REFERENCES REFERENCES1 LOOKING FOR ANCIENT EGYPT
1 Janine Burke, The Gods of Freud: Sigmund Freud’s Art Collection (Sydney and New York, 2006), with the baboon at pp. 226, 232–3; Stephen Barker, ed., Excavations and their Objects: Freud’s Collection of Antiquity (Albany, NY, 1996); Lynn Gamwell and Richard Wells, eds, Sigmund Freud and Art: His Personal Collection of Antiquities (Binghamton, NY, 1989). The website of the Freud Museum in London has information about his antiquities collection, with an online catalogue (www.freud.org.uk).
2 Paul Connerton, How Societies Remember (Chicago, IL, 1989); Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, ed. and trans. Lewis A. Coser (Chicago, IL, 1992).
3 For the Paris obelisk, see Todd Porterfield, The Allure of Empire: Art in the Service of French Imperialism, 1798–1836 (Princeton, NJ, 1998), pp. 13–41.
4 James P. Allen, ‘Language, Scripts and Literature’, in A Companion to Ancient Egypt, ed. Alan B. Lloyd (Oxford and Malden, MA, 2010), II, pp. 661–2.
5 John H. Taylor, Journey through the Afterlife: The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead (London, 2010), cat. 161, pp. 306–9.
6 Salima Ikram, ed., Divine Creatures: Animal Mummies in Ancient Egypt (Cairo and New York, 2005).
7 Dieter Kessler and Abd el Halim Nur el-Din, ‘Tuna el-Gebel: Millions of Ibises and Other Animals’, ibid., pp. 120–63.
8 Martin Bommas, ‘Isis, Osiris, and Sarapis’, in The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt, ed. Christina Riggs (Oxford, 2012), pp. 419–35; Hugh Bowden, Mystery Cults of the Ancient World (Princeton, NJ, 2010), pp. 156–97.
9 Kevin van Bladel, The Arabic Hermes: From Pagan Sage to Prophet of Science (Oxford and New York, 2009), pp. 3–21; Garth Fowden, The Egyptian Hermes: A Historical Approach to the Late Pagan Mind (Princeton, NJ, 1993). See also Gary Lachman, The Quest for Hermes Trismegistus: From Ancient Egypt to the Modern World (Edinburgh, 2011), which is written from the viewpoint of a contemporary follower, but no less well researched and well written for that.
10 Brian A. Curran, The Egyptian Renaissance: The Afterlife of Ancient Egypt in Early Modern Italy (Chicago, IL, and London, 2007), p. 93.
11 Elliott Colla, Conflicted Antiquities: Egyptology, Egyptomania, Egyptian Modernity (Durham, NC, 2007), pp. 121–65; Israel Gershoni and James P. Jankowski, Egypt, Islam, and the Arabs: The Search for Egyptian Nationhood, 1900–1930 (New York and Oxford, 1986), pp. 77–95.
12 David Gange, Dialogues with the Dead: Egyptology in British Culture and Religion, 1822–1922 (Oxford, 2013), pp. 263–7.
13 Sigmund Freud, Moses and Monotheism, trans. Katherine Jones (London, 1939).
2 FORTY CENTURIES
1 David O’Brien, After the Revolution: Antoine-Jean Gros, Painting and Propaganda under Napoleon (University Park, PA, 2004).
2 Ibid., pp. 92–4. For the Napoleonic campaign in Egypt, see Juan Cole, Napoleon’s Egypt: Invading the Middle East (New York, 2007).
3 The account of Egypt is Book 2 of Herodotus, widely available in translation online (for example, http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de). For discussion, see Ian S. Moyer, Egypt and the Limits of Hellenism (Cambridge, 2011), pp. 42–83; Alan B. Lloyd, ‘Egypt’, in Brill’s Companion to Herodotus, ed. Egbert Bakker, Irene de Jong and Hans van Wees (Leiden, 2002), pp. 415–36.
4 P.D.A. Harvey, ed., The Hereford World Map: Medieval Maps and their Context (London, 2006), with wide-ranging scholarly discussion. To explore the map online, visit www.themappamundi.co.uk, accessed 13 July 2016.
