INDEX

Books of the Bible

Acts of the Apostles 4, 83, 84, 99, 101, 106, 112–16, 119, 121, 130, 135, 140–1, 148–68, 179, 183–4, 187, 200–01, 232, 234, 265

Amos 14, 21, 22, 68–9, 70, 264

1 Chronicles 12, 20, 27, 80, 263

2 Chronicles 20, 263

Colossians 265

1 Corinthians xiii, 111, 113, 116–17, 124–5, 194, 265

2 Corinthians 113, 118–19, 144, 265

Daniel 73, 85, 86–7, 189, 194, 264

Deuteronomy 5, 11, 19, 20, 23, 33, 34, 37, 39, 55–6, 58, 64–6, 70–1, 252, 253, 254, 262

Ecclesiastes 21, 263

Ephesians 256, 265

Esther 21, 263

Exodus 9, 14, 15, 20, 23, 24, 27, 52, 64, 71, 104, 184, 242, 244, 249, 262

Ezekiel 194, 264

Ezra 21, 33, 36, 61–2, 66, 77, 263

Galatians 113, 115, 116–18, 129, 265

Genesis 4, 6, 9, 11, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 34–7, 38, 40–7, 50, 52, 54–7, 64, 69, 72, 87, 175, 208, 210, 211, 220, 222, 246, 258, 262

Habakkuk 264

Haggai 264

Hebrews 266

Hosea 14, 21, 22, 68–9, 70, 264

Isaiah 14, 21, 33–4, 68, 86, 97–9, 100, 151, 156, 171, 193, 237, 247, 251, 261, 262–4

James 96, 111, 123, 143, 153, 266

Jeremiah 15, 21, 58, 152, 200, 262, 264

Job 21, 263

Joel 264

John 7, 81, 83, 93, 95, 101, 104, 106–9, 123, 126, 129, 138, 153, 168–76, 192–3, 228, 232, 242, 250, 265

Jonah 21, 258, 264

Joshua 6, 20, 23, 26, 27, 36, 37, 64, 262

Jude 266

Judges 20, 22, 222, 262

1 Kings 4, 12, 20, 27, 28, 36, 70, 247, 254, 262

2 Kings 20, 262

Lamentations 264

Leviticus 6, 20, 33, 34, 35, 36, 64–6, 69, 104, 190–1, 216, 226, 243, 262

Luke 7, 36, 83, 86, 93–7, 101–2, 104, 110–11, 115, 120–1, 123, 125–8, 133, 137, 148–68, 183, 187, 192–3, 199, 220–30, 248, 253, 265

Malachi 264

Mark 7, 83, 86, 93, 95, 101–2, 104, 110–11, 120–1, 123, 126–9, 132, 137–8, 141, 144–8, 152, 155, 158, 160–3, 169, 173, 183, 187–90, 193, 196, 230–5, 248, 253, 265

Matthew 6, 7, 81, 83, 86–7, 91–7, 101–2, 104, 110–11, 120–1, 123–4, 127–8, 133, 137, 148–68, 183, 190–4, 229, 232, 242, 243, 248, 249, 252, 258, 265

Micah 14, 21, 37, 73, 95, 152, 261, 264

Nahum 264

Nehemiah 21, 62, 77, 263

Numbers 14, 15, 20, 37, 69, 70, 226, 243, 262

Obadiah 264

1 Peter 266

2 Peter 266

Philemon 113, 266

Philippians 111, 113, 116, 265

Proverbs 21, 263

Psalms 21, 37, 73, 263

Revelation 83, 85, 87, 123–4, 141, 177, 247, 253, 256, 266

Romans 85, 111, 113, 116–17, 120, 123, 124–5, 265

Ruth 4, 21, 36, 262

1 Samuel 12, 20, 27, 70, 152, 254, 262

2 Samuel 20, 36, 51, 211–20, 262

Song of Solomon 21, 263

1 Thessalonians 87, 111, 113, 265

2 Thessalonians 113, 125, 166, 266

1 Timothy 125, 266

2 Timothy 266

Titus 266

Zechariah 68, 92, 189–90, 264

Zephaniah 68, 264

 

