imperialism 10–11, 81; see also Spanish Empire
liberalism 188
military 81
nationalism 352
and NATO 465
naval power 81; armada 10, 46–7, 80
Popular Front 352
and Portugal see Portugal/Portuguese: and Spain
Quadruple Alliance against 81–2
Quadruple Alliance of 1834 200–201
recognition of United Provinces 38
and slavery 200
Spanish Succession 42, 58; and the Treaty of Utrecht 76–8, 81–2; War of 65–7, 68–70, 71–2, 73–6
strengthened position following War of Succession 81
succession struggle of 1833 201
and the UN 389
union between Aragon and Castile 72, 81
Spandounes, Theodore 9
Spanish Empire
in the Americas 93, 266, 269; Caribbean 34, 44, 117–18; independence movements 188, 189; New Spain/Mexico 34, 35, 117
decline in power in Europe 38, 40
Dutch rebels/revolt 10, 11, 20, 21, 22, 25
and European imperatives 34–5
and the Low Countries 10, 11, 12, 16, 20, 21, 22, 25, 38, 53
Messina revolt 53
and Sardinia 81
and the Seven Years War 115–16, 117–18
and Sicily 81
and the slave trade 117–18, 200
Spanish Netherlands 4, 10, 38, 52, 54, 65–6, 70, 76, 77–8
and the Thirty Years War 10–11
after War of Succession 81–2
and the War of the Spanish Succession see War of the Spanish Succession
Spanish Habsburgs 8, 12, 17, 26–7, 36–7, 66
Spartacist uprising 323
Spectateur en Allemagne 96
Speer, Albert 372
Speyer 58
Diet of 33
Spiegel Affair 439
Spieler, Kaspar 61
Sputnik satellites 430
Srebrenica 497
Stainville, François Joseph de Choiseul, Marquis de 103
Stalin, Joseph 5, 289, 331–2, 336, 345–6, 347, 352, 353, 356, 360, 361–2, 363, 369–71, 375, 376, 377, 383, 384–5, 387, 389–90, 393, 394–5, 400–402, 423
and Franco 389
and the Jews 406–7
‘Stalin Notes’ 413–14
and Tito 401
and the UN 389
Stalingrad, battle of 378
Stalinism 339, 347, 353–4, 400–401
de-Stalinization 423
Stamp Act (1765) 123
Stamp Duty 121
Stanislas August Poniatowski of Poland 122, 124, 140
Stanislas Leszczynski of Poland 68, 87–8
Stanley, Edward, 15th Earl of Derby 239
Stanley, Sir Henry Morton 247
‘Star Wars’ SDI 473, 476, 477, 479, 480, 482, 483
Starfighter jets 439
statehood
ancien régime see European ancien régime states
British see Britain and the United Kingdom: statehood
and bureaucracy 94
and the defence of rights 126
English 61–2
European state system in the late eighteenth century 140–41
fiscal-military 61, 122, 131, 151–2, 183
increase in state power during First World War 302
laissez-faire 183–4
Machiavelli on states 27–8
monarchy and state power 91–2
state-building of German principalities 62–3
state-building process from high Middle Ages 2
steam power, and naval power 208
steel 411
European Coal and Steel Community 411, 412, 421
Stein, Heinrich Friedrich vom und zum 162, 167, 172, 173
sterling crises 425, 426, 443, 465
Stern Gang 388
Stettin 395
Stewart, Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry 179
Stimson, Henry 368
Stinger anti-aircraft missiles 482
Stinnes, Hugo 334
stock market 61
Straits, Turkish 202, 203, 205, 253, 260–61, 290–91, 393
and Russia 196, 205, 252, 260–61, 279, 284, 290–91, 293, 294, 300
and First World War 293, 294, 295, 300
Stralsund 79
Strassburg/Strasbourg 54, 56, 64
Strategic Arms Limitation Agreement
SALT I 454
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) 473, 476, 477, 479, 480, 482, 483
Stresa Conference (1958) 427
Stresemann, Gustav 287, 331, 332, 334, 335
exclusion under Act of Settlement 71
James Francis Stuart, Jacobite Pretender 60, 66, 77, 78, 103
Prince Charles Edward (Bonnie Prince Charlie) 98
student protests/riots 186–7, 445, 446, 447, 469
Freikorps 173–4
Sudeten Germans 452
Suez Canal
and the Yom Kippur War 456
Suffolk, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of 22
suffrage see franchise
