The page references in this index correspond to the print edition from which this ebook was created, and clicking on them will take you to the the location in the ebook where the equivalent print page would begin. To find a specific word or phrase from the index, please use the search feature of your ebook reader.
80,000 Hours, 97
A
Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL) at MIT, 312n(7)
Action for Happiness
and Dalai Lama, 83, 87, 93, 281
‘Doing Well from the Inside Out’ course, 327n(40)
Exploring What Matters course, 83, 87, 92–5, 275, 281
founding of (2011), 13, 87, 281, 298, 300
popularity of, 14
airline industry, 236
alcohol addiction, 133, 142, 154, 200, 258, 332n(45)
altruism, 2–3, 29–31, 65–6, 91, 96–7, 314n(15), 321n(26), 322n(27)
American Economic Association, 201
Andhra Pradesh (India), 78
anxiety
access to psychological therapy, 12–13, 144–7, 200, 207–8, 269, 273–6, 295
CBT treatments, 61, 150, 269, 274
in childhood, 3, 75, 103, 149–50
and Exploring What Matters course, 94
and fear of unemployment, 201, 204
as major cause of misery, 140–42, 267
MBSR treatments, 64
Wolpe’s breakthrough in 1960s, 60
in the workplace, 201, 204, 233, 235
the Apostles at Cambridge, 287–8
apprenticeship, 210, 222, 293–4, 340n(34)
Ardern, Jacinda, 77–8
Art of Living Foundation, 96
artificial intelligence and robots, 208–11, 260–61, 266, 278
Ashenfelter, Orley, 291
Assisted Dying Bill (2016), 331n(36)
Attenborough, David, 255
Australia, 48, 53, 106, 324n(19) (20)
Austria, 210
B
Bacon, Lord Francis, 253
Bailey, Lucy, 296
the Beatles, 63
behavioural economics, 213, 229
behavioural psychology, 60, 61
Bentham, Jeremy, 32, 184, 196, 287, 314n(21)
Berkeley, University of California, 131–2, 168–9
Besley, Tim, 299
Bhutan, 110–12, 111, 200, 297–8, 319n(15)
bipolar disorder, 142, 143, 147, 258
Birley, Robert, 286
Blackstone, Tessa, 293
Blair, Tony, 13, 145, 206, 236, 291, 293, 298, 344n(40)
Blanchard, Olivier, 292
Blunkett, David, 293
Bodhisattva Prayer for Humanity, 68, 318n(20)
Brazil, 53
Brexiteers, British, 241
British Academy, 12
Buckingham, University of, 113, 114
Buddhism, 12, 62–3, 86, 87, 88, 95
and Western psychological science, 65–6
Zen, 67
C
Cameron, David, 297
cannabis, 154, 155, 156, 157–8
Cantlay, Jo, 300
Card, David, 131–2
charitable organizations, 87, 97
Chicago economists, 289–90
children and young people
academic achievement, 50, 47, 56, 101, 106, 102, 105, 272
ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), 61, 149, 150
anxiety and depression amongst, 3, 75, 103, 149–50
behaviour towards others, 50, 101, 106, 105, 272
and competitive/selfish culture, 3, 71–2, 73, 75, 267, 282
disturbed behaviour, 61, 149, 150, 172–3, 175, 276, 335n(36) (39)
emotional health, 50–51, 101, 106, 103–13, 104, 272
Functional Family Therapy, 184
happiness and learning, 21, 102, 103–13, 115–16, 272, 322n(5)
importance of schools, 47, 56, 99–102, 105–13, 115–16
Incredible Years programme, 113, 173–4, 175, 274, 323n(7)
and mental illness, 3, 61, 75, 103–105, 149–50, 262, 263, 268, 282, 296, 323n(12)
parental relationship’s effect on, 161–4, 276
principles of parenting, 170–71, 174–5, 334n(23), 335n(41)
relationships with parents, 161–4, 163, 170–74, 276, 334n(23), 335n(41)
self harm in, 103–105
and social media, 75, 105, 262, 263, 264
China, 53, 127–9, 216–19, 217, 255
Chua Chin Kiat, 183
Clark, Charles, 344n(40)
Clark, David, 12, 13, 145, 295
climate change, 344n(7) (8) (10), 345n(13)
Global Apollo Programme, 255, 344n(7)
Paris agreement (2015), 257
sceptics, 256
as threat to peace and security, 256–7
clinical psychology, 12, 56, 59–60, 145, 295
Beck introduces cognitive therapy, 60–61
Wolpe’s breakthrough in 1960s, 60
Clinton, Bill, 225
Cognitive Behavioural Couple Therapy (CBCT), 164, 165–8, 174, 274, 276
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), 61, 66–7, 150, 269, 274, 300
Collier, Paul, 221
communities: ‘bonding’ and ‘bridging’ social capital, 180, 276–7, 335n(9)
and diversity, 185–7, 277, 336n(28), 337n(32)
and green belt land, 188, 191–2, 337n(36)
high-rise apartment blocks, 190, 337n(45)
