Contents

Preface to the first edition

Preface to the third edition

Note to the fourth edition

Acknowledgements

1 Nouns
Gender
1.1 General exercise (1)	1
1.2 General exercise (2)	1
1.3 Masculine and feminine pairs	1/2
1.4 Words with two genders (1)	1
1.5 Words with two genders (2)	2/3
1.6 Words in –o and –a	1/2
1.7 Nouns ending in –ma	2/3
1.8 Nouns ending in –is	2/3
1.9 Words ending in –e	2
1.10 Gender of compound nouns	2/3
Number
1.11 Plural formation	1/2
1.12 Agreement of the verb	2
1.13 Spanish plural for English singular and vice versa	2
2 Articles
The form of the article
2.1 El or la, un, or una?	1
Uses of the article
2.2 The article with names of languages	1
2.3 The article with names of countries and towns	1/2
2.4 The article with days of the week	1/2
2.5 General exercise on the definite article	2
2.6 The indefinite article after a verb	2
2.7 Unos	2/3
Use and omission of the articles
2.8 Use and omission of the definite article	2
2.9 Use and omission of the indefinite article	2
2.10 Use and omission of the definite and indefinite article (1)	2/3
2.11 Use and omission of the definite and indefinite article (2)	3
3 Adjectives
Agreement
3.1 Basic agreement	1/2
3.2 More complex agreements	2/3
3.3 Colour adjectives	2/3
Formation of adjectives
3.4 Formation of the feminine	1/2
3.5 –ísimo forms	1
3.6 Adjectives pertaining to places	2
3.7 Adjectives formed from nouns (relational adjectives)	3
3.8 Translating ‘un–’	3
Adjective position
3.9 Adjective position (1)	2/3
3.10 Adjective position (2)	2/3
3.11 Position of adjective with nouns connected by de	2
3.12 Adjective position: bueno, malo, grande, pequeño	3
3.13 Adjectives whose meaning varies according to position	3
4 Comparatives
Regular and irregular comparative forms
4.1 Comparative forms of adjectives and adverbs	1
4.2 Más grande/mayor, más pequeño/menor	2
Comparisons of inequality
4.3 Más/menos que or más/menos de?	1
Comparisons of quantity with clauses
4.4 Distinguishing where there is a comparison with a clause	2
4.5 Constructing comparisons of quantity with a clause	2/3
Superlative of adjectives and adverbs
4.6 Superlative of adjectives	1
4.7 Equivalence with English ‘most’ and ‘–est’	3
Other comparative constructions
4.8 ‘The more … the more/the less … the less …’	1
4.9 ‘More and more …, less and less …’	2
Comparison of equality
4.10 Tan and tanto	1
Miscellaneous
4.11 General exercise (1)	2
4.12 General exercise (2)	2/3
5 Demonstratives
Agreement
5.1 Agreement	1
Usage
5.2 Equivalence with English	2
5.3 Demonstrative or article?	1/2
6 The neuter
6.1 Lo with adjectives or with adverbs 1
6.2 Translation of ‘how’ by lo 1/2
6.3 Translating lo + adjective/adverb 2
6.4 Lo as a neuter pronoun 1
6.5 Lo, lo que, lo de 2/3
6.6 Neuter demonstrative pronouns (esto, eso, aquello) 1
6.7 General exercise (1) 1
6.8 General exercise (2) 1/2
7 Possessives
7.1 Basic agreements	1
7.2 Use of the definite article in place of a possessive	1
7.3 Expression of the idea of possession	2/3
7.4 The definite article with the long possessive form	2
7.5 General exercise	2/3
8 Numbers
8.1 Numbers in full written (or spoken) form	2/3
8.2 Cardinal, ordinal, and collective numbers	3
8.3 Translating ordinal numbers	2/3
8.4 Cien or ciento?	2
8.5 Fractions	2
8.6 Advanced number expressions	2/3
9 Pronouns
Subject pronouns
9.1 Subject pronouns for emphasis and contrast	1/2
Second person forms
9.2 The voseo	3
9.3 Degrees of familiarity: tú and usted	3
Pronouns after prepositions
9.4 Pronouns after prepositions (1)	1
9.5 Pronouns after prepositions (2)	1/2
9.6 Pronouns after con	1
9.7 Reflexive pronouns with prepositions	2/3
Object pronouns
9.8 General exercise (1)	1
9.9 Order of object pronouns	1/2
9.10 Position with the imperative	1
9.11 Position with the gerund and past participles	1
9.12 Position of the pronoun in double verb constructions (1)	2/3
9.13 Position of the pronoun in double verb constructions (2)	3
9.14 Object pronouns used to denote personal involvement and possession	2/3
9.15 ‘Redundant’ or reduplicative object pronouns (1)	2
9.16 ‘Redundant’ or reduplicative object pronouns (2)	2
9.17 General exercise (2)	2
