1 http://familyfitness.about.com/od/motivation/a/michelle_obama_quotes.htm
2 Sassi, F., et al., 2009. ‘The Obesity Epidemic: analysis of past and projected future trends in selected OECD countries’. OECD Health Working Papers, 45; Lobstein, T., Baur, L. & Uauy, R., 2004. ‘Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health’. Obesity Reviews, 5 (suppl 1), 4–104.
3 Blythman, J., 2006. Bad Food Britain: How a Nation Ruined its Appetite. London: Fourth Estate, p. 247; WHO. Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2005.
4 Ng, M., et al., 2014. ‘Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013’. The Lancet, 384 (9945), 766–81; Finucane, M. M., et al., 2011. ‘National, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9.1 million participants’. The Lancet, 377 (9765), 557–67.
5 Diabetes in the UK, 2012. ‘Diabetes in the UK, Key Statistics on Diabetes’. In Diabetes.org.uk, ed. http://www.diabetes.org.uk/Documents/Reports/Diabetes-in-the-UK-2012.pdf.
6 Boyle, J.P., et al., 2001. ‘Projection of Diabetes Burden Through 2050: Impact of changing demography and disease prevalence in the U.S’. Diabetes Care, 24 (11) 1936–40.
7 Stephenson, T., 2014. Measuring Up: The Medical Profession’s Prescription for the Nation’s Obesity Crisis. London: Academy of Royal Colleges.
8 Webber, L., 2014. ‘The European Obese Model: the shape of things to come’. In: Forum UH, ed. 2014.
9 Flegal, K. M., et al., 2010. ‘Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2008’. Journal of the American Medical Association, 303 (3), 235–41.
10 Webber, L., et al., 2014. ‘The future burden of obesity-related diseases in the 53 WHO European-Region countries and the impact of effective interventions: a modelling study’. BMJ Open 4, ee004787
11 Ibid.
12 Popkin, B. M., 2001. ‘The nutrition transition and obesity in the developing world’. Journal of Nutrition, 131 (3), 871S–873S; Grover, A., 2014. ‘Unhealthy foods, non-communicable diseases and the right to health’. In UNG Assembly, ed. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, 1–68.
13 2014. ‘Chubby little emperors’, The Economist, 14 June, p. 68.
14 Popkin, ‘The nutrition transition’.
15 Wang, Y. & Lim, H., 2012. ‘The global childhood obesity epidemic and the association between socio-economic status and childhood obesity’. International Reviews on Psychiatry, 24 (3), 176–88.
16 Ogden, C. L., et al., 2012. ‘Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999–2010’. Journal of the American Medical Association, 307 (5), 483–90.
17 De Onis, M., Blossner, M., & Borghi, E., 2010. ‘Global prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity among preschool children’. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 92 (5), 1257–64.
18 Overweight and Obesity viz, application sponsored by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. http://vizhub.healthdata.org/obesity/ accessed September 2014.
19 Diabetes.org.uk. 2013. ‘Number of people diagnosed with diabetes reaches three million’. http://www.diabetes.org.uk/About_us/News_Landing_Page/Number-of-people-diagnosed-with-diabetes-reaches-three-million/ accessed March 2014.
20 Wang, Y. C., et al., 2011. ‘Health and economic burden of the projected obesity trends in the USA and the UK’. The Lancet, 378 (9793), 815–25.
21 Ibid.
22 Lu, B., et al., 2014. ‘Being overweight or obese and risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis among women: a prospective cohort study’. Annals of Rheumatic Diseases. Epub ahead of Print.
23 De la Monte, S. M. & Wands, J. R., 2008. ‘Alzheimer’s disease is type 3 diabetes – evidence reviewed’. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 2 (6), 1101–13.
24 Ibid; De la Monte, S. M. & Tong, M., 2013. ‘Brain metabolic dysfunction at the core of Alzheimer’s disease’. Biochemical Pharmacology, 88 (4), 548–59.
1 A food’s caloric value indicates the amount of heat it produces. Technically a calorie is the unit of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water from 15 to 16 degrees Celsius (centigrade). Because this is a very small amount of heat, the convention is to refer to the kilocalorie (kcal) equal to 1,000 calories or the large calorie, usually with a capital C.
2 Tom Colicchio (American celebrity chef), interview CNN Eatocracy http://eatocracy.cnn.com/category/news/celebrity-chefs/tom-colicchio/
1 Diane Carbonell, 2013. ‘I Could Not Escape Mirrors: Seeing Myself Without Seeing’, Fit to the Finish blog, 8 November. http://blog.fittothefinish.com/2013/11/i-could-not-escape-mirrors-seeing-myself-without-seeing
2 For many people, especially those struggling with their weight, the terms ‘obese’ and ‘obesity’ can appear insensitive and abusive. Indeed, the words themselves – from the Latin obesus ‘to eat’ – have been criticised by some health experts as ‘derogatory’. Among these, somewhat paradoxically, were the authors of a report published in 2012 by the UK’s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, which cautioned that: ‘The term “obesity” may be unhelpful among some communities – while some people may like to “hear it like it is”, others may consider it derogatory.’ ‘Obesity: Working with Local Communities’, NICE public health guidance 42 (November 2012), nice.org.uk/guidance/ph42. Not everyone agrees. Mr Tam Fry, spokesman for the National Obesity Forum, commented: ‘This is extremely patronising. They should be talking to people in an adult fashion. There should be no problem with using the proper terminology. If you beat around the bush then you muddy the water.’ [Adams, S., 2012. ‘Obesity a “derogatory” word, says NICE’, Daily Telegraph, 8 May. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/9252311/Obesity-a-derogatory-word-says-Nice.html] Obesity is a well-defined physical state established as a standard by the World Health Organization.
3 Carbonell, 2013, ‘I Could Not Escape’.
4 Hawksworth, E., 2013. ‘What It’s Really Like to Live as a Fat Person Every Day’. Huffington Post, 18 October. http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/elizabeth-hawksworth/being-overweight_b_4116510.html
5 Cited in: Cloake, F., 2013. ‘Our Big Fat Fear’, New Statesman, 17–23 May, pp. 25–28.
6 From Rorer, Sarah Tyson Heston, 1898. Good Cooking – Ladies’ Home Journal Household Library, cited in Foxcroft, L., 2011. Calories and Corsets: A history of dieting over 2,000 years. London: Profile Books Ltd. Sarah Tyson Rorer (1849–1937) was America’s first true dietician. In 1878, after attending a few medical lectures and spending six months at cookery classes, she opened the Philadelphia Cooking School. Her students were taught about proteins and carbohydrates, but nothing about either vitamins or calories. Over the school’s thirty-three years, some 400 students graduated as fully qualified diet specialists.
