Page numbers in bold refer to illustrations.
abandonment, of infants, 264
Academos, 228
Acharnae, 194
Acharnians, The (Aristophanes), 187, 210
Acropolis, 151–52, 154, 166, 203
Acton, John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton, Baron, 4
Aegean Sea, 10
Aegina, 147
Aegospotami, 205
Aeschines, 251
Afghanistan, 33, 270; Alexander the Great in, 222, 247, 248; Greek kingdom in, 254, 256; Greek language in, 265–66; in Persian Empire, 124, 255
Agamemnon (Aeschylus), 159, 170
Agesilaus, 224
Agis, 203
agogē, 100
agriculture, 2, 12, 29, 162; in Archaic Age, 92–93; beginnings of, 14–15, 16; in Crete, 32; in Dark Age, 49, 52; diffusion of, 20–21; diversification of, 31; in Egypt, 260; gender inequality and, 19–20; in Hellenistic Age, 262; land shortages and, 69–70; metallurgy and, 30; Minoan, 24; poor laborers in, 81; rainfall and, 13–14, 18; settlements and, 17; slave labor in, 85–86; subsistence, 45, 49, 109; tax on, 112; technological advances in, 51; wartime disruptions to, 202, 207
Ahura Mazda, 126
Ajax, 168–69
Alcibiades, 199, 203, 204; Anytus mocked by, 218; background of, 98; defection to Sparta of, 187, 201, 202; exile of, 205; opponents of, 200
Alcidamas, 234
Alexander the Great, 9, 102, 222, 253, 273; in Asia, 247–51; chivalry of, 246; conquests of, 244; death of, 2, 223; divine status claimed by, 221, 223, 249–50, in Egypt, 246–47; iconography of, 268; reputation of, 251–52; ruthlessness of, 243, 245
Alexandria, 222, 247, 260, 267, 275, 278
Ammon, 247
amnesty, 205–6
amphoras, 262
Anabasis (Xenophon), 224
Anatolia, 24; agriculture in, 10; Alexander the Great in, 245, 246; archeological finds in, 19, 30; Attalid kingdom in, 256; as cultural crossroads, 117–18; fortifications in, 34; Hittites in, 40, 43; Ionians in, 45; Jews in, 260; languages in, 264; Lydians in, 74, 127; Medians in, 124; metalworkers from, 51; migration through, 15, 32; Persians in, 122, 137, 138, 202, 222, 225, 238; Sea Peoples from, 41; Spartans in, 222, 224; trade with, 73–74; in Trojan War, 36
Anaxagoras, 183
Anaximander, 118
andrōn, 174
animals: depiction of, 15, 35, 50, 74, 118; domestication of, 10, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21; draft, 20; game, 14, 16; sacrifice of, 54, 60, 67, 126, 163, 213
Antigone (Sophocles), 159, 169, 170
Antigonus Gonatas, 255
Antiochus I, 255
Anyte, 267
Apollo, 66, 75, 96, 161, 162, 219, 242, 270
Apollonis, 263
Apollonius, 267
apprenticeship, 178
Arabian Peninsula, 249, 250, 251
Archaic Age, 2, 7, 56, 92–93, 102, 108, 115, 137; sculpture in, 155–56, 157
archers, 39, 41, 123, 125, 134
Archimedes, 274
architecture, 1, 4; Athenian, 158; Corinthian, 104; domestic, 149–50; Minoan, 29, 32; Near Eastern, 22; public, 151, 270; temple, 153–54
archives, 151
archons, 108, 111, 112, 142, 143
Ares, 161
aretē, 56
Arginusae Islands, 205
Argolid region, 17
Aristides, 123, 138–39, 144–45
aristocracy, 54
Aristophanes, 8, 144, 186–87, 208, 273; Socrates satirized by, 217–18; women portrayed by, 207, 210
Aristotle, 8, 14, 68, 84, 173, 222, 232–36, 247
Arkesilas, 93 armor, 38, 51, 79, 81, 107
Arrian, 9
Arsinoë II, 263
art, 1, 4, 10, 13, 150; body represented in, 155; in Classical Age, 65; Corinthian, 104; in Dark Age, 50, 52; Minoan, 29; Mycenaean, 29, 36, 37; Near Eastern, 74; Spartan, 97
Artaxerxes II, 223
Artemisia, 134
ascetics, 273
Aspasia, 217
