Index

A

Adriatisches Küstenland  73
Adzhimambetova, Adzhigulsum  62
Africa  2, 69, 74
Agamben, Giorgio  2, 6, 96–8, 100, 101
Aguinaldo, Emilio  13
Aguthi (Kenya)  86
Akçam, Taner  26
Albania  73
Alexopoulos, Golfo  52
Algeria  2, 22, 71, 85, 99, 103
Algerian War  87
camps de regroupement in  87
Aliens Restriction Act (Britain, 1914)  23
American Indians  11–12
Anderson, David  85
Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry on Palestine (1946)  81
Anglo-Boer War  6, 9, 10, 13, 14–17, 15, 16, 27, 32, 37
Afrikaner memory of  14, 15
black Africans in  14–15
Arendt, Hannah  7–9, 34, 35, 36, 37, 67, 74, 94, 101, 103, 105, 106
Argelès (France)  74
Argentina  48, 70, 92
Armenian genocide  2, 23, 25–7, 37
Auschwitz  4, 35, 39, 40, 42, 51, 52, 57, 68, 73, 99, 104, 106, 109, 110, 112
Australia  2, 12
see also Tasmania
Austria  22, 80, 81, 109
Averianov, Nikolai  50–1

B

Balashina, Sira Stepanovna  66
Baltic States  83
Bangladesh  114
Barenberg, Alan  59
Barnes, Steven  65, 67, 68
Bauman, Zygmunt  2–3, 100–2, 103, 106
Bela (Czech Republic)  98
Belgium  22
Bell, Wilson  58–9, 61, 68
Belsen  9, 33, 35, 40, 43, 46–7, 81, 82, 108–9, 111, 112, 113
Bełżec  4, 40
Beria, Lavrenty  64
Berzin, Eduard Petrovich  55
Bettelheim, Bruno  34
Bevin, Ernest  82
Blanchot, Maurice  36
Boll, Uwe  110
Bosnia  3, 92, 103, 112
Bourdieu, Pierre  102
Bramstedt, E. K.  34
Britain  6, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 69, 87–8
internment of ‘enemy aliens’  76, 79–80
and Mau Mau Uprising  85–7, 86
British Army Film and Photographic Unit  108–9
British East Africa  23
Brown, Dave  95
Brown, Kate  66
Buber-Neumann, Margarete  53
Buchenwald  6, 33, 35, 37–8, 39, 40, 43, 47, 48, 52, 70, 83, 84, 109
Buggeln, Marc  42
Bund Deutscher Mädel  44

C

Cambodia  2, 88, 89–90, 112
Cameroon  22
Canada  79
Celan, Paul  110
Chacabuco (Chile)  110
Chapman Brothers  110
Chechens  62–3
Chełmno  4, 40
Chile  70, 92, 95
China  2, 6, 7, 28, 29, 71, 88
Cultural Revolution  111
Great Leap Forward  111
laogai system in  90–2
Choeung Ek (Cambodia)  90
Chol-hwan, Kang  92
Christianstadt (sub-camp of Gross-Rosen)  42, 110–11, 111
Chukotka (Soviet Union)  53
Cold War  58, 64, 76, 79, 81
Colnbrook detention centre (UK)  98
colonialism  8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20, 24, 83, 84–5, 88, 100, 102–3
Commission internationale contre le régime concentrationnaire (CICRC)  70–1, 75
communist countries’ camps  88–92
Cuba  2, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 49, 96, 99
Spanish–American War  13
Cyprus, Jewish DP camps in  2, 69, 82–3, 85, 112

D

Dachau  6, 9, 10, 30–1, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38, 40, 43, 49, 65, 67, 74–5, 78, 82, 83, 84, 94, 98, 112–13
Daderian, Vahram  25
Dahomey  22
Daily Mail  31
Dal’stroi (Soviet Union)  55
Daniels, Roger  77, 79
‘death marches’  43
decolonization  2
de Gaulle, Charles  87
Democratic Republic of Congo  9
Der el Zor (Ottoman Empire)  26–7
development  98–9
De Witt, John L.  76–7
Diestel, Peter-Michael  84
Dimbleby, Richard  47
Displaced Persons (DPs)  2, 3, 69, 80–3, 112
Distel, Barbara  43
Dmitlag (Soviet Union)  59
Domenach, Jean-Luc  90
Dr Seuss (Theodor Geisel)  77