5 Okasha el-Daly, Egyptology, The Missing Millennium: Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings (Walnut Creek, CA, 2005), pp. 48–9.
6 Edward Said, Orientalism (New York, 1978). For the impact of Said’s work, and its relevance today, see Zachary Lockman, Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism, 2nd edn (Cambridge and New York, 2009).
7 Collections of the fragments attributed to Manetho, translated by W. G. Waddell, can be found in the public domain online, for example http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer. For Manetho in the context of his time, see John D. Dillery, Clio’s Other Sons: Berossus and Manetho (Ann Arbor, MI, 2015); and especially Moyer, Egypt and the Limits of Hellenism, pp. 84–141.
8 Lutz Popko, ‘History-writing in Ancient Egypt’, UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology (Los Angeles, CA, 2014); available at https://escholarship.org, accessed 12 July 2016.
9 Alice Stevenson, ‘Predynastic Burials’, UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology (Los Angeles, CA, 2009); David Wengrow, ‘Predynastic Art’, UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology (Los Angeles, CA, 2009); both available at https://escholarship.org, accessed 12 July 2016; David Wengrow, The Archaeology of Early Egypt: Social Transformations in North-east Africa, 10,000 to 2650 BC (Cambridge, 2006); Béatrix Midant-Reynes, The Prehistory of Egypt from the First Egyptians to the First Pharaohs (Oxford and Malden, MA, 2000).
10 Rowena Gale and Renée Friedman, ‘Buried in her Bark Pyjamas’, Nekhen News, 13 (2001), pp. 15–16; available at www.hierakonpolis-online.org, accessed 12 July 2016.
11 Mark Lehner, The Complete Pyramids (London, 2008). For pyramids of early Dynasty 4, see Richard Bussmann, ‘Pyramid Age: Huni to Radjedef’, UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology (Los Angeles, CA, 2015); available at https://escholarship.org, accessed 12 July 2016.
12 John Baines and Christina Riggs, ‘Archaism and Kingship: A Late Royal Statue and its Early Dynastic Model’, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, LXXXVII (2001), pp. 103–18.
13 Adela Oppenheim, Dorothea Arnold, Dieter Arnold and Kei Yamamoto, eds, Ancient Egypt Transformed: The Middle Kingdom (New York, 2015), pp. 319–22, which summarizes the pyramid sites of this period and provides further references.
14 Brian A. Curran, Anthony Grafton, Pamela O. Long and Benjamin Weiss, Obelisk: A History (Cambridge, MA, 2009).
15 Marjorie M. Fisher, Peter Lacovara, Salima Ikram and Sue D’Auria, eds, Ancient Nubia: African Kingdoms on the Nile (Cairo, 2012); Robert Morkot, The Black Pharaohs: Egypt’s Nubian Rulers (London, 2000).
16 Jean-Marcel Humbert, ‘The Egyptianizing Pyramid from the 18th to the 20th Century’, in Imhotep Today: Egyptianizing Architecture, ed. Jean-Marcel Humbert and Clifford Price (London, 2003), pp. 25–39.
3 SACRED SIGNS
1 R. B. Parkinson, The Rosetta Stone (London, 2005), pp. 26–32.
2 For an overview of language and writing in ancient Egypt, see James P. Allen, ‘Language, Scripts and Literature’, in A Companion to Ancient Egypt, ed. Alan B. Lloyd (Oxford and Malden, MA, 2010), II, pp. 641–62, and his Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 3rd edn (Cambridge, 2014).
3 Peter Parsons, The City of the Sharp-nosed Fish: Greek Lives in Roman Egypt (London, 2007), p. 102.
4 Christina Riggs, The Beautiful Burial in Roman Egypt: Art, Identity, and Funerary Religion (Oxford, 2006).
5 Discussed in Jacco Dieleman, Priests, Tongues, and Rites: The London–Leiden Magical Manuscripts and Translation in Egyptian Ritual (100–300 CE) (Leiden and Boston, MA, 2005).
