evening Post, “Diana Laid to Rest; Mate Not at Grave,” February 12, 1925.
185.	Thomas, ed., A History of Ogden Dunes.
186.	Vidette Messenger, “Porter Township History,” Porter County Centennial Edition, August 16–21, 1936.

APPENDIX B: PAUL WILSON, AFTER ALICE

187.	Fresno Bee (Fresno, CA), “Haunted by the Spirit of ‘Diana of the Dunes,’” April 26, 1925.
188.	Ibid.
189.	Gary Post-Tribune, “Seek Husband of ‘Diana’ on Plea of Wife,” March 14, 1927.
190.	La Porte Herald Argus, “Wilson Accused of Shooting Gun,” April 29, 1926.
191.	Gary Post-Tribune, “‘Diana’s’ Mate, After Period of Obscurity, Again Behind Bars,” April 28, 1926.
192.	Introduction, Henrietta Martindale Hyessa Wilson (1888–1962) and Family Papers, 1896–1977, Murphy Library, University of Wisconsin–La Cross. http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=wiarchives;view=reslist;subview=standard;didno=uw-whs-lx00bd;focusrgn=C01;cc=wiarchives;byte=68908068
193.	Gary Post-Tribune, “Seek Husband of ‘Diana’ on Plea of Wife,” March 14, 1927.
194.	Ibid.
195.	Charles Eastman (1858–1939) was a Native American physician. He is well known for his work in promoting American Indian rights. Eastman cared for Indians after the Wounded Knee massacre and helped to found the Boy Scouts of America.
196.	Gary Post-Tribune, “Echo of ‘Diana of the Dune’ Is Heard Again,” March 17, 1927.
197.	La Porte Herald Argus, “Giant of Dunes Is Jailed Here,” March 17, 1927.
198.	La Porte Herald Argus, “Eats Matches in Suicide Attempt,” March 16, 1927.
199.	Vidette-Messenger, “Paul Wilson Is Freed on Bond,” December 2, 1930.
200.	Ibid.
201.	Chesterton Tribune, “Wilson Home on Dunes Highway Burns Monday,” January 1, 1931.
202.	Vidette-Messenger, “Paul Wilson in Jail Again,” January 5, 1931.
203.	Vidette-Messenger, “Dunes Giant, Man of Woes, Made Convict,” February 6, 1931.
204.	Document on file with the Indiana State Archives, Indiana Commission on Public Records.
205.	Bakersfield Californian, “Unidentified Man Discovered Dead,” October 27, 1941.
206.	Bakersfield Californian, “Dead Man Found in Cabin Is Identified,” October 28, 1941.