Notes

INTRODUCTION

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4. Dorsey ER, Bloem BR. The Parkinson pandemic—a call to action. JAMA Neurology. 2018;75(1):9–10.

5. Ibid.

6. Ascherio A, Schwarzschild MA. The epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease: risk factors and prevention. Lancet Neurology. 2016;15(12):1257–1272; Goldman SM. Environmental toxins and Parkinson’s disease. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2014;54(1):141–164; Elbaz A, Carcaillon L, Kab S, Moisan F. Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease. Revue Neurologique. 2016;172(1):14–26.

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11. Parkinson J. An essay on the shaking palsy. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2002;14(2):223–236.

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15. Roser M, Ritchie H. Fertilizer and pesticides. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/fertilizer-and-pesticides. Accessed March 25, 2019.

16. Ascherio A, Chen H, Weisskopf MG, et al. Pesticide exposure and risk for Parkinson’s disease. Annals of Neurology. 2006;60(2):197–203; Semchuk KM, Love EJ, Lee RG. Parkinson’s disease and exposure to agricultural work and pesticide chemicals. Neurology. 1992;42(7):1328–1328; Pezzoli G, Cereda E. Exposure to pesticides or solvents and risk of Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2013;80(22):2035–2041; Tanner CM, Kamel F, Ross GW, et al. Rotenone, paraquat, and Parkinson’s disease. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2011;119(6):866–872.

17. Caudle WM, Guillot TS, Lazo CR, Miller GW. Industrial toxicants and Parkinson’s disease. Neurotoxicology. 2012;33(2):178–188; Betarbet R, Sherer TB, Greenamyre JT. Animal models of Parkinson’s disease. BioEssays. 2002;24(4):308–318; Uversky VN. Neurotoxicant-induced animal models of Parkinson’s disease: understanding the role of rotenone, maneb and paraquat in neurodegeneration. Cell and Tissue Research. 2004;318(1):225–241.

18. Hogue C. Trump administration delays bans of toxic solvents. Chemical & Engineering News. December 20, 2017. https://cen.acs.org/articles/95/web/2017/12/Trump-administration-delays-bans-toxic.html. Accessed March 28, 2019.

19. Barringer F. E.P.A. charts risks of a ubiquitous chemical. New York Times. September 30, 2011; Vettel P. Worried about decaf coffee? Fears are groundless. Chicago Tribune. May 19, 1985. www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-05-19-8502010068-story.html. Accessed July 19, 2019.

20. What is Superfund? US Environmental Protection Agency. www.epa.gov/superfund/what-superfund. Updated November 30, 2018. Accessed March 28, 2019.

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22. Trichloroethylene. US Environmental Protection Agency. April 1992. www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/trichloroethylene.pdf. Updated January 2000. Accessed March 28, 2019.

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24. Risk management for trichloroethylene (TCE). US Environmental Protection Agency. www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/risk-management-trichloroethylene-tce. Updated December 14, 2017. Accessed November 16, 2018; Integrated Risk Information System: trichloroethylene. US Environmental Protection Agency. https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris2/chemicalLanding.cfm?substance_nmbr=199. Updated July 28, 2017. Accessed March 28, 2019.

25. Watts M. Paraquat. Pesticide Action Network Asia & the Pacific. February 2011. www.panna.org/sites/default/files/Paraquat%20monograph%20final%202011-1.pdf. Accessed June 28, 2019; China about to ban all sales and use of paraquat by 2020 [press release]. CCM Data & Business Intelligence, July 31, 2017. www.cnchemicals.com/Press/89866-China%20about%20to%20ban%20all%20sales%20and%20use%20of%20paraquat%20by%202020.html. Accessed June 28, 2019.

26. Tanner CM, Kamel F, Ross GW, et al. Rotenone, paraquat, and Parkinson’s disease. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2011;119(6):866–872.

27. Pesticide National Synthesis Project: estimated annual agricultural pesticide use. US Geological Survey. https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/show_map.php?year=2015&map=PARAQUAT&hilo=H. Updated September 11, 2018. Accessed March 25, 2019.

28. Jenkins D. Court grants EPA new hearing on pesticide ban. Capital Press. February 12, 2019; O’Neill E. Will an appeals court make the EPA ban a pesticide linked to serious health risks? The Salt. February 26, 2019. www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/02/26/698227414/will-an-appeals-court-make-the-epa-ban-a-pesticide-linked-to-serious-health-risk. Accessed June 28, 2019.

