Index of Authors, Titles, and Key Terms
For seasonal and trans-seasonal words, see the seasonal index.
Abalone, Peach Blossoms, and Halfbeak (Utagawa Hiroshige), 196, 198–199
Abutsu-ni (Nun Abutsu; d. 1283), 139
agriculture, 5, 14, 16, 197. See also satoyama
alcove (tokonoma), 20, 89, 90, 95, 105, 112; Buddha images in, 96; disappearance of, 218; tea ceremony and, 104; tea flower (chabana) in, 104, 105
Amaterasu (Sun Goddess), 126, 245n.51
Ancient period. See Nara period anecdotal literature (setsuwa), 15, 16, 17, 21, 54, 123; animals as protagonists of, 54, 205; conflicted attitudes toward nature in, 17–18; forests in, 127; noh and, 126; sympathy for hunted animals in, 120; waka and, 206
animals, 13, 16–17, 46, 202; in anecdotal literature, 54, 120, 205; domesticated, 114; exhibitions (misemono) of, 197; as food, 182–183; gods embodied in, 213; harmful, 18; mammals, 24, 191; offerings to spirits of dead (kuyō), 17, 120; as prey and as victims, 119–122; releasing captured (hōjō), 120; sacrifice of, 21; spirits of, in literature, 129–130; Three Realms cosmology and, 76, 77; visual representations of, 24. See also birds; deer [seasonal index]; specific animals
animism, 126, 129. See also gods
annual observances (nenjū-gyōji), 19, 22, 28, 32, 40, 44, 46, 54, 64, 102, 135, 136, 150, 152–161, 214; painting and, 161–166. See also Gosekku; specific observances [seasonal index]
Aotozōshi hana no nishikie. See Benten musume meo no shiranami
archery, on horseback, 158 architecture, 87, 90–95, 112, 130; dwellings (kyosho), 77, 81; hanging bamboo screen (sudare), 92; latticed shutters (shitomi), 92; parallel-door track system (hikichigai), 92; sliding door (shōji), 92. See also alcove; furniture; gardens; palace-style architecture; parlor-style architecture
aristocracy / aristocrats, 4, 13, 18, 55, 112; decline of, 113; famous places and, 169; secret teachings (hiden) and, 204
Ariwara no Narihira (825–880), 125
Asai Ryōi (1612–1691), 67
Ashikaga Yoshitane (1536–1565), 100
Asuka period (late sixth to mid-seventh century), 141
Ausaka, Mount, 166
autumn. See seasonal index
Autumn Moon at Ishiyama (Ishiyama shūgetsu; Suzuki Harunobu), 186
Autumn Moon in the Mirror Stand (Kyōdai no shūgetsu; Suzuki Haronobu), 186, 187, 188–190, 189
bad places (akushō), 67
bannermen (hatamoto), 110, 154, 158
barley (mugi), 16
Bashō. See Matsuo Bashō
Bashō (Plantain Tree; Konparu Zenchiku), 94, 123, 124, 125
bears, 16
Benten musume meo no shiranami (Benten Kozo and the Five Thieves; kabuki play), 95
Bijin hana-ike (Beautiful Women Arranging Flowers; Kitao Shigemasa), 108
Binsen shū; (Available Boat Collection; Takase Baisei), 177
birds, 6, 17, 46, 47, 191; classical and commoner, 116–119; in kyōka illustrated books, 192–193, 194–195; divine white (shiratori), 114; harmful, 22; in poems of twelve months, 64–66, 66; in seasonal almanacs, 194–195, 196; talismanic, 138–139, 140, 141, 142; Three Realms cosmology and, 75, 76; visual representations of, 24. See also specific birds [seasonal index]
biwa (lute), 159
Blossoming Cherry Trees in Yoshino (screen painting), 68, 70–71
Bo Juyi (772–846), 34, 245n.47
Bo Juyi’s Collected Works (Boshi wenji; Hakushi bunshū), 113
boar, wild (inoshishi), 16, 17, 114; fertility associated with, 160; as food, 183; offerings to, 17, 120
bodhisattvas, 96, 100, 106, 121, 125; kalavinka (karyōbinka) and, 141; in ukiyo-e, 190. See also Buddhism
bonsai, 8
books: bound (gōkan), 192; illustrated, with colored covers (kusa-zōshi), 206; illustrated, with comic verse (kyōka ehon), 24, 192–193, 194–195, 200; “yellow” (kibyōshi; adult comic book), 188
Bridge Maiden (Hashihime), 166
Buddha’s Birthday (Kanbutsu), 155, 244n.27
Buddhism, 18, 21, 55, 190; architecture and, 96; auspicious / talismanic birds and, 141; enlightenment of plants in, 123, 124–125, 129–130, 237n.21; impermanence as belief of, 133, 180; prohibition on killing certain animals in, 120, 121, 182–183; Pure Land (Jōdo) school of, 134, 152; rikka and, 100; temple architecture, 91; Three Realms cosmology and, 76, 77, 80; thrown-in-flower arrangement and, 106; Tiantai (Tendai) school of, 124–125; trace of original Buddhist deity (honji suijaku), 125, 126. See also bodhisattvas; Zen
Buddhist Memorial Service on Vernal Equinox (Higan), 161
“Bunshō sōshi” (The Tale of Bunshō; Muromachi tale), 135
calendar: luni-solar, 9, 10, 40, 11, 38, 155, 226n.9; modern (solar), 10, 11, 214–215, 245n.48
calligraphy, 90, 101, 107, 207; cursive style (gyō) of, 104; formal style (shin) of, 104; grass or abbreviated style (sō) of, 104; reed handwriting (ashide), 61; scattered-writing style (chirashi-gaki) of, 61
card game, illustrated (karuta), 19, 67
carnation, 103
cattle, 183
centipede (mukade), 191
ceramics, 112, 141; plates for side dishes (mukōzuke), 107
Chan-jan (711–782), 124
cherry blossom / tree. See seasonal index
Chikamatsu Monzaemon (1653–1725), 209
Chikuba kyōgin shū (Hobby Horse Comic-Verse Collection), 181
Chikuenshō (Collection from a Bamboo Garden; Fujiwara no Tameaki), 67
China: annual observances in, 155, 156, 213; architecture of, 91; auspicious / talismanic motifs from, 150–152; Confucian classics, 55; customs in, 11, 22, 86, 152; sacred animals in, 139; Six Dynasties (220–589), 25, 26, 34, 159, 203; Song dynasty (960–1279), 20, 82, 87, 95, 150, 203; Star Festival (Tanabata) in, 40, 158–159; Tang dynasty (618–907), 75, 136, 139, 203; topical encyclopedias (ruisho) in, 75; Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), 95
Chinese (language), 23
Chōbunsai Eishi (1756–1829), 102, 108, 156
climate, 5, 6, 9–13, 18, 46, 209; Ogasawara high-pressure system, 9, 11
cold sadness / loneliness (hiesabi), 50
complaint, grievance (jukkai), 77
courtesans, 107, 108, 109, 163, 164, 203; female entertainers (yūjo), 171
cultural assistant (dōbōshū), 100
daimyo (provincial warlords), 110, 119, 203
dance, 107, 125. See also gods: dances of; kabuki: dances in
demons (oni), 114
depression (mono-omohi), 39
designs, flower-grass: “Chinese grass” (karakusa), 136; lotus (hasu), 136; palmette (parumetto) 136; treasury flower (hōsōge), 136
diaries: literary (nikki), 16, 207; travel (kikōbun), 207
divine gate (torii), 116
Dragon Palace (Ryū gū), 134
dragons, 95, 139, 142 dress, 203; Chinese robe (karakoromo), 125; kosode (Edo-period kimono), 61, 62, 63, 110, 203; leaves / flowers in hair (kazasu), 135–136; long-sleeved kimono (furisode), 61, 62; twelve-layered robe (juni-hitoe), 8, 19, 52, 58–60, 59, 63, 231n.1
droughts, 54
earthquakes, 54
eclipse, solar, 55
Edo (present-day Tokyo), 21, 24, 111, 112, 154, 165, 169, 175, 182, 209. See also famous places
Edo kanoko (Edo Fawn; guidebook), 171