9.18 Le/les and se for le/les when followed by lo/la/los/las	1
9.19 The le/lo controversy	3
9.20 General exercise (3)	3
9.21 Use with certain verbs	3
10 Forms of verbs
10.1 Regular verbs	1/2
10.2 Spelling changes in verbs	1/2
10.3 Radical-changing verbs	1/2
10.4 Verb-form crossword (general exercise)	3
10.5 Irregular verbs: preterites	1
10.6 Irregular verbs: futures and conditionals	1
10.7 Irregular verbs: positive imperatives	1
10.8 The present subjunctive	1/2
10.9 The imperfect subjunctive	2
10.10 Voseo forms	3
10.11 General exercise on verb forms	2/3
11 Indicative usage
11.1 The present tense	2
11.2 Continuous and simple tenses (1)	2/3
11.3 Continuous and simple tenses (2)	3
11.4 The preterite and the imperfect (1)	1/2
11.5 The preterite and the imperfect (2)	1/2
11.6 The preterite and the imperfect (3)	2
11.7 Future tense (1)	2/3
11.8 Future tense (2)	2/3
11.9 Suppositional future	1/2
11.10 The conditional: use of the conditional for the future in the past	1/2
11.11 The conditional: use of the conditional in conditional contexts	1/2
11.12 Conditional for supposition about the past	2
11.13 Compound tenses (1)	1
11.14 Compound tenses (2)	2
11.15 The past tenses (1)	2
11.16 The past tenses (2)	2
11.17 The past tenses (3)	2
11.18 The past tenses (4)	2/3
11.19 The perfect tense in Latin America	3
11.20 The –ra verb form	3
12 The subjunctive
Possibility and probability
12.1 Expressions of possibility and probability	2
Influence
12.2 Verbs of influence (1)	2
12.3 Verbs of influence (2)	2
12.4 Subjunctive and infinitive	2
12.5 Infinitive and full clause	2/3
12.6 Verbs of permitting and forbidding	2
Emotional reactions and value judgements
12.7 Expressions indicating emotional reaction and value judgements	2
12.8 Sería … que . . .	2
12.9 Expressing doubt, fear, and hope	2
12.10 General exercises on statements, assumptions, and value judgements	3
Verbs of denying and negated verbs of stating, declaring, knowing, thinking, and understanding
12.11 Negative main clause + que	2/3
12.12 Indirect negative questions and negated imperatives	2/3
Subjunctive after noun phrases
12.13 Noun + de que	1/2
12.14 ‘The fact that …’	2
Change of meaning with the subjunctive
12.15 Verbs with a double meaning (1)	3
12.16 Verbs with a double meaning (2)	3
Subjunctive after subordinators
12.17 Purpose, cause, manner, and result	2
12.18 Subjunctive and indicative with como	2/3
12.19 Como si	1/2
12.20 Time	2
12.21 Concession	2
Condition and exception
12.22 Subordinators other than si (1)	2
12.23 Subordinators other than si (2)	2/3
Relative clauses
12.24 The subjunctive in relative clauses (1)	3
12.25 The subjunctive in relative clauses (2)	3
12.26 Translating ‘however’, ‘whatever’, ‘whoever’, ‘whichever’, etc.	3
The subjunctive in main clauses
12.27 The subjunctive to express wishes	2/3
Miscellaneous
12.28 General exercise on the subjunctive (1)	1/2
12.29 General exercise on the subjunctive (2)	3
13 The imperative
The second person imperatives
13.1 The tú and vosotros imperatives (1)	1
13.2 The tú and vosotros imperatives (2)	1/2
13.3 Imperatives with object pronouns	2
13.4 Negative imperatives with object pronouns	1/2
13.5 The vos imperative	3
13.6 Latin American and peninsular usage	2
Imperatives in other persons
13.7 First person imperatives	2
13.8 Third person imperatives	2
13.9 The infinitive used as an imperative	1
14 Non-finite forms of the verb
Infinitive
14.1 Infinitive governed by a verb	2
14.2 Verbs followed by the infinitive	2
14.3 Verbs of perception	2
14.4 Infinitive after prepositions	2
14.5 Choice between infinitive and que + finite verb	2
14.6 Infinitive as a noun	1
14.7 Adjective + de + infinitive	2
Past participles
14.8 Forms (1)	1
14.9 Forms (2)	2/3
14.10 Verbal and adjectival past participles	3
14.11 Participle clauses	2/3
Forms in –nte
14.12 Forms	1/2
14.13 Use	3
14.14 Spanish –nte forms as the equivalent of English ‘–ing’ forms	2
The gerund
14.15 Forms	1
14.16 Adverbial use of the gerund	3
14.17 The gerund as a substitute for a relative clause verb	3
14.18 Verbs with the gerund (1)	2/3
14.19 Verbs with the gerund (2)	3
Translating English ‘–ing’