British Sugar Act 121
Sukhomlinov, Vladimir 294
Suleiman I, the Magnificent 5, 9, 11, 16, 22, 32, 40
Suleiman II 72
Sumner, Charles 238
Sun Yat Sen 284
Supilo, Frano 298
Swabian Circle 57
Swanwick, Helena Lucy Maria 330
Sweden/Swedes
and the Alliance of Hanover 84
annexation of present-day Estonia 26
and Britain 95
and Denmark 179
EU admission 495
and France 53
Great Northern War 68–9, 78–81
Indelnighsverk (landholding system) 62
and the League of Armed Neutrality 158
monarchy 90–91
nobility 63
parliament (Rijkstag) 15, 30, 49
political reforms after Thirty Years War 48–9
as Protestant ‘guarantor’ 43, 52
Reduktion (reclaiming of crown lands) 62
and Russia 68, 78–81, 102, 136, 170
and the Seven Years War 113
and the Thirty Years War 11, 15, 16, 39
and the Treaty of Westphalia 45
Triple Alliance 52
and Western Pomerania 38
Switzerland 156
Austria and the Swiss crisis of 1847 211–12
Helvetic Republic 152
perpetual neutrality 180
Sykes–Picot agreement 298
Sylvester Patent (1851) 220
Syria 192, 202–3, 322, 393, 475, 513
Arab Spring 526
Széchenyi, István 192
Taft, Robert 415
Taft, William Howard 325
Taiwan 408
Taliban 503–4
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles-Maurice de 155, 163, 167
Tariff Reform League 272
Tasmania 271–2
Tauroggen, Convention of 172
American 129
British 121, 168; for America 123; poll tax 489
‘common penny’ 31
French 29, 70, 89, 117, 125, 141, 142
German 286–7
Habsburg troubles with raising 29–30
Hungarian 220
land tax 29
Polish 123
Russian 288
Stamp Duty 121
Townshend duties 123
Taylor, Maxwell 431–2
Tea Act 127
Tennessee Valley Authority 349
Teplitz, Treaty of 173
Territorial and Reserve Forces Act (Britain, 1907) 281
terrorism
Global War on Terror 511, 513, 518–20
and the Iraq War 514–16
and US domestic politics 518–19
Teschen 358
Teutonic Knights 26
Thatcher, Margaret 465–6, 471, 475, 477, 478, 482, 483, 488, 489
Thiers, Adolphe 201, 203, 204, 233, 241, 244
Thil, Freiherr von 197
Thile, Ludwig von 210
Third Coalition, War of the 161–5, 168
Third Germany 173, 182, 204–5, 228–9, 234
Third World 418, 423, 445, 460, 479
Thirty Years War 10–11, 13, 15, 16, 22, 23, 24, 35, 39
Treaty of Westphalia 37, 38–9, 41, 42, 43, 45, 55, 107, 130
Thorez, Maurice 363
Three Emperors’ League 250, 255
Thugut, Johann Amadeus Franz von, Baron 154, 156–7, 161
Thuringia 386
Tiananmen Square massacre 485
Tibet 279
Tindemans, Leo 463
Tirpitz, Alfred von, Admiral 267, 304
Tisza, István 303
Tito, Josip Broz 393, 401, 422, 427
Tocqueville, Alexis de 203
Togo 258
Toleration Edict (1781) 133
Tonkin, Indochina 256, 259, 453
Tordesillas, Treaty of 34
Tories 54, 59, 62, 63, 75, 77, 91, 114, 133
Conservative Party 272, 280, 281–2, 391, 403–4, 417, 489, 498
Toul 13
Tournai 18
Townshend, Charles 82, 83, 84, 123
tax duties 123
Tracy, Philemon 229–30
trade
British Empire 272
and the European balance of power 55–6, 77
German trade treaties under Caprivi 262
German–Austro-Hungarian 261–2
in the Napoleonic era 165, 166; and British Orders in Council 165, 170; Continental System/Blockade 165, 169–70
and the peace of Utrecht 77
slave see slavery/slave trade
US 170
and the US McKinley tariffs 262
trade unions 410
Solidarity 472–3, 474, 477, 485
US labour unions 274
Trafalgar, battle of 165
Transjordan 322
Trans-Siberian railway 261
Transvaal 269
Transylvania 57, 65, 82, 388, 482
Trescothick, Barlow 126
Trianon decrees 166
Triennial Act (1694) 62
Tripartite Pact 367
Troppau, Congress of 190
Trotha, Lothar von 280
Truman, Harry 386, 398, 403, 408
Tsarist Empire see under Russia
Tsushima, battle of 275
Tudjman, Franjo 497–8
Tudors 25–6
‘Tunisgrad’ 378
Turkey 82, 92, 94, 104, 205, 251–2, 279, 290 see also Ottomans