7 ‘Adult obesity and socioeconomic status’, National Obesity Observatory Data Factsheet, September 2012.
1 http://www.stroustrup.com. Professor Bjarne Stroustrup was actually referring not to the obesity pandemic but computer software, but his perceptive comment clearly has application to many of the problems confronting us today.
2 Kevan, P., 2009. ‘Beaten up by train thug for being fat.’ Metro, October 19.
3 Winterman, D., 2009. ‘Why Are Fat People Abused?’ BBC News Magazine, 29 October. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8327753.stm, downloaded August 2014.
4 Ibid.
5 Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (July 1990), 104. Stat. 327. Cited from Gilman, S.L., 2004. Fat Boys. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 14–15.
6 Winterman, ‘Why Are Fat People Abused?’.
7 Ibid.
8 Puhl, R. M. & Heuer, C. A., 2010. ‘Obesity Stigma: important considerations for public health’, American Journal of Public Health, 100 (6), 1019–1028.
9 Rees, R. W., et al., 2014. ‘It’s on your conscience all the time’: a systematic review of qualitative studies examining views on obesity among young people aged 12–18 years in the UK. BMJ open. 4 (4), e004404.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
13 Degher, D. & Hughes, G., 1999. ‘The adoption and management of a “fat” identity.’ In D. Maurer and J. Sobal, eds. Interpreting Weight: the Social Management of Fatness and Thinness. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 11–27.
14 Campbell, Ian, cited in Winterman, ‘Why Are Fat People Abused?’
15 Rand, C. S. & Macgregor, S. M., 1990. ‘Successful weight loss following obesity surgery and the perceived liability of morbid obesity’. International Journal of Obesity, 15 (9), 577–9.
16 Mendez, J. & Keys, A., 1960. ‘Density and composition of mammalian muscle’. Metabolism 9, 184–8; Ross, R., et al., 1985. ‘Adipose tissue volume measured by magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography in rats’. Journal of Applied Physiology 70 (5), 2164–72.
17 Eknoyan, G., 2008. ‘Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874) – the average man and indices of obesity’. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantion 23 (1), 47–51; Quetelet, A., 1832. Nouveaux Memoire de l’Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles. t. VII; Quetelet, A., 1842. Treatise on Man and the Development of his Faculties. Reprinted in 1968 by Burt Franklin, New York. In this book he developed the concept of l’homme moyen (‘average man’), whom he characterised by the mean values of measured variables that follow a normal distribution.
18 Keys, A., et al., 1972. ‘Indices of relative weight and obesity’. Journal of Chronic Disease, 25 (6–7), 329–43.
19 Peltz, G., et al., 2010. ‘The role of fat mass index in determining obesity’. American Journal of Human Biology, 22 (5), 639–47.
20 Shiwaku, K., et al., 2004. ‘Overweight Japanese with body mass indexes of 23.0–24.9 have higher risks for obesity-associated disorders: a comparison of Japanese and Mongolians’. International Journal of Obesity, 28 (1), 152–8.
21 Bei-Fan, Z., Cooperative Meta-Analysis Group of the Working Group on Obesity in China, 2002. ‘Predictive values of body mass index and waist circumference for risk factors of certain related diseases in Chinese adults: study on optimal cut-off points of body mass index and waist circumference in Chinese adults’. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 11 (Supplement 8), S685–S693.
22 Devlin, K., 2009. ‘Top 10 Reasons Why the BMI is Bogus’, National Public Radio (July 2004). http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106268439 accessed November 20 2014.
23 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ‘Healthy Weight – it’s not a diet, it’s a lifestyle!’ http://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/Index.html accessed September 2013.
1 Wallis Simpson, quote retrieved from http://www.answers.com/Q/Who_originally_said_You_can_never_be_too_rich_or_too_thin
2 Clarke, D. T. D., 1981. Daniel Lambert, Leicestershire Museum Publications, 23 (3).
3 Bondeson, J., 2004. The Two-Headed Boy and Other Medical Marvels. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
4 Stearns, P. cited in, Smith, D., 2004. ‘Demonizing Fat in the War on Weight’, New York Times, 1 May, http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/01/arts/demonizing-fat-in-the-war-on-weight.html accessed January 14, 2015.
5 Tafrate, P., 2008. ‘The New England Fat Men’s Club’. History, July/August, 47–9.
6 Gilman, S. L., 2004. Fat Boys: A Slim Book. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
7 Payne-Palacio, J. & Canter, D. D., 2000. The Profession of Dietetics. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 5.
8 Howard, C., 2012. ‘The Big Picture’, The Economist, 15 December, http://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21568065-world-getting-wider-says-charlotte-howard-what-can-be-done-about-it-big accessed January 15, 2015.
9 Gilman, Fat Boys.
10 Jay, M., et al., 2009. ‘Physicians’ attitudes about obesity and their associations with competency and specialty: A cross-sectional study’. British Medical Care Health Services Research 9 (106).
11 Foster, G. D., et al., 2003. ‘Primary care physicians’ attitudes about obesity and its treatment’. Obesity Research 11 (10), 1168–77.
12 Ibid.
13 Block, J. P., DeSalvo, K. B. & Fisher, W. P., 2003. ‘Are physicians equipped to address the obesity epidemic? Knowledge and attitudes of internal medicine residents’. Preventative Medicine 36 (6), 669–75.
14 Jay et al., ‘Physicians’ attitudes’.
15 Elkin, S., 2013. ‘5:2 is just the latest: Britain’s diet industry is worth £2 billion, so why do we buy into it?’ Independent, 1 August. http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/52-is-just-the-latest-britains-diet-industry-is-worth-2-billion-so-why-do-we-buy-into-it-8737918.html accessed 3 September 2014.
16 Reisner, R., 2008. ‘The Diet Industry: A Big Fat Lie’. Bloomberg Business Week. http://www.businessweek.com/debateroom/archives/2008/03/the_diet_industry_a_big_fat_lie.html accessed September 3, 2014.
17 The Guardian, 2009. Datablog downloaded from http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/jul/22/plastic-surgery-medicine#data accessed 20 April 2014, 3 September 2014.
18 Campos, P. cited in, Smith, ‘Demonizing Fat’.
19 Campos, P., 2004. The Obesity Myth: Why America’s obsession with weight is hazardous to your health. New York: Gotham, 233.
