1 Janet Malcolm, Two Lives: Gertrude and Alice (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), 186.
2 Philippe Burrin, “Writing the History of Military Occupations,” in France at War: Vichy and the Historians, ed. Sarah Fishman (Oxford: Berg, 2000), 80–81.
3 Cédric Gruat, Hitler à Paris: June 1940 (Paris: Tirésias, 2010), 17. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from the French are mine. I have also slightly modified some existing translations of selected works.
4 Pierre Audiat, Paris pendant la guerre, 1940–1945 (Paris: Hachette, 1946), 6.
5 Jacques Lusseyran, And There Was Light: Autobiography of Jacques Lusseyran, Blind Hero of the French Resistance (Sandpoint, ID: Morning Light Press, 2006), 137.
6 Jerome Kern with Oscar Hammerstein (New York: Chappell, 1940). “The Last Time I Saw Paris” was an immediate hit. It was sung by Kate Smith and, later, performed by Ann Sothern in the 1941 film Lady Be Good.
1 Henry W. Miller, The Paris Gun: The Bombardment of Paris by the German Long Range Guns and the Great German Offensives of 1918 (New York: Jonathan Cape and Harrison Smith, 1930), 59.
2 G. I. Steer, “Historic Basque Town Wiped Out; Rebel Fliers Machine-Gun Civilians,” The New York Times, April 28, 1937.
3 See Lynn H. Nicholas, The Rape of Europa: The Fate of Europe’s Treasures in the Third Reich and the Second World War (New York: Knopf, 1994). This study tells us that every sort of artwork was stolen, hidden, and destroyed during this war; her research taught us a great deal about what can be characterized as the mobility of national patrimonies.
4 Michel Schneider, Un Rêve de pierre: Le “Radeau de la Méduse,” Géricault (Paris: Gallimard, 1991), 14.
5 Laurent Lemire, ed., 1940–1944 Der Deutsche Wegleiter (Paris: Alma, 2013), 26.
6 Ibid.
7 Allan Mitchell, Nazi Paris: The History of an Occupation, 1940–1944 (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008), 3–4.
8 Jean Dutourd, Au Bon Beurre: Scènes de la vie sous l’Occupation (Paris: Gallimard, 1952), 48.
9 Irène Némirovsky, Suite Française (New York: Knopf, 2006), 198–99.
10 Vercors, The Silence of the Sea, ed. James W. Brown and Lawrence D. Stokes (Oxford: Berg, 1991), 51.
11 A. J. Liebling, World War II Writings (New York: Library of America, 2008), 654.
1 From a radio address made by Pétain on June 18, 1940. In French: “C’est le coeur serré que je vous dis qu’il faut cesser notre combat.”
2 Simone de Beauvoir, Wartime Diary (Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2009), 38–39.
3 Ibid., 49.
4 Ibid., 135.
5 Edith Thomas, Pages de journal, 1939–1944, ed. Dorothy Kaufmann (Paris: Viviane Hamy, 1995), 59.
6 Pierre Bourget, Histoires secrètes de l’Occupation de Paris (1940–1944), vol. 1, Le Joug (Paris: Hachette, 1970), 47.
7 William L. Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France, June 1940 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1969), 772.
8 Jean-Marc de Foville, L’Entrée des Allemands à Paris, 14 juin 1940 (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1965), 69.
9 Ibid., 93.
10 Ibid., 99.
11 Guy de Maupassant, Boule de suif (Paris: Albin Michel, 1999), 19–20.
12 Irène Némirovsky, Suite Française (New York: Knopf, 2006), 3.
13 Foville, L’Entrée des Allemands à Paris, 57.
14 Némirovsky, Suite Française, 49.
15 Jean de La Hire, Les Crimes de l’évacuation: Les Horreurs qu’on a vues (Paris: Tallandier, 1940), 32.
16 Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic, 775.
17 Hanna Diamond, Fleeing Hitler: France 1940 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 13.
18 La Hire, Les Crimes de l’évacuation, 79–80.
19 Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic, 825–26.
20 Ibid., 862.
21 Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–45: Nemesis (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), 299.
22 Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic, 939.
1 August von Kageneck, La France occupée, préf. Jean-Paul Bled (Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin, 2012), 49.