and physical design of cities, 187–92, 277
purposes and activities, 179–80
‘them and us’ feelings, 180, 182, 247–8, 277
and volunteer activity, 180–82, 193
Compassion Meditation, 65–6, 318n(14)
competitive culture: as dominant, 1–2, 84, 247, 267, 282
and individualism, 3, 15, 71–5, 79, 84
philosophies glorifying struggle, 4, 22
and public services, 234–6
selfishness, 2, 3, 25–32, 71–2, 73, 75, 267, 282, 299–300
and young people, 3, 71–2, 73, 75, 267, 282
as zero-sum game, 2, 36, 84, 267, 280
Corporate Social Responsibility, 123
corruption, 227–8
cortisol, 142
counselling, 61
Cowan, Carolyn and Phil, 168–9, 334n(22) (23)
crime, 75, 79, 182–5, 277, 318n(6)
Communities That Care (CTC) programme, 184
drug-related violence, 155, 158, 332n(43)
Functional Family Therapy, 184
and green space, 192
punishment and rehabilitation, 185
Singapore Prison experiment, 183
Yellow Ribbon Project, 183
D
and Action for Happiness, 83, 87, 93, 281
on decline of religion, 86
and ‘Exploring What Matters,’ 83, 93
strong interest in Western science, 65, 66
Davidson, Richard, 12, 40, 65–6, 294
democracy, 3, 48, 228, 229, 243, 245
Denmark, 131, 189–90, 205, 206, 207, 262–4
depression, 3, 12–13, 59, 140–42, 143, 258
access to psychological therapy, 144–7, 200, 207–8, 269, 273–6, 295
CBT treatments, 61, 150, 269, 274
in childhood, 3, 75, 103, 149–50
and Exploring What Matters course, 94
Freudian psychoanalysis, 59
MBSR treatment of, 64
Dignity in Dying, 331n(36)
domestic violence, 165, 167–8, 276, 282, 334n(20)
Dragon School in Oxford, 285
drug addiction, 133, 142, 154–5, 156–7, 200, 258, 332n(43) (45)
Dunn, Elizabeth, 29
Dweck, Carol, 112
E
Easterlin, Richard, 11, 39, 53–4, 216, 217, 218–19
Eastern philosophies, 6, 63, 65–6, 67–9, 270, 321n(23)
and 1960s counter-culture, 62–3
centrality of the mind, 62–3 see also Buddhism; meditation; mindfulness
economics
and 2008 financial crisis, 245
budget constraint issue, 212
cost–benefit analysis, 196–200, 289, 338n(10)
department at LSE, 40, 289–91, 294, 296, 297, 300
economic fluctuations, 201, 222
failures of market efficiency, 197–8
framework for happiness, 195–207, 208–19, 222–3, 277
growth versus stability, 201–2, 222, 277
happiness as cyclical, 53
Happiness-Adjusted Life Years (HALYs), 199
information imbalances, 198
narrow view of happiness, 11
origins in happiness, 11
taxation levels, 202, 212, 238, 240–41, 343n(23) (27)
technological change, 208–11, 241, 254–7, 260–66 see also growth, economic; income; unemployment
education: bi-modal structure of achievement, 210, 261
‘early intervention,’ 102–3, 323n(7)
Experience Corps in US, 181, 275
Good Behaviour Game, 132–3, 274
‘Healthy Minds’ curriculum, 109–10, 274, 296
New Labour restructuring, 233
overall purpose of, 105–6
Positive Education, 110–12, 274 see also schools
Effective Altruism, 96–7, 321n(26), 322n(27)
egalitarian thought: average happiness and equality, 35–6, 215, 240–41, 314n(21), 340n(45), 343n(23)
and Rawls, 314n(20)
redistribution debate, 19–20, 46–7, 211–16, 214, 222, 340n(36) (40)
Egypt, 320n(2)
Ehrenreich, Barbara, Smile or Die, 92
emotions and inner feelings: calm, 6, 63, 68, 93, 269, 286
caring, 10–11, 21, 65, 67, 68, 75–6, 91, 108, 184
compassion, 67, 86, 91, 247–8, 269
emotional health of children, 50–51, 101, 106, 103–13, 104, 272
identity and belonging, 97, 178–80, 193, 219, 276–7, 279, 335n(7)
negative/destructive emotions, 66, 67, 90, 171, 317n(5), 343n(30)
new gentler culture, 1, 2–3, 62–8, 75–9, 83, 86–97, 267–82
and new psychology breakthroughs, 60–62, 67, 68, 88–92
overarching importance of, 75–6, 312n(2)
positive frame of mind, 62, 88–92, 97, 280
‘them and us’ feelings, 180, 182, 247–8, 277
wellbeing in universities, 113–15, 325n(39) (42) see also families
employment: autonomy, 126–9, 326n(21) (22) (23)
competence, 126
‘forced ranking,’ 130–33, 136, 273, 274, 327n(32), 327n(34)
and Good Behaviour Game, 132–3, 274
group vs individual performance pay, 129–33, 136, 327n(25) (36)
happiness and income, 30, 31–2, 201, 315n(7) (8)
happiness of workers, 122–35, 273
impact of automation/robots, 208–11, 260–61, 266, 278
importance of work, 122