29. Friedman L. E.P.A. won’t ban chlorpyrifos, pesticide tied to children’s health problems. New York Times. July 18, 2019. www.nytimes.com/2019/07/18/climate/epa-chlorpyrifos-pesticide-ban.html?smid=nytcore-ios-share.

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31. Hofman A, Stricker BH, Ikram MA, Koudstaal PJ, Darweesh SKL. Trends in the incidence of Parkinson disease in the general population: the Rotterdam Study. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2016;183(11):1018–1026.

32. Betarbet R, Sherer TB, MacKenzie G, Garcia-Osuna M, Panov AV, Greenamyre JT. Chronic systemic pesticide exposure reproduces features of Parkinson’s disease. Nature Neuroscience. 2000;3(12):1301–1306.

33. Okun MS. Parkinson’s Treatment: 10 Secrets to a Happier Life. CreateSpace; 2013; Okun MS, Gallo BV, Mandybur G, et al. Subthalamic deep brain stimulation with a constant-current device in Parkinson’s disease: an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurology. 2012;11(2):140–149; Okun MS, Fernandez HH, Wu SS, et al. Cognition and mood in Parkinson’s disease in subthalamic nucleus versus globus pallidus interna deep brain stimulation: the COMPARE Trial. Annals of Neurology. 2009;65(5):586–595; Okun MS. Ask the Doctor About Parkinson’s Disease. 1st ed. Demos Health; 2009. Okun MS. 10 Breakthrough Therapies for Parkinson’s Disease: English Edition. 1st ed. Books4Patients; 2015.

34. Bloem BR, Hausdorff JM, Visser JE, Giladi N. Falls and freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease: a review of two interconnected, episodic phenomena. Movement Disorders. 2004;19(8):871–884; Bloem BR, Grimbergen YAM, Cramer M, Willemsen M, Zwinderman AH. Prospective assessment of falls in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology. 2001;248(11):950–958; Nijkrake MJ, Keus SHJ, Overeem S, et al. The ParkinsonNet concept: development, implementation and initial experience. Movement Disorders. 2010;25(7):823–829; Bloem BR, Rompen L, de Vries NM, Klink A, Munneke M, Jeurissen P. ParkinsonNet: a low-cost health care innovation with a systems approach from the Netherlands. Health Affairs. 2017;36:1987–1996.

35. Beck CA, Beran DB, Biglan KM, et al. National randomized controlled trial of virtual house calls for Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2017;89(11):1152–1161; Dorsey ER, Venkataraman V, Grana MJ, et al. Randomized controlled clinical trial of “virtual house calls” for Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurology. 2013;70(5):565–570.

CHAPTER 1: SIX MEN IN LONDON

1. Parkinson J. An essay on the shaking palsy. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2002;14(2):223–236.

2. Morris AD, Rose FC. James Parkinson: His Life and Times. Boston: Birkhauser; 1989.

3. Blake, W. The Poetical Works of William Blake, ed. by John Sampson. London, New York: Oxford University Press, 1908; Bartleby.com, 2011. www.bartleby.com/235/284.html.

4. Ritchie H. What the history of London’s air pollution can tell us about the future of today’s growing megacities. Our World in Data. June 20, 2017. https://ourworldindata.org/london-air-pollution. Accessed December 12, 2018.

5. Ibid.

6. Morris AD, Rose FC. James Parkinson: His Life and Times. Birkhauser; 1989.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Zhang Z, Dong Z, Román GC. Early descriptions of Parkinson disease in ancient China. Archives of Neurology. 2006;63(5):782–784; Ovallath S, Deepa P. The history of parkinsonism: descriptions in ancient Indian medical literature. Movement Disorders. 2013;28(5):566–568; Obeso JA, Stamelou M, Goetz CG, et al. Past, present, and future of Parkinson’s disease: a special essay on the 200th anniversary of the shaking palsy. Movement Disorders. 2017;32(9):1264–1310; Lees AJ. Unresolved issues relating to the shaking palsy on the celebration of James Parkinson’s 250th birthday. Movement Disorders. 2007;22(S17):S327–S334.

11. Zhang Z, Dong Z, Román GC. Early descriptions of Parkinson disease in ancient China. Archives of Neurology. 2006;63(5):782–784; Ovallath S, Deepa P. The history of parkinsonism: descriptions in ancient Indian medical literature. Movement Disorders. 2013;28(5):566–568.