E

Ebensee (sub-camp of Mauthausen)  35
Ebner, Michael  72
Egypt  48
Eicke, Theodor  38, 76
Elkins, Caroline  86
Enlightenment  101
Esterwegen  84
‘Euthanasia Programme’ (Nazi Germany)  4
Evans, Richard  52

F

fascism  7, 8, 71, 72, 73, 76, 80
favelas  3
Feichtinger, Moritz  88
Ferenc, Tone  72–3
Fink, Ida  110
First World War  20–4, 28, 29, 37, 108
Flossenbürg  84
Foucault, Michel  96
France  6, 20, 22, 24, 69, 70, 73–5, 87, 88, 104, 110
internment of Spanish Civil War fighters in  37, 73–5
Franco, Francisco  2, 75, 76, 103, 110
Frenkel, Naftali  54

G

Gasr Bu Hadi (Libya)  73
Gaza  104–5, 114
Gellately, Robert  39
Geneva Convention (1929)  24
Gerlach, Christian  87, 99
German Concentration Camps Factual Survey  109
German South-West Africa  2, 17–19, 18, 27, 28, 37, 49
Germany  22, 27, 80, 81, 83–4, 111, 112
Soviet ‘special camps’ in  70, 83–4
Weimar constitution  97
see also Nazi Germany
Gheith, Jehanne M.  66
Ginzburg, Eugenia  56–7, 59, 104
global south  3, 99–100, 114
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von  38
Goffman, Erving  102
Gomez, Maximo  13
Gorbachev, Mikhail  65
Gordon Walker, Patrick  4–7
Graham, Helen  75, 76
Greece  48, 71, 98
Gross-Rosen  40, 41, 42
Guantánamo Bay  3, 79, 97, 104, 105, 106, 112, 114
Gulag  2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 16, 49, 50–68, 76, 88, 101–2, 103, 105, 106, 110, 112
blat in  61
compared with Nazi camps  51–3, 61, 65, 67, 68
definition of  51
deportation of ‘suspect nations’ to  62–3, 64
‘dezoned’ prisoners  58–9, 60
‘Golden’  95
‘Great Terror’ and  55, 61, 63
Kenyan  85
map  52
origins of  52–3
Second World War and  62–3
‘small zone’ and ‘large zone’  58, 60, 61, 67
use of term  95–6
see also ‘special settlements’
Guomindang  28
Gurs (France)  74, 75

H

Haffner, Sebastian  44–5, 46
Hague Convention (1907)  21
Hague Laws (1899)  13
Hájková-Duxová, Věra  42
Harrison, Earl  81
Herero and Nama War (1904–7)  17–19, 18, 27, 28
Herling, Gustaw  57, 68
Herzogenbusch  40
Hierl, Konstantin  44
Himmler, Heinrich  35, 38, 76
Hirschmann, Ira  82
Hitler, Adolf  30, 52–3, 68, 82, 109
Hitler Youth  44
Hobhouse, Emily  14, 16
Holocaust  1, 4, 35, 36, 36–7, 40, 43, 51, 68, 80, 103, 110, 112, 113
Holocaust Memorial Day  112
Hoover, Calvin B.  31
Hull, Isabel  19
Human Rights Watch  94–5
Hungary  95
Hyslop, Jonathan  16, 19, 28–9

I

Imperial War Museum (London)  109
India  6, 23, 48, 113
Indigirka (Soviet Union)  53
internally displaced persons (IDPs)  3, 98
Isle of Man  24, 79
Israel  81, 95, 105
Italy  22, 69, 71–3, 81, 104
race laws  72
Ivanova, Galina  61

J

Japan  27, 29, 69
Special Unit 731 (Manchuria)  27
Japanese-Americans, detention of  2, 70, 76–9
compared with Nazi camps  78
Jasenovac (Croatia)  69
Jaspers, Karl  36, 107
Jehovah’s Witnesses  38
Jews  2, 4, 7, 24, 27, 36, 39, 40, 42, 44, 69, 72, 76, 79, 80–3, 112, 113
Jolluck, Katherine R.  66
Jones, Heather  24–5
Jordan  94
‘Jungle’ (France)  98