and inequality, 46, 43, 44, 45, 208–11, 209, 213–15, 261, 339n(30)
key leaders promoting happiness, 271
measuring employee wellbeing, 133, 136, 273
and mental illness, 133–6, 273
principles of good work organization, 124–6
quality of jobs, 205, 339n(22) (23)
relatedness, 126, 129–33, 326n(16), 327n(25)
STAR initiative, 126–7, 128, 274
unhappiness at work, 119–22, 128, 267, 273
Welch’s ‘Rank and Yank,’ 136
workers involvement in ownership, 129, 136, 273
working from home, 127–9, 274, 326n(21) (22)
Employment Institute, 291
Enlightenment, eighteenth-century, 5, 22, 37, 313n(5)
Escamilla, Hector, 113–14
ethics of happiness, 5
altruism, 2–3, 29–31, 65–6, 91, 96–7, 314n(15), 321n(26), 322n(27)
Aristotle’s eudaemonia, 28, 28, 313n(11)
contributing to happiness of others, 2, 25–32, 26, 27, 86
and decline of religion, 83–4, 85, 86, 97, 281, 320n(2)
distribution of happiness, 2, 35–6, 40, 215–16, 314n(21)
economic growth versus stability, 201–2, 222, 277
equality of happiness, 215–16
ethnic diversity, 185–7, 277, 336n(28), 337n(32)
goal of greatest happiness overall, 20, 32–5
happiness as self-evidently good, 20, 312n(2)
humans as social animals, 91, 178–82, 189–90, 276–7
integration of offenders/crime prevention, 182–5
and international migration, 185–7, 220–21, 223, 246, 277, 336n(28), 337n(32)
need for new Enlightenment, 37, 69
overarching goal of, 19–20, 23–4, 267–8
and policy-makers, 21–2, 76–9, 103, 187–93, 195–200, 240–41, 268, 270, 294, 296–7, 343n(23)
problem of loneliness, 177, 178, 181–2, 275, 336n(16)
and quality of government, 228–9, 230, 231, 248
relatedness at work, 126, 129–33, 327n(25)
relationships, 43, 44, 45, 54, 161–2, 163, 161–75, 269, 276
and rise of populism, 241–3
role of each of us as individuals, 280–81, 282
social support, 53, 52, 53, 60, 220
and spirit of mutual respect, 215–16
values learnt in schools, 107–8, 115–16, 324n(26)
and voting behaviour, 225–7, 248, 341n(3)
European Macroeconomic Policy Group, 291
European Working Conditions Survey, 130
experimental science: and Dalai Lama, 65–6
data on effective mental health interventions, 274–5
data on job satisfaction, 125, 126–33, 128
data on loneliness, 177, 178, 181–2, 336n(16)
data on social media and happiness, 262–4, 263
data on urban green space, 191–2
Dunn’s altruism experiments, 29
effectiveness of measurement, 40–42
evaluation of mindfulness, 64
methods spread into social science, 10, 56
neuroscience of meditation, 65–6, 317n(13)
new psychology breakthroughs, 60–62, 67, 68, 88–92
‘partial correlation coefficient,’ 99–101, 106, 315n(9)
Positive Education trials, 110–12
reporting the impact of a change, 93–4, 321n(22) see also clinical psychology; measurement; neuroscience; positive psychology
F
‘fake news,’ 246
families: ante- and post-natal courses, 164, 168–70, 174–5, 276, 334n(22)
changing pattern of, 162–3
Cognitive Behavioural Couple Therapy (CBCT), 164, 165–8, 174, 274, 276
conflict within, 164–70, 174, 200, 274
differences across cultures, 163
division of labour within, 171–2, 276
domestic violence, 165, 167–8, 276, 282
preventing conflict, 168–70, 200, 274, 276, 334n(22) (23)
principles of parenting,170–71, 174–5, 334n(23), 335n(41)
Family Foundations, 169–70
financial crisis (2008), 243–5
Fischer, Stanley, 292
fossil fuels, 253–4
Fredrickson, Barbara, 91
freedom, personal, 19–20, 49, 52, 56
French Revolution, 79
Freudian psychoanalysis, 59
dream analysis, 59
and repressed anger, 59
Friedman, Milton, 289–90
Future Jobs Fund, 206
G
Gaidar, Yegor, 292–3
Gates, Bill, 255
GDP, 21, 23, 53–4, 56, 196, 212
Gehl, Jan, 189–90
gender equality, 10–11, 75, 79, 171–2
General Electric, 136
General Social Survey, US, 130
genetic factors, 43–5, 53, 260, 315n(11)
Germany, 53, 185–6, 191, 191, 205, 210, 247, 319n(16)
Hartz reforms in, 206–7
reunification (1990), 29
Giovannini, Enrico, 76–7
Give Well website, 97
Global Happiness and Wellbeing Policy Report, 77, 272
Global Happiness Council, 298
globalization, 208, 221, 241, 339n(30)
Goldman Sachs, 19
Goleman, Daniel, Emotional Intelligence (1995), 61–2
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 292