Crimean War 221–5
and First World War 295
and Greece 188, 189, 192–3, 284, 465
Turkish Straits see Straits, Turkish
Turks, Ottoman see Ottomans
Turks Island 120
Twesten, Carl 239
Tyroleans 166
Ukraine 65, 78, 327, 347, 481, 509, 516
Cossacks 47
and the EU 521; reformations for membership bid 520
independence 491
Orange Revolution 516
Poles 354
and Russia 516
Second World War 373
and the Single Economic Space 516
Ulbricht, Walter 413, 414, 415, 429, 432–3, 439, 452
Ulm 182
battle of 162
Ulster
Covenant 288
naval bases 446
Plantation of 26
Volunteer Force 288
unemployment
European 211
US 341–2
Uniate Church 123
Union for Salvation 192
Union for the Liberation of the Ukraine 297
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics see Soviet Union
United Kingdom see Britain and the United Kingdom
United Nations Declaration (Second World War) 372
United Nations (UN) 388–9, 531
admission of the two Germanies 451
birth 388
and the Bosnian War 494–5, 497–8, 499
and Iraq 491–2
and the Iraq War 515
and Korea 409
and Libya 527
loss of credibility 499
origins 385
and Palestine 400
and Russia 509
Security Council 388, 389, 425, 456–7, 491, 509–10, 515
and Spain 389
and the Suez crisis 424–5
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 406
and West German rearmament 410
United Provinces/Dutch Republic 8, 14, 25, 36, 40, 60, 61, 87, 91
and France 52–3, 54, 59, 102, 152
French Revolutionary Wars 150
oligarchy 102
Patriot Party 135
public sphere 61
Triple Alliance with Britain and Prussia 135
Triple Alliance with England and Sweden 52
and the War of the Austrian Succession 101–2
and the War of the Spanish Succession 66
United States of America
American Civil War 229–31, 235, 236
and the Arab nations 461, 500, 527
Articles of Confederation 129
Atomic Energy Act 390
banking crisis of 2008 522
and Bosnia 497
and Britain: 1812 War 171; after the American Civil War 238; Atlantic Charter 370; battle of New Orleans 178; Bermuda agreement on nuclear cooperation 430; and Canada 137, 171, 178, 183; Declaration of Independence 129, 131; in early nineteenth century 170–71, 177, 178, 183; Falklands War 475; and the French Empire 392–3; Grand Alliance, Second World War 371–2, 377–8, 382–6; growing understanding 273; Iraq War 514–16; and the Suez crisis 425; Treaty of Ghent 183; Treaty of Washington 246; and the War on Terror 511
Captive Nations Day 474
Carter administration 467–8, 469, 470–71, 472
CIA see Central Intelligence Agency
Civil Rights Act (1964) 440
Clinton administration 495–6, 497–8, 500
Cold War see Cold War
and communist advances across the globe 464–5
Congress 129, 137, 138, 171, 185, 223, 237, 238–9, 266, 390, 461, 462
Constitution 137–9; Second Amendment 139
and the Crimean War 222–3
and Cuba 223, 229–30, 238, 266, 268–9; missile crisis 433, 434
Declaration of Independence 129, 131
democracy 405, 473–4, 495–6, 500; and ‘democratic enlargement’ 496, 497, 500, 504, 513–14, 523; ‘democratic peace’ theory 473–4
Democratic Party 448, 467, 472
economy see economy: US
Espionage Act (1917) 316
and Europe: CFE Treaty 489; and the colonial empires after Second World War 392–3, 408–9; and the ‘containment’ of Stalin 397, 398; and ‘democratic enlargement’ 495–6, 497, 500, 504, 513–14, 523; deterioration of relations under G. H. W. Bush 495; dominance in mid-1990s 499; and the EDC 419; and the EU 506; and Eurocorps 495; and the European balance of power 284, 301, 396, 531–2; and European integration 377, 436, 437, 468, 492; Franco-German pressure for European balance against the US 516; Helsinki Accords/Final Act 464; inter-war relations 333–4, 338, 349, 359–60; Kellogg–Briand Pact 338, 339; and the Kosovo War 506; in the late eighteenth century 136; Marshall Plan 397, 399, 401, 403; and the MLF 435, 436, 437; and NATO 402, 410, 421, 422, 428, 435, 455, 456, 464, 469, 471, 483, 495, 496, 497–8, 524; and nuclear weapons 419; and the Reagan administration 476–7; and SDI 477; and Soviet pressure 407; and the Suez crisis 425, 426