14.20 Translating English ‘–ing’ (1)	2
14.21 Translating English ‘–ing’ (2)	3
15 Auxiliary verbs – poder, saber, etc.
Poder and saber
15.1 Expressions of ability	1
15.2 Pudo, no pudo/podía, no podía?	2
15.3 The conditional of poder used for polite requests	2
15.4 The imperfect of poder used for reproaching	2
15.5 Poder used in speculations and suggestions	3
Deber, deber de, and tener que
15.6 Expressions of obligation	3
Haber que
15.7 Haber que and tener que	2
Querer
15.8 ‘To want to’	2
Soler
15.9 ‘Usually’	2
16 Personal a
16.1 Before nouns denoting human beings or animals	1
16.2 Personal a before pronouns	1
16.3 Before relative pronouns	2
16.4 General exercise on the use of personal a	2
17 Negative constructions
General
17.1 The syntax of negative sentences	1
17.2 General exercise	2
17.3 Translating English ‘no’	2/3
Individual negative elements
17.4 Ninguno, nada, and nadie	1/2
17.5 ‘Redundant’ no	3
17.6 Nomás	3
18 Questions and exclamations
18.1 General exercise	1
18.2 Que and qué	1/2
18.3 Cuál and qué	1/2
18.4 ¡Qué – más/tan – !	1
18.5 Translating ‘how’	2/3
19 Conditional sentences
19.1 Open conditions	1
19.2 Remote conditions (1)	1
19.3 Remote conditions (2)	1/2
19.4 Unfulfilled conditions (1)	2
19.5 Unfulfilled conditions (2)	2/3
19.6 Remote and unfulfilled conditions (1)	2
19.7 Remote and unfulfilled conditions (2)	2
19.8 General exercise on conditional sentences	2/3
19.9 Other ways of expressing conditions (1)	2
19.10 Other ways of expressing conditions (2)	3
20 Pronominal verbs
The literal reflexive
20.1 Making reciprocal meaning clear	2
20.2 Translation of ‘–self’	3
20.3 Errors in the use of the reflexive	1
Spanish pronominal verb corresponding to an English intransitive verb
20.4 Pronominal and non-pronominal forms of the same verb	3
Nuances of pronominal verbs
20.5 Optional and obligatory reflexive pronouns	3
20.6 Rendering pronominal nuances in English	3
20.7 Quedar and quedarse	3
‘Passive’ and ‘impersonal’ uses of the third person reflexive
20.8 Expression of an indefinite subject	3
20.9 Definite or indefinite subject?	3
Miscellaneous
20.10 Use of se	2/3
21 The expression of ‘becoming’
21.1 Verbs expressing the notion of ‘becoming’ (1)	2
21.2 Verbs expressing the notion of ‘becoming’ (2)	2
21.3 Special verbs meaning ‘becoming’ (1)	2
21.4 Special verbs meaning ‘becoming’ (2)	2/3
21.5 Translation of English ‘become’	3
22 Passive
22.1 Passive with ser	1
22.2 Translation of the passive and impersonal se	1
22.3 Translation of the English passive	2/3
22.4 Avoiding the passive with ser	2/3
22.5 Ser/estar + past participle	2/3
22.6 Noting the frequency of passive constructions	3
22.7 Other impersonal constructions	2/3
22.8 The ‘passive’ meaning of the infinitive	2
23 Ser, estar, and haber
Basic uses
23.1 Ser and estar: general exercise	1/2
23.2 Haber and estar in contrast	1
23.3 Direct object pronouns with haber, ser, and estar	2
23.4 Sentences involving both ser and estar	2
More advanced uses of ser and estar
23.5 General exercise (1)	2
23.6 General exercise (2)	2/3
23.7 General exercise (3)	2/3
Ser and estar in specific contexts
23.8 Ser de and estar de	2
23.9 Ser and estar with adverbs like bien, mejor, mal	2
23.10 Ser and estar with expressions of location	2
23.11 Ser and estar with adjectives (1)	3
23.12 Ser and estar with adjectives (2): change of condition	2
24 Adverbs
General
24.1 Formation of adverbs in –mente from adjectives	1
24.2 Combining adverbs in –mente	2
24.3 Avoiding adverbs in –mente	2
Discrimination of adverbs
24.4 Aquí, ahí, allí, acá, allá	2/3
24.5 Aun and aún	2
24.6 Bajo, abajo, debajo	2/3
24.7 Luego and entonces	2/3
24.8 Detrás and atrás	2
Ya
24.9 Ya	2/3
Adverbial phrases
24.10 Adverbial phrases of manner	2/3
25 Expressions of time
25.1 Time phrases expressing duration (1)	1
25.2 Time phrases expressing duration (2)	2
25.3 ‘Since’ expressions	3
25.4 Desde, desde que, and desde hace	1
25.5 General exercise (1)	2
25.6 General exercise (2)	2/3
25.7 Translating ‘ago’	2
25.8 En or dentro de?	1
25.9 Verbal constructions expressing notions of time	2
26 Conjunctions
26.1 Pero, sino, and si no	2
26.2 Sino and sino que	3
26.3 Y (e), o (u), ni	1
Que
26.4 Que, qué, or de qué?	2
26.5 Dequeísmo	2/3
Conjunctions of cause and consequence
26.6 Por qué, porque, or porqué?	1