6 The best translation and commentary is Heinz-Josef Thissen, Des Niloten Horapollon Hieroglyphenbuch (Munich, 2001). A number of earlier translations in English, available open-source online, give a sense of the work if used with caution; see also the overview of the text’s modern history at www.studiolum.com, accessed 13 July 2016.
7 Okasha el-Daly, Egyptology, The Missing Millennium: Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings (Walnut Creek, CA, 2005), pp. 65–71.
8 Daniel Stolzenberg, Egyptian Oedipus: Athanasius Kircher and the Secrets of Antiquity (Chicago, IL, and London, 2013).
9 Nicholas Temple, Disclosing Horizons: Architecture, Perspective and Redemptive Space (London and New York, 2006), pp. 166–73; Susan Sorek, The Emperors’ Needles: Egyptian Obelisks and Rome (Liverpool, 2010), pp. 79–84; Brian A. Curran, Anthony Grafton, Pamela O. Long and Benjamin Weiss, Obelisk: A History (Cambridge, MA, 2009), pp. 165–72.
10 See Stolzenberg, Egyptian Oedipus, pp. 120–23, 200–206.
11 Ibid., pp. 76–7.
12 Parkinson, The Rosetta Stone, pp. 26–8.
13 Stephanie Moser, Wondrous Curiosities: Ancient Egypt at the British Museum (London and Chicago, IL, 2006), pp. 73–84.
14 R. S. Simpson’s translation, reproduced in Parkinson, The Rosetta Stone, pp. 57–60.
4 TAKEN IN THE FLOOD
1 László Kákosy, ‘The Nile, Euthenia, and the Nymphs’, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, LXVIII (1982), pp. 290–98.
2 Betsy Bryan and Arielle P. Kozloff, Egypt’s Dazzling Sun: Amenhotep III and his World (Cleveland, OH, 1992), pp. 90–93, 138–9.
3 Strabo, Geography 17.46. There are several translations in the public domain, for example one by H. L. Jones, available at http://penelope.uchicago.edu. On Julia Balbilla, see Patricia Rosenmeyer, ‘Greek Verse Inscriptions in Roman Egypt: Julia Balbilla’s Sapphic Voice’, Classical Antiquity, XXVII/2 (2008), pp. 334–58; T. C. Brennan, ‘The Poets Julia Balbilla and Damo at the Colossus of Memnon,’ Classical World, XCI/4 (1998), pp. 215–34.
4 An accessible work on Antinous is Royston Lambert, Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous (London, 1984), but for more recent work on this complex topic, see Thorsten Opper, ed., Hadrian: Empire and Conflict (London, 2008); Penelope Curtis and Caroline Vout, Antinous: The Face of the Antique (Leeds, 2006).
5 Ian Rutherford, ‘Travel and Pilgrimage in Roman Egypt’, in The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt, ed. Christina Riggs (Oxford, 2012), pp. 701–16.
6 Molly Swetnam-Burland, ‘Nilotica and the Image of Egypt’, in The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt, ed. Christina Riggs (Oxford, 2012), pp. 684–97.
7 Casper Andersen, ‘The Philae Controversy: Muscular Modernization and Paternalistic Preservation in Aswan and London’, History and Anthropology, XXII/2 (2011), pp. 203–20.
8 Elliott Colla, Conflicted Antiquities: Egyptology, Egyptomania, Egyptian Modernity (Durham, NC, 2007), pp. 40–44.
9 Giovanni Belzoni, Narrative of the Operations and Recent Discoveries in Egypt and Nubia (London, 1820), pp. 212–14.
5 WALKING LIKE AN EGYPTIAN
1 Ernst Gombrich, Art and Illusion: A Study in the Psychology of Perception (London and New York, 1960); the cartoon appears on p. 2.
2 Paul Edmund Stanwick, Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek Kings as Egyptian Pharaohs (Austin, TX, 2002), pp. 67–8 (Arsinoe II), 75–6 (Cleopatra III), 79–81 (Cleopatra VII). For the San Jose statue, which Stanwick identifies as probably Cleopatra III, see p. 118 (cat. D9).