expansionism 160; and the American Indians 237
and First World War 298, 299, 301, 307–8, 310–11, 316, 317
Florida purchased from Spain 184
and France 158, 159–60, 170–71, 191; Cold War era 419–20, 425, 426, 436; Franco-German pressure for European balance against the US 516; French Empire 136–7, 392–3, 419–20; French reactions to détente 454; inter-war period 338; Kellogg–Briand Pact 338, 339; and NATO 428; and the Suez crisis 425, 426
‘frontier’ proclaimed at an end 265
and Germany 250, 267, 272–3, 284–5, 308, 492, 524; Franco-German pressure for European balance against the US 516; First World War 298, 299, 310–11; and German reunification 488; inter-war period 333–4, 337–8, 339–40, 347, 354–5, 359–60, 361; and Mexico 289–90, 291, 298, 299; and Obama 524; partitioning after Second World War 376, 383–4, 386; post-Second World War German Question 376, 383–4, 385–6, 395–6, 401, 436; rearmament after Second World War 421; Second World War 368–9, 370–72, 386; and the USSR 432–3; West Germany 421, 434–5, 437, 443, 450, 461, 468; Yalta Conference 385–6
Gulf of Tonkin resolution repeal 453
Helsinki Final Act 464
House of Representatives 138
Indians in see Indians, American
and Indonesia 461
and the International Working Men’s Association 248
inter-war period 325–6
Iraq War 514–16
and Israel 461, 474, 475–6, 500
Jackson–Vanik Amendment (to Trade Bill with USSR) 462–3, 486
and Japan see Japan: and the US
Johnson administration 440–41, 442
Kansas–Nebraska Act (1854) 223
Kennedy administration 431–2
labour unions 274
and the League of Nations 321, 325, 326
Liberty Bonds 316
McKinley tariffs 262
and Mexico 237, 284, 289–90, 291, 298, 299, 308
and the Middle East 461, 500, 513–16, 527; CENTCOM 475; Iraq War 514–16; USEUCOM 475–6
military 266, 316, 374; CFE Treaty 489; flexible response policy 431–2, 434, 436; forces in Germany 461; ‘New Look’ 419
Missouri Compromise 200
and the Muslim world, late eighteenth century 136
and the Napoleonic Wars and era 158
NASA 431
National Defense Education Act (1958) 431
National Security Act (1947) 404, 405
National Security Council 404, 418
National Security Directive 68; on armaments 408
National Security League 301
National Security Strategy 500, 513–14
and NATO see under United States of America: and Europe
naval power 185, 266; Navy Act 301
Nixon administration 448, 449–50, 453–4, 461
Nixon Doctrine 449–50
Northwest Ordinance 139
nuclear weapons 390, 408, 419, 430, 431–2; ‘Star Wars’ Strategic Defense Initiative 473, 476, 477, 479, 480, 482, 483
Obama administration 523–4, 527
Ostende manifesto 223
protectionism 340
public sphere 109
Reagan administration 473–4, 476–7, 478
Republican Party 325–6, 448, 467, 472
Revolutionary War see North America: Revolution
Roosevelt’s New Deal and ‘war’ on Depression 349, 372
and Russia/USSR: arms control 468, 473, 480, 483; arms race 482; CFE Treaty 489; Cold War see Cold War; Committee on the Present Danger 467; Crimean War 222–3; détente 444, 447, 450, 452, 454, 458, 459, 461, 462, 473; and European relations 407; Glasnost 480, 482, 483; Helsinki Accords/Final Act 464, 467; Jackson–Vanik Amendment to Trade Bill 462–3, 486; Kissinger’s efforts for US leverage 460–61; Moscow Olympic boycott 471; post-Second World War deteriorating relations 393–4, 396–7, 398, 400, 401, 403; and Putin 511; and the Reagan administration 473–4; recognition of Soviet Union 347; SALT Agreements see Strategic Arms Limitation Agreement; Second World War 370; see also Grand Alliance against the Axis, Second World War; and space exploration 430–31