20 Wadden, T., & Sarwer, D., 1996. ‘Behavioral treatment of obesity: new approaches to an old disorder’. In: Goldstein, D., ed. The Management of Eating Disorders. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
21 Ng, M., et al., 2014. ‘Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013’. The Lancet, 384 (9945), 766–81.
22 Stearns, in Smith, ‘Demonizing Fat’.
23 Germaine, G., 2007. ‘Well done, Beth Ditto. Now let it all hang out’. The Guardian. 31 May, http://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/may/31/news.germainegreer. germainegreer, accessed January 15 2015; CNN, 2006., ‘The insider’s guide to Beth Ditto’. The Briefing Room, 24 November, available from http://edition.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/24/tbr.ditto/index.html, retrieved June 2014.
24 Field et al., 1998. ‘Weight Cycling, Weight Gain, and Risk of Hypertension in Women’. American Journal of Epidemiology 150 (6), 573–9.
25 Stevens et al., 2012. ‘Weight Cycling and Mortality in a Large Prospective US Study’. American Journal of Epidemiology, 175 (8), 785–92.
26 Auyeung et al., 2010. ‘Survival in Older Men May Benefit From Being Slightly Overweight and Centrally Obese – A 5 Year Follow-up Study in 4,000 Older Adults Using DXA’. The Journal of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 65 (1), 99–104.
1 Dyson, F., 2007. ‘Our Biotech Future’. The New York Review of Books. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2007/jul/19/our-biotech-future/ accessed September 2014.
1 Neena Modi, quoted in a Press Release issued by Imperial College London, September 2011.
2 Pond, C. M., 2003. ‘Paracrine interactions of mammalian adipose tissue’. Journal of Experimental Zoology, Part A. Comparative Experimental Biology, 295 (1), 99–110; Elephant seals (2%), Fur Seals (6%) or even Harp seals (10.6%). From Kuzawa, K. W., 1998. ‘Adipose Tissue in Human Infancy and Childhood: An Evolutionary Perspective’. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 41, 177–209; Nutritional Needs of Infants, Chapter 1 (Nutritional Needs of Infants), 15. This formula was calculated by the caloric RDI suggested for newborns, months 1–12. http://www.nal.usda.gov/wicworks/Topics/FG/Chapter1_NutritionalNeeds.pdf accessed 3 September 2014.
3 Schmelzle, H. R., & Fusch, C., 2002. ‘Body fat in neonates and young infants: validation of skinfold thickness versus dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry’. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 76 (5), 1096–1100.
4 Oftedal, O. T., et al., 1989. ‘Effects of suckling and the post suckling fast on weights of the body and internal organs of harp and hooded seal pups’. Biology Neonate, 56 (5), 283–300; Lewis, D. S., et al., 1983. ‘Preweaning nutrition and fat development in baboons’. Journal of Nutrition, 113 (11), 2253–9.
5 Schultz, A., 1969. The Life of Primates. New York: Universe Books.
6 Sinclair, D., 1985. Human Growth after Birth. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7 Alexander, G., 1975. ‘Body temperature control in mammalian young’. British Medical Bulletin, 31 (1), 62–8.
8 Schaefer, O., 1977. ‘Are Eskimos more or less obese than other Canadians? A comparison of skin fold thickness and ponderal index in Canadian Eskimos’. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 30 (10), 1623–8; Shephard, R., 1991. Body Composition in Biological Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9 Stini, W., 1981. ‘Body composition and nutrient reserves in evolutionary perspective’. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, 37, 55–83.
10 Max Westenhöfer’s strange speculations were published in 1942 when Nazism was at its height. In his book, Der Eigenweg des Menschen (P. Beck, trans. The Unique Road to Man. Berlin: W. Mannstaedt & Co.), he wrote: ‘Homo sapiens cannot be a close relative of primates, because the specialisations of primates are those typical of mammals, but those of humans are those of an animal closer to the root of mammalian evolution. In other words, humans have less specialised features, such as feet and skeleton and organs, which seem closer to the “original” mammalian design than to the tree-climbing primate. This early relative, the proto-mammal/human, he proposes, may have been an amphibian, such as a salamander. His discussion of the Aquatic Ape Theory, or the aquatic phase in human evolution, as he terms it, is therefore used to support this amphibian ancestor of humans.’ For an account of his work and his theory go to http://www.riverapes.com/original/AAH/Westnfr/WestnHfr.htm
11 Hardy, A., 1960. ‘Was man more aquatic in the past?’ The New Scientist, 17 March, 642–5.
12 Morgan, E., Aquatic Ape Theory, see: www.primitivism.com/aquatic-ape.htm accessed 15 August 2013.
13 One of the most widely used equations for calculating the brain size of placental animals is: log10E= 0.76log10P + 1.77 (Martin, R. D., 1983. ‘Human Brain Evolution in an Ecological Context’, 52nd James Arthur Lecture on the Evolution of the Human Brain, American Museum of Natural History, New York). Here E = brain mass in milligrams and P = body mass in grams. This equation gives an average human brain that is 4.6 times the size expected for the average mammal.
14 Leonard, W., & Robertson, M., 1994. ‘Evolutionary perspectives on human nutrition: The influence of brain and body size on diet and metabolism’. American Journal of Human Biology. 6 (1), 77–88.
15 Aschoff, J., Günther, B. & Kramer, K., 1971. Energiehaushalt und Temperaturregulation. Munich: Urban and Schwarzenberg.
16 Martin, ‘Human Brain Evolution’; Foley, R. A. & Lee, P. C., 1991. ‘Ecology and energetics of encephalisation in hominid evolution’. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 334 (1270), 223–32; McNab, B. K. & Eisenberg, J. F., 1989. ‘Brain size and its relation to the rate of metabolism in mammals’. The American Naturalist, 133 (2), 157–67.
17 Schofield, C., 1985. ‘An annotated bibliography of source material for basal metabolic rate data’. Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition 39C (suppl I), 42–91.
18 Aiello, L. C. & Wheeler, P., 1995. ‘The Expensive Tissue Hypothesis: the brain and the digestive system in human and primate evolution’. Current Anthropology 36 (2), 199–221.
19 Ibid.
20 Expected values for brain mass organs was calculated, from data provided by Stephan, H., Frahm, H. & Baron, G., 1981. ‘New and revised data on volume of brain structures in insectivores and primates’. Folia Primatologica, 35 (1), 1–29. Using the formula: Brain mass: log10BW = 0.72 * log10M + 1.35 (N = 26, r = 0.98). Gut mass from Chivers, D. J. & Haldik, C. M., 1980. ‘Morphology of the gastrointestinal tract in primates: comparisons with other mammals in relation to diet’. Journal of Morphology, 166 (3), 337–86. Using the formula: Log10GM = 0.853 * Log10M -1.271 (N = 22, r = 0.96). Where GM = gut mass in kilograms; W = other organ mass in grams; M = body mass in kilograms; n = number of individual animals; N = number of species; r = product moment correction coefficient. Diagram and notes reproduced from Aiello and Wheeler, 1995, with permission.
