Endnotes
Preface
1 Cherry, Paul (2006). “RCMP Make Cyberbust.” The Gazette.
Chapter 1
1 The branch of paleontology dealing with fossil plants.
2 Fleming, M. P. and R. C. Clarke (1998). “Physical Evidence for the Antiquity of Cannabis Sativa L.”
Journal of The International Hemp Association 5, 280-293.
3 Pringle, H. (1997) “Ice Age Communities may be Earliest Known Net Hunters.”
Science 277; 5330: 1203–1204.
4 Vavilov, N. I. (1992) “Origin and Geography of Cultivated Plants.” Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
5 Garg, A. (1996) “Palynocontents of Bee-Collected Pollen Loads of Autumn Season in Bhimal, India.”
Taiwania 41 (3): 197–207.
6 Li, H. L. (1974) “An Archaeological and Historical Account of Cannabis in China.”
Econ. Botany 28 (4): 437–448.
7 Li, H. L. (1973) “The Origin and Use of Cannabis in Asia: Linguistic and Cultural Implications.”
Econ. Botany 28 (3): 293–301.
8 Dörfler, W. (1990) “Die geschichte des hanfanbaus in Mitteleuropa aufgrund palynologischer untersuchungen und von Großrestnach-weisen.” Praehistorische Zeitschrift. 65:218–244.
9 Miotik-Szpiganowicz, G. (1992) “The History of the Vegetation of Bory Tucholskie and the Role of Man in the Light of Palynological Investigations.”
Acta Palaeobotanica 32(1): 39–122.
10 Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, M. and B. van Geel. (1992) “Early Human Disturbance of the Natural Environment Recorded in Annually Laminated Sediments of Lake Gosciaz, Central Poland.” Veget. Hist. Archeobot.
1: 33–42.
11 Godwin, H. (1967) “Pollen-Analytic Evidence for the Cultivation of Cannabis in England.” Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 4: 71–80.
12 Harlan, J. R., (1971) “Agricultural Origins: Centers and Noncenters.”
Science,
174, 468–474.
13 A Glossary of Plant Genetic Resources Terms, IBPGR Secretariat, Rome, 1980.
14 Pistorius, R. (1997) “Scientists, Plants and Politics: A History of the Plant Genetic Resources Movement.” International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome.
15 There are exceptions where chemicals compounds, such as growth hormones, are used to manipulate these qualities.
16 Small, E., and A. Cronquist. (1976) “A Practical and Natural Taxonomy for Cannabis.”
Taxon 25: 405–435.
17 Small, E. (1975) “On Toadstool Soup and Legal Species of Marihuana.” Plant Science Bulletin. Botanical Society of America. 21: 34–39.
18 “Cannabaceae.” (2006) Encyclopædia Britannica.
19 “Species.” The American Heritage Stedman’s Medical Dictionary.
20 Linnaeus’ Species Plantarum 1753 (May 1)
21 Please note that speciation and cannabis is disputed by botanists and the breeding community, although all sides do contribute important points of view for our consideration. Since the term “species” is itself disputed, this criteria may be subject to change or challenge, especially with more immediate genetic research of the cannabis genome.
22 Breistroffer (1948) and Stafieu (1967).
23 Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture—1913: Hemp. Lyster H. Dewey, Botanist in Charge of Fiber Plant Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry.
24 Schultes, R. E., et. al. (1974) “Cannabis: An Example of Taxonomic Neglect.”
Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets 23: 337–367.
25 Hillig, K.W. (2005) “Genetic Evidence for Speciation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae),”
Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 52: 161–180.
26 Hillig, K.W. (2005) “A Systematic Investigation of Cannabis.” Indiana University, Indiana.
27 Richard E. S. and A. Hoffman (1992) “Plants of the Gods—Origin of Hallucinogenic Use.” Hutchinson, London.
28 R. E. Schultes and A. Hoffman (1992) “Plants of the Gods—Their Sacred, Healing, and Hallucinogenic Powers.” Healing Arts Press, Rochester, VT.
29 Exodus 30:23, meaning reed of balm.
30 The name marijuana, meaning the dried flowers of the female cannabis plant, is hard to etymologize. In excerpts from April 14, 1999, House of Commons Debates on Medicinal Marijuana, it was recorded that
As for the word marijuana, its etymology is not clear. Some sources say that it is the contraction of two first names that are popular in Mexico, namely Maria and Juana. Others believe that this word comes from the Mexican word mariguano, which means intoxicant, or the Panamanian word managuango, which has the same meaning.
31 Delile, A. R. (1849) “Indexseminumhorti botanici Monspeliensis. Annales des Sciences Naturelles.”
Botanique 12: 365–366.
