The Art of Basic Drawing

INDEX

Action. See Animals (movement of);

Figures (in action); Lines (and action); Movement, conveying

Action line, 15, 16, 135, 136, 137

Animals

and background, 58, 69, 71, 74, 75, 81

and basic shapes, 16, 53, 57, 58, 68–69, 74, 80, 81, 83, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92

birds, 84, 86, 89

bones of, 81

cats, 66–75

distinguishing characteristics of, 55, 77

dogs, 56–65

drawing, 53–55

elephant, 87

feet of, 55, 72, 90

flamingo, 86

folds of skin of, 62, 87

fur and hair of, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 79, 80, 82, 85, 88

giraffes, 54, 55, 93

gorillas, 85

heads of, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 76–79, 85, 86, 93

hippos, 84

horses, 55, 76–77, 78–79, 82, 83

kangaroo, 88

koalas, 52

markings of, 54, 91, 93

movement of, 55, 85

muscles of, 55, 60, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 88

panda, 92

pony, 80–81

proportions of, 54, 59, 71, 81, 82, 85

reptiles, 90, 91

sheep, 55

snake, 91

tortoise, 90

toucan, 89

at the zoo, 84–85

Automobiles, 17

Blending

and animals, 72, 77, 80

and charcoal pencils, 7

and landscapes, 99

and still lifes, 29, 40, 44, 45, 49

Butkus, Michael, 10–11, 18–19, 54–55, 188, 120–121, 134–135, 138–139

Cats. See Animals (cats)

Center of balance, 136

Center of interest, 46, 96, 107, 139, 140

Charcoal drawings, 7, 8

and painting, 8

papers, 6

pencils, 7

Circles, 16, 17

and animals, 54, 68, 69, 76, 83, 85, 89, 90

and figures, 134, 140

and still lifes, 22, 36

Clouds. See Landscapes (and clouds)

Color, creating illusion of, 61

Composition

and animals, 73

and figures, 140

good, 46, 140

and landscapes, 96

and still lifes, 26, 46–47

Cones, 9, 10, 16, 17, 23

Contour drawing, 14, 87

Contrast

and animals, 72, 73, 77, 81, 84

and landscapes, 101, 107, 114

Crayon

Conté, 7

and shading, 68, 69

Cubes, 9, 10, 16, 17

Cylinders, 9, 10, 16, 17, 83, 134

Depth, creating, 9, 16, 46, 72, 81, 95, 96, 97, 101, 112, 115, 124

Dimension, building, 18–19, 78

Dogs. See Animals (dogs)

Drawing board, 7

Drawing through, 16, 17

Ellipses, 9, 16, 17, 140

Erasers, 6

and animals, 57, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 85, 86

and figures, 126

and landscapes, 101, 115

and still lifes, 23, 30, 40, 41, 45, 48, 51

Fences, 13

Figures in action, 15, 119, 134–137

and background, 121, 139

and basic shapes, 121, 122, 123, 134

beginning portraiture, 120–121

the body, 132, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139

bones, 122, 125, 132, 134

children, 14, 118, 120, 121, 130, 131, 138–139

clothing, 128, 129, 130, 136

and composition, 140

and contour drawing, 14

facial features and expressions, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124–125, 126, 127, 128–129, 130–131, 136, 138

and gesture drawing, 15

hair, 120, 121, 126, 127, 129, 130, 131

hands and feet, 14, 133, 136, 139

heads, 118, 120–121, 122–123, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130-131, 136, 137, 138, 141

men, 128, 129, 132, 134

muscles of, 121, 132

in perspective, 141

profiles, 119, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128–131

proportions of, 119, 120, 121, 122, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 136, 138, 139

skin and complexions of, 121, 129, 130, 136

women, 118, 126, 127, 132, 134

Fixative, 7

Flowers. See Still lifes (flowers)

Foliage. See Landscapes (and trees and foliage)