21 Aiello, L., 1997. ‘Brains and guts in human evolution: The Expensive Tissue Hypothesis’. Brazilian Journal of Genetics. 20 (1), dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-84551997000100023
22 There is considerable variation in the size of the small intestine, where most of the digestion takes place, which range from 15 feet (4.6 m) to 32 feet (9.8 m).
23 Allard, Alexander Jr., 1972. The Human Imperative. New York: Columbia University Press.
24 Pilbeam, D. & Gould, S. J., 1974. ‘Size and scaling in human evolution’. Science, 186 (4167), 892–901.
25 Dunbar, R. I., 2009. ‘The social brain hypothesis and its implications for social evolution’. Annals of Human Biology, 36 (5), 562–72.
26 Koojiman, S. A. L. M., 1986. ‘Energy budgets can explain body size relations’. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 121 (3), 269–82.
27 Lindlahr, V., 1942. You Are What You Eat: how to win and keep health with diet. Newcastle: National Nutrition Society.
28 http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/17txer/did_humans_begin_cooking_food_due_to_preference/ accessed 25 July 2014]; Carmody, R. N. & Wrangham, R. W., 2009. ‘The energetic significance of cooking’. Journal of Human Evolution, 57 (4), 379–91.
29 Wrangham, R., 2009. Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human. London: Profile Books.
30 Goren-Inbar, N., et al., 2004. ‘Evidence of Hominin Control of Fire at Gesher Benot Ya’aqov Israel’. Science, 304 (30), 725–7.
31 Neel, J. V., 1962. ‘Diabetes Mellitus: A “Thrifty” Genotype Rendered Detrimental by Progress’. American Journal of Human Genetics 14 (4), 353–62.
32 Ibid.
33 Eriksson, J. G., et al., 2003. ‘Early adiposity rebound in childhood and risk of Type 2 diabetes in adult life’. Diabetologia, 46 (2), 190–4.
34 Barker, D. J., 2004. ‘The developmental origins of adult disease’. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 23 (6 Suppl), 588S–595S; Barker, D. J., 1994. Mothers, Babies and Disease in Later Life. London: BMJ Publishing Group; Hales, C. N., & Barker, D. J., 1992. ‘Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis’. Diabetologia, 35 (7), 595–601.
35 Paneth, N. & Susser, M. ‘Early origins of coronary heart disease (the “Barker hypothesis”)’ British Medical Journal editorial, published 18 February 1995. It should be noted that while the Barker hypothesis is widely accepted, it has yet to be completely proved.
36 Hales & Barker, ‘The thrifty phenotype’.
37 Knowler, W. C., et al., 1983. ‘Diabetes mellitus in the Pima Indians: genetic and evolutionary considerations’. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 62 (1), 107–14; Swinburn, B., 1995. ‘The thrifty genotype hypothesis: concepts and evidence after 30 years’. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 4, 337–8.
38 Gurney, R., 1936. ‘The Hereditary Factor in Obesity’. Archives of Internal Medicine, 57 (3), 557–61.
39 Logue, A. W., 1986. The Psychology of Eating and Drinking. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 168.
40 Modi, N., et al., 2011. ‘The Influence of Maternal Body Mass Index on Infant Adiposity and Hepatic Lipid Content’. Pediatric Research 70 (3), 287–91.
41 Ibid.
42 Dr Sean Kelly, personal communication, 2014.
1 Quoted from http://www.webmd.com/diet/features/the-truth-about-fat
2 Ahima, R. S., 2006. ‘Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ’. Obesity (Silver Spring), 14 (Suppl. 5), 242S–249S; Ahima, R. S. & Flier, J. S., 2000. ‘Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ’. Trends Endocrinology & Metabolism, 11 (8), 327–32.
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4 Wozniak, S. E., et al., 2009. ‘Adipose tissue: the new endocrine organ?’ Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 54 (9), 1847–56.
5 They are named after a 22-year-old German anatomist, Paul Langerhans, who discovered them in 1869. Langerhans P., 1869. ‘Beitrage zur mikroscopischen anatomie der bauchspeichel druse’. Inaugural dissertation. Berlin: Gustav Langerhans.
6 Deng, T., et al., 2013. ‘Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex Plays an Essential Role in Obesity-Induced Adipose Inflammation’. Cell Metabolism, 17 (3), 411–22.
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12 Ohashi, et al. ‘Adiponectin replenishment’.
13 Qi, Y., et al., 2004. ‘Adiponectin acts in the brain to decrease body weight’. Nature Medicine, 10 (5), 524–9.
14 Quotation from ‘Key Hormone Protects Obese Mice from Diabetes’, 28 August 2007. Science Daily, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070823201215.htm
15 Khamsi, R., 2007. ‘World’s fattest mouse appears immune to diabetes’. New Scientist Health, 23 August, http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12530-worlds-fattest-mouse-appears-immune-to-diabetes-.html#.Uv-wfPZSTGI
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20 Zhang, Y., et al., 1994. ‘Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue’. Nature, 372 (6505), 425–32.
21 100 Million Dieters, $20 Billion: The Weight-Loss Industry by the Numbers. ABC News. 8 May 2012. http://abcnews.go.com/Health/100-million-dieters-20-billion-weight-loss-industry/story?id=16297197 accessed 4 September 2014.
22 Jeffrey Friedman, personal communication, 17 August 2014.
23 Neil, U., 2013. A Conversation with Jeffrey Friedman in Conversations with Giants in Medicine. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 123 (2), 529–30.
24 Ibid.
25 Jeffrey Friedman, personal communication, 10 August 2014.
26 Ibid.
27 Neil, A Conversation with Jeffrey Friedman.
28 Friedman, J. M. & Halaas, J. L., 1998. ‘Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals’. Nature 395 (6704), 763–70.
29 Stetka, B. S. & Volkow, N. D., 2013. ‘Can Obesity be an Addiction?’ Medscape, http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/807684 accessed 20 August 2014.
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31 Montague, C. T., et al., 1997. ‘Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans’. Nature, 387 (6636), 903–8.
32 Heymsfield, S. B., et al., 1999. ‘Recombinant leptin for weight loss in obese and lean adults: a randomized, controlled, dose-escalation trial’. Journal of the American Medical Association 282 (16), 1568–75.