32 Janischevsky, D. E. (1924) “Formakonopli nasornykhmestakhv Yugo-vostochnoi Rossii.”
Uchenye zapiski 2(2): 3–17. University of Saratov, U.S.S.R.
33 Vavilov, N. I. and D. D. Bukinich. (1929) “Zemledelcheskii Afghanistan: Trudy poprikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii.”
Prilozhenie 33: 380–382.
34 Schultes, R. E., et. al. (1974) “Cannabis: an Example of Taxonomic Neglect.”
Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets 23: 337–367.
35 Small, E., A. Cronquist. (1976) “A Practical and Natural Taxonomy for Cannabis.”
Taxon 25 (4): 405–435.
36 The remaining terms are “pure ruderalis,” “indica x ruderalis hybrid,” “sativa x ruderalis” hybrid, “indica/sativa/ruderalis” hybrid, “mostly ruderalis,” and “mostly indica/sativa.”
37 Since this type of breed is not popular then we can surmise that our main focus should be on the core breeds and not these uncommon types.
38 The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.
39 The author has not personally had experience with all these strains.These are the ones commonly advertised by seed resellers.
40 ElSohly, M. A. (2002) Quarterly Report #76, University of Mississippi Potency Monitoring Project.
41 Green, G. (2005) “The Cannabis Breeder’s Bible: The Definitive Guide to Marijuana Genetics, Cannabis Botany and Creating Strains for The Seed Market.” 44–46, 141–144 Green Candy Press, San Francisco.
42 Hirata, K. (1924) “Sex Reversal in Hemp.”
Journal of the Society of Agriculture and Forestry 16: 145–168.
43 Schaffner, J.H. (1931) “The Fluctuation Curve of Sex Reversal in Staminate Hemp Plants Induced by Photoperiodicity.”
American Journal of Botany 18 (6): 424–430.
44 Peil, A., H. Flachowsky, E. Schumann, and W. E. Weber. (2003) “Sex-linked AFLP Markers Indicate a Pseudoautosomal Region in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.).”
Theoretical and Applied Genetics 107: 102–109.
45 It is said that you should wait until the plant shows its sex during the flowering stage of the life cycle and then clip away the top 6 to 12 inches of the male plant and remove the leaves. Stems and branches are discarded. The leaves are cured and then sampled.
46 As soon as the plant is flowered it continues to grow rapidly in height again. For Indica, the “vegetative growth to flowering height ratio” is usually around 1:2. Indica plants that are flowered at 2 feet usually finish at 4. For Sativa this ratio can go as high as 1:5. Some Sativa strains that are flowered at 2 feet can finish at 10 feet. Most breeders work on the 1:2 or 1:3 “vegetative growth to flowering” ratio.
Chapter 2
1 In 2000 I estimated this figure based on seed bank product guides. Since then, the figure has increased into the thousands; however, new hybrids take time to stabilize and the facts in this chapter remain the same.
2 Flowering times commence at the start of the photoperiod (12/12) and not at the start of calyx development (pre-flowering). This is covered in detail in Chapter 7.
3 Counterfeit goods are seeds released under a breeder’s name which are not originally from the breeder. Instead, they are the result of seeds bred from the breeder’s original seeds, which were purchased by the counterfeiter, who used them to make the fakes. These seeds are less stable and are generally non-uniform in growth when compared to the original breeder’s line. These counterfeit seeds can also be called F2 seeds, although F2 does not necessarily mean that the line is counterfeit. Breeders now practice sealing their original seeds in breeders’ packs to help prevent counterfeiting. Consult Chapter 15 for more information on F2 offspring.
Chapter 3
1 Some germination soils are not suitable for cannabis because they contain higher amounts of P and K than N. Most growers find that ordinary loam soil is just as good for germination as long as the N values are equal to or higher than the P and K values.
2 For more information about soil and NPK, refer to Chapters 5 and 6.
3 Propagation kits can also be used with growing media other than rockwool.
4 The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. (2003) “An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the Orders and Families of Flowering Plants: APG II.”
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 141(4): 399–436.
5 Harvey, R. (2002) “Growing Ferns from Spores.” Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian National Botanic Gardens.
6 Single cotyledons are produced by monocotyledons and gymnosperms may have two or more.
7 W. B. O’Shaughnessy, M.D, notes in his “On the Preparations of the Indian Hemp,” or Gunjah that cannabis is oily, and devoid of all narcotic properties.