26.7 Como, porque, así que	1
Conjunctions of consequence and result
26.8 General exercise	2/3
Concession
26.9 Aunque, a pesar de que, por … que	3
Condition and exception
26.10 Substitutes for si	3
Purpose and aim
26.11 Para que	2/3
Conjunctions of time
26.12 General exercise	3
27 Prepositions
a and en
27.1 General exercise	2
27.2 Idiomatic expressions with a and en	3
De and desde
27.3 Discriminating de and desde	2
Por and para
27.4 Discrimination of por and para: general	2
27.5 Place and time	2/3
27.6 Idiomatic expressions with por and para	3
27.7 Verbs followed by por or para	3
27.8 General exercise	3
Other prepositions
27.9 Ante and delante de	1
27.10 Bajo and debajo de	1
27.11 Tras	2
27.12 Choosing a preposition	2
Prepositional phrases
27.13 Prepositional phrases	2/3
Verbs with prepositions
27.14 Multiple choice exercise	1/2
28 Relative pronouns
28.1 Relative pronouns in Spanish and English	2
28.2 Relative pronouns	1
28.3 Relative clauses	1/2
28.4 Use after a preposition	2
28.5 Discrimination of lo que/cual, el que/cual, etc.	2
28.6 Cuyo	1
28.7 Donde, adonde, de donde, como, and cuando as relatives	1/2
29 Nominalizers and cleft sentences
Nominalizers
29.1 El de, etc.	1/2
29.2 Use of el de, el que, etc.	2
29.3 Use of lo de	2
Cleft sentences
29.4 The cleft sentence construction	2/3
29.5 Lo que or el que, etc.	2/3
29.6 ‘That’s why’	2
29.7 Verb form agreement	2/3
30 Word order
30.1 Word order in sentences containing relative clauses	2
30.2 Word order in questions	2
30.3 Word order in exclamations	2
30.4 Word order with adverbs (1)	2
30.5 Word order with adverbs (2)	2
30.6 Word order in relative clauses	2
30.7 Set phrases	3
31 Affective suffixes
Diminutive suffixes
31.1 Forms	1
31.2 Real and apparent diminutives	3
Augmentative suffixes
31.3 Forms	1
31.4 –azo	3
31.5 Some recent augmentative forms	3
31.6 Real and apparent augmentatives	3
31.7 –azo and –udo	3
31.8 General exercise	1
32 Spelling and punctuation
32.1 Accents	1/2
32.2 Differences between words based on the written accent	2
32.3 Use of upper and lower case letters	2
32.4 Punctuation of direct speech	2/3
32.5 Question and exclamation marks	1/2
33 General exercises
33.1 Close test (1)	2
33.2 Close test (2)	2
33.3 Multiple choice (1)	2
33.4 Multiple choice (2)	2/3
33.5 Spot the mistakes (1)	2/3
33.6 Spot the mistakes (2)	3

Glossary of grammatical terms

Key to the exercises

1. Cover
2. Half Title
3. Series
4. Title
5. Copyright
6. Contents
7. Preface to the first edition
8. Preface to the third edition
9. Note to the fourth edition
10. Acknowledgements
11. 1 Nouns
    1. Gender
       1. 1.1 General exercise (1) 1
       2. 1.2 General exercise (2) 1
       3. 1.3 Masculine and feminine pairs 1/2
       4. 1.4 Words with two genders (1) 1
       5. 1.5 Words with two genders (2) 2/3
       6. 1.6 Words in –o and –a 1/2
       7. 1.7 Nouns ending in –ma 2/3
       8. 1.8 Nouns ending in –is 2/3
       9. 1.9 Words ending in –e 2
       10. 1.10 Gender of compound nouns 2/3
    2. Number
       1. 1.11 Plural formation 1/2
       2. 1.12 Agreement of the verb 2
       3. 1.13 Spanish plural for English singular and vice versa 2
12. 2 Articles
    1. The form of the article
       1. 2.1 El or la, un, or una? 1
    2. Uses of the article
       1. 2.2 The article with names of languages 1
       2. 2.3 The article with names of countries and towns 1/2
       3. 2.4 The article with days of the week 1/2
       4. 2.5 General exercise on the definite article 2
       5. 2.6 The indefinite article after a verb 2
       6. 2.7 Unos 2/3
    3. Use and omission of the articles
       1. 2.8 Use and omission of the definite article 2
       2. 2.9 Use and omission of the indefinite article 2
       3. 2.10 Use and omission of the definite and indefinite article (1) 2/3
       4. 2.11 Use and omission of the definite and indefinite article (2) 3
13. 3 Adjectives
    1. Agreement
       1. 3.1 Basic agreement 1/2
       2. 3.2 More complex agreements 2/3
       3. 3.3 Colour adjectives 2/3
    2. Formation of adjectives
       1. 3.4 Formation of the feminine 1/2
       2. 3.5 –ísimo forms 1
       3. 3.6 Adjectives pertaining to places 2
       4. 3.7 Adjectives formed from nouns (relational adjectives) 3
       5. 3.8 Translating ‘un–’ 3