assembly: archons chosen by, 108; generals chosen by, 146; judicial role of, 111, 141, 143; Near Eastern, 92; oratory in, 178, 180; ostracism by, 144–45; qualifications for, 77, 81, 108, 110, 113, 141; site of, 151; Spartan, 96; spending decisions by, 133–34, 140, 147, 153; taxes levied by, 151; wartime role of, 122, 127, 128, 133–34, 135, 138, 139, 140–41, 142, 147, 149; women excluded from, 78
Assembly Women, The (Aristophanes), 207
astrology, 276
astronomy, 118, 227, 231, 232, 274, 276
Atargatis, 278
Athena, 67, 70, 152–53, 154, 155, 161, 162, 168, 193
Athenaeus, 9
Athenian Empire, 5, 121; allies mistreated by, 225; establishment of, 137–41
Athens, 2, 45, 67, 69, 75, 76, 86, 92; culture and society in, 158–85; political development of, 106–9; Solon’s reforms in, 109–12
athletics, 7, 14, 115, 155, 162, 177; Olympic, 47, 59–60, 83; in Sparta, 87
Attalus I, 254
Atthidographers, 9
Attica, 112, 128, 132, 133, 135; administration of, 113–14; ostracism from, 144; population changes in, 107; ports of, 106; silver deposits in, 123, 134; Spartan invasions of, 187, 192, 194, 202
Augustus (Octavian), 258
Avaris (Tel el-Dab’a), 34
axes, 21
Baal, 254
Baal Shamen, 278
Babylon, 250
Bacchiads, 103
Balkan Mountains, 21
Balkan Peninsula, 10, 13, 15, 26, 30
barter, 74
Battus, 72–73
biography, 9
Birds, The (Aristophanes), 187, 208
Bithynia, 270
bitter vetch, 16
“black-figure” vases, 117, 125
blasphemy, 160
Boeotia, 128, 147, 242; city-states in, 68; Neolithic villages in, 17; Peace of Nicias spurned by, 198; Persian Wars in, 136; Spartans defeated in, 222, 225
boneworking, 19
boulē, 110
bracelets, 15
Britain, 33
Bronze Age, 3, 7, 21, 26, 35, 51; civilizations of, 29–31; forgetting of, 48
bronze sculpture, 157
burial, 26, 36–37, 52, 107, 160; as obligation, 169; with pottery, 35; social status and, 15, 50; with weapons, 38, 51
Byblos, 43
Byzantine Greek language, 259
calendar, 162
Callimachus, 266–67
Canaanites, 43
capital punishment, 86, 109, 195, 219
captives, 84
carbon-14 dating, 21
Caria, 134
Carthage, 131
cavalry, 123
ceramics, 74
cereal grains, 12, 19, 21, 31, 50, 260; containers for, 52; trade in, 203, 204, 213
Chalcis, 148
Chandragupta, 255
Chaos, 62
chariots, 33, 39, 41, 42, 59, 265
charis, 238
chattel slaves, 83–86
chemistry, 233
chickens, 12
Chios, 203
choral poetry, 115
Chrysippus, 272
Cimon: death of, 147; ostracism of, 145; projects financed by, 140, 150, 151, 192; Spartans admired by, 142; Theseus’s bones returned by, 123, 164
circumcision, 278
citizenship, 4, 91; city-state based on, 56, 63, 65–66, 67–68, 77–78, 91; contrasts produced by, 84; distinctiveness of, 67–68; Epicureanism vs., 271; patrilinear, 175; Pericles’ law on, 123, 146; poor people and, 79–83, 104, 107; rights attached to, 77–78, 81; for women, 78
city-states (poleis), 3; characteristics of, 66–69; citizenship as basis for, 56, 63, 65–66, 67–68, 77–78, 91; communal interests in, 60; democracy in, 108; emergence of, 51, 65; foreign policy of, 242–43, 271; persuasion and justice in, 63, 64; relations between, 68–69, 124, 238; structure of, 75–84; trade by, 69–70
Classical Age, 2, 9, 65, 113, 121, 122
Cleisthenes, 92, 113, 114, 121–22, 137, 145
Cleombrotus, 225
Cleomenes, 127
Cleon, 187, 195, 197, 198, 209–10
Cleopatra VII, 253, 254, 256, 258
clothing, 87, 156, 157, 174, 212, 262
cloth production, 19, 20, 33, 87, 88
Clouds, The (Aristophanes), 217–18, 273
Clytemnestra, 170
Cnidos, 270
coins, 33, 109; of Achaean League, 259; beginnings of, 74; as primary source, 5, 9; scrip, 208; silver, 192, 193, 208, 213, 240; slaves and, 86; Spartan ban on, 102
colonization, 69–73