Edo meisho hanagoyomi (Flower Calendar of Famous Places in Edo; Oka Sanchō), 167–168, 171–172, 172
Edo meisho zue (Illustrated Guide to Famous Places in Edo; Saitō Gesshin), 111
Edo period (1600–1867), 4, 13, 19, 22, 24, 150, 201; annual observances in, 154, 165; cultural use of nature in, 213; environmental destruction in, 130; flower-and-bird culture in, 67; haikai in, 23, 81, 103; Heian court culture and, 209–210; kabuki in, 94–95; medical botany in, 175; military government (bakufu) in, 119, 142, 154; phoenix symbolism in, 141; pleasure quarters in, 203; popular songs (hauta) in, 211; rice cakes at festivals in, 161; seasonal almanacs in, 168, 170, 170–171, 183, 190–191; urban seasonal observances in, 214; vegetarian food in, 183; waka and women’s fashion in, 61
Ehon mushi erami (Illustrated Book of Selected Insects; Kitagawa Utamaro I), 192
Eiga monogatari (Tales of Splendor and Glory; Heian court tale), 147–148
Eight Bridges (Yatsuhashi), 52, 125, 231n.7
“Eight Parlor Views” (Zashiki hakkei; Suzuki Harunobu), 23–24, 186, 187, 190
“Eight Views of Ōmi” (Ōmi hakkei), 24, 83, 185–186, 190, 199, 211
“Eight Views of the Xiao and Xiang” (ShŌshŌ hakkei), 83, 84–85, 85, 150, 185, 186, 190
Eikyū hyakushu (Poems on One Hundred Fixed Topics in the Fourth Year of Eikyū), 53
elephants, 16
emotions / thoughts (jō), 25, 202
Engishiki (Ceremonial Procedures of the Engi Era), 139
Enoko-shū (Puppy Collection; Matsue Shigeyori), 177, 181
Enpekiken (Kurokawa Dōyō; d. 1691), 99
“Enpekiken-ki” (Record of Enpekiken), 99
Eternal Land. See Tokoyo
evergreens, 27–28, 38, 71, 135–136, 138, 151. See also evergreen branch, sacred [seasonal index]
famines, 54
famous places (meisho), 21, 23, 24, 80, 166–168, 171; associative clusters and, 27; exhaustive listing of (meisho-zukushi), 124; ideology of four seasons and, 208; paintings of, 63; poetic places and, 55, 67–69, 166–168, 178, 208, 219, 228n.7; reconstruction of nature and, 218; as recultivated nature, 197; unrestrained behavior at, 173, 213. See also poetic places
farm villages, provincial, 13–18. See also satoyama
fashionable, elegant (fūryū), 188, 189, 190
“Fashionable Eight Parlor Views” (Fūryū zashiki hakkei; Suzuki Harunobu), 188–190, 189
fertility, 28
festivals (matsuri), 12, 22, 152, 160, 172, 244n.27
fields, wild (no), 22
fires, 54
firewood, cutting of, 15
First Soga Play (Hatsu Soga), 165–166, 244n.37
fish, 17, 24, 120, 181–183, 195, 198–199, 202; auspicious / talismanic, 142–144, 143; in kyōka illustrated books, 195–196, 248n.24; in visual and literary culture, 175. See also specific fish [seasonal index]
flower cards (hanafuda), 19, 67, 231n.7
flower-and-bird screen painting (kachōga), 139, 142, 245n.45; in alcove, 96; Chinese precedents of, 112; ukiyo-e and, 24, 192–194, 194–195
flowers, 6, 20–21, 35, 46; art / Way of (kadō), 100, 108; ephemerality of, 152; grass (kusa no hana), 20–21, 42, 110–111, 229n.15; offering of, to dead or Buddha (kuge), 97; in poems of twelve months, 64–66, 66; return of flower garden, 110–112; tree (ko no hana), 20–21, 28, 42, 110. See also ikebana; standing-flower arrangement; thrown-in-flower arrangement; specific flowers [seasonal index]
flying bird with flower in beak (hana kui dori), 139
folklore studies (minzoku-gaku), 17
folktales, 15, 119, 128, 206. See also anecdotal literature
food, 137, 153, 209, 217; Edo-period seasonal words and, 24, 181–185; first of season (hashiri), 184, 185; light (kaiseki), 24, 183; reconstruction of nature and, 218; sweets, 24, 73, 106, 160–161, 255; vegetarian (shōjin ryōri), 183
“Four Gentlemen” (shikunshi; si junzi), 150
four seasons, ideology of, 54–55, 207–208
four seasons in four directions. See gardens: four-seasons—four-directions foxes, 16, 129
Fuboku wakashō (Fuboku Japanese Poetry Collection), 53
Fūgashū (Collection of Elegance; waka anthology), 53, 82
Fuji, Mount, 26, 69, 115, 166, 236n.2
Fuji (Wisteria; noh play), 94, 123–124
Fuji-musume (Wisteria Daughter; kabuki dance), 95
Fujiwara (imperial capital; 694–710), 146
Fujiwara clan, 101, 151, 155, 230n.31
Fujiwara (Kyōgoku) Tamekane (1254–1332), 82
ujiwara no Kiyosuke (1104–1177), 50, 166
Fujiwara no Shunzei (1114–1204), 7, 51, 61, 83, 113
Fujiwara no Tameaki, 67
Fujiwara no Tamesuke (1263–1328), 139
Fujiwara no Teika (Sadaie; 1162–1241), 8, 49, 64–66, 74; crane symbolism and, 139; Heian classics and, 113; landscape and, 83; waka naming and, 69, 71
Fujiwara no Toshiyori, 52
Fujiwara no Toshiyuki (d. 901), 40
Fujiwara no Yorimichi, 148
Fujiwara no Yoshitsune (1169–1206), 51, 60
Fujo fūzoku jūnikagetsu zu (Women’s Customs in the Twelve Months; Katsukawa Shunshō), 108–109, 163, 164
furniture, 4, 112, 141, 142, 145
“Furyu gosekku” (Elegant Five Sacred Festivals; Chōbunsai Eishi), 108, 156, 157, 158
Fūryū shidōken (Modern Life of Shidōken; Hiraga Gennai), 150
Fushunken Senkei, 100
fūsui (feng shui), 145–148, 240n.5
Gan-karigane (Wild Geese / Wild Geese; kyōgen play), 118
gardens: as aristocratic luxury, 17; cove beach (suhama) in, 145, 145, 240n.20; four-seasons—four-directions (shihō shiki), 22, 61, 145–150, 208; lake island (nakajima) in, 90, 144, 145, 240n.18; miniature, on tray (bonseki), 20, 69, 90, 235n.23; in palace-style architecture, 2, 8, 22, 137; in parlor-style architecture, 92, 95–96, 104; return of flower garden, 110–112; secondary nature and, 18. See also rock-and-sand garden
gate pine (kadomatsu), 137, 152, 156, 213
Genji monogatari (The Tale of Genji; Murasaki Shikubu), 1–2, 5, 12, 123, 182; “Eastern Cottage” (Azumaya) chapter of, 4; fūsui (feng shui) and, 147, 148; gardens in, 92–93; haikai and, 23; “Hatsune” (First Song of the Warbler) chapter of, 102; as Heian classic, 113–114; ideology of four seasons in, 54–55, 208; moon viewing (tsuki-mi) and, 171, 186; plants in, 124; “Rites” (Minori) chapter of, 2–3, 3; ukiyo-e and, 190; waka and, 203, 204
Genji monogatari emaki (The Tale of Genji Scrolls), 4, 93
Genji monogatari kogetsushō (The Tale of Genji Moon on the Lake Commentary; Kitamura Kigin), 209
Genroku era (1688–1704), 100, 106, 110
gifts, 101–102
Gion Festival, 12, 150, 245n.51
goblin (tengu), 114
gods (kami), 7, 12, 14, 18, 21–22, 30, 103, 114, 116, 120, 123, 126–127, 130, 145, 147, 152, 202, 205, 213; dances (kagura) of, 127, 230n.34; festivals for, 172; four guardian (shijin sōō), 147; guardian (chinju no kami), 14, 147, 202, 240n.25; of mountains (yama no kami), 116; plant-spirit plays and, 126; resting place for (yorishiro), 137, 241n.38; trees as home of, 127; violent (araburu kami), 14
GoMizunoo (retired emperor; r. 1611–1629), 110
Gosekku (Five Sacred Festivals), 22, 54, 102, 153, 155–156, 158–160; abandoned by solar calendar, 214; urban commoners and, 154
Gosenshū (Later Collection; waka anthology), 50 52, 53, 113, 137, 138