and Saigon 431, 432, 437, 442, 449, 461, 467
and Second World War 368–9, 370–72, 374, 375, 376, 377, 390; see also Grand Alliance against the Axis, Second World War
Sedition Act (1918) 316
Senate 138
Seven Years War aftermath and the creation of 107, 126–9
slavery 139, 145, 168, 183, 200, 206, 223; and the American Civil War 229–30
socio-economic modernization 431
and Solidarity 477
and South Africa 461
and Spain: American airbases 399; Florida purchased from Spain 184; Spanish Empire 136, 191, 266, 269
taxation 129
Texas annexation 208
trade 170
unemployment 341–2
and the Versailles Treaty of 1919 325, 326
and Vietnam 431, 432, 437, 440, 442, 443, 444, 446, 449, 450, 453, 455, 461, 467
Watergate cover-up 453–4
Wilson’s Fourteen Points 313–14, 317
Univers 206–7
French goal/threat of 54, 60, 64, 71
Habsburg threat of 8, 10, 36, 38–9, 48, 82, 83, 86–7, 134
Ottoman 9
Unkiar Skelessi, Treaty of 196
Upshur, Abel P. 206
urbanization 207
US European Command (USEUCOM) 475–6
USA see United States of America
Usedom 15
USSR see Soviet Union
Utrecht 25
Union of 25
Valmy, battle of 150
Valois, House of 15
Habsburg–Bourbon/Valois enmity 110
Vandalia 127
Vansittart, Sir Robert 356
Vauban, Sébastien Le Prestre de 56, 58
Vendée 151
Vendôme, Louis Joseph, Marshal 72
Venetia 155, 163, 180, 226, 234
Veracruz 200
Verdun 13
battle of 296
Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Count de 128, 131, 133
Verona, Congress of 190
1756 (First) Treaty of 110–11
1757 (Second) Treaty of 113
1919 Treaty of 320–21, 322–3, 325, 326–7, 337; 1920s challenges to 327–8, 332; disarmament clauses 321, 327, 328, 337; Hitler and the destruction of 343, 345, 350–51
Victor Amadeus II of Savoy 64
Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia 188
Victor Emmanuel II of Italy 219, 226
Victoria, Queen 247
Victoria, Australia 271–2
Vienna see also Austria
1725 Treaty of 84
1731 Treaty of 87
1815 Treaty of 179–81, 198, 212; challenges to the settlement 185–7, 213, 214, 216, 232
battle of 57
Congress 178–9, 180–81; Final Act 182; ‘monarchical principle’ 181, 184
Curtius agreement (1931) 341
and the Dutch 77
Habsburgs see Habsburgs
partitioning after Second World War 387
Privy Conference 79
and Spain 37; see also War of the Spanish Succession
Viet Cong 432
battle of Dien Bien Phu 419
and China 469
Paris Accord 455
partition 420
and the ‘Sixty-Eighters’ 445, 446
South (Republic of Vietnam) 420, 432;see also Saigon
and the US 431, 432, 437, 440, 442, 443, 444, 446, 449, 450, 453, 461, 467; Paris Accord 455
War 437, 442–3, 445, 446, 456, 461, 464–5
Vieuville, Charles, Duke of 23
Villa, ‘Pancho’ (Doreteo Arangol) 298, 299
Villa Viciosa, battle of 75
Villafranca, Treaty of (1859) 226
Virginia 112
Vistula ‘miracle’ (battle of Warsaw) 327
Vittorio Veneto, battle of 317
Voice, The 245
Voltaire 113
Vorontsov, Mikhail Illarionovich, Count 121–2
Vukovar 494
Wagram, battle of 169
Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab 92
Wahlkapitulationen 4
Waldmühlen, battle of 79
Walȩsa, Lech 472
Wall Street Crash 340
Wallace, Henry 403
Wallachia 82, 124, 188, 193, 221, 222
Wallonia see Spanish Empire: Spanish Netherlands
War of 1812 171
War of Devolution 51
War of Jenkins’ Ear 94–5
War of the Austrian Succession 97–103
War of the Bavarian Succession 130
War of the English Succession 60
War of the Oranges 160
War of the Polish Succession 87–8, 89, 93
War of the Second Coalition 157–8
War of the Spanish Succession 65–7, 68–70, 71–2, 73–6
and the Treaty of Utrecht 76–8, 81–2