Graeco-Roman philosophy, 88
Greece, 76
green belt land, 188–9, 191–2, 337n(36)
growth, economic, 10, 11, 21, 53–4, 56, 201–2, 238, 277, 317(n33)
in 1990s China, 218–19
and breaking of social ties, 219, 277
dominance of GDP in economics, 21, 23, 196
in poorer countries, 216–19, 223, 277
and voting behaviour, 225–7, 341n(3)
Guatemala, 35
Gulf States, 48
H
Hanh, Thich Nhat, 67
Happiness Principle: and eighteenth-century Enlightenment, 5, 22, 37, 313n(5)
Ethical Principle, 21, 25, 86, 87, 108, 116
goal as feasible, 40
happiness as serious objective, 23–4
as idea whose time has come, 10–11
and job choices, 135
as key idea, 267–8
lower-level rules of thumb, 341n(60)
need for ‘wellbeing state,’ 249–50
as overarching political goal, 278–80, 297–8
Policy Principle, 22, 105, 122–3, 198, 199
Progress Principle, 21
and social choice theory, 290
three key ideas of, 21–2
in universities, 114–15
wide application of, 31–2
and world happiness movement, 270 see also Action for Happiness
happiness revolution, 4–7
and growing influence of women, 10–11, 75, 171–2
role of Dalai Lama, 12, 65–6, 68–9, 83, 87, 93
role of economists, 11, 195–207, 208–19, 223–4, 277
and the terminology of happiness, 24, 25, 313n(9) see also Action for Happiness; ethics of happiness; science of happiness; secular ethics
Harper, Harry, 237
Harry, Prince, 1
Harsanyi, John, 314n(20)
Headspace app, 64
health care
access to psychological therapy, 144–9, 200, 207–8, 269, 273–6, 295, 329n(13)
case for assisted dying, 153, 159, 259, 331n(36)
at end of life, 153, 159, 331n(34) (36) (37)
failures over mental health, 139–40, 144–5, 200, 273–6, 282
illness prevention, 154
Improving Access to Psychological Therapies, 146–7, 295
in later life, 151–2, 331n(34)
medication for mental illness, 144, 147, 150, 329n(13)
medicinal cannabis, 157–8
Rhian Monteith’s scheme, 237
need for greater provision, 139–40, 144–50, 153–4, 158, 207–8, 249, 273–6, 331n(38)
in poorer countries, 46, 144, 147–9, 154
pressure on medicine over positive enhancement, 259–60
QALYs: Quality-Adjusted Life-Years, 139, 198–9, 330n(15), 343n(26)
research into disease and illness, 258–9, 278, 345n(15) (16)
restructuring of NHS (2012), 233 see also mental health; mental illness; physical health
Heckman, James, 323n(7)
Helliwell, John F., 14, 48–9, 215, 298
Hicks/Kaldor criterion, 338n(10)
hippie generation, 62–3
hospice movement, 153
Household Panel Survey, British, 130, 213
housing, 187–90
HS2 scheme, 338n(10)
humanist movement, 86–7, 96, 288, 321n(23) (25)
I
Iceland, 319n(20)
immigration, 182, 185–7, 220–21, 229, 241, 246, 277
Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT), 146–7, 295
income, 30, 31–2, 36, 46–7, 44, 45, 49, 52, 53–4, 141, 201
social comparisons, 201–2, 212, 219
Universal Basic Income proposal, 207
wage inequality, 208–11, 209, 213–15, 261, 315n(7) (8), 339n(30)
individualism, 3, 15, 71–5, 79, 84
inequality
and average happiness, 32–6, 215, 240–41, 314n(21), 340n(45), 343n(23)
definition of deprivation, 45–6, 54–6
of income, 36, 46–7, 44, 45, 213–15, 315n(7) (8)
international comparisons, 35
redistribution debate, 19–20, 46–7, 211–16, 214, 222, 340n(36) (40)
and unemployment, 46, 43, 44, 45
in wages, 208–11, 209, 213–15, 261, 339n(30)
inflation, 204
Instagram, 262
International Day of Happiness (20 March), 77
International Positive Education Network (IPEN), 110–12, 321n(23)
International Positive Psychology Association (IPPA), 321n(23)
International Social Survey Programme, 126
iPhone, 254
J
Jackman, Richard, 290–91
Jacobs, Jane, 189
Jalisco (Mexico), 78
Jefferson, Thomas, 150
John Lewis Partnership, 129
Judge, Emma, 296
Jungian psychoanalysis, 284
K
Kabat-Zinn, Jon, 64
Kahneman, Daniel, 11–12, 119, 294
Keynes, John Maynard, 286
King, David, 254
King, Vanessa, 92
L
Labour government (1945-51), 286
labour market analysis, 126
Latin American countries, 48, 49, 110, 112, 155, 163
Layard, Richard: as advisor to Russian government, 292–3
becomes an economist, 11, 195, 196, 289–90
and Blair’s ‘New Deal,’ 206, 236, 293
chairs Global Agenda Council on Health and Well-being, 133