comedy, 8, 9, 166, 208–10, 266
concubines, 89
Constitution of the Five Thousand, 204
containers, 13, 19, 31, 52, 53, 107
Copernicus, 274
copper, 15, 19, 21, 30, 33, 43
Corcyra, 10, 103, 149, 190, 191, 196
Corinth, 105, 137, 147, 195, 224; Athenian destruction sought by, 205; Corcyra vs., 190; League of, 221, 242, 243, 261; prosperity of, 74–75, 103–4; Sparta allied with, 187, 192, 198; tyranny in, 92, 103–4, 112
Cos, 277
Council of Five Hundred, 114, 135, 145, 151, 162
crafts production, 19, 81, 178, 280; in Corinth, 104; in Crete, 33; laborers in, 81, 262; in Near East, 30–31, 40, 67; wartime disruption of, 207
cremation, 51
Creon, 169
Crete, 10, 26, 106; Minoans in, 24, 29; palace society in, 31–34, 40
Critias, 218
Crito, 219
Ctesibus, 274–75
Cunaxa, 224
cuneiform writing, 32
Curtius, 9
Cybele, 278
Cyclopes, 43–44
Cynics, 273
Cyprus, 10, 34, 41, 43, 51, 147; city-kingdoms in, 67; copper in, 33
daggers, 30
Damis, 249
Darius I, 121, 123, 124, 127–29, 131, 246, 268
Dark Age, 3, 7, 24, 46–64; poverty in, 108; warfare in, 82
death penalty, 86, 109, 195, 219
deforestation, 13
Deipnosophistae (Athenaeus), 9
Delian League, 123, 142, 147, 191; dues for, 139–40, 144, 171; frictions within, 139–40, 148, 202–3; revenues from, 141, 151, 192
Delphi, 66, 75, 76, 127, 242, 270
Demeter, 14, 28, 78, 87, 107, 161, 162, 164–65, 277
Demiurge, 230
democracy, 1; Aristotle’s criticisms of, 236; beginnings of, 3, 92, 107–8; Cleisthenes’ reforms of, 121–22; direct, 114, 123; in Ionia, 129; Periclean, 145–49; Plato’s criticisms of, 227, 232; public benefactions under, 238, 260; “radical,” 144; restoration of, 211, 223, 277; Spartan view of, 113
demography, 18
demons, 119
Demosthenes (general), 201
Demosthenes (orator), 9, 239–40
dendrochronology, 21
Dhimini, 17
Didymus, 267
diffusion, 20–22
Diodorus, 9
Diodotus, 195
Diodotus I, 256
Diogenes, 273
Diomedes, 56–57
Dionysius II, 227
Dionysus, 40, 161, 166, 171, 208, 277
Diotima, 217
Diotimus, 265
divination, 160
dogs, 17
domestication, 10, 16; in Anatolia, 19; of cattle, 21, 163; of sheep, 17
draft animals, 20
drama, 1, 4, 8, 158, 166–71, 208
drought, 13
dualism, 230
earrings, 52
Earth, 62
earthquakes, 10, 44–45, 260; in Crete, 26, 32; as divine retribution, 160; in Laconia, 123; in Rhodes, 265; in Sparta, 102, 141
ecclesia, 108
Egesta (Segesta), 200
Egypt, 10, 12, 264; Alexander the Great in, 246; Corinthian trade with, 104; European borrowings from, 13, 20, 23–24, 28, 47, 117; grain exported from, 203; Greek influence on, 253; hieroglyphs in, 32; Jews in, 260; Macedonians in, 222, 246; medical knowledge in, 275; Minoan trade with, 33–34; New Kingdom in, 40, 43; Persian rule in, 124, 147; Ptolemaic, 255–56, 259, 260, 262, 278; religion in, 276, 278; Roman conquest of, 258; statuary in, 65, 118; temples of, 74
eisphora, 151
elephants, 258
Eleusinian Mysteries, 164, 165, 201, 277
elites, 53–58, 76–77, 91; in Hellenistic Age, 262, 266–67; oligarchic coup by, 203; political alliances among, 108–9; splintering of, 82; taxes paid by, 260
Elpinike, 176
English language, 24, 26, 55–56
Epic of Creation, 62
epic poetry, 115
Epidaurus, 167
epidemics, 160, 187, 195, 197, 211
erastēs, 179
Eratosthenes, 274
Erechtheus, 154
Erectheum, 207
erōmenos, 179
ethnography, 7
ethnos, 68
Euclid, 274
eugenics, 232
Eumenides, The (Aeschylus), 159
Euripides, 8, 86, 159, 168, 170, 172, 174
Evans, Arthur, 37
famines, 160
farming tools, 51
figs, 100
food supply, 18–19, 31, 52, 53, 69, 160, 265