GoShirakawa (retired emperor; r. 1155–1158), 129, 161–162, 205, 244n.29
Goshūishū (Later Collection of Gleanings; waka anthology), 36, 39, 204
GoToba (retired emperor; 1180–1239), 82
GoYōzei (emperor; r. 1586–1611), 186
grains, five (gokpku), 28, 43, 227n.1
grape (ebi), 60
grass hut (sōan), 104
greeting (aisatsu), 213
Gyokuyōshū (Collection of Jeweled Leaves; Fujiwara Tamekane), 82
Hachiban nikki (Eighth Diary; Kobayashi Issa), 181
Haga Tōru, 186
Haga Yaichi (1867–1927), 5–7
haigon (haikai; nonclassical word), 176
haikai (popular-linked verse), 25, 53, 112, 156, 175, 199; annual observances and, 173; associated words (tsukeai) in, 180; Chinese sources and, 57; collection of seasonal words (kiyose) for, 191; fish and seafood as subjects of, 197; heavy snow in, 12; horizontal topics (yoko no dai) as province of, 178; illustrated books (haisho) of, 194; kyōka and, 190; as link of popular and elite culture (ga-zoku), 190; mitate and, 211–212; moon viewing (tsuki-mi) and, 171; nature and, 5; poetic place (haimakura) in, 209; seasonal almanacs and, 24, 81, 191; seasonal associations in, 27; seasonal pyramid and, 176–181, 197; secondary nature and, 201; tanka compared with, 216; waka compared with, 23
Haikai na no shiori (Hakai Guide to Names; Tani Kogai), 194–195, 196
Haikai saijiki (Haikai Seasonal Almanac; Kyokutei Bakin), x, 190–191
Haikai saijiki shiorigusa (Shiorigusa; Guiding Grass Haikai Seasonal Almanac; Rantei Seiran), 183, 191
Haikai shogaku shō (Instructions for Haikai Beginners; Saitō Tolugen), 177
haiku (modern seventeen-syllable poem), 5, 6, 81, 215, 216–217
Haiku saijiki (Haiku Seasonal Almanac), 81
Hajitomi (The Lattice Shutter; noh play), 123, 237n.18
Hanahigusa (Sneeze Grass; Matsue Shigeyori), 74, 229n.22
Hanami (Flower Viewing). See Kenbutsu-zaemon
Hanami takagari zu byōbu (Screen Painting of Flower Viewing and Falcon Hunting; Unkoku Tōgan), 169, 245n.45
Hasegawa Settan (1778–1843), 111, 171
Hassaku (annual observance), 154
Heian, city of. See Kyoto, city of
Heian period (794–1185), 4, 5, 22, 35, 110; annual observances in, 154, 155; aristocratic culture of, 7, 11, 58, 93, 201, 202, 246n.4; belief in ephemerality of all things in, 133; cherry-blossom viewing (hana-mi) in, 169; Chinese influences in, 18, 203; classic literature of, 113, 204; court tales of, 16, 92, 115, 129; crane symbolism in, 138–139; date of cherry blossoming in, 10; end of, 113; expression of emotions / thoughts in, 25; flower arrangement in, 97; flower cards in, 67; landscape in, 87; mandarin-orange blossom (hanatachibana) in, 38–39; moon viewing (tsuki-mi) in, 170; palace-style architecture of, 89, 90–91; pine (matsu) in, 137, 239n.4; screen paintings in, 85, 109; seasonal poetry in, 27; shift in attitude toward nature in, 14; talismanic functions of natural motifs in, 134; village farmers in, 17; waka in, 8, 9, 49, 74, 76; white as favorite color in, 46; “woman flower” (ominaeshi) in, 42
Heijō. See Nara (Heijō), city of
Heike monogatari (The Tales of the Heike), 205, 206
Hekirenshō (Nijō Yoshimoto), 74, 232n.16
Henjō (Priest Henjō; 816–890), 42, 48
Herder, Johann Gottfried (1744–1803), 6
hinoki cypress, 99
Hiraga Gennai (1728–1779), 150, 192
Hishikawa Moronobu (1618–1694), 108
Hitomaro. See Kakinomoto no Hitomaro
Hōjō Katsutaka, 128
hokku (opening verse of linked-verse sequence), 13, 73, 97, 156, 177, 210; as greeting for host of poetry gathering, 101; insects in, 181; metonymy in, 26
Hollyhock (Aoi) Festival, 12. See also hollyhock [seasonal index]
Honzō kōmoku (Bencaogangmu; Compendium of Materia Medica; Li Shizhen), 191–192
Hōrai, Mount, 134, 145, 146, 148, 149, 165, 240nn.21–22
Hōreki era (1751–1764), 128
Horikawa (emperor; r. 1087–1107), 52
Horikawa hyakushu (Horikawa Poems on One Hundred Fixed Topics), 52, 53, 74, 230nn.27, 33
Hossinshū (Tales of Awakening), 118
“Hyakugyo no fu” (Ode to a Hundred Fish; Yokoi Yayū), 142–143
Ichijō (emperor; r. 986–1011), 155
Ichijō Kaneyoshi (Ichijō Kanera; 1402–1481), 204
Ichiko Teiji, 135
Ihara Saikaku (1642–1693), 209
Iinuma Kenji, 14
ikebana (flower arrangement), 8, 13, 17, 97–98, 151, 218; auspicious occasions and, 103; Buddhism and, 97; communication and, 213; Heian court classics and, 204; as recultivated nature, 197; rikka and, 20, 97, 100, 201, 213, 234n.9; secondary nature and, 18, 20; seika (shōka) style of, 108, 112; talismanic functions of, 152; tea flower (chabana) and, 104, 105; thrown-in-flower arrangement and, 104, 106; women and, 107–110
Ikenobō Senkō (1536?–1621), 97
Ikenobō Senkō II (1575?–1658), 97, 235n.21
Ikenobō Sen’ō kuden (Ikenobō Sen’ō’s Secret Transmission; rikka treatise), 98, 100, 102, 103
imperial family, 13, 192, 241n.38
impermanence, notions of, 43, 80, 124, 134–135, 152, 180
incense, 20, 90, 96, 106, 108, 158
insects (mushi), 11, 17, 41, 117, 120, 168, 172, 175, 179–181, 191–193, 197, 202; famous places and, 168; in haikai, 179; harmful, 17, 18, 120, 172; in Kokinshū, 46, 179; as monsters, 192, 193; offerings to spirits of dead, 17, 120; in renga, 79, 80; ritual sending off (mushi-okuri) of, 17; satoyama cosmology and, 114; three birth types (shishō) of, 191–192; Three Realms cosmology and, 76; women and, 47–48. See also specific insects [seaasonal index]
interiorization, of nature, 20, 89, 107, 165, 173. See also architecture; nature, secondary
irrigation, 14
Ise monogatari (The Tales of Ise), 12, 23, 52, 123; as Heian classic, 113; plant-spirit plays and, 125
“Issun boshi” (Little One-Inch; Muromachi tale), 135
Japan, 9, 11; bird species of, 116; capital cities of, 4; as country of Yamato, 8; as “land of dragonflies,” 17; national anthem of, 22
Japanese anise tree (shikimi), 136
Japanese cedar (sugi), 135
Japanese language, 23
Japanese maple (iroha-momiji), 214
Japanese sweet or cake (wagashi), 13, 24, 73, 106, 160–161, 162
Jitō (empress), 28
Jōha. See Satomura Jōha
Jōkyū Disturbance (1221), 113
jōruri (puppet theater), 128
“Jōruri jūnidan sōshi” (Tale of Lady Jōruri; Muromachi tale), 149
Jūdai hyakushu (One Hundred Poems on Ten Topics; Fujiwara no Teika and others), 76
Jūnikagetsu kachō waka (Poems on Flowers and Birds of the Twelve Months; Fujiwara no Teika), 64–66, 66, 74
kabuki, 22, 67, 94–95, 165–166, 188, 192; annual observances and, 22, 165–166; dances (shosagoto) in, 95; face-showing (kaomise), 165, 245n.51; path to stage (hanamichi) in, 94. See also specific plays
kachō fūgetsu (flower and bird, wind and moon), 67, 203, 217
Kaede (Maple Tree; noh play), 123
Kagami jishi (Mirror Lion; kabuki dance), 95
Kageyama Haruki, 126
Kagu, Mount, 34
Kaibara Ekiken (1630–1714), 247n.19
Kaifūsō (Nostalgic Recollections of Literature; Ōtomo no Tabito), 34, 43, 86, 144, 160