2 Omer Bartov, Hitler’s Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 13.
3 Kageneck, La France occupée, 59.
4 Clara Longworth Chambrun, Sans jeter l’ancre (1873–1948) (Paris: Plon, 1953), 223.
5 Rosalind E. Krauss, The Picasso Papers (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998), 111.
6 Harriet and Sidney Janis, “Picasso’s Studio,” in Marilyn McCully, ed., A Picasso Anthology: Documents, Criticisms, Reminiscences (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982), 224.
7 Alexander Werth, The Last Days of Paris: A Journalist’s Diary (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1940), 28.
8 Brassaï, Conversations avec Picasso (Paris: Gallimard, 1964), 76, 89.
9 Bryan Hammond and Patrick O’Connor, Josephine Baker (London: Jonathan Cape, 1988), 19–20.
10 Irène Némirovsky, Suite Française (New York: Knopf, 2006), 194.
11 Simone de Beauvoir, Wartime Diary (Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2009), 284–85.
12 Jean Guéhenno, Journal des années noires, 1940–1944 (Paris: Gallimard, 1947), 17.
13 Berthe Auroy, Jours de guerre: Ma vie sous l’Occupation (Montrouge, France: Bayard, 2008), 70.
14 Benoîte and Flora Groult, Journal à quatre mains (Paris: Denoël, 2002), 38.
15 Ibid., 54.
16 Ninetta Jucker, Curfew in Paris: A Record of the German Occupation (London: Hogarth, 1960), 51.
17 Pierre Bourget, Histoires secrètes de l’Occupation de Paris (1940–1944), vol. 1, Le Joug (Paris: Hachette, 1970), 59.
18 Ibid., 63.
19 Adolf Hitler and H. R. Trevor-Roper, Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–1944: His Private Conversations, trans. Norman Cameron and R. H. Stevens (New York: Enigma Books, 2000), 98–99.
20 Bourget, Histoires secrètes, 81–82.
21 Mabel Bayliss, Private Papers. Catalog number 5527, Imperial War Museum, London.
22 Ibid.
23 Némirovsky, Suite Française, 344–45.
24 René Mathot, Au Ravin du loup: Hitler en Belgique et en France, mai–juin 1940 (Brussels: Racine, 2000), 74.
25 Arno Breker, Paris, Hitler et moi (Paris: Presses de la Cité, 1970), 10. This remains the most authoritative account we have of Hitler’s visit.
26 A meticulous analysis of the images of this visit can be found in Cédric Gruat, Hitler à Paris: Juin 1940 (Paris: Tirésias, 2010).
27 Albert Speer, Spandau: The Secret Diaries (New York: Macmillan, 1976), 102.
28 Frederic Spotts, Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics (New York: Overlook Press, 2002), 280.
29 Ibid., 286–87.
30 Breker, Paris, Hitler et moi, 102.
31 Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich: Memoirs (New York: Macmillan, 1970), 172.
32 Breker, Paris, Hitler et moi, 97.
33 Tobin Siebers, “Hitler and the Tyranny of the Aesthetic,” Philosophy and Literature 24, no. 1 (April 1, 2000): 99, 108.
34 Friedrich Sieburg, Who Are the French? (New York: Macmillan, 1932), 188–89.
35 Thomas Weyr, The Setting of the Pearl: Vienna Under Hitler (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 36.
36 Ibid., 170.
37 Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, trans. Ralph Manheim (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), 261.
38 Ibid., 265.
1 Pierre Sansot, Poétique de la ville (Paris: Éditions Payot-Rivages, 2004), 22.
2 Eyal Benvenisti, The International Law of Occupation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), 8.
3 Pierre-Louis Basse, Guy Môquet: Une enfance fusillée (Paris: Stock, 2000), 20.
4 Dominique Jamet, Un petit Parisien, 1941–1945 (Paris: Flammarion, 2000), 109.
5 Francis Carco, preface to Colette’s Oeuvres, vol. 4 (Paris: Gallimard, 2004), 569.
6 Liliane Schroeder, Journal d’Occupation: Paris, 1940–1944. Chronique au jour le jour d’une époque oubliée (Paris: Guibert, 2001).
7 Pierre Audiat, Paris pendant la guerre, 1940–1945 (Paris: Hachette, 1946), 52.
8 Ibid., 24.
9 Max Hastings, “The Most Terrible of Hitler’s Creatures,” The New York Review of Books 59, no. 2 (February 9, 2012), 38.