3 Stephanie Moser, Designing Antiquity: Owen Jones, Ancient Egypt, and the Crystal Palace (New Haven, CT, and London, 2012), esp. pp. 81–119, also 121–39.
4 Chris Elliot, Egypt in England (London, 2012); James Stevens Curl, The Egyptian Revival: Ancient Egypt as the Inspiration for Design Motifs in the West (New York, 2005); Jean-Marcel Humbert, ed., Egyptomania: Egypt in Western Art, 1730–1930 (Ottawa, 1994).
5 For two examples of Holman Hunt’s Egyptian chairs in the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, visit www.bmagic.org.uk, accessed 14 July 2016.
6 Elliott Colla, Conflicted Antiquities: Egyptology, Egyptomania, Egyptian Modernity (Durham, NC, 2007), pp. 199–210.
7 See http://collections.vam.ac.uk, accessed 14 July 2016.
8 Robert J. C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race (London and New York, 1995), esp. pp. 118–41.
9 See Casper Andersen, ‘The Philae Controversy: Muscular Modernization and Paternalistic Preservation in Aswan and London’, History and Anthropology, XXII/2 (2011), pp. 203–20.
10 See http://whc.unesco.org.
11 Lynn Meskell, ‘Negative Heritage and Past Mastering in Archaeology’, Anthropological Quarterly, LXXV/3 (2002), pp. 557–74.
12 Plutarch’s Lives of Caesar and of Antony both include discussions of Cleopatra; these are available in translation in the public domain, for example that by Bernadotte Perrin at http://penelope.uchicago.edu. For reliable discussions of Cleopatra in her own historical context, see Duane W. Roller, Cleopatra: A Biography (New York and Oxford, 2010); Michel Chauveau, Cleopatra: Beyond the Myth (Ithaca, NY, and London, 2002). For later representations – and misrepresentations – of Cleopatra, see Mary Hamer, Signs of Cleopatra: History, Politics, Representation (London, 1993).
13 Okasha el-Daly, Egyptology, The Missing Millennium: Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings (Walnut Creek, CA, 2005), pp. 131–7.
14 Mary Hamer, ‘Black and White? Viewing Cleopatra in 1862’, in The Victorians and Race, ed. Shearer West (Aldershot, 1996), pp. 53–67.
6 VIPERS, VIXENS AND THE VENGEFUL DEAD
1 Edward Said, Orientalism (New York, 1978).
2 Judith S. McKenzie, The Architecture of Alexandria and Egypt, c. 300 BC to AD 700 (New Haven, CT, and London, 2007), pp. 64–5 (sceptical that the tomb can be identified), 75; see also Robert S. Bianchi, ‘Hunting Alexander’s Tomb’, Archaeology (May–June 1993); available at http://archive.archaeology.org, accessed 12 July 2016.
3 Herodotus, Histories 2.86–8.
4 Christina Riggs, Unwrapping Ancient Egypt (London, 2014), pp. 130–40.
5 Okasha el-Daly, Egyptology, The Missing Millennium: Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings (Walnut Creek, CA, 2005), pp. 95–107, for Arabic sources; for the use of mummia in Europe, see Richard Sugg, Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires: The History of Corpse Medicine from the Renaissance to the Victorians (Abingdon and New York, 2011), pp. 67–77; Louise Noble, Medicinal Cannibalism in Early Modern English Literature and Culture (New York, 2011), pp. 17–34; and Philip Schwyzer, Archaeologies of English Renaissance Literature (Oxford, 2007), pp. 151–74.
6 Thomas Browne, Religio Medici and Hydriotaphia, or Urne-burial Mumia, ed. and intro. Stephen Greenblatt and Ramie Targott (New York, 2012), p. 136 (Chapter Five); available at http://penelope.uchicago.edu, accessed 15 July 2016.
7 Christian Hertzog, Essay de Mumio-graphie (Gotha, 1718). For a historical overview of the collection and study of Egyptian mummies, see Salima Ikram and Aidan Dodson, The Mummy in Ancient Egypt: Equipping the Dead for Eternity (London, 1998), pp. 61–101, and the more critical historical discussion in Riggs, Unwrapping Ancient Egypt, pp. 41–76.