Foreshortening, 9, 84

Form

defined, 16

developing, 18–19, 21, 57, 70, 76, 78, 81, 82, 83, 93, 125, 131, 134

See also specific techniques

Format, and composition, 46

Forms

basic, 9, 10, 16

creating and building, 16

seeing, 17

See also Shapes; specific forms

Foster, Walter T., 57, 78, 126, 128–133

Fruit. See Still lifes (fruit and vegetables)

Gesture drawing, 14, 15, 134

Glass. See Still lifes (glassware, pottery, and other containers)

Glaze, 45

Highlights and animals, 57, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 92

and figures, 124

and shadows, 19

and still lifes, 23, 24, 30, 40, 41, 45, 50, 51

and values, 18, 19

Hills. See Landscapes (and mountains and hills)

Horses. See Animals (horses)

India ink, 79, 126, 129

Knives, 6, 7

Landscapes

background of, 96, 98, 100, 101, 106, 107, 109, 111, 112, 114

and basic shapes, 102

and clouds, 12, 95, 98–99, 115

and composition, 96

and deserts, 110–111

foreground of, 96, 97, 109, 111, 112, 114

middle ground of, 96, 112

and mountains and hills, 95, 97, 108–109

panoramic view in, 96

and perspective, 95, 97, 106, 112

and points of view, 95, 107

and roads, 96, 97, 106, 114–115

and rocks, 95, 100–101, 112–113, 116–117

and structures, 97, 106–107

and trees and foliage, 12, 13, 94, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102–105, 106, 109, 112, 113, 114–115, 116, 117

and water, 94, 95, 112–113, 117

Light

and animals, 71, 73, 88

candlelight, 28

and landscapes, 100, 110, 111

and shading, 71, 73, 88, 100, 110, 111, 112, 138

and shadows, 9, 18, 19, 30

and still lifes, 30

Lighting, 6, 46

Line of direction, 46

Lines

and action, 13, 15, 16, 134, 135, 136, 137

angled, 50, 140

and animals, 54, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93

in background, 73, 76

and basic shapes, 16, 17

block-in, 25, 40, 44, 51, 60, 62, 63, 67, 70, 72, 74, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 90, 93, 100, 101, 104, 105, 108, 111, 114, 116, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 137

and composition, 140

and contour drawing, 14

and figures, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141

and foreshortening, 9, 84

jagged, 109

and landscapes, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 114, 116

and pencil types, 7

and perspective, 8, 141

and scribbling, 12, 76

and still lifes, 22, 23, 25, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 42, 44, 45, 46, 50, 51

width of, 32, 33, 83

zigzagging, 64, 140

Maltseff, Michele, 79, 82–83

Matte finish, 49

Mountains. See Landscapes (and mountains and hills)

Movement, conveying, 13, 15, 55, 113, 119, 134–137

Negative space, 13, 26, 49

Night drawing, 6

Observation and seeing, 10, 14–15, 51, 56, 72, 79, 80, 81, 86, 100, 102, 125

Overworking a drawing, 68, 72, 138

Painting, 8

Papers, 6, 7, 8, 42

Pencils

flat sketching, 43, 45, 99, 104

holding, 10, 16, 105, 127

and lead softness, 7

sharpening, 7

and values, 19

People. See Figures

Perspective, 8–9

and figures, 141

and landscapes, 95, 97, 106, 112

one-point, 8

and still lifes, 21, 51

two-point, 8

Photographs, using, 19, 46, 86, 116, 120, 134, 135

Portraits. See Figures

Positive space, 13

Powell, William F., 12–17, 20, 22–52, 57, 60–65, 84–94, 96–117, 118, 122–125, 127, 136–137, 140–141

Proportions

and animals, 54, 56, 59, 73, 78, 79, 83, 84, 87

and figures, 119, 120, 121, 122, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 136, 138, 139

and landscapes, 106

and still lifes, 11, 32, 51

Realism, 95, 97, 124, 125

Rectangles, 16, 17, 91

Reflections, 48–49

Roads. See Landscapes (and roads)