fortifications, 34, 35, 43–44, 192
foundries, 212
France, 69
freedom of speech, 77, 210, 239, 282
free will, 272
French language, 26
frescoes, 34
friezes, 154
Gaugamela, 247
Gedrosia, 249
Gedrosian Desert, 222
Gelon, 131
generals, 146
Geometric art, 52
geometry, 273–74
German language, 26
gerousia, 96
Gla, 44
Glaucus, 56–57
gold, 30, 35, 36, 74, 86, 139, 198; coins made of, 208, 240
Gordion, 246
grains, 12, 19, 21, 31, 50, 260; containers for, 52; trade in, 203, 204, 213
granaries, 52
grapes, 31
Greek language, 10; in Crete, 37; as cultural bond, 14; international spread of, 265–66; in Jewish communities, 278; in Laconia, 94; in Macedonia, 239; origins of, 23, 24, 26, 27; as professional qualification, 258–59; writing system of, 47, 55–56
Gylippus, 201
Gytheon, 93
Hades, 161
harbor fees, 151
Hattusas, 43
Hebrew Bible, 278
Hecataeus, 183
hegemon, 245
Helena, 268
Helen of Troy, 36
heliocentric model, 274
Hellen, 23
Hellenica (Xenophon), 239
Hellespont, 131
helots, 100, 101, 112; economic importance of, 103. 226; legal status of, 97–98; revolts by, 99, 102, 123, 138, 141–42, 145, 194; Spartans vs., 98, 99, 142
Hephaestus, 161
Hephaistion, 250–51
Heracles (Hercules), 106, 164, 242
Heraean Games, 59
Hermes, 161
herms, 200–201
Hero, 275
hero cults, 164
Herodotus, 1, 7–8, 28, 84, 127, 188; innovativeness of, 183–84
Herophilus, 275
Hesiod, 13, 47, 119; didacticism of, 7, 115; justice viewed by, 62, 63–64, 77, 83; myth employed by, 61–62; women viewed by, 89–90
hetairai, 176–77
hideworking, 19
hieroglyphs, 32
Hieropolis, 263
Himera, 131
Hipparchia, 273
hippeis, 110
Histories (Herodotus), 7–8, 127, 183–84
historiography, 1, 4, 5, 183–84
Homer, 34, 47, 55, 63, 70, 72, 74, 83, 161; battle tactics depicted by, 79, 82; gods depicted by, 62, 119; heroic ideal of, 245; rhythmic pattern, 115; values espoused by, 7, 56, 57, 58
Homeric Hymns, 165
homoioi, 100
Homo sapiens sapiens, 15
hoplites, 66, 79–82, 99, 107, 129, 134, 139
Horace, 267
horse racing, 59
hospitality, 160
households, 87–90
House of Tiles, 17
hunter-gatherers, 14–15, 16, 19, 27, 30
hybris, 160
hydrostatics, 274
Iasus, 263
Idylls (Theocritus), 266
Iliad (Homer), 63, 83, 178; Alexander the Great inspired by, 245; battle tactics in, 79, 82; guest-host friendship in, 56–57; Mycenaean aims reflected in, 35–36; as primary source, 7; retribution in, 58; social values reflected in, 55
Illion, 255
Illyria, 240
impiety, 218
India, 4, 124, 222, 248–49, 254, 255, 256, 263, 273
Indo-Europeans, 23–27
Indus River, 248
infanticide, 264
inheritance, 89, 90, 172–73, 175, 213
Ion (Euripides), 86
Ionia: democracy in, 129, 135; Greek colonization of, 69; intellectual currents in, 117–18, 119, 120; Persian outposts in, 137; revolts in, 123, 127–28, 202–3
Ionian Sea, 10
Iphicrates, 225
irrigation, 19
Isagoras, 113
Isocrates, 237–38
Issus, 246
Ithaca, 57
jewelry, 19, 30, 35, 45, 52, 61
judicial system, 77, 78, 142–44, 178
Jupiter. See Zeus juries, 123, 142–43, 145–46, 180, 238
justice, 83, 214, 216, 228, 230, 231, 235; in city-states, 63, 64; Hesiod’s view of, 62, 63–64, 77, 83; retributive, 58, 62–63, 184
Justin, 9
King’s Peace (386), 225
Knights, The (Aristophanes), 187, 210
Korē (Persephone), 164–65
kottabos, 177
Krypteia, 100
labor specialization, 19
Laches (Plato), 216
landownership, 81, 102, 109, 110, 146, 172, 263
landscaping, 150
Laodice, 263
Laws, The (Plato), 232
League of Corinth, 221, 242, 243, 261
Learned Banqueters (Athenaeus), 9
Lebanon, 246
Lefkandi, 50