Kajitsu toshinamigusa (Flower and Fruit, Annual Wave Grass; almanac), 247n.19
Kaka yūraku zu byōbu (Screen Painting of Amusement Under the Flowers; Kanō Naganobu), 169, 245n.45
Kakinomoto no Hitomaro (ca. 685–ca. 707), 97
Kakitsubata (Iris; noh play), 94, 123, 125
Kamakura period (1185–1333), 13, 64, 74, 83; annual observances in, 154; cherry-blossom viewing (hana-mi) in, 169; court tales of, 115; festivals in, 156; gardens in, 93; twelve-month paintings in, 109–110; vegetarian food in, 183
Kamo Festival (Kamo matsuri), 241n.38
Kamo no Chōmei (1155?–1216), 173
Kamo Shrine, 117
Kanadehon chūshingura (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers; puppet play), 95
Kan’ei era (1124–1644), 98, 103
Kani-yamabushi (Crab Mountain Priest; kyōgen play), 122
Kanmu (emperor; r. 781–806), 44, 155
Kanō Eikei (1662–1702), 139
Kano Naganobu (1577–1654), 169
Kano Shōei (1519–1591), 150
kanshi (Sino-Japanese poetry), 18, 20, 25, 30, 86, 144, 199; alcove and, 89; commerce-based society and, 209; moon viewing (tsuki-mi) and, 171; Star Festival (Tanabata) in, 158, 159; topics in, 211. See also Kaifūsō; Senzai kaku
Kanze school, 94
“Kari no sōshi” (Story of a Wild Goose; Muromachi tale), 121–122
“Karukaya” (sermon tale), 118–119
Kasuga Field, 63, 156, 242n.12
Ka-sumō (Mosquito Sumo; kyōgen play), 122
Katsukawa Shunshō (1727–1792), 108, 163, 165
Kawamoto Shigeo, 91
Kawamura Teruo, 34
Kazamaki Keijirō, 82
“Kazashi no himegimi” (The Story of Princess Kazashi). See “Kiku no sei monogatari”
Kefukigusa (Blown-fur Grass; Matsue Shigeyori), 177, 180, 229n.22
Keichō kenmonshū (Record of Things Heard and Seen in the Keichō Era; Miura Jōshin), 247n.11
Kenbutsu-zaemon (Zaemon the Sightseer; kyōgen play), 169
Kenkō (Priest Kenkō; ca. 1283–1352?), 142, 229n.15
Kenmu era (1334–1336), 162
Kenmu nenjū gyōji (Kenmu Annual Observances), 162
Ki no Asomi Kahito, 136
Ki no Tomonori (d. ca. 905), 44, 160
Ki no Tsurayuki (ca. 868–ca. 945), 5, 6, 45, 53–54, 123, 244n.28
Kikaku (1661–1707), 206
Kiku jidō (Chrysanthemum Child): kabuki dance, 95; noh and kabuki play 94, 134
“Kiku no sei monogatari” (Chrysanthemum Spirit; Muromachi tale), 129
kimono. See dress: kosode
Kinmōzui (illustrated encyclopedia), 191
Kinoshita Chōshōshi (1569–1649), 71
Kin’yōshū (Collection of Golden Leaves; waka anthology), 52, 53
Kira Tatsuo, 11
Kitagawa Morisada, 170
Kitagawa Utamaro I (1753–1806), 192
Kitamura Kigin (1624–1705), 74, 177, 209, 229n.22
Kitano tenjin engi (Kitano Tenjin God Scroll), 91
Kitao Shigemasa (1739–1820), 108, 195, 196
Kiyohara no Motosuke, 139
Kōbai senku (Crimson Plum Thousand Verses), 188
Kobayashi Issa (1763–1827), 12, 181
Kobayashi Tadashi, 110
Kobori Enshū (1579–1647), 69, 71
Kochō (Butterflies; noh play), 94, 123
“Kocho monogatari” (Tale of the Butterfly; Muromachi tale), 149
Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters), 14, 27, 129, 202
Kokin rokujō (Six Books of Japanese Poetry Old and New; waka anthology), 52, 76
Kokinshū (Collection of Japanese Poems Old and New; waka anthology), 5, 6, 7, 12, 18–19, 49; annual observances in, 156; autumn associations in, 11, 39–44; Chrysanthemum Festival (Chōyō in, 160; establishment of seasonal poetry and, 30–32; as Heian classic, 113; ideology of four seasons and, 207; insects in, 46, 179; Japanese national anthem and, 22; kana preface to, 123; love associations in, 47–48, 230n.26; noh and, 126; renga and, 75; seasonal poetry in, 27; spring associations in, 32, 34–36, 38–39; structure of, 45–48; summer associations in, 38–39; tanka compared with, 216; winter associations in, 45; Yoshino as poetic place and, 68
Kokkei zōdan (Humorous Miscellaneous Conversations; Gijidō Kigen), 247n.19
Kokon chomonjū (Collection of Things Heard and Written from Past and Present; Tachibana Narisue), 120–121
Kokuminsei jūron (Ten Essays on the Character of the Nation; Haga Yaichi), 5–6
Konjaku monogatari shū (Tales of Times Now Past; setsuwa collection), 120, 128, 206
Konoe Nobutada (1565–1614), 186
Konparu Zenchiku (1405–1468), 124
Koraifūteishō (Collection of Poetic Styles Old and New; Fujiwara no Shunzei), 7
“Koshiore suzume” (Broken-hip Sparrow; folktale), 119
Kotobuki Soga no taimen (Felicitous Soga Meeting; kabuki play), 165
Kujō family, 230n.31
kylin (kirin), 139
kyōgen (comic theater), 117, 118, 122, 169, 206
kyōgen kigo (wild words, ornate phrases), 125
Kyōgoku school, 82
Kyōho era (1716–1736), 165, 171
kyōka (comic poetry), 24, 188, 189, 199, 211; commerce-based society and, 209; mitate and, 211–212
Kyokutei (Takizawa) Bakin (1767–1848), x, 190, 246n.9
Kyōrai (1651–1704), 156
kyōshi (comic Chinese-style poetry), 209
Kyoto (Heian), city of, 4, 9, 10, 24, 203; autumn in, 11; capital moved from Nara to, 155; destruction of, in Ōnin War, 204; in Edo period, 209; fūsui (feng shui) and, 147; imperial palace in, 234n.2; painting of scenes in and out of (rakuchū rakugaizu), 150; satoyama paradigm and, 13; special trees in, 214; summer in, 11, 12; topography and, 144
“land of the dragonflies” (akizu-shima), 17
land viewing (kuni-mi), 28
landscape (kei), 25–26, 81–83, 84–85, 85–87; Chinese-influenced, 202; pastoral, 52, 230n.34; rikka and, 100; talismatic, 144–150, 146; woodblock prints of, 112
Li Shizhen, 191
Liang era (502–557), 26
Liji (Raiki; Book of Rites), 55
lily, sacred (omoto), 102
love (koi), 18, 47–48, 77, 230n.26, 246n.1
maiden, heavenly (tennyo), 114
Maigetsushō (Monthly Collection; Fujiwara no Teika), 8
Makura no sōshi (The Pillow Book; Sei Shōnagon), 5, 51, 60, 139, 141, 229n.15, 230n.31; Gosekku in, 155; insects in, 180; small cuckoo in, 117
Man’yōshū (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves; waka anthology), ix, 18, 21, 27, 34, 52, 227n.3; autumn in, 39–45, 229n.23; banquet poetry in, 210; beginning of spring in, 144; birds in, 116–117; Chinese influences on, 202; Chrysanthemum Festival (Chōyō) and, 160; crane (tsuru) in, 138; emergence of seasonal poetry and, 27–30; flowers in, 35; love associations in, 45, 47, 230n.26; plum (ume) in, 151; sea in, 182; talismanic powers of plants in, 135–136; Three Realms cosmology and, 75
Masaoka Shiki (1867–1902), 6, 215, 216
Matsu no midori (Shōroku; Green of the Pine; tea scoop), 71
Matsu to ume to take tori monogatari (Tale of Gathering Pine, Plum, and Bamboo; Santo Kyōden), 192, 193
Matsue Shigeyori (1602–1680), 74, 177, 180, 181, 229n.22
Matsuo Bashō (1644–1694), 156, 158, 177–178, 185, 208, 209
Meandering Stream Banquet (Kyokusui no en), 156, 243nn.14, 16
medical botany, materia medica (honzōgaku), 24, 173, 190–197, 198, 200, 202
medieval period (1185–1599), 17, 21, 110, 115; belief in four birth types (shishō) in, 191; deforestation during, 127; parlor-style residence in, 89; screen paintings as gifts in, 101; talismanic functions of natural motifs in, 134