10 Cécile Desprairies, Ville lumière, années noires: Les lieux du Paris de la Collaboration (Paris: Denoël, 2008), 22.
11 Gaël Eismann, Hôtel Majestic: Ordre et sécurité en France occupée (1940–1944) (Paris: Tallandier, 2010), 28.
12 Arno Breker, Paris, Hitler et moi (Paris: Presses de la Cité, 1970), 105–6.
13 Georges Poisson, Le Retour des cendres de l’Aiglon (Paris: Nouveau Monde, 2006), 80–81.
14 Renée Poznanski, Jews in France during World War II (Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2001), 25.
15 Jacques Biélinky, Journal, 1940–1942: Un journaliste juif à Paris sous l’Occupation (Paris: Cerf, 1992), 113.
16 Colette, Paris de ma fenêtre, in Oeuvres, vol. 4 (Paris: Gallimard, 2001), 1258.
17 Ibid., 605.
18 Eric Alary, Les Français au quotidien: 1939–1949 (Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin, 2009), 18.
19 Christine Levisse-Touzé et al., eds., 1940: l’Année de tous les destins (Paris: Paris-Musées, 2000), 124; exhibition catalog.
1 Felix Hartlaub, Paris 1941: Journal et correspondance (extraits) (Arles: Actes Sud, 1999), 117.
2 Karen Fiss, Grand Illusion: The Third Reich, the Paris Exposition, and the Cultural Seduction of France (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009).
3 Jean Guéhenno, Journal des années noires, 1940–1944 (Paris: Gallimard, 1947), 110–11.
4 Patrick Buisson, 1940–1945: Années érotiques (Paris: Albin Michel, 2011), 89.
5 Hélie de Saint Marc and August von Kageneck, Notre histoire, 1922–1945: Conversations avec Étienne de Montety (Paris: Arènes, 2002), 159–60.
6 Hartlaub disappeared during the defense of Berlin in April–May of 1945. His sister published some of his disparate writings under the title Von unten gesehen (View from Below) in 1950, and five years later his journal as we have it was published in his Gesamtwerk (Complete Works). In 1999, a French translation of the journal was published as Paris 1941. The latter is the edition I have used.
7 Hartlaub, Paris 1941, 113.
8 Ibid., 114–15.
9 For very detailed information on sexual mores during this period, see Patrick Buisson, 1940–1945: Années érotiques (2 vols.), Insa Meinen, Wehrmacht et prostitution sous l’Occupation (1940–1945), and Jean-Paul Picaper and Ludwig Norz, Enfants maudits.
10 Buisson, Années érotiques, vol. 1, Vichy, ou Les infortunes de la vertu, 85.
11 Buisson, Années érotiques, vol. 2, De la grande prostituée à la revanche des mâles, 294.
12 For an extensive study of this phenomenon, see Jean-Paul Picaper and Ludwig Norz, Enfants maudits: Ils sont 200,000; On les appelait les “enfants de Boches” (Paris: Syrtes, 2004).
13 Colette, Paris de ma fenêtre, in Oeuvres, vol. 4 (Paris: Gallimard, 2001), 692.
14 Insa Meinen, Wehrmacht et prostitution sous l’Occupation (1940–1945) (Paris: Payot, 2006), 10.
15 Fabienne Jamet, One two two (Paris: Presses Pocket, 1979), 107.
16 Ibid., 111.
17 Ibid.
18 Allan Mitchell, The Devil’s Captain: Ernst Jünger in Nazi Paris, 1941–1944 (New York: Berghahn Books, 2011), 68.
19 Ernst Jünger, Journaux de guerre, vol. 2, 1939–1948 (Paris: Gallimard, 2008), 322.
20 Gerhard Heller, Un Allemand à Paris: 1940–1944 (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1981), 34. (209)
21 Ibid., 201.
22 Ibid., 199.
23 Ibid., 201–2.
24 Ibid., 203–4.
25 Ibid., 206.
26 Charles-Louis Foulon, Christine Levisse-Touzé, and Grégoire Kauffmann, Les Résistants, vol. 2, Lucie Aubrac et l’armée des ombres (Paris: Société Éditrice du Monde, 2012), 120.
1 Michèle Cointet and Jean-Paul Cointet, Paris 40–44 (Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin, 2001), 10.