Rocks. See Landscapes (and rocks)

Roughing in, 10

Sandpaper block, 7

Scribbling, 10, 12, 13

Shading, 6

and animals, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93

creating depth with, 9

and figures, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 136, 137, 138

hatching and cross-hatching, 32, 33, 37, 83

and landscapes, 95, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117

and light source, 71, 73, 88, 100, 111, 138

and pencil types, 7

and roughing in, 10

and still lifes, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 51

and values, 18, 19

Shadows

and animals, 54, 55, 62, 65, 72, 73, 83, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93

cast, 9, 18, 23, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 46, 47, 49, 72, 83, 89, 90, 92, 93

and developing form, 18

and figures, 120, 134

and hatch strokes, 32

and highlights, 19

and landscapes, 99, 106, 107, 110, 111

and roughing in, 10

and still lifes, 12, 18, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50

Shapes

basic, 16–17

See also Animals (and basic shapes);

Figures (and basic shapes);

Landscapes (and basic shapes);

Still lifes (and basic shapes)

combining, 16

seeing, 17

Silhouetting, 13

Sketch pads, 6, 12, 116, 138

Sketchbooks, 6, 8, 86

Sketching

and developing form, 18–19

and painting, 8

starting with, 12–13

techniques, 12–13

“thumbnail,” 19, 46, 138

Spheres, 9, 10, 16, 18, 134

Squares, 16, 17, 139

Still lifes

and background, 20, 30, 35, 43, 46, 50

and basic shapes, 11, 17

books, 17

bread, 50–51

candlelight, 28

cheese, 18

and composition, 46–47

eggs, 48–49

flowers, 12, 29, 30, 31, 32–45

fruit and vegetables, 17, 18, 21, 22–23, 24–25, 46–47

glassware, pottery, and other containers, 17, 19, 28, 30, 46–47, 48–49, 50–51

pinecones and trees, 26–27

reflections and lace, 48–49

and sketching, 12

traditional, 21

Stroke and lift technique, 25, 27, 31

Strokes

and animals, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93

and figures, 120, 123, 124, 127, 129, 130, 131, 134, 139

hatch and cross-hatch, 32, 33, 37, 83

and landscapes, 99, 104, 105, 107, 113, 114, 117

and movement, 13, 55

and sketching, 12, 16

and still lifes, 22, 23, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50

and tools, 7

and warming up, 10

Structures. See Landscapes (and structures)

Sunlight, 101, 111, 138

See also Light

Tavonatti, Mia, 56, 58–59, 66–69, 70–77, 80–81

Techniques. See specific techniques

Texture

and animals, 54, 55, 65, 66, 67, 70, 75, 81, 82, 86, 88, 89, 90, 92

and charcoal papers, 6

and landscapes, 99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 107, 108, 110, 112, 113, 115, 117

rough, 12, 47

and still lifes, 22, 25, 26, 27, 30, 42, 47, 50

Tools and materials, 6–7, 86

See also specific tools and materials

Tortillons, 6

Trapezoids, 83

Trees. See Landscapes (and trees and foliage)

Triangles, 16

and animals, 57, 58, 63, 76, 88

and figures, 132, 139

and landscapes, 102

Values, 5

and animals, 57, 64, 65, 71, 72, 74, 77, 80, 81

and composition, 46, 47

and creating illusion of color, 61

and developing form, 18, 19, 81

and figures, 120

and landscapes, 100, 102, 103, 107, 109, 114, 115, 117

and rough texture, 12

and still lifes, 50

Vanishing point, 141

Vantage point, 85, 91

Vellum finish, 50

Warming up, 10–11

Water

and landscapes, 94, 95, 112–113, 117

reflections in, 113

and still lifes, 23, 41

waterdrops, 31

waves, 13

Work station, 6