Meiji period (1867–1912), 5, 108, 169, 212; European influences in, 216; haiku poets of, 6; solar calendar adopted in, 214
Meireki fire (1657), 110
Meiwa era (1764–1772), 110
memory, 39
merchants, 144
Midaregami (Tangled Hair; Yosano Akiko), 215
Minamoto no Shigeyuki (d. ca. 1000), 230n.32
Minamoto no Shitagō (911–983), 191
Minase sangin hyakuin (One Hundred Verses by Three Poets at Minase; Sōgi, Shōhaku, and Sōchō), 78–80, 82
mistletoe (hoyo, yadorigi), 135–136
mitate (visual transposition, seeing X as Y), 69, 96, 99, 175–176, 188, 190, 211–212
Miyake Hitoshi, 114
Miyazaki Hayao, 150
Mizuhara Shūōshi (1892–1981), 81, 217
Momiji-gari (Bright-Foliage Viewing): kabuki dance, 95; noh play, 94
Momo chidori kyōka utaawase (The Myriad Birds Comic-Poetry Contest; Kitagawa Utamaro I), 192–194, 194–195,
Momoyama period (1568–1615), 141
Mon’ami (d. 1517), 99, 100, 235n.14
monsoon (tsuyu), 10, 11; post- (tsuyu-ake), 10–11, 12
moon. See seasonal index
Morikawa Akira, 183
Morikawa Kyoriku (1656–1715), 178
Morisada mankō (Kitagawa Morisada), 170
Motoori Norinaga (1730–1801), 169, 212, 248n.5
mountain people (yamabito), 114
mountains, 34, 77,114, 236n.2; gods of, 116; mountain places (sanrui), 77, 233n.25; rivers and (sansui), 20; as sacred sites, 144. See also satoyama
Mu Qi (Mokkei; d. 1280–1294), 82
Mukai Kyorai (1651–1704), 156
Mumyōshō (Nameless Treatise; Kamo no Chōmei), 173
Murasaki hitomoto (Stem of the Lavender; guidebook), 171
Murasaki Shikibu (973?–1014?), 49, 171, 186, 190
Muromachi period (1392–1573), 13, 19, 20, 24, 53, 145; alcove in, 112; cherry-blossom viewing (hana-mi) in, 213; Chinese influences in, 203, 205; cultural use of nature in, 213; environmental destruction in, 130; four-seasons—four-directions gardens in, 149; haikai in, 175, 211; kyōgen in, 117; miniature tray gardens in, 69; moon viewing (tsuki-mi) in, 170; noh in, 21, 94, 122–123, 134, 206; parlor-style residence in, 95; renga in, 73; satoyama plants and animals in poetry of, 205; screen paintings in, 85; waka in, 67. See also Muromachi popular tales
Muromachi popular tales (otogi-zōshi), 17–18, 21, 22, 114, 120; animals in, 129–130, 239n.36; aristocratic tales (kuge-mono) among, 206; four-seasons—four-directions gardens in, 145; Heian court classics and, 204; hunting tales among, 121–122; marriage to another species (iruikon) in, 122, 126; talismanic functions of natural motifs in, 134–135; tree-spirit tales among, 129. See also specific tales
Musashino Field, 68
mushrooms, 184
Nagai Kazuo, 15
Nageirehana denshō (Secret Transmission of the Thrown-in-Flower Arrangement; nageire treatise), 106
Nan chōhōki (Treasures for Men; etiquette guide), 108
“Nanakusa sōshi” (The Tale of Seven Herbs; Muromachi tale), 135
Nanbōroku (Records of the Words of Rikyū; Sen no Rikyū), 13
Naniwa, imperial palace of, 29, 204
Nara (Heijō), city of, 9, 13, 24, 27, 202; capital moved from, to Heian, 155; fūsui (feng shui) and, 145–147; imperial palace in, 234n.2; Shōsōin in, 136; Todaiji in, 130; topography and, 144
Nara period (710–784), 4, 22, 61, 159, 169, 201; aristocratic culture of, 11; auspicious topography in, 144; cherry-blossom viewing (hana-mi) in, 213; Chinese influences in, 91, 203; Chinese poetry in, 18; kanshi in, 86; plum (ume) in, 182; poeticization of birds in, 116; talismanic functions in, 202; Three Realms cosmology and, 75
nationalism, aesthetic, 6
natural history (hakubutsugaku), 191, 197
nature, 1, 5–7, 24; animals and, 13, 16–17, 46, 202; birds and, 6, 17, 46, 47, 116–119, 191; climate and, 5, 6, 9–13, 18, 46, 209; control of, 13, 18; cosmology and, 75–77; court poetry and, 17; cultural functions of, 213; definition of, xii; environmental destruction of, 130–131; gendered personification of, 47–48; gods and, 7, 12, 14, 18, 21–22, 30, 103, 114, 116, 120, 123, 126–127, 130, 145, 147, 152, 202, 205, 213; “harmony” with, 8, 17–18, 26, 89, 202, 219; impermanence and, 43, 80, 124, 133–135, 152, 180; inland versus seaboard, 12, 24, 175, 182; insects and, 117, 120, 168, 172, 175, 179–181, 191–193, 197; interiorization of, 20, 89, 107, 165, 173; love poetry and, 29; as metaphor, 25–27; ritual efficacy and, 101; satoyama and, 13–18, 15, 21, 114, 115, 205, 213; talismanic functions of, 133–135, 152, 201–202; trees and, 127–129, 169, 214; urban reconstructions of, 22; utopian view of, 12. See also four seasons, ideology of; nature, secondary; trans-seasonality; seasonal index
nature, secondary (nijiteki shizen), 4, 9, 13, 18, 201, 219; alcove and, 95; architecture and, ix, 87, 89, 130; city / capital and, 35, 86, 104, 111–112, 173, 206–207, 214, 218; courtly elegance and kachō fūgetsu, 67, 203, 217; drama and, 94–95, 128; interior—exterior continuum of, 89–91, 112, 130; as inversion of primary nature, 11–13; satoyama as, 15; talismanic functions of, 133–135, 201–202; trans-seasonality and, 21, 22, 60, 133–135, 212. See also dress design; food; gardens; ikebana; noh; painting; poems / poetry; tea ceremony
Nenjū gyōji emaki (Annual Observance Scroll), 161–162, 244n.29
New Year, observance of. See New Year [seasonal index]
“Nezumi no sōshi” (Story of a Mouse; Muromachi tale), 122
Nihon daisaijiki (Great Japanese Seasonal Almanac; Mizuhara Shūōshi, Katō Shūson, and Yamamoto Kenkichi), 81, 217
Nihon fukei-ron (Discussion of Japan’s Landscape; Shiga Shigetaka), 212
Nihon ryōiki (Record of Miraculous Events in Japan), 120, 130
Nihon shoki (Chronicles of Japan), 14, 27, 126, 202
Nijō Yoshimoto (1320–1388), 74, 80
Nishiyama Sōin (1605–1682), 180
noh, 18, 94, 206; bridge of stage (hashigakari) of, 137; dream play (mugen-nō), 123; first half of play (maeba), 123; five schools of, 210; god play (waki-nō), 22, 126, 134; Heian court classics and, 204; pines on bridge of stage of, 137; plants and trees in, 21, 122–127; protagonist (shite) in, 94, 118, 124; second half of play (nochiba), 123; secondary actor (waki) in, 94. See also specific plays
Nōin (b. 988), 208
Northern and Southern Courts period (1336–1392), 65, 82, 142, 206
Nukata (Princess Nukata no ōkimi; late seventh century), 28, 43
oaks, evergreen (kashi), 9, 127
Ōe no Chisato, 34
Ōe no Sadamoto (Jakushō), 120
offerings: flower, to dead or Buddha (kuge), 97; to spirits of dead animals (kuyō), 17, 120; to spirits of dead insects (mushi kuyō), 17, 120
Ogata Kenzan (1663–1743), 65, 107, 139, 231n.6
Ōgishō (Collection of Inner Truths; Fujiwara no Kiyosuke), 8
ogre, mountain (yamanba), 114
Oi no kobumi (Backpack Notes; Bashō), 179
Oimatsu (Old Pine; noh play), 94, 126–127
Oka Sanchō (d. 1828), 167, 171
Oku no hosomichi (Journey to the Deep North; Bashō), 158