2 Tatiana de Rosnay, Sarah’s Key (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2007).
3 Gaston Bachelard, The Poetics of Space (New York: Orion Press, 1964).
4 Otto Friedrich Bollnow, Human Space (London: Hyphen, 2011), 87.
5 Marcel Aymé, Le Passe-muraille: nouvelles (Paris: Gallimard, 1943), 18–19.
6 Ibid., 19.
7 Edith Thomas, Pages de journal, 1939–1944, ed. Dorothy Kaufmann (Paris: Viviane Hamy, 1995), 154.
8 Victoria Kent, Quatre ans à Paris (Paris: Éditions le Livre du jour, 1947), 78.
9 Dominique Jamet, Un petit Parisien, 1941–1945 (Paris: Flammarion, 2000), 89.
10 Ibid., 85.
11 Ibid., 99.
12 Sharon Marcus, Apartment Stories: City and Home in Nineteenth-Century Paris and London (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 2.
13 Ibid., 24.
14 This and the previous episode are described in Anne Thoraval, Paris, les lieux de la Résistance (Paris: Parigramme, 2007).
15 Berthe Auroy, Jours de guerre: Ma vie sous l’Occupation (Montrouge, France: Bayard, 2008), 181.
16 Ibid., 96–97.
17 Private papers of Mabel Bayliss, catalog number 5527, Imperial War Museum, London.
18 Jacques Yonnet, Paris Noir: The Secret History of a City, trans. Christine Donougher (Sawtry, UK: Dedalus, 2006), 22.
19 Kent, Quatre ans à Paris, 192.
20 Pascale Moisson, Anecdotes… sous La Botte (Paris: Harmattan, 1998), 91.
21 Auroy, Jours de guerre, 122–23.
22 Laurent Lemire, ed., 1940–1944 Der Deutsche Wegleiter (Paris: Alma, 2013), 121.
23 Edmond Dubois, Paris sans lumière, 1939–1945: Témoignages (Lausanne: Payot, 1946), 122.
24 Ibid.
25 André Halimi, La Délation sous l’Occupation (Paris: Edition 1, 1998), 89. Halimi also filmed a very fine documentary, Délation pendant l’Occupation, that cites many such letters and analyzes the characteristics of people who sent them.
26 Paul Achard, La Queue: Ce qui s’y disait, ce qu’on y pensait (Paris: Mille et une nuits, 2011), 95.
27 Elsa Triolet, Quatre récits de l’Occupation (Brussels: Société des amis de Louis Aragon et Elsa Triolet/Aden, 2010), 33.
28 Achard, La Queue, 79.
29 Jean Galtier-Boissière, Mon journal pendant l’Occupation (Paris: La Jeune parque, 1944), 55.
1 Clemenceau’s aphorism was used as the motto of the widely distributed Resistance journal Combat.
2 Jean Texcier, “Conseils à l’occupé,” available on the Musée Virtuel de la Résistance website (http://www.museedelaresistanceenligne.org/doc/flash/texte/2616.pdf).
3 Robert Paxton’s Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944 (New York: Knopf, 1972) and Henry Rousso’s The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France Since 1944 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991) are thorough, clear, and definitive studies about the Vichy regime and the detritus it left behind in France’s collective memory.
4 The best recent historians of the idea of French resistance to the Occupation are Philippe Burrin, Matthew Cobb, Olivier Wieviorka, Jean-Pierre Azéma, Alya Aglan, and Jean-François Muracciole.
5 Jean-François Muracciole, Histoire de la Résistance en France (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1993), 29.
6 Jean-Pierre Azéma, 1940: L’Année noire (Paris: Fayard, 2010), 417.
7 Ibid.
8 Jean-Louis Crémieux-Brilhac, La France Libre: De l’Appel du 18 juin à la Libération (Paris: Gallimard, 1996), 89.
9 Ibid., 98, 101.
10 Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 296.
11 Matthew Cobb, The Resistance: The French Fight Against the Nazis (London: Simon & Schuster, 2009), 3.
12 Jean-François Muracciole, Histoire de la Résistance en France, 103.
13 Gaël Eismann, Hôtel Majestic: Ordre et sécurité en France occupée (1940–1944) (Paris: Tallandier, 2010), 134. Eismann’s book is the most thorough analysis of the structure and actions of the MBF in Paris during the Occupation.
14 Ibid., 161–62.
15 Charles-Louis Foulon, Christine Levisse-Touzé, and Grégoire Kauffmann, Les Résistants, vol. 1, Jean Moulin et les soutiers de la gloire (Paris: Société Éditrice du Monde, 2012), 182.