8 Charles Darwin, simply by using experiments in his back garden, examined the feet of birds and left seeds in water for months to simulate animal trekking and oversea transport. Darwin concluded that these methods allowed fauna to spread from island to island and thus successfully explained how the same fauna species could appear in areas separated by obstructions.
9 Consult Chapter 6 for details on temperature.
10 Seeds take up to 3 weeks to germinate. After this time, if no seeds have germinated, check your seeds and your germination method. Usually seeds germinate together within a few days of one another. If all the seeds fail to germinate and your method was good then report this to the seed bank to see if their batch was faulty. Usually, good seed banks keep records of germination rates and failures.
Chapter 4
1 In most countries, a high electricity bill is not grounds enough for a search warrant. Electric heaters use just as much, if not more, electricity than grow lights. If your grow is well-hidden but the authorities suspect that you grow, then all they can do is look through your trash for evidence of a growing operation. If they find anything it can be used to obtain a search warrant. Do not use your trash for getting rid of growing materials. Find another way to dispose of unwanted growing rubbish. Create a compost heap in your garden for most waste materials.
2 Check to see if your country or state has granted law enforcement officials the legal right to track purchase orders from grow shops. A quick search on the internet will reveal news items about this. In most countries, it is illegal for law enforcement officials to trace purchase orders as a means to track down indoor cannabis cultivation operations.
3 Steiner, R. (1993) “Spiritual Foundations for the Renewal of Agriculture: A Course of Lectures.” Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening Association. Kimberton, PA.
4 Reganold, J.P., Palmer, A.S., Lockhart, J.C., and A.N. Macgregor. (1994) “Soil Quality and Financial Performance of Biodynamic and Conventional Farms in New Zealand.”
Science 6 (2). 5 Paull, J. (2006) “The Farm as Organism: The Foundational Idea of Organic Agriculture.”
Elementals: Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania 80: 14–19.
6 Organic farming produces the same corn and soybean yields as conventional farms, but consumes less energy and no pesticides. Susan S. Lang. (2002) “Soil Fertility and Biodiversity in Organic Farming.”
Science v.296, n.5573, 31 May.
8 Burros, M. (2003) “Eating Well: Is Organic Food Provably Better?”
The New York Times. July 16.
Chapter 5
1 Professional growers choose lighting kits with an external ballast because it is easier to move the light and keeps temperatures cooler. Internal ballasts make the light heavier and cause extra unwanted heat on your plants. External ballasts are highly recommended.
2 Fluorescents tend to produce buds that are airy and less dense than buds produced under HID lights.
3 In general, grow bulbs come in the following wattages: 250, 400, 600, and 1,000.
4 Air-cooled kits have openings in the reflector to allow for hot air extraction. Some of them even come with a built-in extractor fan.
5 Most bulbs have a lifespan of approximately 2 to 4 grows.This depends heavily on the bulb type and how long the bulbs are left on for. After the third grow, the bulb’s quality tends to reduce overall.
6 Although some growers can manipulate the photoperiod without sexual dysfunctions emerging, it is not worth the risk. Once a dysfunction appears it cannot be reversed. Sexual dysfunctions are covered in Chapter 7.
7 The conversion of electricity to light has been one of the great modern environmental catastrophes because of its inefficiency (imagine that before energy saving bulbs were around or industrial grade lamps, most lights lost around 90% of the energy used in the process). Progress in understanding light and incandescent lamps has helped scientists to reduce this waste factor.
9 Adjustments are made in the flowering phase of a plant’s life by adding different nutrients to your medium.
Chapter 6
1 It usually takes about two to three days to observe a correction in a nutrient disorder. If there has not been a change in three days, then you need to reconsider your diagnosis or treatment.
2 Heat stress can be responsible for sexual dysfunctions. Avoid heat stressing your plants.
3 Transplant shock causes plant stress. If your plant is sexually mature enough to flower (has calyx development) or is flowering, transplant shock can induce sexual dysfunctions to appear (the hermaphrodite condition). Even is your plant survives a transplant in the later stages of its growth, it can cause problems down the line. Avoid transplanting after the second week of vegetative growth if you can. It is during the third week of growth that the plant’s sex is usually determined and avoiding stress just before or after this point helps prevent sexual dysfunction. All strains are different in this respect. Some exhibit sexual dysfunction with only a little bit of stress. Others are more resistant and can endure quite a large amount of stress without exhibiting sexual dysfunction.The latter is especially true of strains that are recommended for the novice grower.
Chapter 7
1 Do not confuse a calyx with initial secondary branch development, which occurs in the first to second week of vegetative growth. If you are not sure, initial branch development, or secondary growth, produces two small leaves in a few days. These eventually extend into branches, which form more leaves and node regions.