Main index

A

Aaron 52, 55, 57–8, 61, 63, 80

Abel 54

Abraham 6, 24, 35, 37, 72, 93, 151, 198, 219, 247, 254

Acts of John 179

Acts of Paul 179

Acts of Peter 179

Adam 23, 28, 47, 50, 69, 95, 160, 208

adultery 34, 65

afterlife, the 73, 122–3, 138

Ahab 71, 254

animal sacrifice 51

Annas 106, 108

Apocrypha 3, 4

apostles 139, 152, 199

after death of Jesus 119, 121, 133, 139, 161, 164-5

names uncertain 90

see also disciples

Aramaic 3, 135–6

Augustine, Saint 185, 240, 256

Aslan, Reza 90, 99, 100, 108, 118, 186, 191, 193, 197, 272–4

Assyria 10–12

Auerbach, Erich 233

B

Babel, tower of 54

Babylon 8–12, 16–18, 20, 61

Barton, John 70, 75

Bathsheba, see David

Beeching, Paul 91, 98, 100, 148, 181

Bethlehem 93, 94–6, 151, 160, 211, 223, 224, 228, 247

Bible

authors and sources, see D, E, J, P, Q, and R

authoritative version, lack of 142–3

embarrassment, criterion of 109–10

historical truth 23–9, 89–119, 207

imagination and vision 251–2, 256–9

King James translation 3, 8, 33, 255

literary criticism 207–35, 256–9

order written 21–2, 261–7

parallels between Old and New Testament 240–48

unity of 237–8

who wrote 39, 50–67, 139–79

biblical archaeology 25, 28–9

Bickerman, E.J. 103, 174

C

Caiaphas 106, 108, 137

Cain 54

camels 24–5

Catholicism, Roman 3, 4, 6, 7, 22, 36, 38–9, 122

Christian missionaries (1st century AD) 118–21, 136, 138–9, 146, 201–03

Christianity 5–6, 27, 29, 33, 36, 38, 75, 97, 109, 112–19, 135, 144, 198, 203, 256

Christians, early 83–9, 114, 125, 133, 141, 149, 156, 166–7, 171, 173, 177–8, 199, 200

Clarke, John 180

contraception 6, 36

Covenant Code 64

Creation story 40–50, 55, 57, 60, 87

Crucifixion 7, 99–101, 103, 106–08, 128, 137, 141, 146–7, 160–2, 172, 182, 185, 192, 194, 229, 230, 242, 246