16 Bertrand Matot, La Guerre des cancres: Un lycée au coeur de la Résistance et de la collaboration (Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin, 2010), 24. Matot presents an excellent sociological study of the school. In his preface to this book, the novelist Patrick Modiano writes that this was “l’école de la Résistance” (the school of the Resistance; 10). Cancre is a familiar term for dunce, or lazy student.
17 Marie Granet, Les Jeunes dans la Résistance: 20 ans en 1940 (Paris: Editions France-Empire, 1985), 184.
18 Matot, La Guerre des cancres, 146–47.
19 Jacques Lusseyran, And There Was Light: Autobiography of Jacques Lusseyran, Blind Hero of the French Resistance (Sandpoint, ID: Morning Light Press, 2006), 110.
20 Ibid., 173.
21 Ibid., 112.
22 Roger Boussinot, Les Guichets du Louvre (Paris: Denoël, 1960), 11. In 1974, Michel Mitrani made an excellent film adaptation of this novel with the same title.
23 Ibid., 12.
24 Ibid., 27–28.
25 Ibid., 109.
26 Ibid., 148.
27 Musée de la Résistance, “Résistance,” Notre Musée 11 (2001).
28 Cited in Charles-Louis Foulon, Christine Levisse-Touzé, and Grégoire Kauffmann, Les Résistants, vol. 2, Lucie Aubrac et l’armée des ombres, 34.
29 Boussinot, Les Guichets du Louvre, 151.
30 Adam Rayski, L’Affiche rouge: Une victoire posthume (Paris: Délégation à la Mémoire et à l’Information Historique, 1999), 16–17.
31 Ibid., 27–28.
32 Alain Blottière, Le Tombeau de Tommy (Paris: Gallimard, 2011), 216–17.
33 Thomas Elek, Letter to Hélène Elek, February 21, 1944, available on the L’Affiche rouge blog (http://lafficherouge.skyrock.com/2841967794-Thomas-Elek.html).
34 Thomas Elek, Letter of good-bye to his friends, February 21, 1944, available on the L’Affiche rouge blog (http://lafficherouge.skyrock.com/2841967794-Thomas-Elek.html).
35 Hélène Elek, La Mémoire d’Hélène (Paris: F. Maspero, 1977), 189.
36 Ibid., 177.
37 Renée Poznanski, Jews in France during World War II (Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2001), 164.
38 Lucie Aubrac, La Résistance expliquée à mes petits-enfants (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 2000), 29.
39 Françoise Siefridt, J’ai voulu porter l’étoile jaune: Journal de Françoise Siefridt, chrétienne et résistante (Paris: Robert Laffont, 2010), 81.
40 Ibid., 112.
41 Ibid., 131, 133.
42 Ibid., 148.
43 Cited in Jean-Pierre Arthur Bernard, Le Goût de Paris, vol. 2, L’Espace (Paris: Mercure de France, 2004), 38.
44 Rayski, L’Affiche rouge, 8.
1 Hélène Elek, La Mémoire d’Hélène (Paris: F. Maspero, 1977), 189.
2 For an encyclopedic yet clear analysis of their plight, see Renée Poznanski, Jews in France during World War II (Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2001).
3 Jonathan Kirsch, The Short, Strange Life of Herschel Grynszpan: A Boy Avenger, a Nazi Diplomat, and a Murder in Paris (New York: Liveright, 2013), 11.
4 Poznanski, Jews in France during World War II, 31.
5 Antoine Sabbagh, ed., Lettres de Drancy (Paris: Éditions Tallandier, 2002), 44n1.
6 Poznanski, Jews in France during World War II, 42.
7 Jacques Biélinky, Journal, 1940–1942: Un journaliste juif à Paris sous l’Occupation (Paris: Cerf, 1992), 46.
8 Ibid., 76.
9 Serge Klarsfeld, Adieu les enfants (1942–1944) (Paris: Mille et une nuits, 2005), 30. Klarsfeld’s monumental Le Calendrier de la persécution des Juifs en France, 1940–1944 is the lifetime work of a man dedicated to the memory of those who disappeared. It is indispensable to those who study the French Shoah.
10 Poznanski, Jews in France during World War II, 314.
11 Sarah Gensburger, C’étaient des enfants: Déportation et sauvetage des enfants juifs à Paris (Paris: Skira-Flammarion, 2012), 93.