childhood and education, 284–6, 299
and Employment Institute, 291
Good Childhood Report (2009), 296
as history teacher in comprehensive school, 288
at London School of Economics, 40, 288–91, 294, 300
paper for No.10 Policy Unit (2005), 294–5
parents of, 233–4, 286, 288, 299
at Princeton, 12
student at Cambridge, 86–7, 287–8, 299
and WIDER World Economy Group, 291–2
wife Molly, 291, 292, 295, 298–9, 301
libertarianism, 25–6
life expectancy, 40–42, 49, 150–54, 152, 158–9, 258, 276, 330n(29) (31) (32)
Lincoln, Abraham, 280
Lipton, Marcus, 287
local government, 78, 179, 193
London School of Economics (LSE), 40, 288–90, 300, 336n(12)
Centre for Economic Performance (CEP), 290–91, 294, 296, 297, 300, 339n(21)
loneliness, 177, 178, 181–2, 275, 336n(16)
Loving Kindness Meditation (Compassion Meditation or Metta), 91
Lucas, Robert, 201
M
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, 63
managers, 119, 123–4, 133–6, 273
Mappiness app, 122
Maslow, Abraham, 46, 316n(15) (16)
Matthieu Ricard, 12
May, Theresa, 324n(19)
measurement: and big data, 265
cost–benefit analysis, 196–200, 289, 338n(10)
definition of deprivation, 45–6, 54–6
‘effect size,’ 321n(22), 324n(30)
effectiveness of, 40–42
of employee wellbeing, 119–22, 125, 126–33, 128, 273
of happiness in China, 217
of happiness in USA (1970-2020), 249
of happiness in Western Europe (1970-2020), 248
of immigration issues, 186, 220
of interaction of couples, 164
international comparisons, 48–53, 56, 219, 240, 316n(26)
life-satisfaction question, 24–5
of mental illness, 140–44, 148, 273, 274–5, 328n(10), 330n(15)
of misery, 35, 43, 45, 140–44, 263
monitoring of psychological therapies, 146
as only proxy for reality, 265
QALYs: Quality-Adjusted Life-Years, 139, 198–9, 330n(15), 343n(26)
of quality of government, 229, 230–31
‘social indicators’ movement, 37
spread of happiness, 35
techniques/approaches, 24–5, 314n(12)
two approaches to, 26–8
in UK, 14
of voting behaviour and happiness, 225–7, 226, 341n(3)
wellbeing as official statistic in UK, 78, 297
of wellbeing in schools, 106–7, 116, 324n(19) (20) (23)
media reporting, 243, 244, 245–6, 248–9, 343n(31) (32)
meditation, 6, 7–8, 9, 56, 60, 63–5, 96, 269, 270
Compassion Meditation, 65–6, 318n(14)
courses at Google, 136
and Dalai Lama, 72
key leaders and users, 271
neuroscience of, 65–6, 317n(13)
mental health: availability of counselling, 61
and educational institutions, 115, 116
and fear of crime, 182
healthcare failures, 139–40, 144–5, 200, 273–6, 282
‘Healthy Minds’ curriculum, 109–10, 274, 296
impact of social media, 75, 105, 262–4, 263
increased media coverage, 7, 9
as major issue, 7, 9, 43, 44, 45, 54, 59–69, 269, 288
neglect of in poor countries, 50, 144, 147–9
peer-reviewed research on, 7, 9
and positive approach, 88–92, 97
and the Ten Keys, 88
as worsening in young people, 103–105, 268
mental illness
1970s breakthroughs in treatment, 6, 269
access to psychological therapy, 144–9, 158, 200, 207–8, 269, 273–6, 295, 329n(13)
addictions, 133, 142, 154, 258, 286, 332n(43) (45)
anti-social personality disorder, 133, 142, 258
and benefits systems, 207–8
in childhood, 3, 61, 75, 103–105, 149–50, 262, 263, 268, 282, 296, 323n(12)
economic cost of, 145
measurement of, 140–44, 148, 273, 274–5, 328n(10), 330n(15)
medication for, 144, 147, 150, 274, 329n(13)
need for scientific research, 258–9, 278
neglect of in poorer countries, 50, 144, 147–9
NICE recommended therapies, 144, 145–6, 150
online psychological therapies, 147
physical health effects, 142
in poorer countries, 50, 140, 142, 144, 147–9, 216
in prison population, 183–4
recovery rates with psychological therapy, 144
severe disorders, 133, 142, 143, 147, 258
training of therapists (from 2008), 146
Merkel, Angela, 319n(16)
Miliband, Ed, 294–5
Mill, John Stuart, 196, 287, 313n(10)
Milton, John, ‘Samson Agonistes,’ 286
Mind & Life Institute, 66
Mind and Life group, 12
mindfulness, 7, 56, 63–5, 67, 91–2, 93, 108, 114, 270
and British MPs, 12
key leaders and users, 271
MBSR course, 64, 113, 318n(14)
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), 64, 113, 318n(14)