2 Initial calyx development is not photoperiod responsive. You do not need to change your light photoperiod in order to find calyx development. Calyx development is a natural part of the plant’s life cycle and occurs when the plant is mature enough to display sex.
3 If you have a light photoperiod of 24/0 then sexual expression may only be evident in the calyx shape. If you have a light photoperiod of 16/8 then chances are the calyx may display sex very quickly because there is a dark period involved. If you see tiny white hairs (pistils) growing out from the pods then the plant is female. If the pods are very raised and growing in large numbers then it is probably a male.
4 “Feminized” seeds can produce the following sexes if the growing environment is not well maintained: (1) Females, (2) Hermaphrodites, (3) Males. “Feminized” seeds only increase the chances of getting females. They are covered in detail in Chapter 15.
5 Cannabis plants can be flowered as early as June, but this depends on how well the weather was up until then. If the plants were started in March and have sexually matured by June, then they may flower with as little as eight hours darkness. This is very strain dependent.
6 Variations in the photoperiod that cause hermies are mostly disturbances to the 12/12 photoperiod, although early 24/0 or 18/6 photoperiod disturbances can also cause sexual dysfunction to appear later.
7 This hermaphrodite condition depends largely on the strain and how well the environment has been kept. Not all attempts at early-induced flowering will hermaphrodite the plant. If the light regime has not been consistent or was variable, then early-induced flowering may cause the plant to respond by exhibiting the hermaphrodite condition.
8 Not all seed banks provide their strains in packs of 15. The most common amounts sold by seed banks and breeders are packs of 10, 15 and 16. On rare occasions, seed banks release “mix bags” of 30. These lucky mix bags are unidentified seeds that got mixed up by the breeder. They are usually very cheap to buy because of this.
Chapter 8
1 Reverting to vegetative growth or “re-vegging” is covered in detail in Chapter 11.
2 Clones usually take up to three weeks to root properly, but some root in two weeks. This is covered in Chapter 11. You should root your clone before trying to flower them if you want to see the “bud on a small stick” effect.
3 Remember to add for a rooting time of two to three weeks before you begin vegetative growth.
4 Remember that flowering plants require a strict light photoperiod of 12/12 and plants in vegetative growth require a light photoperiod of 24/0 or 18/6. For this reason, plants used in a “perpetual grow” operation must be kept in separate grow rooms or partitioned off from one another.
Chapter 9
1 Mylar is an excellent material to patch light leaks because of its high reflectivity.
Chapter 10
1 Sometimes roots can grow out through the bottom pot pores if there is a vacuum created between the pot and the dish/tray. Pots with small raised bases help prevent this from happening.
Chapter 11
1 F1 hybrids and non-uniform plants tend to exhibit more of this vigor than stable strains and IBL lines.
2 Cannabis plants rarely fail if they have lost 50 percent of their leaves sometime after the seedling phase of growth, but it will stunt them. Most strains will fail if no leaves are left on the plant.
3 Fishing line is also great for keeping those top colas upright. If you find that a top cola is bending over from the weight (and you will after using this book!) simply train it upright by using fishing line.
4 The exceptions to this rule are Ruderalis and other strains that have autoflowering properties. These strains can only be continued with seed and cannot be reverted back to vegetative growth.
5 It does not matter if you regenerate a female that has been seeded or is sinsemilla. The results will be the same.
6 The compromising of the genetic integrity of a rejuvenated plant usually occurs when the plant has reached an age where cellular breakdown occurs, causing death. If seeds are made from this dying plant, then it is possible that DNA repair malfunction may, because of cellular breakdown due to age, be passed on to these offspring. In this case, the genetic integrity of the plant has been compromised. Also, cuttings taken from this dying plant may also express the same problems or be mutated.
Chapter 12
1 Using small amounts of sticky pest tape around your grow will help you to detect if any pests have entered the grow room. Remember, though, that sticky pest tape can still catch friendly pests.
Chapter 14
1 Make sure to store your canned buds in a cool, dry and dark place away from any direct light. Check occasionally for mold, which can build up onto the buds due to humidity or age. If you find mold, just clip it away to prevent it from spreading. Moldy buds should not be smoked.
Chapter 15
1 The phenotype is the expressed genotype, but this can be influenced by the environment.
Remember your growing conditions influence the expressed phenotype. A purple hue in the plant’s stem may not be genetic at all but rather the result of a lack of K in the nutrients or cold temperatures.
Chapter 18
1 Cannabis also has medicinal uses for cancer treatment.
2 National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).
3 U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Prisons.
4 European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA).
5 European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA).