War of the Third Coalition 161–5, 168
Warburg, Siegmund 442
warfare see also specific wars and battles air 316
European integration as a solution to war 506–7
Global War on Terror 511, 513, 518–20
interventionism see interventionism
medieval internecine conflict 2–3
and national consciousness 2
submarine 295, 299, 305, 308, 310, 316, 350, 370, 372, 378
Warsaw
1745 Treaty of 100
1970 Treaty of 451
battle of (‘Miracle on the Vistula’) 327
Grand Duchy of 163, 164, 169, 170
rising of 1830 194
Warsaw Pact 382, 422, 424, 459, 473, 479, 482, 485
and the democratic revolution of 1989–90 485–7
Wartburgfest rally 186
Wartheland 320
Washington, George 123, 131, 139
Washington, Treaty of 246
Watergate cover-up 453–4
Waterloo, battle of 178
Webster, Charles 389
Weimar Republic see under Germany
Weizmann, Chaim 313
Welles Plan 354
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of 172, 177, 192
Werden 80
West Germany see Germany: West Germany/Federal Republic
Western European Union (WEU) 420, 427, 477, 494, 495
Westminster
Convention (1756) 111
Imperial Conference (1926) 337
Statute (1931) 337
Treaty of 37, 38–9, 41, 42, 43, 45, 55, 107, 130
Wettin, House of 80
WEU (Western European Union) 420, 427, 477, 494, 495
Whigs 54, 59, 60, 62, 75, 91, 109, 114, 131
N. American settlers 63
White Mountain, battle of the 21
White Russia 327, 347, 354, 373
Wiener Kreditanstalt 341
Wilberforce, William 145
Wilhelm I, king of Prussia and emperor of Germany 228, 250
Wilhelm II of Germany 261, 262, 267, 276, 277, 283, 285, 297, 303, 309, 317
Wilhelmsbad 154
Wilkins, Roy 405
William IV of the United Netherlands 194, 195–6
William of Orange, William I the Silent 14, 15, 25
William of Orange, William III of England 53, 58, 59, 60–61, 62, 64, 101
Williams, William 113
Wilson, Sir Henry 285, 288, 314, 316
Wilson, Woodrow 289, 291, 299, 301, 310–11, 312, 313–14, 321, 322, 325–6
Windsor, House of 303
Winthrop, Stephen 36
Wirth, Johan Georg 198
Witte, Sergei 263
Wittenberg 19
Witwatersrand 258
Wolf, Lucien 321
Wolfe, James, General 114
Wolfowitz, Paul 513
Wolsey, Thomas, Cardinal 18
women
American 374
feminists 445
German women under Hitler 344, 364, 373
international women’s movement 304
women’s rights 304; franchise 282
working class 304
Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom 330
Women’s Social and Political Union (WPSU) 282
working classes 207
and First World War 304
and general strikes 289
German 286
International Working Men’s Association 232–3
women 304
Works Progress Administration (US) 349
World Anti-Slavery Convention 200
World Zionist Executive 264
Worms 58
Diet of 32
Wörner, Manfred 497
WPSU (Women’s Social and Political Union) 282
Württemberg 58, 163, 173, 180, 181, 203, 239, 386
Yakovlev, Aleksandr 481
Yalta Conference (1945) 383, 385–6, 387
Yeltsin, Boris 487, 489, 491, 496, 497, 499, 510
Yemen 526
Yom Kippur War (1973) 455–6
Yorktown, battle of 131
Young, Owen D. 340
Young Europe 197
Young Italy movement 196–7
Young Plan 340
Young Turks 279
Ypsilanti, Alexander 187–8
Yugoslav Committee 298
Yugoslavia 326, 358, 367, 401, 482
and the Bosnian War 493–5, 497–8, 499, 500, 501, 503
Communist Party 487
disintegration 491
and the EU 493–5
Kosovo Assembly declaration of independence 521
‘Little Entente’ 329
People’s Army 491
and the Percentages agreement 383, 401
and the USSR: relations with Tito 401, 427; treaty (1945) 385
Zahir Shah of Afghanistan 460
Zapolya, John 9
Zawahiri, Ayman al- 484
Zeune, August 164
Zimmermann, Arthur 308
Arab wars on Zionists in 1948 400
and the Palestinian Arab revolt 352–3
and the USSR 406–7
Zola, Émile 264
Zollverein (Customs Union, Prussia) 193, 197, 238–9
Zorndorf, battle of 115
Zsitva, Peace of 10
Zulus 257