12. Obeso JA, Stamelou M, Goetz CG, et al. Past, present, and future of Parkinson’s disease: a special essay on the 200th anniversary of the shaking palsy. Movement Disorders. 2017;32(9):1264–1310.

13. Goetz CG. The history of Parkinson’s disease: early clinical descriptions and neurological therapies. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2011;1(1):a008862.

14. Obeso JA, Stamelou M, Goetz CG, et al. Past, present, and future of Parkinson’s disease: a special essay on the 200th anniversary of the shaking palsy. Movement Disorders. 2017;32(9):1264–1310; Goetz CG. The history of Parkinson’s disease: early clinical descriptions and neurological therapies. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2011;1(1):a008862.

15. Osler W, Sir. The Principles and Practice of Medicine. New York: D. Appleton and Company; 1892.

16. Carlsson A. Nobel lecture: a half-century of neurotransmitter research: impact on neurology and psychiatry. Bioscience Reports. 2001;21(6):691–710.

17. Ibid.; Lees AJ, Tolosa E, Olanow CW. Four pioneers of L-dopa treatment: Arvid Carlsson, Oleh Hornykiewicz, George Cotzias, and Melvin Yahr. Movement Disorders. 2015;30(1):19–36.

18. Lees AJ, Tolosa E, Olanow CW. Four pioneers of L-dopa treatment: Arvid Carlsson, Oleh Hornykiewicz, George Cotzias, and Melvin Yahr. Movement Disorders. 2015;30(1):19–36.

19. Carlsson A. Nobel lecture: a half-century of neurotransmitter research: impact on neurology and psychiatry. Bioscience Reports. 2001;21(6):691–710.

20. Hagerty JR. Arvid Carlsson, snubbed at University in Sweden, found a path to Nobel Prize in medicine. Wall Street Journal. July 13, 2018.

21. Bernheimer H, Birkmayer W, Hornykiewicz O, Jellinger K, Seitelberger F. Brain dopamine and the syndromes of Parkinson and Huntington. Clinical, morphological and neurochemical correlations. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1973;20(4):415–455.

22. Lees AJ, Tolosa E, Olanow CW. Four pioneers of L-dopa treatment: Arvid Carlsson, Oleh Hornykiewicz, George Cotzias, and Melvin Yahr. Movement Disorders. 2015;30(1):19–36.

23. Braak H, Ghebremedhin E, Rüb U, Bratzke H, Del Tredici K. Stages in the development of Parkinson’s disease–related pathology. Cell and Tissue Research. 2004;318(1):121–134; Braak H, Del Tredici K, Bratzke H, Hamm-Clement J, Sandmann-Keil D, Rüb U. Staging of the intracerebral inclusion body pathology associated with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (preclinical and clinical stages). Journal of Neurology. 2002;249(3):iii1–iii5.

24. Chaudhuri KR, Healy DG, Schapira AHV. Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: diagnosis and management. Lancet Neurology. 2006;5(3):235–245; Park A, Stacy M. Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology. 2009;256(3):293–298.

25. Schrag A. Quality of life and depression in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2006;248(1):151–157; Shulman LM, Taback RL, Bean J, Weiner WJ. Comorbidity of the nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders. 2001;16(3):507–510; Martinez-Martin P, Rodriguez-Blazquez C, Kurtis MM, Chaudhuri KR. The impact of non-motor symptoms on health-related quality of life of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders. 2011;26(3):399–406.

26. Lees AJ, Tolosa E, Olanow CW. Four pioneers of L-dopa treatment: Arvid Carlsson, Oleh Hornykiewicz, George Cotzias, and Melvin Yahr. Movement Disorders. 2015;30(1):19–36.

27. Goetz CG. The history of Parkinson’s disease: early clinical descriptions and neurological therapies. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2011;1(1):a008862; Birkmayer W, Hornykiewicz O. The L-3,4-dioxyphenylalanine (DOPA)–effect in Parkinson-akinesia. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift. 1961;73:787–788.

28. Cotzias GC. L-dopa for Parkinsonism. New England Journal of Medicine. 1968;278(11):630; Cotzias GC, Papavasiliou PS, Gellene R. Modification of parkinsonism—chronic treatment with L-dopa. New England Journal of Medicine. 1969;280(7):337–345; Yahr MD, Duvoisin RC, Schear MJ, Barrett RE, Hoehn MM. Treatment of parkinsonism with levodopa. Archives of Neurology. 1969;21(4):343–354.