12 One historian has convincingly estimated that at the end of the Occupation in Paris, about forty thousand Jews, many with yellow stars sewn onto their nicest clothes, continued to live in Paris. See Jacques Semelin, Persécutions et entraides dans la France occupée: Comment 75 percent des Juifs en France ont échappé à la mort (Paris: Éditions du Seuil/Éditions des Arènes, 2013), 23.
13 Patrick Modiano, Dora Bruder (Paris: Gallimard, 1997), 3.
14 Ibid., 46–47.
15 Ibid., 31.
16 Sarah Kofman, Rue Ordener, Rue Labat (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), 31.
17 Hélène Berr, The Journal of Hélène Berr, trans. David Bellos (New York: Weinstein Books, 2008), 245.
18 Ibid., 19.
19 Ibid., 27.
20 Ibid., 28.
21 Ibid., 263.
22 Jean Guéhenno, Journal des années noires, 1940–1944 (Paris: Gallimard, 1947), 26.
23 Ernst Jünger, Journaux de guerre, vol. 2, 1939–1948 (Paris: Gallimard, 2008), 146.
24 About the yellow star and its ramifications, see Léon Poliakov, L’Étoile jaune (Paris: Grancher, 1999), Cédric Gruat and Cécile Leblanc, Amis des Juifs: Les Résistants aux étoiles (Paris: Tirésias, 2005), and Serge Klarsfeld, L’Étoile des Juifs: Témoignages et documents (Paris: l’Archipel, 1992).
25 Gruat and Leblanc, Amis des Juifs, 45.
26 Ibid., 47.
27 Berr, The Journal of Hélène Berr, 54.
28 Klarsfeld, L’Étoile des Juifs, 64–65.
29 Ibid., 66.
30 Ibid., 90.
31 Biélinky, Journal, 1940–1942, 232.
32 Klarsfeld, L’Étoile des Juifs, 96.
33 Biélinky, Journal, 1940–1942, 217.
34 Klarsfeld, L’Étoile des Juifs, 97
35 Michèle Feldman, Le Carnet noir: Un notable “israélite” à Paris sous l’Occupation (1er novembre 1942–12 octobre 1943) (Paris: Harmattan, 2012), 45.
36 Ibid., 99.
37 Ibid., 62.
38 Many of these memories have been collated, taped, and transcribed by the remarkable archivists at the Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine, now sited in the Mémorial de la Shoah in Paris.
39 Maurice Rajsfus, La Rafle du Vél d’Hiv (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 2002), 67.
40 Ibid., 50.
41 Karen Taieb and Tatiana de Rosnay, Je vous écris du Vél’ d’hiv: Les lettres retrouvées (Paris: Robert Laffont, 2011), 191.
42 Gensburger, C’étaient des enfants, 80–81.
43 Rajsfus, La Rafle du Vél d’Hiv, 54, 55.
44 See Pierre Laborie, “Anachronismes,” in his Les Mots de 39–45 (Toulouse: Presses universitaires du Mirail, 2006), 14–16.
45 Klarsfeld, Adieu les enfants, 155.
1 Albert Camus, The Plague, trans. Stuart Gilbert (New York: Modern Library, 1948), 12.
2 Pierre Audiat, Paris pendant la guerre, 1940–1945 (Paris: Hachette, 1946), 194.
3 Jean Guéhenno, Journal des années noires, 1940–1944 (Paris: Gallimard, 1947), 268.
4 Gertrude Stein, Wars I Have Seen (London: Brilliance Books, 1984), 105.
5 Allan Mitchell, Nazi Paris: The History of an Occupation, 1940–1944 (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008), 24.
6 Audiat, Paris pendant la guerre, 241.
7 Jean-Pierre Guéno and Jérôme Pecnard, Paroles de l’ombre: Lettres et carnets des Français sous l’Occupation, 1939–1945 (Paris: Arènes, 2009), 48–49.
8 Jean-Marc Dreyfus and Sarah Gensburger, Nazi Labour Camps in Paris: Austerlitz, Lévitan, Bassano, July 1943–August 1944 (New York: Berghahn Books, 2011), 25.