Okumura Masanobu (1686–1764), 159
Ominaeshi (Maiden Flower; noh play), 94
Ōnakatomi no Yoshinobu (921–991), 64
Ōnin War (1467–1477), 86, 114, 204
Onna chōhoki (Treasures for Women; etiquette guide), 108
Ono no Komachi (fl. ca. 850), 35, 190
orchids, terrestrial, 9
Osaka, city of, 24, 175, 182, 209
other worlds (ikyō), 149
Ōtomo no Sakanoue no Iratsume (Lady Sakanoue), 38
Ōtomo no Tabito (665–731), 30, 34, 42, 239n.7
Ōtomo no Yakamochi (717?–785), 29, 123, 135, 136–137, 227n.2
pacification of spirit of dead (chinkon), 129, 130
painting, 17, 19, 63–67, 89; annual observances and, 161–165; Chinese influences on, 203; Chinese-style (kanga), 151; clouds-brocade (unkin), 69; on door / partition (fusuma-e), 2, 63, 92, 207; on each of twelve months (tsukjnami-e), 63, 110, 162–163; of famous places (meisho-e), 63; of four seasons (shiki-e), 63, 109, 150, 162–163; genre (fuzoku-e), 163; hanging scroll (kakejiku), 72, 89, 96, 102, 104–107, 163–165, 218; ink (suibokuga), 20, 50, 82, 87; of landscape, 95–96; of literati (bunjin), 151; open-roof (fukinuki yatai), 3, 93; of scenes in and out of Kyoto (rakuchū rakugaizū), 150; Yamato-e (Japanese-style), 63, 116, 151, 163. See also screen painting; scroll painting; specific paintings
painting album (gachō), 64
palace-style architecture (shinden-zukuri), 13, 90–91; “beneath the eaves” (nokishita) culture and, 89, 90, 95, 112; cove beach (suhama) in, 145, 240n.20; garden stream (yarimizu) in, 91; gardens in, 2, 8, 22, 137; interior—exterior continuum of, 20, 90–95, 112, 173; intimacy with nature and, 89; lake island (nakajima) in, 90, 144, 145, 240n.18; main building of (shinden), 90, 104, 145; parlor-style architecture compared with, 96; rough seashore (araiso) in, 145, 240n.19; seasonal paintings and, 63; wood used in, 130
parlor-style architecture (shoin-zukuri), 13, 89, 92, 95–96, 104; interior—exterior continuum of, 112, 173; wood used in, 130
parrot (ōmu), 139
peasants / farmers, 22, 106, 117; haikai and, 23; New Year celebrations of, 154, 241n.2; trees and, 128
pestilence / plague, 12, 21, 172, 208, 245n.51
pheasant’s eye (fukujusō), 102
Phoenixes and Paulownia (screen painting; Tosa Mitsuyoshi), 141, 240n.12
pine torch (taimatsu), 17, 120
plants: Buddha nature of, 123, 124–125, 129–130, 237n.21; gods embodied in, 213; medical botany and, 194; practical uses for, 28; as protagonists in noh plays, 122–127; sacrifice of, 21; talismanic functions of, 160, 201–202; Three Realms cosmology and, 75, 76, 77; visual representations of, 24. See also specific plants [seasonal index]
pleasure quarters, 24, 67, 107, 164, 203
poems / poetry, 4, 6–7, 12, 17, 197, 219; banquet, 210, 228n.4; Chinese, 26, 28, 43; Chinese influences on, 203; commoners and, 23; on each of twelve months (tsukinami waka), 65; essence (hon’i) of, 67, 75, 86, 177; fence poem fests (utagaki), 28; fixed pattern (kata) in, 210; on fixed topics (daiei), 48, 50–52, 55; foundation (honka), 204; horizontal topic (yoko no dai), as province of haikai, 178; household system (iemoto) and, 210; of lament (aishō-ka), 36; long (chōka), 43; on love (sōmon, 25, 29, 47, 215–216; miscellaneous (zōku), 29, 30, 47; multiple genres of, 199–200; on nature, 26; one hundred, on fixed topics (hyakushu-uta), 51–52, 74, 75, 230n.32, 236n.5; painting and, 19; seasonal topic (kidai) in, 67, 74, 177; seasonal words (kigo) in, 24, 74, 101, 177, 210, 212, 217; secondary nature and, 18; as song of Yamato, 8; topically arranged collection of (ruidaishū), 191; vertical topic (tate no dai), as province of waka, 178; women and, 107. See also haikai; haiku; kanshi; kyōka; renga; senryū; tanka; waka
poetic places (utamakura), 55, 67–69, 166–168, 178, 208, 219, 228n.7; of haikai (haimakura), 209. See also famous places
poetry contest (uta-awase), 50, 53, 75, 93, 236n.5; in group settings, 210; island stand (shima-dai) and, 93–94, 145
pollution (kegare), 21, 156, 183
prayers in the moor (no-asobi), 136
provincial gazeteer (fudoki), 13–14, 16, 202
provincial landed estates (shōen), 13, 14, 114; satoyama and, 13
raccoons, 205
Raizan (1654–1716), 180
Reizei family, 210
Reizei Tamesuke (1263–1328), 139
religious awakening / conversion (hosshin), 121
renga (classical linked verse), 19–20, 25, 53, 73–75, 177, 205; added verse (tsukeku) in, 73; alcove and, 89; ascending objects (sobiki-mono) in, 77, 79, 80, 233n.24; associated words to link verses (hokku tsukeai) in, 180; atmospheric phenomena (tenmon) in, 77; cherry-blossom verse (hana no ku) in, 233n.26; descending objects (furi-mono) in, 77, 79, 80, 233n.24; haikai compared with, 23; Heian period reconstructed in, 114; ikebana and, 234n.9; landscape in, 83, 85–86; lexical associations (yoriai) in, 124; on love (koi no ku), 233n.26; luminous objects (hikari-mono) in, 77; master of (rengashi), 210; moon verse (tsuki no ku) in, 233n.26; moon viewing (tsuki-mi) and, 171; noh and, 126; rules for distribution of topics (shikimoku) in, 76; seasonal associations in, 27; seasonal pyramid and, 176; secondary nature and, 201; sound unit (onji) in, 210; Three Realms cosmology and, 76; transition from, to haikai, 104; transition from waka to, 57–58, 73; water-related objects (suihen) in, 77
Renga shihōshō (Shihōshō; Collection of Treasures; Satomura Jōha), 74, 75, 229n.22
Renga shinshiki (New Rules for Linked Verse), 80, 81
Renga yoriai (Linked-Verse Lexical Links), 124
Renri hishō (Secret Notes on the Principles of Linking; Nijō Yoshimoto), 232n.16
reptiles, 24
rice 13, 14–15, 114, 130; digging up paddies (tagaesu), 74; mountain rice field (yamada), 52
Rikka imayō sugata (Modern Shape of Standing Flowers; rikka treatise), 100
Rikyū hyakushu (Rikyū’s One Hundred Poems; Sen no Rikyū), 107, 235n.26
Rinpa school, 65
rock-and-sand garden (kare-sansui), 13, 20, 87, 96–97, 104, 145; famous places of Edo compared with, 173; rikka and, 99
Roppyakuban uta-awase (Poetry Contest in Six Hundred Rounds), 51, 53, 230n.30, 243n.16
Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), 6
Ryōri monogatari (Tales of Cooking), 119, 182
Saga (emperor; r. 809–823), 139, 160
Saigyō (1118–1190), 5, 86, 204, 208
Saigyō-zakura (Saigyō and the Cherry Blossoms; noh play), 94, 123, 124
Saitō Gesshin (1804–1878), 168, 171
Saitō Tokugen (1559–1647), 177
Sakuteiki (Record of Garden Construction; Tachibana Toshitsuna), 147, 148
samurai, 13, 20, 55, 117, 135, 209; auspicious fish and, 142; daughters of, 107; gardens and, 110; poetry and, 211
sandals (waraji), 158
Sanjū sangendō munagi no yurai (Origins of the Ridgepole of the Thirty-Three-Pillar Buddhist Hall; puppet and kabuki play), 128–129, 238n.33
Santo Kyōden (1761–1816), 192
Saohime (Princess Sao; goddess of spring), 147