D

D (Deuteronomist) Bible author 15, 40, 55–8, 60

David, King 12, 20, 24, 27–9, 51, 70, 151, 184, 212–18, 234

ancestor of Jesus 93–5, 211, 247

David and Bathsheba 29, 72, 211–19

marries non-Israelite 36

‘son of God’ 129

Dead Sea Scrolls 80

Diaspora 61, 84, 114–15, 136, 139, 150, 165–8, 170

disciples 88, 91, 103, 106, 117, 141, 145–7, 160, 183, 199, 203

after the death of Jesus 84, 144, 153–4

divorce 6

E

E (Elohist) Bible author 14, 40, 54, 56–7, 60, 262

Ebionites 134

Eden, Garden of 23, 46–8, 54, 211, 246

Egypt 9–11, 17, 18, 23–5, 35, 96

as metaphor 245–7, 256

see also Bible, parallels between Old and New Testament

Ehrenzweig, Anton 238

El/Elohim 39–40, 54

Elijah 71, 184, 198–9, 247, 253

Elisha 184

Epistles 4, 85, 87, 99, 110–11, 137, 143, 178, 199, 210, 228, 240

Essenes 80

evangelists 89, 90, 92, 99–102, 109, 140, 149, 247

Exodus/exodus 23–7, 29, 235, 241, 253

Ezekiel 71

F

Flood, the 28, 55, 57, 60

Fredriksen, Paula 103, 106, 115, 147, 161, 168, 186, 196, 272–5

Frye, H. Northrop 206, 241, 252, 274-5

G

Gabriel, Angel 93, 135, 160, 208, 222

Galilee 79, 81, 83, 95, 109, 137, 202, 223

Gentiles

attending synagogue 136, 144, 166

attitudes of Jesus and disciples to 110, 119, 121, 152, 172

in genealogy of Jesus 95

mission to 84, 114–16, 120, 139, 144–6, 150–51, 153, 160, 168

Gilgamesh 10, 11

Gnosticism 171–2, 175

God

and divine nature 29–37, 48–50, 122–5, 177, 219–20, 230

and Jesus 95, 128, 129, 171–2, 185, 244

and people of Israel 19, 21, 23, 27, 55–6, 66–9, 72–3, 88, 199–200

and monotheism 17–18

see also D (Deuteronomist),

E (Elohist), J (Jahwist),

Kingdom of God

Goodman, Martin 132

Gospels 4, 83, 90–1, 99, 103, 111, 116, 120, 124–5, 127, 140, 142

Greek

Greek literature and mythology 219, 234

NT written in Greek 4, 129, 135, 157–8, 170, 189, 192

OT translated into Greek 4, 98, 136, 201, 261

see also Hellenists

H

Hardy, Thomas 90

heaven 85, 87, 113, 138

Hebrew(s) 3, 135–6; people 65; language 97–8

Hebrew Bible 3, 8, 10, 19, 21, 22, 88, 92, 96, 98, 99, 100, 102, 178, 201, 245

Hellenists 78, 135, 171

Herod (Governor, 37 BC–4 BC) 79, 93–4, 96, 133, 152, 221–2, 229, 254

Herod Antipas 105, 161

Holiness Code 63–4

homosexuality 6, 66–7

I

Infancy Gospel of Thomas 179

Isaac 24

Islam/Muslims 6, 248

Israel in Biblical period 10–18, 20, 23, 26–7, 29, 51–2, 56, 58, 60, 67, 69, 100, 133, 144, 151–2, 159, 160, 171, 184, 189–90, 192, 202, 237, 253, 261

northern kingdom 10–12, 17, 54–5, 56–7, 78

Israel (modern state) 6, 12, 23, 24, 29, 202

Israelites 4, 19, 23, 25, 26, 34, 50, 52, 63, 66, 73, 77, 242–4, 247, 254

J

J (Jahwist) Bible author 14, 40, 54, 56–7, 60, 219, 262

Jacob 24, 37, 56, 72

James, brother of Jesus 88, 112, 117–18, 121, 125, 133–5, 139, 144

James, disciple 153, 230

Jeremiah 15, 71, 100

Jerome 62, 210

Jerusalem 12, 20, 27–8, 51, 52, 60, 61, 77–8, 84, 91–2, 102, 112, 114, 117, 121, 131–9, 141, 146, 150, 155, 163, 167

Jesus 4, 5, 36, 77–89, 90–109, 111–12, 124–7, 137, 140, 143–5, 151, 155, 161–5, 168–74, 180–97, 211, 223–35, 253

as son of God 128–30, 145–6, 185

Christ of faith and Jesus of history 181–3

historical context 77–83, 130–9

Second Coming 86, 110–12, 138, 144, 147, 150, 162–3, 166, 172

trial of 103–9, 137–8, 189

virgin birth 93–101, 151–2, 220–22

Jewish Christianity 133–4, 150, 171

Jews 3, 4, 7, 66, 78, 83, 88, 89, 102, 106, 110, 119, 120–1, 132, 137–8, 144, 151, 156, 165–8, 201