33 Neil, A Conversation with Jeffrey Friedman.
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4 De Vrieze, ‘Promise of Poop’.
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7 Faeces constitutes a level 2 biohazard, so before any can be implanted in a sick patient the donor has to be screened for such communicable diseases, as HIV, hepatitis and other disease-causing germs. The stools are diluted with saline solution or 4 per cent milk before being blended and fed into the patient’s digestive system. This can be done in a number of ways, including via the nasal passage (nasogastric) or nasoduodenal tubes, through a colonoscope or an enema. Stools are typically donated by spouses or other family members, but some doctors have used unrelated donors. Reference: Bakken, J. S., et al., 2011. ‘Treating Clostridium difficile Infection With Fecal Microbiota Transplantation’. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 9 (12), 1044–9.
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9 Ibid.
10 Ibid.
11 Quoted from http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/leeuwenhoek.html
12 Dubner, S. J., 2011. ‘The Power of Poop’. Freakonomics.com
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24 Ibid.
25 Quoted in Ibid.
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27 Tilg, H., & Kaser, A., 2011. ‘Gut microbiome, obesity, and metabolic dysfunction’. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 121 (6), 2126–32.
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30 Ley is quoted from website of Cornell University. http://micro.cornell.edu/people/ruth-ley,, downloaded March 2014.
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33 Blaser, M. J., 2005. ‘Global warming and the human stomach: Microecology follows macroecology’. Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association, 116, 65–76.
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid.
36 François, F., et al., 2011. ‘The effect of H. pylori eradication on meal-associated changes in plasma ghrelin and leptin’. BMC Gastroenterology 11 (2011), 37.
37 Kalat, J. W., 1998. Biological Psychology, 6th Edition, Wadsworth: Cengage Learning, USA.
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39 Clarke, G., et al., 2013. ‘The microbiome-gut-brain axis during early life regulates the hippocampal serotonergic system in a sex-dependent manner’. Molecular Psychiatry, 18 (6), 666–73.
40 Turnbaugh, P. J., Ley, R. E., et al., 2006. ‘An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest’. Nature, 444 (11). 1027-1031.
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44 Ibid.
45 Li, J., et al., 2007. ‘Gene function prediction based on genomic context clustering and discriminative learning: an application to bacteriophages’. BMC Bioinformatics, 8 (Suppl. 4).
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30 Ibid.
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1 Berridge, K., personal communication, 17 July 2014.
1 Gordon Shepherd, quoted in Kessler, D., 2009. The End of Overeating. London: Penguin Books.
2 Berridge, K., personal communication, 15 July 2014.
3 Weingarten, H. P., 1983. ‘Conditioned cues elicit feeding in sated rats: a role for learning in meal initiation’. Science 220 (4595), 431–3. Animal models offer insight into biologically ingrained behaviours. They provide paradigms uncomplicated by cultural or social norms and, while animals do not have the same cognitive complexity as humans, they provide the most robust platform for investigating the biological antecedents to eating. Scientists can manipulate contexts, social situations, food choice, and even compare the rewarding effects of sugar to class A drugs, like cocaine. Something which, for obvious ethical reasons, would not be possible with humans. While animals provide one tool for investigation, increasing emphasis has been put on computer modelling and digital replicas of biological phenomena. Moreover, we have also started to use tools like functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, which allows a direct view into the way the human and animal brains behave.
4 Channel 4, 2012. Secret Eaters. Based on experimental protocol established by Brian Wansink at Cornell’s Food and Brand Lab; Neal, D., et al., 2011. ‘The Pull of the Past: When Do Habits Persist Despite Conflict With Motives?’ Personality and Social Psychology, 37 (11), 1428–37.
5 Cornell, C. E., Rodin, J. & Weingarten, H., 1989. ‘Stimulus-induced eating when satiated’. Physiology & Behavior, 45 (4), 695–704.
6 Berridge, personal communication, 15 July 2014.
7 Lewis, D., 2013. The Brain Sell: When Science Meets Shopping. London: Nicholas Brealey. Newsday described the technique as ‘the most alarming invention since the atomic bomb,’ while Saturday Review editor Norman Cousins urged the authorities ‘to take this invention and everything connected to it and attach it to the centre of the next nuclear explosive scheduled for testing.’ Cousins, N., 1957, ‘Smudging the Subconscious’, Saturday Review, 5 October, pp. 20–40.
8 Garfield, B., 2000. ‘“Subliminal” seduction and other urban myths’. Advertising Age, 18 September. Writing in 1981, John O’ Toole, Chairman of Foote, Cone & Belding Communications, Inc., of one of the world’s largest advertising agencies, flatly denied any such technique had ever been used and added: ‘It is demeaning to assume that the human mind is so easily controlled that anyone can be made to act against his will or better judgement by peremptory commands he doesn’t realise are present.’ O’Toole, J., 1981. The Trouble with Advertising. New York: Chelsea House, 16.
9 Winkielman, P., Berridge, K. C. & Wilbarger, J. L., 2005. ‘Unconscious affective reactions to masked happy versus angry faces influence consumption behavior and judgments of value’. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 31 (1), 121–35.
10 Karremans, J. C., Stroebe, W. & Claus, J., 2006. ‘Beyond Vicary’s fantasies: The impact of subliminal priming and brand choice’. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42 (6), 792–8.
11 Bálint, R., 1907. ‘A nézés lelki bénulása, optikai ataxia, a figyelem térbeli zavara’ (Psychic paralysis of gaze, optic ataxia, and disturbance of spatial attention). Orvosi Hetilap (Medicine Weekly) 1 (1907), 209–36. Cited in Husain M. & Stein, J., 1988. ‘Resö Bálint and his most celebrated case’. Archives of Neurology, 45 (1), 89–93.
12 Papies, E. K. & Hamstra, P., 2010. ‘Goal Priming and Eating Behavior: Enhancing Self-Regulation by Environmental Cues’. Health Psychology, 29 (4), 384–8.
13 Kessler, End of Overeating.
14 Stoeckel, L. E., et al., 2009. ‘Effective connectivity of a reward network in obese women’. Brain Research Bulletin, 79(6), 388–95.
15 Berridge, personal communication, 2014.
16 Berridge, K., 1996. ‘Food reward: Brain substrates of wanting and liking’. Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews, 20 (1), 1–25; Berridge, K. C., 2009. ‘Wanting and Liking: Observations from the Neuroscience and Psychology Laboratory’. Inquiry, 52 (4), 378; Berridge, K. C., 2004. ‘Motivation concepts in behavioral neuroscience’. Physiology & Behavior, 81 (2), 179–209; Berthoud, H. R., 2007. ‘Interactions between the “cognitive” and “metabolic” brain in the control of food intake’. Physiology & Behavior. 91 (5), 486–98.