mind-training, 4, 5, 6, 56, 60–62, 66–7, 259, 269
misery: anxiety as major cause of, 140–42, 267
causes of, 6, 36, 43, 45, 140–44, 158, 171, 205–6, 216, 257, 267–8, 278
and distribution of happiness, 2, 32–6, 40, 314n(21)
and equality of happiness, 215–16
and ill health, 12–13, 43, 45, 140–44, 158, 207–8, 216
and legal rights, 36
measurement of, 35, 43, 45, 140–44, 263
in poorer countries, 216
and redistribution debate, 212–16, 222
rent or mortgage arrears, 190
of self-absorption, 3
and tests of ‘work capability,’ 207
in the workplace, 134
Mission Innovation (2015), 254–5, 278
Monteith, Rhian, 237
morality and ethics: Aristotle’s eudaemonia, 28, 28, 313n(11)
and decline of religion, 83–4, 85, 86, 97, 281
and mindfulness, 67
moral philosophy, 21, 114, 267–8
virtue, 26–8, 29–31, 116, 283 see also ethics of happiness; secular ethics
More, Thomas, Utopia, 208
Moser, Claus, 288–9
Mounsey, Pam, 300
multicultural societies, 86
N
narcissism, 72
narcotic drugs, 154–5, 276, 332n(43) (45)
case for decriminalization, 155–6, 158, 159, 332n(46) (51)
case for regulated market, 156–8
sale of hard drugs, 157
National Health Service, 13, 198–9, 237, 240–41
NICE recommended therapies, 139, 145–6, 150
restructuring of (2012), 233, 295
Navratilova, Martina, 19
Net National Income, 338n(3)
Netherlands, 48, 106, 205, 210
‘affiliative’ circuit, 66
‘appetitive’ and ‘aversive’ circuits, 66
of meditation, 65–6
New Zealand, 48, 49, 77–8, 200, 319n(20)
NGOs, 228
Nickell, Stephen, 290–91
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 22
Nixon, Richard, 155
Nokia, 135
O
O’Brien, Marion, 300
obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), 140–42, 269
O’Donnell, Gus, 14, 78, 253, 254, 296–7
Ogborn, Harriet, 300
and loneliness, 177, 178, 181–2, 275, 336n(16)
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 14, 76–7, 103, 270
The Origins of Happiness (Andrew Clark et al., 2018), 297
Orwell, George, 286
oxytocin, 91
P
effect on children of parental relationship, 161, 164–5, 276
Incredible Years programme, 113, 173–4, 175, 274, 323n(7)
principles of bringing up children, 170–71, 174–5, 334n(23), 335n(41)
‘Triple P’ programme, 335n(41)
PATHS programme (Promoting Attentive Thinking Strategies), 110, 325n(32)
Paul, Gordon, 60
Penn Resilience Programme, 296
personality disorders, 133, 142
Peru, 110–12
physical health, 43, 44, 45, 54, 66, 109, 150–51, 269, 276
and benefits systems, 207
measurement of, 140
and mental illness, 145, 147, 158
need for scientific research, 258–9, 278
NICE recommended therapies, 139
physiology: production of cortisol, 142
vagus nerve, 91
PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment), 77, 103
policy-makers: average happiness and equality, 35–6, 215, 240–41, 314n(21), 340n(45), 343n(23)
and ethics of happiness, 21–2, 76–9, 103, 187–92, 195–200, 240–41, 268, 270, 294, 296–7, 343n(23)
happiness goals for, 21–2
Happiness-Adjusted Life Years (HALYs), 199
key leaders promoting happiness, 271
and measurement of happiness, 25, 313n(9)
problem with multiple goals, 19–20
and QALYs criteria, 198–9, 330n(15)
politicians: and 2008 financial crisis, 243–5
and blame culture, 235–6, 249–50
and competitive culture, 234–6
democracy and happiness, 229, 231, 248
election manifesto based on wellbeing, 279, 280
happiness and voting behaviour, 4, 225–7, 248, 341n(3)
and leadership qualities, 232–3, 248
need for ‘wellbeing state,’ 249–50, 278–80
negative media reporting of, 243, 244, 248–9, 343n(31) (32)
and quality of government, 227–32, 230, 231, 248
range of skills needed by, 228
and reorganization of services, 233–4, 248
secular decline of respect for authority, 243, 343n(31) (32)
as setting tone for society, 53
and size of state, 238–41, 239, 249
use of expert advice, 236–7
populism, 75, 76, 241, 247, 343n(28)
and 2008 financial crisis, 243–5
and immigration, 246
need for defeat of, 247–8, 249
secular decline of respect for authority, 243, 343n(31) (32)
and social media, 245–6, 248, 249
Portugal, 156
Positive Education, 110–12, 274
positive psychology, 7, 12, 60, 269, 270, 296
gratitude exercises, 62, 90, 283