in the NT 101, 120, 137–8

attitude to Jesus 101–3, 137–8, 145, 168

proselytising faith 201–02

relations with early Christians 88–9, 134–8, 164–8

Joab 212–18

John (disciple) 121, 153, 230

John (evangelist) 88, 101, 121, 141, 168–76, 230

John the Baptist 81, 84, 87, 93–4, 109, 181, 188, 193, 199, 222–3, 254

Joseph (husband of Mary) 93–4, 96, 221, 224–5, 244

Joseph of Arimathea 80

Josephus 79, 107, 131, 134, 202

Judah/Judea 10, 12, 17, 18, 51, 52, 60, 69, 78–9, 81–2, 130–3

Judas 174

K

Kingdom of God 111, 130, 153, 164, 187, 193, 245

L

Lane Fox, Robin 103, 271–4

Last Supper 103–4, 105, 111, 128, 174, 230

Levites 64, 68

Lot 34–5

Luke 88, 90, 116, 141, 148–68, 220–30, 237

Luther, Martin 6, 185

M

Mark 88, 95, 111, 141, 144–8, 149–51, 169, 187, 198, 230–35

see also messianic secret

Mary (mother of Jesus) 7, 94, 96–7, 135, 160, 208, 222–5, 228–9

perpetual virginity 7

Mary and Martha 126, 158

Matthew 88, 91–2, 93–8, 141, 148–9, 151–6, 228

McGrath, Alister 255

messiah 95, 97, 99–101, 138, 141, 145, 184–9, 196–7, 245

messianic secret 141, 145, 187–8, 196

miracles 99, 183–5, 187, 191, 193

Mommsen, Theodor 202

Moses 20, 25, 38–9, 54, 61–3, 100, 102, 220, 221, 236, 254

and myth 221

competition with Aaron 52, 55, 57–8

forerunner of Jesus 83, 96, 102, 152, 184, 243–4, 247

importance in Christianity 198

myth and metaphor 238–48

N

Nathan 71, 199, 211, 215, 217–19, 234, 254

Nativity 158, 220–30

Nazareth 81, 94–6, 127, 223

New Testament 3, 4, 6, 8, 17, 77–203, 221, 232, 238–48, 254, 265–6

as history 89–109, 111, 130–9, 144–8

canon 139, 176–9

morality and values 120–30

structure 83–9

when written 143

who wrote 139–80

writings not included 177, 179

O

Old Testament 3–67, 77, 83, 85, 100, 102, 117, 120, 122, 129, 135, 141–2, 153, 177–8, 197, 200, 211, 219–20, 226, 229, 234, 238–45, 254, 261–4

as history 23–9

as model for New Testament 240–45

morality and values 29–37, 70–71

prophecies 94–5, 97, 99–101, 151–2, 198–9, 238, 247

P

P (Priestly) Bible author 15, 40, 55, 57, 60

Palestine 8, 23, 25–7, 114, 132, 201

Paradosis Pilati 179

Passover 91, 101, 104–6, 108–9, 167, 174, 180, 196, 226, 242

Paul/Saul 20, 24, 27, 70, 84, 88, 101, 110–11, 112–20, 123–5, 133, 135, 139, 143, 144, 164–7, 177, 181, 203

and miracles 179, 183

and origins of modern Christianity 112–19

and relationship with Simon Peter 117–19, 135

Pentateuch, the 4, 19, 24, 38, 53, 62–3, 262

Peter 81, 84, 99, 101, 118–19, 121, 125, 133, 135, 145–6, 153, 164, 230–35

see also Paul/Saul

Pharisees 80, 102, 112, 122, 134, 146, 155, 159, 161, 187

Philo 107, 202

Pilate, Pontius 103, 106–9, 137, 156, 162, 179, 192

pluralism/henotheism 17–18

Promised Land 6, 26, 37, 64, 68–9, 73, 246–7, 253

Protestantism 3, 7, 62, 122, 248

Q

Q (Quelle) New Testament source 133, 148–9, 153, 158

Qur’an 6, 31, 70, 250

R

R (Redactor) Bible editor and author 40, 58–62, 237

Ratzinger, Joseph (Pope Benedict XVI) 98

Resurrection 146–7, 154, 174, 194

ritual prohibitions 64–7

Romans 79, 83–4, 101, 105–6, 108, 116, 122, 128, 130, 132, 136, 138, 162, 191

S

sabbath 71, 105, 161

Sadducees 80

Samaria 17, 78, 81

Sanders, E.P. 102

Satan 118

Saul, see Paul

Schweitzer, Albert 185

scribes 80, 102, 155, 161

Septuagint 98, 136, 142, 261

Shakespeare, William 32–3, 209, 237, 239

shepherds 160, 228

in mythology 221

Sinai 20, 29

Sinai, Mount 25, 102, 243, 244

Smith, Stevie 168, 175–6

Solomon 13, 20, 24, 27–8, 36, 51, 70, 218, 247

Son of Man 187, 189–97

Spinoza 38–9

Steinbeck, John 253–4

Stephen 101, 110, 112, 165, 187

Sumeria 9–11, 23

Synoptics 83, 104–9, 120, 128, 159, 189

T

Tacitus 107

Temple, First (Solomon) 12, 18, 28, 29, 133

Temple, Second 77–9, 101–2, 114, 121, 131–4, 147, 161, 165, 167, 174, 187, 201

cleansing of the Temple 161, 173, 194–6

Ten Commandments 20, 25, 64, 69, 70, 102, 250–52

theocracy 79

Torah 19, 50, 57, 60, 79–80, 112, 132, 134, 136, 139, 144–5, 152, 153, 161, 176, 198, 200, 250, 252

transfiguration 145, 247–8

Tyndale, William 7

typological criticism 244

U

Uriah 212–18

usury, banning of 6

V

Vermes, Geza 81, 103–5, 107, 183, 185, 273

Vespasian 131

virgin birth 93–9, 151

W

Wellhausen, Julius 274

Williams, Rowan 192, 274

Wise Men 93, 151, 229, 247

world, the end of 85–6, 110–13

Y

Yahweh 39, 54