17 Kelley, A. E., et al., 2002. ‘Opioid modulation of taste hedonics within the ventral striatum’. Physiology & Behavior, 76 (3), 365–77; Zhang, N., et al., 2000. ‘A mutation in the Lunatic fringe gene suppresses the effects of a Jagged2 mutation on inner hair cell development in the cochlea’. Current Biology, 10 (11), 659–62.
18 Berridge, K. C. & Robinson, T. E., 1998. ‘What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?’ Brain Research Revue, 28 (3), 309–69.
19 Robinson, T. E. & Berridge, K. C., 2003. ‘Addiction’. Annual Review of Psychology. 54 (2003), 25–53; Cannon, C. M. & Palmiter, R. D., 2003. ‘Reward without dopamine’. The Journal of Neuroscience, 23 (34), 10827–31.
20 Avena, N. M., Rada, P. & Hoebel, B. G., 2008. ‘Evidence for sugar addiction: behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake’. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32 (1), 20–39.
21 At the time of writing Fat Planet, pharmacological intervention for obesity was limited. New developments of products such as Contrave’s Qsymia, which is a combination drug of naltrexone (long-acting naloxone) and bupropion (antidepressant) is being considered by the FDA for treatment of obesity; http://www.forbes.com/sites/larryhusten/2014/09/10/fda-approves-contrave-weight-loss-drug-from-orexigen-and-takeda/
1 Kilbourne, J., 2004. ‘The More You Subtract, the More You Add: Cutting Girls Down to Size’. In Kasser, T. & Kanner, A.D., eds. Psychology and Consumer Culture. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 252.
2 ‘Restaurant Ad Spend Rises 4.4%; McDonald’s Up 8.6%,’ Burger Business, 14 March 2012. http://www.burgerbusiness.com/?p=9772
3 Conducted by Sponsorship Research International and cited in Schlosser, E., 2001. Fast Food Nation. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co, 276.
4 Emma Boyland, personal communication, 15 September 2012.
5 Helmer, J., 1992. ‘Love on a bun: How McDonald’s won the burger wars’. Journal of Popular Culture, 26 (2), 85–96.
6 Zhong, C-B. & DeVoe, S. E., 2010. ‘You Are How You Eat: Fast Food and Impatience’. Psychological Science 21 (5), 619–22.
7 Schor, J., 2004. Born to Buy. New York: Scribner, 19–20.
8 Bruce, A. S., et al., 2010. ‘Obese children show hyperactivation to food pictures in brain networks linked to motivation, reward and cognitive control’. International Journal of Obesity, 34 (10), 1494–500.
9 Harris, J. L., Bargh, J. A. &. Brownell, K. D., 2009. ‘Priming Effects of Television Food Advertising on Eating Behaviour’. Health Psychology, 28 (4), 404–13.
10 Ibid.
11 McGinnis, J. M., Gottman, J. A. & Kraak, V. I., eds, 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity? Washington, DC: National Academies Press; Harris, J. L., et al., 2009. ‘A crisis in the marketplace: how food marketing contributes to childhood obesity and what can be done’. Annual Review of Public Health 30 (2009), 211–25.
12 Kunkel, D., et al., 2004. ‘Report of the APA task force on advertising and children’. American Psychological Association. www.apa.org/releases/childrenads.pdf. Total media spending increased from $197 million in 2008 to $264 million in 2011 http://www.cerealfacts.org/media/Cereal_FACTS_Report_Summary_2012_7.12.pdf
13 Page, R., et al., 2008. ‘Targeting children in the cereal aisle: Promotional techniques and content features on ready-to-eat cereal product packaging’. American Journal of Health Education, 39 (5), 272–82.
14 Harris, J. L., Schwartz, M. B. & Brownell, K. D., 2012. Cereal F.A.C.T.S. A spoonful of progress in a bowl full of unhealthy marketing to children. Yale: Yale Rudd Center, 3.
15 Harris, J. L., Bargh, J. A. &. Brownell, K. D., 2009. ‘Priming Effects of Television Food Advertising on Eating Behaviour’, Health Psychology, 28 (4), 404–13.
16 Garretson, J. A. & Niedrich, R. W., 2004. ‘Spokes-characters: creating character trust and positive brand attitudes’. Journal of Advertising, 33 (2), 25–36.
17 Lapierre, M. A., Vaala, S. E. & Linebarger, D. L., 2011. ‘Influence of licensed spokes-characters and health cues on children’s ratings of cereal taste’. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 165 (3), 229–34.
18 Roberto, C. A., et al., 2010. ‘Influence of licensed characters on children’s taste and snack preferences’. Pediatrics 126 (1), 88–93.
19 Robinson et al., ‘Effects of fast food branding’; Garretson, J. A. & Niedrich, R. W., 2004. ‘Spokes-characters: creating character trust and positive brand attitudes’. Journal of Advertising, 33 (2), 25–36.
20 Musicus, A., Tal, A. & Wansink, B., 2014. ‘Eyes in the Aisles: Why is Cap’n Crunch Looking Down at My Child?’ Environment & Behavior. In print.
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid.
23 Forsythe, T., 2014. http://www.blog.generalmills.com/2014/04/response-to-absurd-cereal-study
24 Harris, ‘A spoonful of progress’.
25 Ibid.
26 Bragg, M. A., et al., 2012. Public Health Nutrition, 16 (4), 738–42.
27 Bragg, M. A., et al., 2014. ‘Athlete Endorsements in Food Marketing’. Pediatrics, 132 (5), 805–10.
28 Ibid.
29 Boyland, E. J., et al., 2013. ‘Food Choice and Overconsumption: Effect of a Premium Sports Celebrity Endorser’. The Journal of Pediatrics, 163 (2), 339–43.
30 Emma Boyland’s comments were made in a press release from the University of Liverpool published in March 2013. http://news.liv.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/crisps1.jpg
31 Haelle, T., 2014. ‘Studies: Celebrity Endorsement Encourage Unhealthy Food, Drink’. The Chicago Bureau, 31 January 2014. http://www.chicago-bureau.org/celebrity-endorsements-encourage-unhealthy-food-drinks
32 Wansink, B. & Chandon, P., 2006. ‘Can “low-fat” nutrition labels lead to obesity?’ Journal of Market Research, 43 (4), 605–617; Andrews, J. C., Netemeyer, R. G. & Burton, S., 1998. ‘Consumer generalization of nutrient content claims in advertising’. Journal of Marketing, 62 (4), 62–75.