legal system, 8, 15, 77, 92, 111; democratic reforms to, 141–46
legislative assembly. See assembly
lentils, 16
Leonidas, 131
Leontion, 271
Lerna, 17
Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 5
Libation Bearers, The (Aeschylus), 159
Libya, 72
literacy, 178
literary criticism, 233
literature, 1, 4, 5, 266–68; as primary source, 7
Long Walls, 187, 192, 213, 225
Lycidas, 135
lyre, 115
lyric poetry, 115–16
Lysimachus, 263
Lysippus, 268
Lysistrata (Aristophanes), 187, 210–11
Macedonia, 9, 212, 223; Antigonid kingdom in, 255; city-states subordinated to, 243; Egypt invaded by, 222; Neanderthals in, 15; Neolithic villages in, 17; rise to power of, 221, 226, 239–43
magic, 119
magistrates, 178
Magna Graecia. See Sicily
makeup, 175
Mantiklos, 159
Mantinea, 187, 199, 222, 226, 237
Marathon, 123, 128, 131, 132, 140, 145, 151, 164, 168
marriage, 87, 89–90, 102, 164, 235, 264
masks, 36
materialism, 270
mathematics, 118, 227, 231, 232, 233, 274, 280
matrifocality, 27
Mauryan dynasty, 255
measurement, 274–75
meat eating, 12, 17, 21, 67, 100, 213
Medea (Euripides), 159, 170, 174
Medes, 124
medicine, 184, 233, 265, 275, 277, 280
Megara, 190–91
Megarian Decree, 190
Melanippe, 172
mercenaries, 39, 41–42, 79, 258
Mesopotamia, 124, 247, 249; legal codes in, 40; medical knowledge in, 275; monopolies in, 33; technology in, 20
Messenia: agriculture in, 10; helot revolts in, 99, 123, 141–42; social hierarchy in, 50; Spartan invasions of, 92, 94, 98, 222, 226
metallurgy: in Anatolia, 19; artistic uses of, 157; in Balkans, 15, 26; in Crete, 26, 32; diffusion of, 20–22; Minoan and Mycenaean, 29–30; technological advances in, 30, 51
metal ores, 13, 19, 51, 70, 124
metaphysics, 227, 231, 232, 233, 270
meteorology, 233
miasma, 160
Mikon, 151
military service, 79, 80–81, 82, 107, 114, 168, 178
milk, 20
Milo, 59
Mimnermus, 116
mines: iron, 52; revenues from 151, 155, 192, 198, 207, 223, 240; slave labor in, 86, 202, 214
Minoans, 24, 26, 29–30; Mycenaean contact with, 34–38; palace society of, 31–34, 40
Modern Greek language, 259
Moiro, 268
monarchy, 91; Greek rejection of, 3; Hellenistic, 255, 261–62; return of, 9
monogamy, 89
mountains, 10
mud bricks, 17
murder, 160
Museum, 267
music, 48, 115, 118, 162, 166, 176, 233
Mycenaeans, 23, 24, 29–30; decline of, 40–45, 46, 47, 48–49, 67, 91; Minoan contact with, 34–38; religion of, 39–40; social hierarchy among, 68; as warriors, 38–39
Myron, 157
myth, 7, 28, 119; religion and, 60–64
Naupactus, 195
navies, 80; Athenian, 123, 133–34, 137, 138, 139, 155, 187, 192, 195, 197, 200–201, 203, 222, 225, 226; Corcyraean, 190; Corinthian, 103, 190; Delian, 191; Hellenistic, 258; Persian, 124, 129, 133, 136; Spartan, 201, 204, 205
Neanderthals, 15
Near East: agriculture in 16, 21; assemblies in, 92; craft production in, 30–31; cultural achievements in, 4; Dark Age in, 46; Greek borrowings from, 2–3, 23–24, 28, 47, 74, 117–18, 252, 275; Macedonian rulers in, 10; metallurgy in, 21–22, 30, 51; mythology in, 61; poetry in, 56; Sea Peoples from, 41; sheep domesticated in, 17; trade with, 13, 20, 29, 40, 67, 73–74
Nemea, 265
Neobule, 116
neodamodeis, 99
Neolithic Age, 14; daily life in, 16–20
New Testament, 259
Nichoria, 50
Nicias (general), 178, 187, 198–99, 200, 201
Nicias (painter), 268
Nicomedes, 270
Nimrud, 48
North Africa, 10, 69, 72–73, 131, 249, 250
Nossis, 267–68
Notion, 204
nuts, 14
oats, 16
Octavian (Augustus), 258
Odysseus, 57–58, 63, 83, 168–69
Odyssey (Homer), 7, 55, 57, 58, 70, 178