key leaders and users, 271
in Mexico, 113–14
and mindfulness, 65
Seligman launches (1998), 62
in universities, 113–15
poverty: and academic achievement, 102
and access to psychological therapy, 144, 147–9
as a cause of misery, 36, 45, 140, 158, 216, 219
and international migration, 220–21, 229, 277
massive fall worldwide, 171, 216
and redistribution debate, 214
in Third World, 45, 96–7, 144, 147–9, 216, 220–21, 277, 321n(26)
Princeton, 12
private sector, 233, 234–5, 254
power of technology platforms, 265, 266
psychodynamic therapy, 61
Psychological therapy, 60, 269
‘Psychology and the Good Life’ (course at Yale), 113
public goods, 198
public sector, 202, 232–3, 279
efficiency comparisons with private sector, 234–5
expansion of, 237–8
funding of technological advances, 254–6, 278
public services, 25, 146, 227–8
and blame culture, 235–6, 249–50
murder of ‘Baby P,’ 235–6
and size of state, 238–41, 249
Puritanism, 22
Putnam, Robert D., 179–80
Puttnam, David, 232
Q
R
Raven, John, 288
Rawls, John, 314n(20)
Reagan, Ronald, 63
reciprocal obligation, 3–4, 91
religious belief, 13, 280–81, 286, 288
decline of, 3, 22, 83–4, 85, 86, 97, 281, 320n(2)
Robbins Committee on Higher Education, 289
Rogers, Nigel, 290
Russia, 292–3
S
Sarkozy, Nicolas, 78
Scandinavia, 48, 53, 56, 72–5, 112, 215
schizophrenia, 142, 143, 147, 258
School of Economic Science, 321n(23)
School of Life, 321n(23)
schools
devaluation of play, 103
discipline, 112–13
duty of care on mental health, 115, 116
emotional health of children, 50–51, 101, 106, 103–13, 104, 272
faith or denominational, 187
happiness and learning, 102, 105, 116, 272, 322n(5)
importance of, 47, 56, 99–102, 105–13, 115–16
Incredible Years programme, 113, 173–4, 175, 274, 323n(7)
life-skills teaching, 108–10, 116, 271, 322n(5)
measurement of wellbeing in, 106–7, 116, 324n(19) (20) (23)
Penn Resilience Programme, 296
published league tables, 102
Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning (SEAL), 325n(31)
teaching methods, 112
values learnt, 107–8, 116, 324n(26)
wellbeing of children as central goal, 105–7, 272 see also education
Schroeder, Gerhard, 291
science and technology
and big data, 265
Haldane principle, 257
pressure on medicine over positive enhancement, 259–60
publicly funded research, 254–6, 278
research into disease and illness, 258–9, 278, 345n(15) (16)
science of happiness
‘are we getting happier’ question, 53–4
factors explaining happiness levels, 42–5, 50–57, 54–6
as force behind happiness revolution, 4, 5, 6, 10
happiness as measured outcome, 10
happiness in Western Europe (1970-2020), 248
increase in peer-reviewed research, 7, 9
international comparisons, 48–53, 56, 219, 240, 316n(26)
key leaders providing evidence base, 271
Maslow’s ‘hierarchy of needs,’ 50, 316n(15) (16)
overarching goal of, 19–20, 23–4, 267–8
‘partial correlation coefficient,’ 43
research and surveys, 39–42, 43–5, 47–56, 72–5, 93–5, 99–101, 103–105, 269, 294 see also experimental science; measurement
Scott, Stephen, 296
secular ethics, 3–4, 5, 84–6, 281, 299–300
and eighteenth-century Enlightenment, 5, 22, 313n(5)
Ethical Principle, 21, 25, 86, 87, 108, 116
institutions, 86–7, 96, 281, 299 see also ethics of happiness; morality and ethics
secular movements, 86, 87–8, 95–6
selfishness, 2, 3, 25–32, 71–2, 73, 75, 267, 282, 299–300
Seligman, Martin, 12, 62, 90, 110, 296
Sen, Amartya, 36, 289–90, 321n(25)
Shakespeare, William, The Merchant of Venice, 91
Shankar, Sri Sri Ravi, 96
shareholder value, 123, 342n(10)
Singapore Prison experiment, 183
Singer, Peter, 322n(27)
smart phones, 265
social choice theory, 290
Social Darwinists, 22
Social Democratic Party, 291
social justice: definition of deprivation, 45–6, 54–6
distribution of happiness, 2, 35–6, 40, 215–16, 314n(21)
inequality and average happiness, 35–6, 215, 240–41, 314n(21), 340n(45), 343n(23) see also egalitarian thought; inequality
social media, 75, 76, 79, 87, 105, 245–6, 248, 249, 261–5, 344n(36), 345n(22)
social reform in nineteenth century, 5
solar energy, 255–6
Steedman, Hilary, 293
Stevenson, Betsey, 54
Stigler, George, The Theory of Price, 338n(4)