33 Bailey Dougherty, personal communication, 2012.
34 Sanburn, J., 2011. ‘NYC Grocery Store Pipes in Artificial Food Smells’, Time Magazine Moneyland, 20 July. http://moneyland.time.com/2011/07/20/nyc-grocery-store-pipes-in-artificial-food-smells
35 Dublino, J., 2012. ‘McCain Foods to Launch Multi-Sensory Bus Shelter Ads in UK’, Scent Marketing Digest, 7 February. http://scentmarketingdigest.com/2012/02/07/mccain-foods-to-launch-multi-sensory-bus-shelter-ads-in-uk/
36 Dublino, J., 2012. ‘Multi Sensory Dunkin’ Donut Campaign Spikes Sales’. Scent Marketing Digest, 9 April 2012. http://scentmarketingdigest.com/2012/04/09/multi-sensory-dunkin-donut-campaign-spikes-sales/
37 Dan Jones, personal communication, 2012.
38 Rideout, V., 2013. ‘Zero to Eight: Children’s Media Use in America 2013, a Common Sense Media Research Study’, www.commonsensemedia.org
39 Smith, S., 2013. ‘Tablets evolving into our transaction screen’. Mobile Insider, 29 January, Mediapost.com.
40 Fogg, B. J., 1997. ‘Charismatic Computers: creating More Likeable and persuasive Interactive Technologies by Leverage in Principles from Social Psychology’. Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
41 Scarpello, L., 2012. ‘The Retailer’s Guide to So-Lo-Mo’, from Monetate.com http://content.monetate.com/h/i/12311850-the-retailer-s-guide-to-solomo
42 http://www.cerealfacts.org/media/Cereal_FACTS_Report_Summary_2012_7.12.pdf
43 Harris, ‘Spoonful of progress’.
44 Diaz, C. A., 2009. ‘Goodby and B-Reel Enter the Asylum for the Sequel to Doritos Hotel 626’. Creativity on Line, 23 September. Retrieved from http://adage.com/article/behind-the-work/goodby-b-reel-step-asylum-sequel-doritos-hotel-626/139224/, 20 March 2013.
45 Montgomery, K. & Chester, J., 2011. Digital Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents. Problematic Practices and Policy Interventions. Report from Public Health, Law & Policy (phlp). Washington DC: Robert Wood Johnson, 1–65.
46 Microsoft, 2009. ‘Games Advertising Strikes An Emotional Chord With Consumers,’ 15 June. See also Microsoft Advertising, ‘Doritos Xbox Live Arcade Game Smashes Records’, 21 June 2011. http://advertising.microsoft.com/en-uk/cl/1288/doritos-xbox-live-arcade-game
47 Liikkanen, L. A., 2012. ‘Involuntary music among normal populations and clinical cases’, ACNR, 12 (4), 12–14.
48 Gulas, C. S. & Schewe, C. D., 1994. Atmospheric Segmentation: Managing Store Image With Background Music, Enhancing Knowledge Development in Marketing, Chicago IL: American Marketing Association, 325–30.
49 Milliman, R. E., 1982. ‘Using background music to affect the behavior of supermarket shoppers’. Journal of Marketing, 46 (3), 86–91.
50 Blattner, M. M., Sumikawa, D. A. & Greenberg, R. M., 1989. ‘Earcons and Icons: Their Structure and Common Design Principles’, Human-Computer Interaction, 4 (1989), 11–14.
51 Fox, B., 2002. ‘Audible Icons’. New Scientist 176 (2371), 18.
52 Watson, J. B., 1924. Behaviourism. New York: W.W. Norton.
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36 http://www.preparedfoods.com/ext/resources/Special_Reports/Sweetening-the-Pot.pdf
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47 Ibid.
48 Grover, A., 2014. Special Rapporteur to health, ‘Unhealthy foods, non communicable diseases, and the right to health’. http://www.unscn.org/files/Announcements/Other_announcements/A-HRC-26-31_en.pdf
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66 Ibid.
67 Frediani, K., 2013. ‘Urban Food Production’, presentation, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lK5qQCEDwa8 accessed September 2014.
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1 Fell, J. & Leitch, M., 2014. Losing it Right: A Brutally Honest 3-Stage Program to Help You Get Fit and Lose Weight Without Losing Your Mind. Toronto. Random House Canada.
1 Freedhoff, Y., 2014. The Diet Fix. New York: Random House.
2 Park, M., 2010. ‘Twinkie diet helps nutrition professor lose 27 pounds’. http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/11/08/twinkie.diet.professor/ accessed August 2014.
3 Ibid.
4 Answers.com. 2014. ‘How Many Calories Per Gram of Macronutrient?’
5 Forbes, L., 2014. Interview with Dr Laura Forbes.
6 Ibid.
7 Smolin, L.A. & Grosvenor, M. B., 2013. ‘Carbohydrates: Sugars, Starches, and Fiber’. Nutrition: Science and Applications, 3rd ed. Vol 3. New Jersey: Wiley, 114–58.
8 Harvard School of Public Health, 2014. ‘The Nutrition Source, Carbohydrates’. http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/ accessed August 2014.
9 Andrews, R., 2014. ‘All about nutrient timing: Does when you eat really matter?’. Precision Nutrition. http://www.precisionnutrition.com/all-about-nutrient-timing
10 Davis, W., 2011. Wheat Belly. New York: Rodale; Perlmutter, D. & Loberg, K., 2013. Grain Brain: The Surprising Truth about Wheat. New York: Little Brown.
11 Gulli, C., 2013. ‘The dangers of going gluten-free’. Maclean’s Magazine. http://www.macleans.ca/society/life/gone-gluten-free/; Wheat Belly Lifestyles Institute. Wheat Belly FAQs, 2014. http://www.wheatbelly.com/articles/WBFAQs 10 September 2014.
12 NHS Choices, 2013. ‘Diagnosing coeliac disease’. http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Coeliac-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx accessed 20 August 2014.
13 Ibid.
14 Gulli, ‘The dangers of going gluten-free’.
15 Facts, P., 2012. Gluten-Free Foods and Beverages in the U.S., 4th Edition. http://www.packagedfacts.com/Gluten-Free-Foods-7144767/
16 Ibid.
17 Ratner, A., 2011. ‘Gluten Free Rice Krispies?’ http://www.glutenfreeliving.com/2011/02/22/gluten-free-rice-krispies/ accessed 10 September 2014.