8 Joscelyn Godwin, Athanasius Kircher’s Theatre of the World (London, 2009), pp. 77–80.
9 Thomas Greenhill, [Nekrokedeia]: Or, the Art of Embalming (London, 1705). For a brief biography of Greenhill, see L.A.F. Davidson, ‘Greenhill, Thomas (fl. 1698–1732)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004); available at www.oxforddnb.com.
10 Robert J. C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race (London and New York, 1995), pp. 118–41.
11 Debbie Challis, The Archaeology of Race: The Eugenic Ideas of Francis Galton and Flinders Petrie (London, 2013).
12 Grafton Elliot Smith, The Royal Mummies (Cairo, 1912), p. v.
13 Riggs, Unwrapping Ancient Egypt, pp. 67–76.
14 The story is widely available in anthologies and online in English translation, for example at www.gutenberg.org.
15 Nicholas Daly, ‘That Obscure Object of Desire: Victorian Commodity Culture and Fictions of the Mummy’, NOVEL, XXVIII/1 (1994), pp. 24–51; Ruth Hoberman, ‘In Quest of a Museal Aura: Turn of the Century Narratives about Museum-displayed Objects’, Victorian Literature and Culture, XXXI/2 (2003), pp. 467–82; Roger Luckhurst, The Mummy’s Curse: The True History of a Dark Fantasy (Oxford, 2012).
16 Bradley Deane, ‘Mummy Fiction and the Occupation of Egypt: Imperial Striptease’, English Literature in Translation, 1880–1920, LI/4 (2008), pp. 381–410.
17 For the full text of ‘Smith and the Pharaohs’, see www.gutenberg.org.
18 There are numerous accounts of the tomb’s discovery, but fewer that take into full account the Egyptian political and cultural context. Exceptions include Elliott Colla, Conflicted Antiquities: Egyptology, Egyptomania, Egyptian Modernity (Durham, NC, 2007), pp. 172–226; James F. Goode, Negotiating for the Past: Archaeology, Nationalism, and Diplomacy in the Middle East, 1919–1941 (Austin, TX, 2007), pp. 75–91; and Donald Malcolm Reid, Contesting Antiquity in Egypt: Archaeologies, Museums and the Struggle for Identities from World War I to Nasser (Cairo and New York, 2015), pp. 51–79.
19 Jo Marchant, The Shadow King: The Bizarre Afterlife of King Tut’s Mummy (Boston, MA, 2013).
7 OUT OF AFRICA
1 Debbie Challis, The Archaeology of Race: The Eugenic Ideas of Francis Galton and Flinders Petrie (London, 2013), pp. 21–44.
2 Nicholas Grindle, ‘Our Own Imperfect Knowledge: Petrus Camper and the Search for an “Ideal Form”’, RES, 31 (1997), pp. 139–48; Miriam C. Meijer, Race and Aesthetics in the Anthropology of Petrus Camper (1722–1789) (Amsterdam, 1999).
3 Christina Riggs, ‘An Autopsic Art: Drawings of “Dr Granville’s Mummy” in the Royal Society Archives’, Royal Society Notes and Records, LXX (2016), pp. 107–33.
4 Timothy Champion, ‘Beyond Egyptology: Egypt in 19th and 20th Century Archaeology and Anthropology’, in The Wisdom of Egypt: Changing Visions through the Ages, ed. Peter Ucko and Timothy Champion (London, 2003), pp. 161–85; Dana D. Nelson, National Manhood: Capitalist Citizenship and the Imagined Fraternity of White Men (Durham, NC, and London, 1998), pp. 102–34; Robert Bernasconi, ‘Black Skin, White Skulls: The Nineteenth Century Debate over the Racial Identity of the Ancient Egyptians’, Parallax, XIII/2 (2007), pp. 6–20.
5 See the editor’s note prefacing a new scholarly edition of the book: Josiah Clark Nott and George Robins Gliddon, Types of Mankind [1854], ed. Robert Bernasconi (Bristol, 2002).