29. Sacks O. Awakenings. Rpt. ed. Vintage; 1999.

30. Parkinson J. An essay on the shaking palsy. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2002;14(2):223–236.

31. Osler W, Sir. The Principles and Practice of Medicine. D. Appleton and Company; 1892.

32. Langston JW. The MPTP story. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease. 2017;7(s1):S11–S19.

33. Ibid.

34. Langston JW, Palfreman J. The Case of the Frozen Addicts: How the Solution of a Medical Mystery Revolutionized the Understanding of Parkinson’s Disease. Rev. ed. IOS Press; 2014.

35. Langston JW. The MPTP story. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease. 2017;7(s1):S11–S19; Nonnekes J, Post B, Tetrud JW, Langston JW, Bloem BR. MPTP-induced parkinsonism: an historical case series. Lancet Neurology. 2018;17(4):300–301.

36. Langston JW, Ballard P, Tetrud JW, Irwin I. Chronic parkinsonism in humans due to a product of meperidine-analog synthesis. Science. 1983;219(4587):979–980.

37. “NOVA; case of the frozen addict, the.” OpenVault from WGBH Boston/BBC TV. February 18, 1986. http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_474CF2C8A20B4173988486AC4C605A3C. At 00:55:25.

38. Cervone C. Frozen addicts; drug addicts developed Parkinson’s disease. Las Vegas World News. December 9, 2013. www.lasvegasworldnews.com/frozen-addicts-drug-addicts-developed-parkinsons-disease/14976. Accessed December 13, 2018.

39. Desmethylprodine. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmethylprodine. Updated December 31, 2018. Accessed March 31, 2019.

40. Hughes AJ, Daniel SE, Kilford L, Lees AJ. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1992;55(3):181–184.

41. Davis GC, Williams AC, Markey SP, et al. Chronic parkinsonism secondary to intravenous injection of meperidine analogues. Psychiatry Research. 1979;1(3):249–254.

42. Ibid.

43. Designer drugs: hearing before the Committee on the Budget, United States Senate, Ninety-Ninth Congress, first session, July 18, 1985. US Government Publishing Office; 1985.

44. Ibid.

45. Sinclair M. Tragedy has designer label. Washington Post. July 19, 1985.

46. Ibid.

47. Langston JW, Palfreman J. The Case of the Frozen Addicts: How the Solution of a Medical Mystery Revolutionized the Understanding of Parkinson’s Disease. Rev. ed. IOS Press; 2014.

48. Davis GC, Williams AC, Markey SP, et al. Chronic parkinsonism secondary to intravenous injection of meperidine analogues. Psychiatry Research. 1979;1(3):249–254.

49. Ibid.

50. Langston JW, Palfreman J. The Case of the Frozen Addicts: How the Solution of a Medical Mystery Revolutionized the Understanding of Parkinson’s Disease. Rev. ed. IOS Press; 2014.

51. Designer drugs: hearing before the Committee on the Budget, United States Senate, Ninety-Ninth Congress, first session, July 18, 1985. US Government Publishing Office; 1985.

52. Sinclair M. Tragedy has designer label. Washington Post. July 19, 1985.

53. Davis GC, Williams AC, Markey SP, et al. Chronic parkinsonism secondary to intravenous injection of meperidine analogues. Psychiatry Research. 1979;1(3):249–254.

54. Designer drugs: hearing before the Committee on the Budget, United States Senate, Ninety-Ninth Congress, first session, July 18, 1985. US Government Publishing Office; 1985.

55. Langston JW. The MPTP story. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease. 2017;7(s1):S11–S19.

56. Ibid.

57. Goldman SM. Environmental toxins and Parkinson’s disease. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2014;54(1):141–164; Betarbet R, Sherer TB, MacKenzie G, Garcia-Osuna M, Panov AV, Greenamyre JT. Chronic systemic pesticide exposure reproduces features of Parkinson’s disease. Nature Neuroscience. 2000;3(12):1301–1306; Fleming L, Mann JB, Bean J, Briggle T, Sanchez-Ramos JR. Parkinson’s disease and brain levels of organochlorine pesticides. Annals of Neurology. 1994;36(1):100–103; Priyadarshi A, Khuder SA, Schaub EA, Shrivastava S. A meta-analysis of Parkinson’s disease and exposure to pesticides. Neurotoxicology. 2000;21(4):435–440.