    3. Adjective position
       1. 3.9 Adjective position (1) 2/3
       2. 3.10 Adjective position (2) 2/3
       3. 3.11 Position of adjective with nouns connected by de 2
       4. 3.12 Adjective position: bueno, malo, grande, pequeño 3
       5. 3.13 Adjectives whose meaning varies according to position 3
14. 4 Comparatives
    1. Regular and irregular comparative forms
       1. 4.1 Comparative forms of adjectives and adverbs 1
       2. 4.2 Más grande/mayor, más pequeño/menor 2
    2. Comparisons of inequality
       1. 4.3 Más/menos que or más/menos de? 1
    3. Comparisons of quantity with clauses
       1. 4.4 Distinguishing where there is a comparison with a clause 2
       2. 4.5 Constructing comparisons of quantity with a clause 2/3
    4. Superlative of adjectives and adverbs
       1. 4.6 Superlative of adjectives 1
       2. 4.7 Equivalence with English ‘most’ and ‘–est’ 3
    5. Other comparative constructions
       1. 4.8 ‘The more … the more/the less … the less …’ 1
       2. 4.9 ‘More and more …, less and less …’ 2
    6. Comparison of equality
       1. 4.10 Tan and tanto 1
    7. Miscellaneous
       1. 4.11 General exercise (1) 2
       2. 4.12 General exercise (2) 2/3
15. 5 Demonstratives
    1. Agreement
       1. 5.1 Agreement 1
    2. Usage
       1. 5.2 Equivalence with English 2
       2. 5.3 Demonstrative or article? 1/2
16. 6 The neuter
    1. 6.1 Lo with adjectives or with adverbs 1
    2. 6.2 Translation of ‘how’ by lo 1/2
    3. 6.3 Translating lo + adjective/adverb 2
    4. 6.4 Lo as a neuter pronoun 1
    5. 6.5 Lo, lo que, lo de 2/3
    6. 6.6 Neuter demonstrative pronouns (esto, eso, aquello) 1
    7. 6.7 General exercise (1) 1
    8. 6.8 General exercise (2) 1/2
17. 7 Possessives
    1. 7.1 Basic agreements 1
    2. 7.2 Use of the definite article in place of a possessive 1
    3. 7.3 Expression of the idea of possession 2/3
    4. 7.4 The definite article with the long possessive form 2
    5. 7.5 General exercise 2/3
18. 8 Numbers
    1. 8.1 Numbers in full written (or spoken) form 2/3
    2. 8.2 Cardinal, ordinal, and collective numbers 3
    3. 8.3 Translating ordinal numbers 2/3
    4. 8.4 Cien or ciento? 2
    5. 8.5 Fractions 2
    6. 8.6 Advanced number expressions 2/3
19. 9 Pronouns
    1. Subject pronouns
       1. 9.1 Subject pronouns for emphasis and contrast 1/2
    2. Second person forms
       1. 9.2 The voseo 3
       2. 9.3 Degrees of familiarity: tú and usted 3
    3. Pronouns after prepositions
       1. 9.4 Pronouns after prepositions (1) 1
       2. 9.5 Pronouns after prepositions (2) 1/2
       3. 9.6 Pronouns after con 1
       4. 9.7 Reflexive pronouns with prepositions 2/3
    4. Object pronouns
       1. 9.8 General exercise (1) 1
       2. 9.9 Order of object pronouns 1/2
       3. 9.10 Position with the imperative 1
       4. 9.11 Position with the gerund and past participles 1
       5. 9.12 Position of the pronoun in double verb constructions (1) 2/3
       6. 9.13 Position of the pronoun in double verb constructions (2) 3
       7. 9.14 Object pronouns used to denote personal involvement and possession 2/3
       8. 9.15 ‘Redundant’ or reduplicative object pronouns (1) 2
       9. 9.16 ‘Redundant’ or reduplicative object pronouns (2) 2
       10. 9.17 General exercise (2) 2
       11. 9.18 Le/les and se for le/les when followed by lo/la/los/las 1
       12. 9.19 The le/lo controversy 3
       13. 9.20 General exercise (3) 3
       14. 9.21 Use with certain verbs 3
20. 10 Forms of verbs
    1. 10.1 Regular verbs 1/2
    2. 10.2 Spelling changes in verbs 1/2
    3. 10.3 Radical-changing verbs 1/2
    4. 10.4 Verb-form crossword (general exercise) 3
    5. 10.5 Irregular verbs: preterites 1
    6. 10.6 Irregular verbs: futures and conditionals 1
    7. 10.7 Irregular verbs: positive imperatives 1
    8. 10.8 The present subjunctive 1/2
    9. 10.9 The imperfect subjunctive 2
    10. 10.10 Voseo forms 3
    11. 10.11 General exercise on verb forms 2/3
21. 11 Indicative usage
    1. 11.1 The present tense 2
    2. 11.2 Continuous and simple tenses (1) 2/3
    3. 11.3 Continuous and simple tenses (2) 3
    4. 11.4 The preterite and the imperfect (1) 1/2
    5. 11.5 The preterite and the imperfect (2) 1/2
    6. 11.6 The preterite and the imperfect (3) 2