9 W. G. Sebald, Austerlitz (New York: Random House, 2001), 288.
10 Olivier Todd, Albert Camus: A Life (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), 114.
11 Camus, The Plague, 71–72.
12 Ibid., 3.
13 Ibid., 71.
14 Albert Camus, Notebooks, 1942–1951, trans. and ed. Justin O’Brien (New York: Knopf, 1965), 28.
15 Camus, The Plague, 167.
16 Ibid., 113.
17 Colette, Paris de ma fenêtre, in Oeuvres, vol. 4 (Paris: Gallimard, 2001), 687.
18 Ibid., 680.
19 See Alan Riding, And the Show Went On: Cultural Life in Nazi-Occupied Paris (New York: Knopf, 2010), and Frederic Spotts, The Shameful Peace: How French Artists and Intellectuals Survived the Nazi Occupation (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008), for full histories of this moral embarrassment during and after the Occupation.
20 Audiat, Paris pendant la guerre, 205.
21 Guy Krivopisco, Les Fusillés de la Cascade du Bois de Boulogne, 16 août 1944 (Paris: Mairie de Paris, 2000), 10.
22 Mitchell, Nazi Paris, 131. Mitchell’s book is a gold mine of information on the bureaucratic operations of the Occupiers.
23 Ibid., 155.
1 Raoul Nordling with Victor Vinde and Fabrice Virgili, Sauver Paris: Mémoires du consul de Suède (1905–1944), ed. Fabrice Virgili (Brussels: Éditions Complexe, 2002), 118.
2 Michael S. Neiberg, The Blood of Free Men: The Liberation of Paris, 1944 (New York: Basic Books, 2012), 11.
3 Steve Zaloga, Liberation of Paris 1944: Patton’s Race for the Seine (New York: Osprey, 2008), 7.
4 Joachim Ludewig, Rückzug: The German Retreat from France, 1944, ed. David T. Zabecki (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2012), 142.
5 Edith Thomas, La Libération de Paris (Paris: Mellottée, 1945), 14.
6 The two fullest eyewitness accounts we have of these last few days of the Occupation are those of Nordling, Sauver Paris (Saving Paris) and von Choltitz’s own self-serving but fascinating memoir, De Sébastopol à Paris: Un soldat parmi des soldats (Paris: Aubanel, 1964). Two more informative histories are the well-known Is Paris Burning? by Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965) and two recent histories of the Liberation by Neiberg, The Blood of Free Men, and Matthew Cobb, Eleven Days in August: The Liberation of Paris in 1944 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2013).
7 Choltitz, De Sébastopol à Paris, 207.
8 Ibid., 247.
9 Ibid., 239.
10 Ibid., 240–41.
11 Cited in Edmond Dubois, Paris sans lumière, 1939–1945: Témoignages (Lausanne: Payot, 1946), 210–11. The leaflet was distributed by air over Paris on August 25, 1944; late the night before, the first Allied tanks, led by the French, had entered the city.
12 Cited in Ludewig, Rückzug, 145.
13 Benoîte and Flora Groult, Journal à quatre mains (Paris: Denoël, 1962), 459, 460.
14 Pierre Audiat, Paris pendant la guerre, 1940–1945 (Paris: Hachette, 1946), 298.
15 Ibid., 296.
16 Jean Guéhenno, Journal des années noires, 1940–1944 (Paris: Gallimard, 1947), 433–34.
17 Institut national de l’audiovisuel, Journal de la résistance: La Libération de Paris (video), available at the INA website (http://www.ina.fr/video/AFE99000038).
18 Jacques Yonnet, Paris Noir: The Secret History of a City, trans. Christine Donougher (Sawtry, UK: Dedalus, 2006), 171.
19 Thomas, La Libération de Paris, 69.
20 Ibid., 71.
21 Françoise Gilot and Carlton Lake, Life with Picasso (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), 53.
22 Victoria Beck Newman, “The Triumph of Pan: Picasso and the Liberation,” Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 62, no. 1 (January 1, 1999), 115.
23 Guéhenno, Journal des années noires, 436.
24 Berthe Auroy, Jours de guerre: Ma vie sous l’Occupation (Montrouge, France: Bayard, 2008), 337.
25 Choltitz, De Sébastopol à Paris, 249.
26 United States Army, Instructions for American Servicemen in France during World War II, with a new introduction by Rick Atkinson (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 50–51.
27 Writes Matthew Cobb in his book on the Liberation, Eleven Days in August: “Figures given by historians vary substantially, and can rarely be traced back to any original source.” He gives the range of variants on page 509, note 30. See also Neiberg, The Blood of Free Men, page 246, for more information—and confusion.