K

Kagombe, Nderi  86
Kaing Guek Eav (‘Comrade Duch’)  90
Kaiser, Hilmar  25, 26
Kantor, Tadeusz  110
Karaganda (Soviet Union)  56
Kashima, Tetsuden  78
Katma (Ghatma)  25–6
Kenya  2, 85–7, 86, 87, 99, 103, 112
‘Pipeline’ in  86
‘villagization’  87, 99
see also Mau Mau uprising
Khlevniuk, Oleg  57, 68
Khmer Rouge  2, 89–90, 112
Khrushchev, Nikita  64
Kitchener, H. H.  16, 29
Knauth, Percy  47–8
Koestler, Arthur  69, 74–5
Kogon, Eugen  34, 37
Kolnai, Aurel  31
Kolyma  53, 54–5, 65
Kotek, Joël  88
‘Kristallnacht’  39

L

Lafitte, François  79–80
La Guardia, Fiorello  82
Lal, Vinay  99, 100
Lampedusa  71
Langer, Lawrence  34
Lebanon  94
Le Barcarès (France)  74
Le Vernet (France)  74–5
Levi, Primo  106
Li, Dai  28
Libya  73, 94–5
Lichtenburg  37
Lingis, Alphonso  99–100
Lipari (Italy)  71, 72
Lorant, Stefan  30–1, 32
Low, David  74
Luo Ruiqing  91
Lyttleton, Oliver  85

M

MacArthur, Arthur  13
Magadan  54–5, 59
Magda (sub-camp of Buchenwald)  39
Mahon  10
Majdanek  4, 39, 40, 82
Malaya  2, 87, 99, 103, 112
Manzanar (USA)  78
Maschmann, Melita  45–6
Mau Mau uprising  85–7, 86
Mauthausen  21, 40
Memorial (Russia)  50
Milner, Alfred  16
Mineo (Italy)  98
Minidoka (USA)  78
Miranda de Ebro (Spain)  76
Mittelbau-Dora  39
Mochulsky, Fyodor Vasilevich  57, 60, 66
Montenegro  93
Moorehead, Alan  111, 112–13
Morocco  22
Mühlhahn, Klaus  24
Musmanno, Michael  1
Mussolini, Benito  72

N

Namibia  110
see also German South-West Africa
Nazi Germany  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6–7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 29, 30–49, 69, 70, 71, 97, 101, 103, 110, 112, 113
Labour Service in  44–6
Nazino (Soviet Union)  57
Neuengamme (Germany)  40, 42, 84
Neumann, Franz  31
Night and Fog  34
NKVD  51, 53, 55, 61
Nordlander, David  55, 67
Nor’ilsk (Soviet Union)  56
North Korea  3, 92, 112
Novosibirsk  58
Nuremberg Trials  1, 36

O

OGPU  51, 54
Okubo, Miné  77–8
Omarska (Bosnia)  92, 111
Operation Anvil (Kenya)  85
Oranienburg (Germany)  37
Ottoman Empire  2, 23, 25, 49
Ouzounian, Naomie  26
Overy, Richard  108

P

Pagis, Dan  110
Pahor, Boris  30, 113–14
Palestine  2, 48, 81, 82, 105, 112
Pallot, Judith  65–6
Pantelleria (Italy)  71
Passmore, Kevin  7
Pawełczyńska, Anna  34
Petrov, Vladimir  65
Philippines  10, 13–14, 15, 49, 99
Pinter, Harold  110
Piteşti (Romania)  70, 89
Pohl, Oswald  1
Poincaré, Raymond  20
Poland  43, 111, 112
Potsdam Agreement (1945)  83
POWs  6, 11, 20–1, 24, 27, 37, 39, 43, 63–4, 103