18 Gulli, ‘The dangers of going gluten-free’.
19 Maguire, T. & Haslam, D., 2010. The Obesity Epidemic and Its Management. London: Pharmaceutical Press.
20 Forbes, interview.
21 Ibid.
22 Westerterp, K. R., Wilson, S. A. & Rolland, V., 1999. ‘Diet induced thermogenesis measured over 24h in a respiration chamber: effect of diet composition’. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 23 (3), 287–92.
23 Mikkelsen, P. B., Toubro, S. & Astrup, A., 2000. ‘Effect of fat-reduced diets on 24-h energy expenditure: comparisons between animal protein, vegetable protein, and carbohydrate’. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72 (5), 1135–41; Robinson, S. M., et al., 1990. ‘Protein turnover and thermogenesis in response to high-protein and high-carbohydrate feeding in men’. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 52 (1), 72–80.
24 McNay, D. E. & Speakman, J. R., 2012. ‘High fat diet causes rebound weight gain’. Molecular Metabolism. 2 (2), 103–8; St Jeor, S. T., et al., 2001. ‘Dietary protein and weight reduction: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism of the American Heart Association’. Circulation, 104 (15), 1869–74.
25 Forbes, interview.
26 Freedhoff, Y., 2014. Personal communication, Interview with Yoni Freedhoff, 17 July 2014.
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6 Wansink, B., 2006. Mindless Eating – Why We Eat More Than We Think. New York: Bantam-Dell, 2006.
7 Ibid; Wansink, B. & Linder, L. R., 2003. ‘Interactions between forms of fat consumption and restaurant bread consumption’. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 27 (7), 866–8.
8 Wansink, B. & Sobal, J., 2007. ‘Mindless eating: the 200 daily food decisions we overlook’. Environment & Behaviour, 39 (1), 106–123.
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11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 Ferrerò, G., 1894. ‘L’inertie mentale et la loi du moindre effort’. Revue Philosophique de la France et de l’Étranger, 37 (January–June), 169–182; Tolman, E. C., 1932. Purposive behavior in animals and men. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
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22 Secret Eaters, 2014, London, season 1, episode 4.
23 Bell, R. & Pliner, P.L., 2003. ‘Time to eat: the relationship between the number of people eating and meal duration in three lunch settings’. Appetite, 41 (2), 215–18.
24 Herman, C. P., Roth, D. A. & Polivy, J., 2003. ‘Effects of the presence of others on food intake: a normative interpretation’. Psychological Bulletin, 129 (6), 873–86; Wansink, B., 2004. ‘Environmental factors that increase the food intake and consumption volume of unknowing consumers’. Annual Review of Nutrition, 24 (2004), 455–79.
25 My Fitness Pal, 2014. Calories in a Large Glass of Wine.
26 Wansink, B., Payne, C. R. & Chandon, P., 2007. ‘Internal and external cues of meal cessation: the French paradox redux?’ Obesity, 15 (12), 2920–4.
27 Wing, R. R. & Hill, J. O., 2001. Successful weight loss maintenance. Annual Review of Nutrition, 21 (2001), 323–41; Wing, R. R. & Phelan, S., 2005. ‘Long-term weight loss maintenance’. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 82 (1 Suppl.), 222S–225S.
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8 Gavura, S., 2014. ‘Dr. Oz and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day’. Science Based Medicine. http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/tag/dr-oz/ accessed 10 September 2014.
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11 Ibid.
12 Kraak, V. I. & Story, M., 2010. ‘A public health perspective on healthy lifestyles and public–private partnerships for global childhood obesity prevention’. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 110 (2), 192–200.
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16 Borys, J. M., et al., 2012. ‘EPODE approach for childhood obesity prevention: methods, progress and international development’. Obesity Reviews, 13 (4), 299–315.
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18 https://responsibilitydeal.dh.gov.uk/pledges/
19 Hawkes & Buse, ‘Public health sector’.
20 Lang, T., Rayner, G. & Laelin, E., 2006. The Food Industry, Diet, Physical Activity and Health: A Review of Reported Commitments and Practice of 25 of the World’s Largest Food Companies. London: City University; Hawkes, C., Harris, J. L., 2011. ‘An analysis of the content of food industry pledges on marketing to children’. Public Health Nutrition, 14 (8), 1403–14.
21 Wootan, M., Batada, A. & Balkus, O., 2010. ‘Food Marketing Report Card: An Analysis of Food and Entertainment Company Policies to Self-Regulate Food and Beverage Marketing to Children, 2010’. http://cspinet.org/new/pdf/marketingreportcard. pdf accessed September 2014; King, L., et al., 2013. ‘Building the case for independent monitoring of food advertising on Australian television’. Public Health Nutrition, 16 (12), 2249–54; Sacks, G., et al., 2013. ‘A proposed approach to monitor private-sector policies and practices related to food environments, obesity and non-communicable disease prevention’. Obesity Reviews, 14 (Suppl 1), 38–48; Yach, D., et al., 2004. ‘The global burden of chronic diseases: overcoming impediments to prevention and control’. Journal of the American Medical Association, 291 (21), 2616–22.
22 King, L., et al., 2013 ‘Building the case for independent monitoring of food advertising on Australian television’. Public Health Nutrition, 16(12), 2249-54.
23 Access to Nutrition Index, 2013. http://www.accesstonutrition.org accessed September 2014.
24 Swinburn, B., et al., 2013. ‘INFORMAS (International Network for Food and Obesity/non-communicable diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support): overview and key principles’. Obesity Reviews, 14 (Suppl 1), 1–12.
25 Womack, S., 2006. ‘The Children Eating 9 L of Crisp Oil a Year’. Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1529490/The-children-eating-nine-litresof-crisp-oil-a-year.html accessed 8 August 2014.
26 Niederdeppe, J., Farrelly, M. C. & and Haviland M. L., 2004. ‘Confirming “truth”: more evidence of a successful tobacco countermarketing campaign in Florida’. American Journal of Public Health, 94 (2), 255–7; Hicks, J., 2001. ‘The strategy behind Florida’s “truth” campaign’. Tobacco Control, 10 (Spring), 3–5.
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29 Cohen, personal communication, 21 August 2014.
30 Cohen, D., 2014. A Big Fat Crisis: The Hidden Forces Behind the Obesity Epidemic – and How We Can End It. New York, NY: Nation Books, 117.
31 Schultz, E. J., 2012. ‘FTC Tallies Kid-Targeted Food Marketing at $1.79 Billion’. http://adage.com/article/news/ftc-tallies-kid-targeted-food-marketing-1-7-billion/238904/ accessed 10 August 2014.
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