Oedipus, 169
oikonomia, 87
oligarchy, 91, 93, 103, 107, 111–12, 203; broad vs. narrow, 204
olive oil, 12, 31, 33, 75, 112, 213
omens, 60
On the Rivers of Europe (Callimachus), 267
oratory, 180
ores, 13
Oresteia (Aeschylus), 159
ornaments, 19
Osiris, 278
Painted Stoa, 150–51
palaces, 26; Minoan, 31–34, 35, 40; Mycenaean, 37, 44
Paleolithic Age, 14
Panathenaic festival, 162
Panathenaicus (Isocrates), 237
Pandora, 89–90
papyrus, 5
Parthians, 255
patrilinearity, 27
patrilocality, 26–27
Pausanias, 1, 59, 123, 136, 137, 281
Peace of Nicias, 198–99
pears, 16
pediments, 154
Peloponnese peninsula, 14, 15, 34–35, 50
Peloponnesian League, 138, 190, 191
Peloponnesian War, 149, 159; aftermath of, 211–14, 223–26; causes of, 188–92; costs of, 186–88; domestic life in, 206–11
Peloponnesian War (Thucydides), 8, 138, 139, 191, 194, 196–97, 204; Melian Dialogue in, 199–200
peltasts, 225
pentakosiomedimnoi, 110
“peoples,” 263
Perdiccas, 240
Pergamum, 256
Pericles, 176, 185, 205, 217; architectural projects and, 151, 153; citizenship law of, 123, 146; death of, 187, 195; dramatic portrayals of, 209–10; egalitarian tendencies of, 145; foreign policy of, 147–49; Plato’s criticism of, 227; sophists befriended by, 181, 183; Spartan ultimatums rejected by, 190, 191, 243; strategy of, 192, 194, 197
perioikoi, 97
Persian Empire, 8, 121–24, 126, 148; administration of, 259; Athens sacked by, 153; Greece invaded by, 131–37, 242; in Hellenistic Age, 255; heterogeneity of, 247; Macedonia invaded by, 242; Macedonian conquest of, 221, 222, 239; outposts of, 137, 140; Sparta backed by, 202; Spartan designs on, 224
Persian Wars, 126–37, 184, 191, 225
Petralona Cave, 15
Pharos, 275
philanthropy, 238, 260, 263–64
Philemon, 266
Philip II, 212, 226, 241–42, 247; army reorganized by, 221, 240; Demosthenes’ view of, 9, 239–40; League of Corinth founded by, 222, 238
philosopher-kings, 233
philosophy, 1, 4, 8, 10, 13, 116–17, 214–20; Aristotelian, 232–36; in Hellenistic Age, 270–75, 280; Platonic, 226–32
Philoxenus, 268
Phoenicia, 43, 66, 67, 131; colonizers from, 70
Phoenician alphabet, 47, 55, 74
Phormio, 195
phylai, 113
physiology, 275
pigs, 10
Piraeus, 12, 140, 192, 204, 212–13
Pisistratus, 92, 112, 128, 151
Plataea, 123, 128, 129, 131, 136, 137
Plato, 8, 179, 215–16, 219, 226–32, 273; Academy founded by, 222; Aristotle vs., 233
Plutarch, 9
pneumatics, 274
poetry, 4, 48, 56, 74, 115, 162, 266; in Near East, 56; by women, 267–68
poleis. See city-states political science, 8, 233
politics, 3, 8, 9; women excluded from, 1, 4, 78, 91, 146, 158–59, 171–72, 237
Polyclitus, 157
Polygnotus, 151
polytheism, 276
poor people, 66, 77, 78, 79–83, 104, 107, 112, 262
population growth: agriculture and, 31, 52–53, 69, 92–93; in Archaic Age, 76–77, 92–93; in Athens, 108; in Attica, 107; late Neolithic, 17–18
Posidippus, 264
potnia, 40
pottery, 70, 85, 212, 213; burial with, 35; Corinthian, 75, 104, 112; in Dark Age, 50; in Hellenistic Age, 262; Near Eastern, 61, 74
Praxagoras, 275
prayer, 137, 159, 161, 163, 164, 165
profanity, 209
Prometheus, 89
property rights, 68, 78, 90, 147; of women, 89, 102, 172–73
Propylaea, 151
protagonists, 167
Psammetichus, 104
psychology, 233
Ptolemaic kingdom, 255–56, 258, 259, 263, 266, 277, 278
Ptolemy (astronomer), 274
Ptolemy I, 254, 255, 263, 267, 278
Pyrrho, 273
Pythia, 75
radiocarbon dating, 21
rainfall, 13
Ramesses III, 41
reciprocal exchange, 31
redistributive economy, 32, 33, 45, 47, 49
relativism, 228