    7. 11.7 Future tense (1) 2/3
    8. 11.8 Future tense (2) 2/3
    9. 11.9 Suppositional future 1/2
    10. 11.10 The conditional: use of the conditional for the future in the past 1/2
    11. 11.11 The conditional: use of the conditional in conditional contexts 1/2
    12. 11.12 Conditional for supposition about the past 2
    13. 11.13 Compound tenses (1) 1
    14. 11.14 Compound tenses (2) 2
    15. 11.15 The past tenses (1) 2
    16. 11.16 The past tenses (2) 2
    17. 11.17 The past tenses (3) 2
    18. 11.18 The past tenses (4) 2/3
    19. 11.19 The perfect tense in Latin America 3
    20. 11.20 The –ra verb form 3
22. 12 The subjunctive
    1. Possibility and probability
       1. 12.1 Expressions of possibility and probability 2
    2. Influence
       1. 12.2 Verbs of influence (1) 2
       2. 12.3 Verbs of influence (2) 2
       3. 12.4 Subjunctive and infinitive 2
       4. 12.5 Infinitive and full clause 2/3
       5. 12.6 Verbs of permitting and forbidding 2
    3. Emotional reactions and value judgements
       1. 12.7 Expressions indicating emotional reaction and value judgements 2
       2. 12.8 Sería … que . . . 2
       3. 12.9 Expressing doubt, fear, and hope 2
       4. 12.10 General exercises on statements, assumptions, and value judgements 3
    4. Verbs of denying and negated verbs of stating, declaring, knowing, thinking, and understanding
       1. 12.11 Negative main clause + que 2/3
       2. 12.12 Indirect negative questions and negated imperatives 2/3
    5. Subjunctive after noun phrases
       1. 12.13 Noun + de que 1/2
       2. 12.14 ‘The fact that …’ 2
    6. Change of meaning with the subjunctive
       1. 12.15 Verbs with a double meaning (1) 3
       2. 12.16 Verbs with a double meaning (2) 3
    7. Subjunctive after subordinators
       1. 12.17 Purpose, cause, manner, and result 2
       2. 12.18 Subjunctive and indicative with como 2/3
       3. 12.19 Como si 1/2
       4. 12.20 Time 2
       5. 12.21 Concession 2
    8. Condition and exception
       1. 12.22 Subordinators other than si (1) 2
       2. 12.23 Subordinators other than si (2) 2/3
    9. Relative clauses
       1. 12.24 The subjunctive in relative clauses (1) 3
       2. 12.25 The subjunctive in relative clauses (2) 3
       3. 12.26 Translating ‘however’, ‘whatever’, ‘whoever’, ‘whichever’, etc. 3
    10. The subjunctive in main clauses
        1. 12.27 The subjunctive to express wishes 2/3
    11. Miscellaneous
        1. 12.28 General exercise on the subjunctive (1) 1/2
        2. 12.29 General exercise on the subjunctive (2) 3
23. 13 The imperative
    1. The second person imperatives
       1. 13.1 The tú and vosotros imperatives (1) 1
       2. 13.2 The tú and vosotros imperatives (2) 1/2
       3. 13.3 Imperatives with object pronouns 2
       4. 13.4 Negative imperatives with object pronouns 1/2
       5. 13.5 The vos imperative 3
       6. 13.6 Latin American and peninsular usage 2
    2. Imperatives in other persons
       1. 13.7 First person imperatives 2
       2. 13.8 Third person imperatives 2
       3. 13.9 The infinitive used as an imperative 1
24. 14 Non-finite forms of the verb
    1. Infinitive
       1. 14.1 Infinitive governed by a verb 2
       2. 14.2 Verbs followed by the infinitive 2
       3. 14.3 Verbs of perception 2
       4. 14.4 Infinitive after prepositions 2
       5. 14.5 Choice between infinitive and que + finite verb 2
       6. 14.6 Infinitive as a noun 1
       7. 14.7 Adjective + de + infinitive 2
    2. Past participles
       1. 14.8 Forms (1) 1
       2. 14.9 Forms (2) 2/3
       3. 14.10 Verbal and adjectival past participles 3
       4. 14.11 Participle clauses 2/3
    3. Forms in –nte
       1. 14.12 Forms 1/2
       2. 14.13 Use 3
       3. 14.14 Spanish –nte forms as the equivalent of English ‘–ing’ forms 2
    4. The gerund
       1. 14.15 Forms 1
       2. 14.16 Adverbial use of the gerund 3
       3. 14.17 The gerund as a substitute for a relative clause verb 3
       4. 14.18 Verbs with the gerund (1) 2/3
       5. 14.19 Verbs with the gerund (2) 3
    5. Translating English ‘–ing’
       1. 14.20 Translating English ‘–ing’ (1) 2
       2. 14.21 Translating English ‘–ing’ (2) 3
25. 15 Auxiliary verbs – poder, saber, etc.