R

Rajoy, Mariano  110
Rauschning, Hermann  31
Ravensbrück  40, 52
Reale, Luigi  72, 73
refugee camps  3, 23, 71, 94–5, 104, 112
Resnais, Alain  34
Rhodesia  87
Rigoulot, Pierre  88
Risiera di San Sabba (Italy)  73
Roberts, Stephen H.  31
Rodrigo, Javier  75–6, 108
Roma (‘Gypsies’)  4, 40, 44, 72
Romania  88–9
Roosevelt, Franklin D.  77
Rosenfeld, Isaac  36, 106–7
Rossi, Jacques  58
Rousset, David  34, 51, 70–1
Russia  6, 23, 27
Russian Revolution (1917)  23, 27, 52

S

Sachsenhausen  32, 37, 38, 40, 43, 76, 83
San Nicola (Italy)  72
Schmitt, Carl  96
Schnell, Felix  51, 63
Schulze, Rainer  109
Schwarze Korps, Das  32
Semprun, Jorge  52–3
Sevpechlag (Soviet Union)  57
Shalamov, Varlam  56, 57
Shifrin, Avraham  64
slavery  10
Slovenia  73
Smith, Iain  11, 16
Sobibór  4, 40
Sobol, Joshua  110
Sofsky, Wolfgang  34
Sokolov, Andrei  54
Solovetski Islands  53, 54
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander  51, 55, 57, 65
Somalia  73
South Africa  2, 10, 11, 13, 14–17, 15f, 16, 24, 27, 32, 34, 49, 96, 99, 105
South Korea  95
Soviet Union see Gulag
Sovnarkom  54
Spain  2, 6, 48, 75–6, 110
Civil War  24, 37, 70, 75–6
‘special settlements’ (Gulag)  2, 50
Sri Lanka  93
Stalin, Joseph  55, 59, 64, 65, 84, 103, 110
‘state of exception’  3, 7, 24, 96–8, 105
St Cyprien (France)  74
Stucki, Andreas  11
Stutthof  39, 40
Suderland, Maja  34
Suny, Ronald  26
Sweden  93
Syria  94, 114
Szajna, Józef  110

T

Taft, Elise Hagobian  25–6
Takayoshi, Ichiro  97–8
Tanforan (USA)  77–8
Tanganyika  85
Tasmania  10, 12
see also Australia
Theresienstadt  21
‘Third Reich’
see Nazi Germany
Times, The  23
Todorov, Tzvetan  34, 51–2, 53
Togo  22
Tomasinlag (Soviet Union)  57
Transnistria  44, 69
Treblinka  4, 26, 40, 64
Trnopolje (Bosnia)  92
Tunisia  71
Tuol Sleng (Cambodia)  90
Ţurcanu, Eugen  89

U

Uganda  85
Ukhtpechlag (Soviet Union)  55–6
Ukraine  44, 83
United Nations (UN)  112
United States of America  2, 11–12, 13–14, 63, 69, 70, 81, 95–6, 97, 106
Air Force  89
Army  109
DP Act (1950)  81
Indian Removal Act (1830)  11–12
internment of Germans  79
see also Japanese-Americans, detention of
UN Refugee Convention (1951)  22
UNRRA  82

V

Van Heyningen, Elizabeth  15, 16b, 17
Ventotene (Italy)  72
Vietnam  87, 90
Vietnam War  89
Voigt, F. A.  31
Völkischer Beobachter  32
von Estorff, Ludwig  18
von Falkenhausen, Alexander  28
von Trotha, Lothar  28, 29
Vorkuta (Soviet Union)  55, 56, 57, 58–9, 60
Vorkutlag (Soviet Union)  56
Vyshinski, Andrey  68

W

Wachsmann, Nikolaus  39, 97
Ward Price, George  31–2
Werth, Nicolas  57, 67
Weyler, Valeriano  13
Wikipedia  92–3
Williams, Philip  90–1
Winton, Nicholas  112
Wu, Harry  91
Wu, Yenna  90–1
Wyschogrod, Edith  34

Y

Yale University  89
Yarl’s Wood (UK)  98
Yodok (North Korea)  92
Yugoslav Wars  2, 92

Z

Zeilsheim (DP camp)  81
Zhong Ma  27
Zionism  81
Zwart, Joop  40–1