religion, 4, 10, 13, 14, 119, 159–65; city-state and, 67; Egyptian, 28; Hellenistic, 276–80; Mycenaean, 38–39; myth and, 60–64; Persian, 126; science vs., 183; social hierarchy and, 54; women and, 78, 87
Renaissance, 238
representative democracy, 114
Republic (Plato), 231–32
Republic (Zeno), 272
retributive justice, 58, 62–63, 184
Rhea, 62
rhetoric, 181, 232, 233, 236, 237–38
Rhetra, 96
rivers, 13
roads, 13
Roman Empire, 281–82; art of, 157; Greeks subjugated in, 1, 10; Hellenistic kingdoms vanquished by, 256; slavery in, 85
root vegetables, 12
ruler cults, 276
Russian language, 26
Sabbath, 278
Sacred War, 242
sacrifices, 114, 159, 164; of animals, 54, 60, 67, 126, 163, 213; as obligation, 160, 165; Persians’ shunning of, 126; rules governing, 163; scheduling of, 162; slaves’ attendance at, 86, 161; by social elite, 54
Samos, 91, 104, 123, 148, 176, 204, 210, 264
sanctuaries: to Apollo, 75, 159, 242; to Athena, 152–53, 154; destruction of, 127, 134; early, 68; Egyptian, 74; Minoan, 37; sacrifices in, 161; slaves attached to, 86; statues in, 155; to Zeus, 59, 60, 115
Sarapis, 278
Sceptics, 273
Schliemann, Heinrich, 35
science, 4, 8, 13, 118–20, 183, 270–71, 273–74, 280
scribes, 47–48
scrip currency, 208
sculpture, 13; in Archaic Age, 88, 155–56, 157; in Classical Age, 65, 268; fertility symbolized by, 17, 18; in Hellenistic Age, 268–70; Near Eastern influence on, 28–29, 74, 118
sea level, 16
seals, 61
seeds, 21
Segesta (Egesta), 200
Seleucid kingdom, 255, 256, 258, 263, 277, 278
Sesklo, 17
settlements, 17
sex, 4, 68, 89, 101, 102, 175–76; Cynics’ view of, 273; in drama, 208, 210–11
shipbuilding, 13, 34, 75, 103, 133–34, 139, 202, 275
Sicily (Magna Graecia), 10, 69, 91, 103, 104, 115, 131, 187; Athens vs., 200–202; Spartans in, 224
silver, 13, 30, 35, 86, 123, 134, 140, 151, 155, 198, 207, 223; coins made of, 192, 193, 208, 213, 240
slag, 19
slavery, slaves, 1, 65, 66, 91; Aristotle’s defense of, 234–35; chattel, 83–86; debtors as, 109, 110; Epicurus and, 271; female, 85, 174; fugitive, 202, 214; in Hellenistic Age, 262, 280; household, 85, 86, 87, 207, 213, 214; political exclusion of, 4, 78; public, 86; in religious ceremonies, 161, 164; sex with, 176; in silver mines, 86, 202, 214
Slavic languages, 24
social hierarchy, 15–16, 19, 50–51, 68, 174, 238, 262
Socrates, 212, 215–16, 228, 237; material goods disdained by, 214; trial and execution of, 187, 211, 214, 217–20, 227; Xenophon’s writings on, 8
Solon, 92, 109–12, 114, 142, 178; Croesus advised by, 161, 165; as poet, 110, 116
sophists, 179–81, 214, 216, 217, 237
Sophocles, 8, 159, 168, 169, 170, 171
sources, 5–10
Spanish language, 26
Sparta: Athens allied with, 126–37, 186; Athens vs., 49, 67, 113, 121–22, 123, 142, 147, 149, 159, 189, 190–91, 192, 194, 221, 223, 226; Attica outpost of, 202, 207, 213; in Corinthian War, 222; colonization by, 73; dual kingship in, 91, 94; earthquake near, 141; family life in, 89, 97; founding legend of, 106; Hippias expelled by, 112; infantry of, 194; Isocrates’ view of, 237; isolation of, 93–94; Messenia invaded by, 92, 94, 98, 226; militarism of, 93, 97, 100, 103, 138, 197–98; oligarchy in, 93; peace terms offered by, 198, 204, 205; Peloponnese allies of, 138; Persians vs., 131, 133, 135–36; political system in, 94, 96, 111; population decline in, 201, 242; slavery in, 85, 86, 97–99, 103; surrendering rejected by, 197; Thirty Tyrants installed by, 205; uniqueness of, 8, 97; way of life in, 99–103; women in, 87, 101, 102