    1. Poder and saber
       1. 15.1 Expressions of ability 1
       2. 15.2 Pudo, no pudo/podía, no podía? 2
       3. 15.3 The conditional of poder used for polite requests 2
       4. 15.4 The imperfect of poder used for reproaching 2
       5. 15.5 Poder used in speculations and suggestions 3
    2. Deber, deber de, and tener que
       1. 15.6 Expressions of obligation 3
    3. Haber que
       1. 15.7 Haber que and tener que 2
    4. Querer
       1. 15.8 ‘To want to’ 2
    5. Soler
       1. 15.9 ‘Usually’ 2
26. 16 Personal a
    1. 16.1 Before nouns denoting human beings or animals 1
    2. 16.2 Personal a before pronouns 1
    3. 16.3 Before relative pronouns 2
    4. 16.4 General exercise on the use of personal a 2
27. 17 Negative constructions
    1. General
       1. 17.1 The syntax of negative sentences 1
       2. 17.2 General exercise 2
       3. 17.3 Translating English ‘no’ 2/3
    2. Individual negative elements
       1. 17.4 Ninguno, nada, and nadie 1/2
       2. 17.5 ‘Redundant’ no 3
       3. 17.6 Nomás 3
28. 18 Questions and exclamations
    1. 18.1 General exercise 1
    2. 18.2 Que and qué 1/2
    3. 18.3 Cuál and qué 1/2
    4. 18.4 ¡Qué – más/tan – ! 1
    5. 18.5 Translating ‘how’ 2/3
29. 19 Conditional sentences
    1. 19.1 Open conditions 1
    2. 19.2 Remote conditions (1) 1
    3. 19.3 Remote conditions (2) 1/2
    4. 19.4 Unfulfilled conditions (1) 2
    5. 19.5 Unfulfilled conditions (2) 2/3
    6. 19.6 Remote and unfulfilled conditions (1) 2
    7. 19.7 Remote and unfulfilled conditions (2) 2
    8. 19.8 General exercise on conditional sentences 2/3
    9. 19.9 Other ways of expressing conditions (1) 2
    10. 19.10 Other ways of expressing conditions (2) 3
30. 20 Pronominal verbs
    1. The literal reflexive
       1. 20.1 Making reciprocal meaning clear 2
       2. 20.2 Translation of ‘–self’ 3
       3. 20.3 Errors in the use of the reflexive 1
    2. Spanish pronominal verb corresponding to an English intransitive verb
       1. 20.4 Pronominal and non-pronominal forms of the same verb 3
    3. Nuances of pronominal verbs
       1. 20.5 Optional and obligatory reflexive pronouns 3
       2. 20.6 Rendering pronominal nuances in English 3
       3. 20.7 Quedar and quedarse 3
    4. ‘Passive’ and ‘impersonal’ uses of the third person reflexive
       1. 20.8 Expression of an indefinite subject 3
       2. 20.9 Definite or indefinite subject? 3
    5. Miscellaneous
       1. 20.10 Use of se 2/3
31. 21 The expression of ‘becoming’
    1. 21.1 Verbs expressing the notion of ‘becoming’ (1) 2
    2. 21.2 Verbs expressing the notion of ‘becoming’ (2) 2
    3. 21.3 Special verbs meaning ‘becoming’ (1) 2
    4. 21.4 Special verbs meaning ‘becoming’ (2) 2/3
    5. 21.5 Translation of English ‘become’ 3
32. 22 Passive
    1. 22.1 Passive with ser 1
    2. 22.2 Translation of the passive and impersonal se 1
    3. 22.3 Translation of the English passive 2/3
    4. 22.4 Avoiding the passive with ser 2/3
    5. 22.5 Ser/estar + past participle 2/3
    6. 22.6 Noting the frequency of passive constructions 3
    7. 22.7 Other impersonal constructions 2/3
    8. 22.8 The ‘passive’ meaning of the infinitive 2
33. 23 Ser, estar, and haber
    1. Basic uses
       1. 23.1 Ser and estar: general exercise 1/2
       2. 23.2 Haber and estar in contrast 1
       3. 23.3 Direct object pronouns with haber, ser, and estar 2
       4. 23.4 Sentences involving both ser and estar 2
    2. More advanced uses of ser and estar
       1. 23.5 General exercise (1) 2
       2. 23.6 General exercise (2) 2/3
       3. 23.7 General exercise (3) 2/3
    3. Ser and estar in specific contexts
       1. 23.8 Ser de and estar de 2
       2. 23.9 Ser and estar with adverbs like bien, mejor, mal 2
       3. 23.10 Ser and estar with expressions of location 2
       4. 23.11 Ser and estar with adjectives (1) 3
       5. 23.12 Ser and estar with adjectives (2): change of condition 2
34. 24 Adverbs
    1. General
       1. 24.1 Formation of adverbs in –mente from adjectives 1
       2. 24.2 Combining adverbs in –mente 2
       3. 24.3 Avoiding adverbs in –mente 2
    2. Discrimination of adverbs
       1. 24.4 Aquí, ahí, allí, acá, allá 2/3
       2. 24.5 Aun and aún 2
       3. 24.6 Bajo, abajo, debajo 2/3