Sarada kinenbi (Salad Anniversary; Tawara Machi), 215–216
Sarumino (The Monkey’s Raincoat; Bashō and others), 156, 177
Sashibana keiko hyakushu (Hundred Poems on Practicing Ikeband), 104
Satomura Jōha (1525–1602), 73–74, 229n.22
satoyama (farm village at foot of mountain), 13–18, 15, 21, 205, 213; animals in folklore of, 129; disappearance of, 218; forests and, 127; medieval cosmology of, 114–116, 206; mixed-tree woodland (zōkibayashi) of, 127, 169, 214; topography of, 115
“Sazareishi” (Small Stones; Muromachi tale), 134
screen painting (byōbu-e), 8, 22, 48, 112, 207; as gift, 101; landscape in, 83, 84–85, 85; pine (matsu) in, 137; poem on (byōbu-uta), 53; secondary nature and, 18, 201; of twelve months (tsukinami-byōbu-e), 64. See also flower-and-bird screen painting; painting; scroll painting
scroll, hanging (kakejiku), 72, 89, 96, 102, 104–107, 163–165, 218
scroll painting (emaki-mono), 2, 18, 57, 92, 96, 121, 207. See also painting; screen painting sea, 175, 182, 200; seafood and, 182, 198
seasonal almanac (saijiki), 81, 168, 170, 170–171, 183, 190–191, 207, 214–215, 217, 233n.38
seasons, 6, 11; aestheticized representation of, 12; almanacs of, 81, 168, 170–171, 183, 190–191, 207, 214–215, 217, 233n.38; ideology of, 54–55, 207–208; kachō fūgetsu (flower and bird, wind and moon) view of, 67, 203, 217; psychological states and, 46; pyramid of, 176–181; topics associated with (kidai), 67, 74, 177; words associated with (kigo), 24, 74, 101, 177, 210, 212, 217. See also seasonal index
Sei Shōnagon (late tenth to early eleventh century), 51, 60, 117, 139, 141, 155, 180, 229n.15
Seirō bijin awase sugata kagami (A Mirror of Beautiful Women in the Pleasure Quarters; Kitao Shigemasa and Katsukawa Shunshō), 108, 109
Semi (Cicada; kyōgen play), 122
Sen no Rikyū (1522–1591), 13, 86, 104, 107
Sendenshō (Transmission of the Immortal; rikka treatise), 97, 99, 100, 234n.11; on harmony in flower arrangement, 106; on special occasions for flower arrangement, 102–103
senryū (satiric seventeen-syllable poem), 199, 209, 216, 217
Senzai kaku (Superior Verses of a Thousand Years; waka anthology), 76, 232n.21
Senzaishū (Collection of a Thousand Years; waka anthology), 49, 138, 179, 230n.30
Seven Gods of Good Fortune (Shichifukujin), 144
Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, 96, 138
sexuality, 211
“Shaka no honji” (Story of Buddha; Muromachi tale), 149
sheep, 16
shellfish, 24
Shiba Kōkan (1747–1818), 192
Shiga Shigetaka (1863–1927), 212
Shigi no hanegaki (Snipe Preening Its Feathers; waka handbook), 66, 66
Shikashū (Collection of Poetic Flowers; waka anthology), 138–139
Shinkō haiku undō (New Haiku Movement), 217
Shinkokinshū (New Anthology of Poetry Old and New; waka anthology), 19, 39, 49, 50, 53, 54; landscape in, 82; Star Festival (Tanabata) in, 159; “three evening poems” (sanseki) in, 51; waka and, 204
Shinnen no iwai (Celebration of the New Year; Chōbunsai Eishi), 102
Shinsaijiki (New Seasonal Almanac; Takahama Kyoshi), 81
Shinshūishū (New Collection of Gleanings; waka anthology), 61
Shiohi no tsuto (Gifts of the Ebb Tide; Kitagawa Utamaro I), 192
“Shita-kiri suzume” (Tongue-cut Sparrow; folktale), 119
Shōhaku (1443–1527), 78–79
Shōtetsu (1381–1459), 67–68
Shōtetsu monogatari (Conversations with Shōtetsu; Shōtetsu), 67–68
shrines (yashiro), 116, 166, 168, 218, 236n.3; first pilgrimage of year to (hatsumōde), 153
Shūi gusō (My Gathered Writings; Fujiwara Teika), 231n.5
Shuishū (Collection of Gleanings; waka anthology), 34, 53, 113, 138
Shunzei. See Fujiwara no Shunzei
“Shuten dōji” (Drunken Child; Muromachi tale), 149
Six Dynasties period (China; 220–589), 25, 26, 34, 159, 203
Sōami (d. 1525), 99, 100, 235n.14
Sōchō (1448–1532), 78
Soga monogatari (Tale of the Soga), 165–166
Sōgi (1421–1502), 78, 82, 204, 208
song, 6–7; popular (imayō), 211; travel (michiyuki), 94
Song dynasty (China; 960–1279), 20, 82, 87, 95, 150, 203
Sosei (priest), 35
“Special Characteristics of Japanese Literature, The” (essay), 5
Spirited Away (Sen to chihiro no kamikakushi; Miyazaki Hayao), 150
spring. See seasonal index
squirrels, flying, 16
standing-flower arrangement (rikka, tatebana), 20, 97, 100, 201, 213, 234n.9; augmentation (soe) in, 98, 106, 234n.11; base (tai) in, 98, 106, 151; center (shin) in, 98, 106, 151, 234n.11; grass (kusa-mono) in, 98, 106; horizontal sand vase (sunamono) for, 100, 104; nine tools (ku no dōgu) in, 98; seasonal qualities in, 151; seven tools (nanatsu no dōgu) in, 98; social function of, 101–102; three major trees (sanboku) in, 99; tree branches (ki-mono) in, 98, 106; two-way things (tsu yō-mono) in, 98, 106; women and, 107, 109
“Suehiro monogatari” (Tale of the Open Fan; Muromachi tale), 134, 149
Sugawara no Michizane (845–903), 106, 127, 181–182
Sugita Hisajo (1890–1946), 215
Sumeru (Shumisen), Mount, 100
Sumiyoshi Gukei (1631–1705), 163
Sumizome-zakura (Ink-Dyed Cherry Blossoms; noh play), 123
summer. See seasonal index
sun: morning (asahi), 165, 248n.5; rising (hinode), 140, 141
suppress desire, look back with regret (shinobu), 47
Susano-o (god), 14
Susuki (Miscanthus Grass; noh play), 123
“Suwa engi goto” (Divine Origins of the Suwa Shrine; Muromachi tale), 149
Suzuki Harunobu (1725?–1770), 23–24, 186, 188–190, 199 swans, 116, 119
Tachibana no Moroe (684–903), 61
Tachibana no Narisue, 93
Tachibana Toshitsuna (1028–1094), 147
Taiheiki (Record of Great Peace), 206
Taishō period (1912–1926), 215
Takahama Kyoshi (1874–1959), 6, 81, 216–217
Takarai Kikaku (1661–1707), 206
Takasago (noh play), 126, 127, 134
Takase Baisei (d. ca. 1702), 177
Takeda Tsuneo, 63
Taketori monogatari (Tale of the Bamboo Cutter), 118, 182
Tako (Octopus; kyōgen play), 122, 237n.14
Tale of Genji, The. See Genji monogatari
tales: celebratory (shūgi-mono), 22, 134; court / romance (monogatari), 16, 17, 207; poem (uta-monogatari), 207; sermon (sekkyōbushi), 118–119. See also folktales; Muromachi popular tales; war tales / military narratives; specific tales
Tales of Ise, The. See Ise monogatari
talismans, 133–135, 201–202; birds as, 138–130, 140, 141, 142; four-seasons—four-directions garden as, 145–150; landscape as, 144–150, 146
“Tamura no sōshi” (Tale of Tamura; Muromachi tale), 149
“Tanabata” (Star Festival; Muromachi tale), 149
Tanabata-matsuri zu (Tanabata Festival; Okumura Masanobu), 159
Tang dynasty (China; 618–907), 75, 136, 203
Tani Sogai (1733–1823), 194
tanka (short poem, modern version of waka), 215–216
Tatsuta River, 19, 43, 45, 63, 147, 178; bright foliage on, 68, 69, 72; poetic places associated with, 68
Tawara Machi (b. 1962), 215–216