28 Mary Louis Roberts’s What Soldiers Do: Sex and the American GI in World War II France (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013) gives embarrassing details of US soldiers’ sexual behavior during the Liberation. She extensively describes the ways in which sexuality and the American character were on display during these few months.
29 Groult and Groult, Journal à quatre mains, 468.
30 Ibid., 18–19.
31 Ibid., 469.
32 Auroy, Jours de guerre, 344.
33 Groult and Groult, Journal à quatre mains, 479.
34 Cited by Seymour I. Toll in “Liebling Covers Paris, Hemingway Liberates It,” Sewanee Review 112, no. 1 (2004): 49.
35 Michèle Cointet and Jean-Paul Cointet, Paris 40–44 (Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin, 2001), 269.
36 Instructions for American Servicemen, 24.
37 H. R. Kedward and Nancy Wood, eds., The Liberation of France: Image and Event (Oxford: Berg, 1995), 4.
38 Gertrude Stein, Wars I Have Seen (London: Brilliance Books, 1984), 237.
1 Jacques Spitz and Clément Pieyre, La Situation culturelle en France pendant l’Occupation et depuis la Libération: Notes rédigées en 1945 pour la Section historique de l’Armée américaine (Nantes: Joseph K., 2010), 72.
2 Patrick Buisson, 1940–1945, Années érotiques, vol. 2, De la grande prostituée à la revanche des mâles (Paris: Librairie générale française, 2011), 337.
3 Albert Ouzoulias, Les Bataillons de la jeunesse (Paris: Éditions sociales, 1967), 443.
4 Ibid., 443–44.
5 Corran Laurens, “ ‘La femme au turban:’ Les femmes tondues,” in H. R. Kedward and Nancy Wood, eds., The Liberation of France: Image and Event (Oxford: Berg, 1995), 176–77.
6 The title of a book by Richard D. E. Burton that details the history of violent revolts in Paris since the Middle Ages.
7 See especially Jean-Marc Berlière and Franck Liaigre, Ainsi finissent les salauds: Séquestrations et exécutions clandestines dans Paris libéré (Paris: Robert Laffont, 2012).
8 Marcel Jouhandeau, Journal sous l’Occupation, suivi de La Courbe de nos angoisses (Paris: Gallimard, 1980), 348.
9 Janet Flanner, Paris Journal, ed. William Shawn (New York: Atheneum, 1965), 25.
10 Duras, The War, 8.
11 Ibid., 32–33.
12 Ibid., 53–54.
13 Ibid., 8, 23.
1 Marguerite Duras, The War: A Memoir, trans. Barbara Bray (New York: The New Press, 1986), 47. Published in 1985 in France as La Douleur.
2 Olivier Wieviorka, Divided Memory: French Recollections of World War II from the Liberation to the Present, trans. George Holoch (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012), 15. This is an excellent résumé of the adroit and clumsy attempts at reremembering made by politicians.
3 André Malraux, Entre ici, Jean Moulin: Discours d’André Malraux, Ministre d’État chargé des affaires culturelles, lors du transfert des cendres de Jean Moulin au Panthéon, 19 décembre 1964 (Paris: Éditions Points, 2010), 12, 16.
4 Cited in Wieviorka, Divided Memory, 106.
5 Jacques Chirac, Discours et messages de Jacques Chirac: en hommage aux Juifs de France victimes de la collaboration de l’État français de Vichy avec l’occupant allemand (Paris: Fils et filles des déportés juifs de France, 1998), 7, 8.
6 Ibid., 21.
7 Ibid., 25.
8 François Hollande, “The ‘Crime Committed in France, by France,’ ” The New York Review of Books 59, no. 14 (September 27, 2012), 40.
9 Cited in Jean-Marc Berlière et Franck Liagre, L’Affaire Guy Môquet: Enquête sur une mystification officielle (Paris: Larousse, 2009), 11.
10 Cited in Scott Sayare, “At New Holocaust Center, French Leader Confronts Past,” New York Times, September 22, 2012, A8.
11 Jean-Paul Sartre, The Aftermath of War (Situations III), trans. Chris Turner (London: Seagull Books, 2008), 22.
12 Ibid., 21.
13 Ibid., 20.
14 Christophe Girard, cited in Le Monde, April 25, 2008.
15 Pierre Assouline, cited in Le Monde, July 4, 2008.
16 The term comes from Kevin Lynch, The Image of the City (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1960), 119.
17 Italo Calvino, Invisible Cities (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974), 10–11.
18 Ibid., 67.