and competitive culture, 1, 5, 247, 282
MBSR course, 64, 113, 318n(14)
at work, 119–22, 128, 267, 273 see also mental illness
Sunday Assembly, 95
T
teachers, 47, 99, 101, 102, 109–10, 272
and MBSR, 113
school discipline, 112–13
technological change, 208–11, 241, 254–7, 260–66
TecMilenio University, Mexico, 113–14
Thatcher, Margaret, 39, 63, 290
Transcendental Meditation (TM), 63, 96
Trump, Donald, 72, 84, 225–7, 241, 320n(3)
trust, 53, 52, 53, 56, 185, 216, 335n(7), 336n(10), 341n(48)
U
Ulrich, Roger, 192
unemployment: in 1990s China, 218
active labour market policies, 204–5, 213, 214, 277
benefits systems, 204, 205, 222, 293
Blair’s ‘New Deal,’ 206, 236, 293
Centre for Economic Performance at LSE, 290–91, 294, 296, 297, 300, 339n(21)
Employment Institute, 291
impact of, 42, 48, 122, 140, 141, 201, 202–4, 205–6, 339n(22)
and inequality, 42, 43, 48, 45
in poorer countries, 216
Welfare-to-Work programmes, 206–7, 293
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 200, 298, 319n(15), 339n(11)
United Kingdom: access to psychological therapy statistics, 329n(13)
attitudes to ethnic diversity, 185, 336n(28), 337n(32)
bi-modal structure of educational achievement, 210
‘early intervention’ education debate in, 323n(7)
happiness and income, 30
happiness criterion in policy-making, 200
happiness levels, 48
happiness levels in, 48, 53, 106
harsh drug laws in, 156
increased use of mental health professionals, 311n(6)
life expectancy in, 151, 152, 330n(29) (31) (32)
measurement of mental illness in, 328n(10)
measuring of happiness in, 14, 106
neo-liberalism in, 63
unhappiness at work, 122
urban planning in, 188
wellbeing as official statistic, 78, 297
United Nations (UN), 77, 155, 157, 319n(14), 332n(51)
United States
access to psychological therapy statistics, 329n(13)
assisted dying in, 153, 331n(37)
attitudes to ethnic diversity, 185, 187
bi-modal structure of educational achievement, 210
Communities That Care (CTC) programme, 184
competitive/selfish culture in, 71–2, 73, 299–300
and decline of religion, 84, 85, 320n(2)
drug overdose rates, 142
economic growth in, 11
happiness levels in, 48, 53, 53, 76, 105, 249, 243
increased use of mental health professionals, 8
lifestyle changes in, 7–8
measurement of mental illness in, 328n(10)
neo-liberalism in, 63
recent polarization in, 245–6
unhappiness at work, 119–22
universities, 113–15, 325n(39)
urban planning: green space, 191–2, 277
opportunities for social connection, 189–90, 277
physical design of cities, 187–92, 277
utilitarianism, 22, 287, 313n(5), 314n(20), 314n(21)
V
Vasiliev, Sergei, 293
volunteering, 29, 87, 93, 95, 96, 336n(12), 336n(17)
and community groups, 180–92, 193, 277
Experience Corps in US, 181, 275
voting behaviour, 225–7, 248, 341n(3)
W
Walters, Alan, 290
Ward, George, 300
warfare, 247
wealth creation and Thatcher government, 39
Webster-Stratton, Carolyn, 172–4
Welch, Jack, 136
Welchman, Kit, 285–6
Welfare-to-Work programme, 206
adopted as goal in New Zealand, 77–8
becomes mainstream in 1980s, 63
as official statistic in UK, 78, 297
and school education, 105–13, 272
and the terminology of happiness, 24, 25, 313n(9)
in universities, 113–15, 325n(39) (42)
What Works Centre for Wellbeing, 297
WIDER World Economy Group, 291–2
William, Prince, 1
Williams, Shirley, 291
Wolfers, Justin, 54
Wolpe, Joseph, 60
women
#MeToo and Time’s Up movements, 319n(10)
and the family, 162, 171–2, 174, 175, 334n(32)
increased influence in society, 10–11, 75, 1171–2
mental health of teenage girls, 103
as more altruistic than men, 10, 312n(10)
and social media, 264
World Bank, 229
World Economic Forum, 133
World Government Summit, 77, 270, 271
world happiness movement, 6–7, 14–15, 270–72, 271, 297–8
effective interventions, 273–7, 274–5
and growing public demand, 78–9
as house of many rooms, 282
increased media coverage, 7, 9
and international agencies, 76–7, 103
and wellbeing of workers, 133–5
World Happiness Report (UN), 14, 77, 220, 272, 298
World Happiness Summit, 79, 272
World Values Surveys, 39
Y
Yale University, 113
Yeltsin, Boris, 292–3
Young, Brian, 286–7