tea ceremony (chanoyu), 9, 13, 17, 151, 213; alcove and, 89; food as art and, 24, 181; secondary nature and, 18, 201; tea flower (chabana) at, 104, 105; tea utensils and, 19, 69, 71–72, 73; thrown-in-flower arrangement and, 104, 106–107; understated (wabicha), 104, 105, 205–206; waka and, 58; waka names (uta-mei) and, 69, 71–73, 218; women and, 108
technology, 5
temples, 13, 22, 166, 168, 218
Tenbun era (1532–1555), 103
Tenji (emperor; r. 668–671), 28
Tenmu (emperor; r. 673–686), 182
Tenpō era (1830–1844), 195
Tenpyō era (729–749), 29, 30, 43, 141, 228n.4
Tentoku yonen sangatsu sanjūnichi dairi uta-wase (Poetry Contest in the Imperial Palace in the Thirtieth Day of the Third Month of the Fourth Year of Tentoku), 50
Terajima Ryōan, 191
Three Realms (Ten-chi-jin; Heaven, Earth, and Humanity), 20, 75–81
thrown-in-flower arrangement (nageire), 97, 104, 106, 108
Tohi zukan (Capital-Country Painting; Sumiyoshi Gukei), 163
Tokoro (Mountain Potato; kyōgen play), 122
Tokoyo (Eternal Land), 144, 145, 148, 149, 241n.29
Tokuda Kazuo, 149
Tokugawa Hidetada (1579–1632), 110
Tokugawa Iemitsu (1604–1651), 110
Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542–1616), 110, 154
Tokugen. See Saitō Tokugen
Tokyo. See Edo
topography, auspicious, 144–145
Tosa Mitsuyoshi (1539–1613), 141
Tosa nikki (Tosa Diary; Ki no Tsurayuki), 244n.28
Tōto saijiki (Seasonal Almanac of the Eastern Capital; Saitō Gesshin), 168, 170, 171
trans-seasonality, 21, 22, 60, 133–135, 212; four-seasons—four-directions gardens and, 22, 149. See also seasonal index
tree ferns (shida), 9
trees: resistance of, 127–129; sacred (shinboku), 126
Tsukuba mondō (Questions and Answers at Tsukuba; Nijō Yoshimoto), 80
Tsurezuregusa (Essays in Idleness; Kenkō), 119, 142, 229n.15
Tsurukame (Crane and Turtle; noh play),134
twelve-layered robe (juni-hitoe), 8, 19, 52, 58–60, 59, 63, 231n.1; waka and women’s fashion, 203
Uda no hoshi (Uda Priest; Morikawa Kyoriku), 178
Uji shui monogatari (A Collection of Tales from Uji; setsuwa collection), 16, 119
Ukai (Cormorant Fishing; noh play), 237n.14
Ukiyo monogatari (Tale of the Floating World; Asai Ryōi), 67
ukiyo-e (woodblock print, illustration of floating world), 23–24; of actors (yakusha-e), 192; of beautiful person (bijinga), 108–110, 109, 157, 192; erotic (shunga), 23, 188–190, 189; of flowers and birds, 24, 192–194, 194–195; multicolor (nishiki-e), 108; secondary nature and, 201
Ume (Plum Tree; noh play), 94, 123
United States, seasons in, 10, 11
Unkoku Tōgan (1547–1618), 169, 245n.45
“Urashima Taro” (Urashima’s Eldest Son; Muromachi tale), 134, 148–149
urban commoners (chōnin), 13, 106, 112, 159, 209; cherry-blossom / flower viewing (hana-mi) by, 23, 111, 169–171, 213; court observances and, 154; famous places and, 169; flowers and, 20; poetry and, 211; wealthy (machishū), 114; women, 61, 163
Utagawa Hiroshige (1797–1858), 32, 36, 143, 195–196
Utagawa Kunisada (1786–1864), 192
Utsuho monogatari (The Tale of the Hollow Tree; Heian court tale), 147, 148
waka (thirty-one-syllable classical poem), 1, 2, 17, 25, 112, 199; alcove and, 89; allusive variation (honka-dori) in, 203–204; autumn associations in, 11, 39–44; birds in, 116, 117, 180; cultural authority of, 113–114; culturally/phonetically linked words (engo) in, 26; diaries and, 16–17; gatherings (uta-kai) to compose, 65; haikai compared with, 23; harmony with nature and, 8; Heian court classics and, 204; imperial anthologies of, 48–50; Japanese view of nature and, 207; kyōka and, 188; metonymy in, 26; moon viewing (tsuki-mi) and, 171; mountain village (yamazato) and, 17, 104, 205; mysterious depth (yūgen) in, 49; nationalist symbols and, 248n.5; noh and, 21, 126; observation of nature and, 5; painting and, 63–64; pine (matsu) in, 137; pivot words/puns (kakekotoba) in, 26; plum (ume) in, 151; as poetry / song of Yamato, 8; Reizei family and, 210; renga compared with, 73–74; rikka compared with, 99; rise and decline of, 57–58; satoyama cosmology and, 115, 205; on screen painting (byōbu-uta), 53; seasonal almanacs and, 27; seasonal identity and ambiguity in, 52–55; seasonal poetry in, 30; secondary nature and, 18, 201; spring associations in, 32, 34–36, 38–39; Star Festival (Tanabata) in, 158; summer associations in, 11, 12, 13, 38–39; talismanic/trans-seasonal topics in, 22; Three Realms cosmology and, 76, 77, 80; as urban genre, 8; vertical topics (tate no dai) as province of, 178; visual culture and, 19; waka names (uta-mei), 69, 71–73, 218; winter associations in, 45. See also Kokinshū; Man’yōshū; poems / poetry: one hundred, on fixed topics; poetry contest; Shinkokinshū
Waka genzai shomokuroku (Contemporary Catalogue of Japanese Poetry), 230n.32
Waka iroha (ABC’s or Primer of Japanese Classical Poetry; Jōkaku), 233n.22
Waka shogakushō (First Steps in Learning Waka; Fujiwara no Kiyosuke), 166–167
Wakan rōeishū (Japanese and Chinese-Style Poems to Sing), 76, 243n.16
Wakan sansai zue (Sino-Japanese Three Worlds Illustrated Encyclopedia; Terajima Ryōan), 191
Wamyō-ruiju-shō (Collection of Japanese Words; Minamoto no Shitago), 191
war tales / military narratives (gunki-mono), 17, 21, 117, 118, 191, 204; animals as protagonists of, 205; city and country landscapes in, 206
Warring States period (1478–1582), 86, 169, 247n.11
weeping willow, 99
Wenxuan (Monzen; Selections of Refined Literature), 26
windmill palm, 9
winter. See seasonal index
wizard (sennin), 114
women: aristocratic, 1–2, 8, 58–63, 64; Buddhism and, 124; festivals and, 159, 160, 163; as haiku poets, 215; ikebana and, 107–110; plants associated with, 47; rikka and, 108, 109; sacrifice of peasant, 14; as urban commoners, 61, 108; waka and, 203. See also courtesans; dress: kosode; dress: twelve-layered robe
woodcutter (kikori), 15
World War II, 248n.5
Xu Ling (507–583), 26
“Yakusōyu hon” (Parable of the Medicinal Plants; Lotus Sutra), 124
Yamabe no Akahito (active to 736), 239n.6
Yamaguchi Sodō (1642–1716), 185
Yama-no-i (The Mountain Well; Kitamura Kigin), 177, 209
Yamanoue no Okura (660–ca. 733), 40
Yanone (Tip of the Arrow; kabuki play), 165
Yiwen leiju (Geimon ruijū; Literary Encyclopedia), 75–76, 81
Yokoi Yayū (1702–1783), 142–143
Yoru no tsuru (Evening Crane; Nun Abutsu), 139
Yosano Akiko (1878–1942), 215
Yoshino, imperial palace at, 29, 34
Yoshino, Mount, 68, 69, 86–87, 248n.5
Yoshinobu shū (Yoshinobu Collection), 64
Yoshino—Tatsuta Screen Painting, 69
Yoshiwara no tei (A Scene from Yoshiwara; Hishikawa Moronobu), 108
Yuan dynasty (China; 1271–1368), 95
Yugyō yanagi (The Wanderer and the Willow; noh play), 123, 124
Yuki (Snow; noh play), 123
Yutai xinyong (Gyokudai shin’ei; New Songs of the Jade Terrace), 26
Zen, 20, 86, 87, 125, 183, 205. See also Buddhism
Zoku Edo sunako (Sequel to Edo Sand; guidebook), 171
Zōyamanoi (Additional Mountain Well; Kitamura Kigin), 74, 229n.22