Sphacteria, 197
spices, 250
spirits, 119
stipends, 123
Stoa, 272
Strabo, 281–82
stratēgoi, 114
subjectivism, 181
subsistence agriculture, 45, 49, 109
synoecism, 94
Syracuse, 103, 131, 187, 200–202, 227
Syria, 43, 66, 70, 255, 256, 260, 278
Tanagra, 147
Taras (Taranto), 73
taxation, 140, 151, 155; on agricultural production, 112; in Corinth, 75; in Hellenistic Age, 243, 259, 260; on income, 110–11; in Laconia, 97; of metics, 212; in Persian Empire, 126, 247
Tecmessa, 169
Tel el-Dab’a (Avaris), 34
temples, 28, 39, 48, 72, 74, 76, 86, 104, 105, 260; architecture of, 153–54
tenants, 263
Thales, 118
Thasos, 139–40
Theagenes, 108
theaters, 76, 166–67, 171, 208, 259, 260
Thebes, 128, 131, 169, 221, 224, 225, 226, 242; destruction of, 243
Theocritus, 266
Theodorus the Atheist, 273
Theognis, 76–77
Theogony (Hesiod), 7, 61–62, 77, 89–90
Theopompus, 241
Thessaly, 10, 17, 222, 225–26, 241–42
Thirty Tyrants, 187, 205, 211, 212, 214, 218
tholos tombs, 36–37
Thucydides (historian), 138, 139, 194; civil war described by, 196–97; Cleon viewed by, 197; as commander, 188; Constitution of the Five Thousand backed by, 204; epidemic described by, 195; insightfulness of, 8, 188, 191–92, 199–200; ostracism of, 198
Thucydides (rival of Pericles), 148
Thurii, 159
tiles, 17
Timaeus (Plato), 230
Tiryns, 44
toilets, 150
tool making, 14, 15, 16, 19, 30, 51
totems, 5
trade, 3, 12, 19; in Archaic Age, 93; by city-states, 69–70; in grain, 203, 204, 213; in Hellenistic Age, 262–63; by Minoans, 24, 33–34; with Near East, 13, 20, 29, 40, 67, 73–74; poor laborers in, 81; technology spread by, 16; in tin, 52
translation, 5
transportation, 13
Treasury of Atreus, 39
trees, 213
tribes, 113–14
trittyes, 113
Trojan War, 34, 35–36, 56, 57, 63, 168, 170
Truth (Protagoras), 181
tutors, 85
Ugarit, 43
vases, 93,117, 118, 125,177, 209
vegetable oil, 259
Ventris, Michael, 37
Venus, 28
virginity, 175
warfare: captives taken in, 84; in Dark Age, 82; internal, 14, 44; metallurgy and, 30; religious guidance in, 60, 75
Wasps (Aristophanes), 144
water clock, 275
water supply, 105, 112, 213–14
weapons, 15, 30, 34, 35, 79; burial with, 38, 51
weights and measures, 259
Wen-Amon, 43
wild boars, 100
wine, 12, 31, 33, 75, 100, 213
women: Aristotle’s view of, 234–35; Athenian life for, 171–77; in audiences, 208; childbearing by, 20, 77, 87, 98, 101, 102, 103, 170, 172, 175, 176; in city-states, 68, 78, 91; in comedy, 210; in cults, 87; Epicurus and, 271; in Hellenistic Age, 263–64; Hesiod’s view of, 89–90; households managed by, 87, 102, 172, 178, 207, 213; as hunter-gatherers, 16–17; in later Neolithic period, 19–20; Plato’s view of, 231–32; poetry by, 267–68; political exclusion of, 1, 4, 78, 91, 146, 158–59, 171–72, 237; as priestesses, 172; property rights of, 89, 102, 172–73; as slaves, 85, 174; soldiers accompanied by, 247; in Sparta, 87, 101, 102, 173; in tragedy, 169–70; wartime hardships of, 206–7
Wonders of the World, The (Callimachus), 267
woodworking, 19
wool, 20
Works and Days (Hesiod), 7, 89
wrestling, 59
writing, 7, 17, 20, 47, 49, 55–56, 74, 178; cuneiform, 32
xenia, 56
Xenophanes, 119–20
Xenophon, 96, 176, 212, 223, 226, 239; as adventurer, 8, 224; helot revolt viewed by, 99; Socrates recalled by, 214, 217, 220, 237
Xerxes, 123, 131, 133, 134–35, 186
yogurt, 20
zeugitai, 110
Zeus (Jupiter), 26, 27, 40, 77, 89, 156, 160–61, 265; children of, 250; literary portrayals of, 62; sanctuaries to, 59, 60, 155
zoology, 234
Zoroaster, 126