       4. 24.7 Luego and entonces 2/3
       5. 24.8 Detrás and atrás 2
    3. Ya
       1. 24.9 Ya 2/3
    4. Adverbial phrases
       1. 24.10 Adverbial phrases of manner 2/3
35. 25 Expressions of time
    1. 25.1 Time phrases expressing duration (1) 1
    2. 25.2 Time phrases expressing duration (2) 2
    3. 25.3 ‘Since’ expressions 3
    4. 25.4 Desde, desde que, and desde hace 1
    5. 25.5 General exercise (1) 2
    6. 25.6 General exercise (2) 2/3
    7. 25.7 Translating ‘ago’ 2
    8. 25.8 En or dentro de? 1
    9. 25.9 Verbal constructions expressing notions of time 2
36. 26 Conjunctions
    1. 26.1 Pero, sino, and si no 2
    2. 26.2 Sino and sino que 3
    3. 26.3 Y (e), o (u), ni 1
    4. Que
       1. 26.4 Que, qué, or de qué? 2
       2. 26.5 Dequeísmo 2/3
    5. Conjunctions of cause and consequence
       1. 26.6 Por qué, porque, or porqué? 1
       2. 26.7 Como, porque, así que 1
    6. Conjunctions of consequence and result
       1. 26.8 General exercise 2/3
    7. Concession
       1. 26.9 Aunque, a pesar de que, por … que 3
    8. Condition and exception
       1. 26.10 Substitutes for si 3
    9. Purpose and aim
       1. 26.11 Para que 2/3
    10. Conjunctions of time
        1. 26.12 General exercise 3
37. 27 Prepositions
    1. a and en
       1. 27.1 General exercise 2
       2. 27.2 Idiomatic expressions with a and en 3
    2. De and desde
       1. 27.3 Discriminating de and desde 2
    3. Por and para
       1. 27.4 Discrimination of por and para: general 2
       2. 27.5 Place and time 2/3
       3. 27.6 Idiomatic expressions with por and para 3
       4. 27.7 Verbs followed by por or para 3
       5. 27.8 General exercise 3
    4. Other prepositions
       1. 27.9 Ante and delante de 1
       2. 27.10 Bajo and debajo de 1
       3. 27.11 Tras 2
       4. 27.12 Choosing a preposition 2
    5. Prepositional phrases
       1. 27.13 Prepositional phrases 2/3
    6. Verbs with prepositions
       1. 27.14 Multiple choice exercise 1/2
38. 28 Relative pronouns
    1. 28.1 Relative pronouns in Spanish and English 2
    2. 28.2 Relative pronouns 1
    3. 28.3 Relative clauses 1/2
    4. 28.4 Use after a preposition 2
    5. 28.5 Discrimination of lo que/cual, el que/cual, etc. 2
    6. 28.6 Cuyo 1
    7. 28.7 Donde, adonde, de donde, como, and cuando as relatives 1/2
39. 29 Nominalizers and cleft sentences
    1. Nominalizers
       1. 29.1 El de, etc. 1/2
       2. 29.2 Use of el de, el que, etc. 2
       3. 29.3 Use of lo de 2
    2. Cleft sentences
       1. 29.4 The cleft sentence construction 2/3
       2. 29.5 Lo que or el que, etc. 2/3
       3. 29.6 ‘That’s why’ 2
       4. 29.7 Verb form agreement 2/3
40. 30 Word order
    1. 30.1 Word order in sentences containing relative clauses 2
    2. 30.2 Word order in questions 2
    3. 30.3 Word order in exclamations 2
    4. 30.4 Word order with adverbs (1) 2
    5. 30.5 Word order with adverbs (2) 2
    6. 30.6 Word order in relative clauses 2
    7. 30.7 Set phrases 3
41. 31 Affective suffixes
    1. Diminutive suffixes
       1. 31.1 Forms 1
       2. 31.2 Real and apparent diminutives 3
    2. Augmentative suffixes
       1. 31.3 Forms 1
       2. 31.4 –azo 3
       3. 31.5 Some recent augmentative forms 3
       4. 31.6 Real and apparent augmentatives 3
       5. 31.7 –azo and –udo 3
       6. 31.8 General exercise 1
42. 32 Spelling and punctuation
    1. 32.1 Accents 1/2
    2. 32.2 Differences between words based on the written accent 2
    3. 32.3 Use of upper and lower case letters 2
    4. 32.4 Punctuation of direct speech 2/3
    5. 32.5 Question and exclamation marks 1/2
43. 33 General exercises
    1. 33.1 Close test (1) 2
    2. 33.2 Close test (2) 2
    3. 33.3 Multiple choice (1) 2
    4. 33.4 Multiple choice (2) 2/3
    5. 33.5 Spot the mistakes (1) 2/3
    6. 33.6 Spot the mistakes (2) 3
44. Glossary of grammatical terms
45. Key to the exercises

1. i
2. ii
3. iii
4. iv
5. v
6. vi
7. vii
8. viii
9. ix
10. x
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1. Cover
2. Title
3. Copyright
4. Contents
5. Preface to the first edition
6. Preface to the third edition
7. Note to the fourth edition
8. Acknowledgements
9. Start of Content
10. Glossary of grammatical terms
11. Key to the exercises