6 Challis, Archaeology of Race.
7 Jo Marchant, The Shadow King: The Bizarre Afterlife of King Tut’s Mummy (Boston, MA, 2013), pp. 160–61, with press reports online, especially through the website of sponsor National Geographic (for example Brian Handwerk, ‘King Tut’s New Face: Behind the Forensic Reconstruction’, 11 May 2005, http://news.nationalgeographic.com, accessed 16 July 2016.)
8 Scott Trafton, Egypt Land: Race and Nineteenth-century American Egyptomania (Durham, NC, 2004).
9 Ibid., pp. 63–84. See also Stephen Howe, Afrocentrism: Mythical Pasts and Imagined Homes (London and New York, 1998), pp. 35–58; Robin Derricourt, Antiquity Imagined: The Remarkable Legacy of Egypt and the Ancient Near East (London, 2015), pp. 130–57.
10 W.E.B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk (Chicago, IL, 1903), p. 3.
11 Nathan Irvin Huggins, Harlem Renaissance (New York and Oxford, 1972, rev. 2007); Kevin Hillstrom, Defining Moments: The Harlem Renaissance (Chicago, IL, 2011).
12 Renée Ater, ‘Making History: Meta Warrick Fuller’s “Ethiopia”’, American Art, XVII/3 (2003), pp. 12–31.
13 Sieglinde Lemke, Primitivist Modernism: Black Culture and the Origins of Transatlantic Modernism (Oxford, 1998), pp. 48–52. For more information on the artist see www.loismailoujones.com.
14 Cheikh Anta Diop, The African Origin of Civilization: Myth or Reality (New York, 1974), pp. 153–5, 179–201. On Diop, see Howe, Afrocentrism, pp. 163–92; Derricourt, Antiquity Imagined, pp. 157–9.
15 Howe, Afrocentrism, pp. 230–39; Derricourt, Antiquity Imagined, pp. 159–67.
16 Martin Bernal, Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization, vol. I: The Fabrication of Ancient Greece, 1785–1985 (New Brunswick, NJ, 1987). There is an extensive literature, including Howe, Afrocentrism, pp. 193–211, and Derricourt, Antiquity Imagined, pp. 167–9. See also Jacques Berlinerblau, Heresy in the University: The Black Athena Controversy and the Responsibilities of American Intellectuals (New Brunswick, NJ, and London, 1999); Robert J. C. Young, ‘The Afterlives of Black Athena’, in African Athena: New Agendas, ed. Daniel Orrells et al. (Oxford, 2011), pp. 174–88.
17 Ferdinand de Jong and Michael Rowlands, ‘Postconflict Heritage’, Journal of Material Culture, XIII/2 (2008), pp. 131–4.
8 COUNTING THE YEARS
1 In addition to several websites devoted to revolutionary graffiti, see Soraya Morayef, ‘Pharaonic Street Art: The Challenge of Translation’, pp. 194–207, and John Johnston, ‘Democratic Walls: Street Art as Public Pedagogy’, pp. 178–93, in Translating Dissent: Voices from and with the Egyptian Revolution, ed. Mona Baker (London and New York, 2016).
2 Donald Malcolm Reid, Whose Pharaohs? Archaeology, Museums, and Egyptian National Identity from Napoleon to World War I (Berkeley, CA, 2002), pp. 50–54, 96–8, 108–12.
3 George R. Gliddon, An Appeal to the Antiquaries of Europe on the Destruction of the Monuments of Egypt (London, 1840); the work is often cited approvingly by Egyptologists.
4 Reid, Whose Pharaohs?, pp. 54–8.
5 Ibid., pp. 93–108.
6 Anne Clément, ‘Rethinking “Peasant Consciousness” in Colonial Egypt: An Exploration of the Performance of Folksongs by Upper Egyptian Agricultural Workers on the Archaeological Excavation Sites of Karnak and Dendera at the Turn of the Twentieth Century (1885–1914)’, History and Anthropology, XXI/2 (2010), pp. 73–100; Nathan J. Brown, ‘Who Abolished Corvée Labour in Egypt and Why?’, Past and Present, CXLIV/1 (1994), pp. 116–37.
7 Reid, Whose Pharaohs?, pp. 116–18 (on the School), 179–81, 230–34 (on Ali Mubarak). For Mubarak, see also Darrell Dykstra, ‘Pyramids, Prophets, and Progress: Ancient Egypt in the Writings of Ali Mubarak’, Journal of the American Oriental Society, CXIV/1 (1994), pp. 54–65.
8 Reid, Whose Pharaohs?, pp. 186–9, 201–4; Reid, Contesting Antiquity in Egypt: Archaeologies, Museums and the Struggle for Identities from World War I to Nasser (Cairo and New York, 2015), pp. 29–33.
9 Juan R. I. Cole, Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East: Social and Cultural Origins of Egypt’s Urabi Movement (Princeton, NJ, 1993).
10 Christina Riggs, Unwrapping Ancient Egypt (London, 2014), pp. 61–7.
11 Gaston Maspero, ‘Rapport sur la trouvaille de Déir-el-Bahari’, Bulletin de l’Institut d’Égypte, 2nd ser., 2 (1881), p. 135.
12 See Riggs, Unwrapping Ancient Egypt, pp. 192–4, 198–201.
13 Dalia Assam, ‘Archaeologist Campaigns for Removal of Mummies from Egyptian Museum’, Asharq al-Awsat, 4 February 2015, www.english.awsat.com, accessed 12 July 2016.
14 Elliott Colla, ‘Shadi Abd Al-Salam’s Al-Mumiya: Ambivalence and the Egyptian Nation-state’, in Beyond Colonialism and Nationalism in the Maghrib: History, Culture, and Politics, ed. Ali Abdullatif Ahmida (New York, 2010), pp. 109–43.
15 Reid, Contesting Antiquity, pp. 44–5; Patrick Kane, The Politics of Art in Modern Egypt: Aesthetics, Ideology and Nation-building (London, 2013), pp. 24–32, 38–45; Caroline Williams, ‘Twentieth-century Egyptian Art: The Pioneers, 1920–52’, in Re-Envisioning Egypt, 1919–1952, ed. Arthur Goldschmidt et al. (Cairo and New York, 2005), pp. 431–2.
16 Reid, Contesting Antiquity, pp. 44–7, 128–30; Kane, The Politics of Art, pp. 28–31; Williams, ‘Twentieth-century Egyptian Art’, pp. 428–9; Alexandra Dika Seggerman, ‘Mahmoud Mukhtar: “The First Sculptor from the Land of Sculpture”’, World Art, IV/1 (2014), pp. 27–46.
17 On feminism’s role in (and critique of) Egyptian nationalism, see Beth Baron, Egypt as a Woman: Nationalism, Gender, and Politics (Cairo, 2005).
18 Discussed in several accounts of the discovery, such as T.G.H. James, Howard Carter: The Path to Tutankhamun (London and New York, 1992, rev. 2001), pp. 277–81, 328–30, 480–85.
19 Ibid., pp. 447–8, 469–71.
20 Elliott Colla, Conflicted Antiquities: Egyptology, Egyptomania, Egyptian Modernity (Durham, NC, 2007), p. 220.
21 Ibid., p. 222.
22 On this subject see Timothy Mitchell, Rule of Experts: Egypt, Technopolitics, Modernity (Berkeley, CA, 2002).
23 Jessica Winegar, ‘Khaled Hafez: The Art of Dichotomy’, Contemporary Practice, II (2008), unpaginated. See the Cairo Biennale installation on the artist’s website at www.khaledhafez.net, accessed 16 July 2016; the work also appeared in Hafez’s recent solo exhibition ‘A Temple for Extended Days’, at the Ayyam Gallery, Dubai, see www.ayyamgallery.com, accessed 16 July 2016.
9 STILL LOOKING
1 William Kentridge, Carnets d’Égypte (Paris, 2010), and see the artist’s gallery website, www.goodman-gallery.com, accessed 16 July 2016.