58. Langston JW. The MPTP story. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease. 2017;7(s1):S11–S19.

59. “NOVA; case of the frozen addict, the.” OpenVault from WGBH Boston/BBC TV. February 18, 1986. http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_474CF2C8A20B4173988486AC4C605A3C. At 00:55:25.

60. Meredith GE, Rademacher DJ. MPTP mouse models of Parkinson’s disease: an update. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease. 2011;1(1):19–33; Porras G, Li Q, Bezard E. Modeling Parkinson’s disease in primates: the MPTP model. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2012;2(3):a009308.

61. Cornelius CE. Animal models—a neglected medical resource. New England Journal of Medicine. 1969;281(17):934–944; Overall KL. Natural animal models of human psychiatric conditions: assessment of mechanism and validity. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2000;24(5):727–776.

62. Barré-Sinoussi F, Montagutelli X. Animal models are essential to biological research: issues and perspectives. Future Science OA. 2015;1(4):FSO63–FSO63.

63. Ibid.

64. Giasson BI, Lee VMY. A new link between pesticides and Parkinson’s disease. Nature Neuroscience. 2000;3:1227–1228.

65. Betarbet R, Sherer TB, MacKenzie G, Garcia-Osuna M, Panov AV, Greenamyre JT. Chronic systemic pesticide exposure reproduces features of Parkinson’s disease. Nature Neuroscience. 2000;3(12):1301–1306.

66. Giasson BI, Lee VMY. A new link between pesticides and Parkinson’s disease. Nature Neuroscience. 2000;3:1227–1228.

67. Tanner CM, Kamel F, Ross GW, et al. Rotenone, paraquat, and Parkinson’s disease. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2011;119(6):866–872.

68. Polymeropoulos MH, Lavedan C, Leroy E, et al. Mutation in the α-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson’s disease. Science. 1997;276(5321):2045–2047.

69. Olanow CW, Brundin P. Parkinson’s disease and alpha synuclein: is Parkinson’s disease a prion-like disorder? Movement Disorders. 2013;28(1):31–40; Uversky VN, Li J, Fink AL. Pesticides directly accelerate the rate of α-synuclein fibril formation: a possible factor in Parkinson’s disease. FEBS Letters. 2001;500(3):105–108.

70. Luk KC, Kehm V, Carroll J, et al. Pathological α-synuclein transmission initiates Parkinson-like neurodegeneration in nontransgenic mice. Science. 2012;338(6109):949–953.

71. Goedert M, Spillantini MG, Del Tredici K, Braak H. 100 years of Lewy pathology. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2013;9(1):13–24.

72. Spillantini MG, Schmidt ML, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ, Jakes R, Goedert M. α-synuclein in Lewy bodies. Nature. 1997;388:839–840; Mezey E, Dehejia AM, Harta G, et al. Alpha synuclein is present in Lewy bodies in sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Molecular Psychiatry. 1998;3:493–499.

73. Holdorff B. Friedrich Heinrich Lewy (1885–1950) and his work. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 2002;11(1):19–28.

74. Brin S. LRRK2. Too. September 18, 2008. http://too.blogspot.com/2008/09/lrrk2.html.

75. Zimprich A, Biskup S, Leitner P, et al. Mutations in LRRK2 cause autosomal-dominant parkinsonism with pleomorphic pathology. Neuron. 2004;44(4):601–607.

76. Ibid.; Gilks WP, Abou-Sleiman PM, Gandhi S, et al. A common LRRK2 mutation in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. The Lancet. 2005;365(9457):415–416; Di Fonzo A, Rohé CF, Ferreira J, et al. A frequent LRRK2 gene mutation associated with autosomal dominant Parkinson’s disease. The Lancet. 2005;365(9457):412–415.

77. Brin S. LRRK2. Too. September 18, 2008. http://too.blogspot.com/2008/09/lrrk2.html.

78. Ibid.

79. Sergey Brin. Inside Philanthropy. www.insidephilanthropy.com/guide-to-individual-donors/sergey-brin.html. Accessed March 20, 2019; Goetz T. Sergey Brin’s search for a Parkinson’s cure. Wired. January 22, 2010. www.wired.com/2010/06/ff-sergeys-search. Accessed June 28, 2019.

80. The Associated Press. Twins study links Parkinson’s disease to the environment. New York Times. February 2, 1999.

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82. Klein C, Westenberger A. Genetics of Parkinson’s disease. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2012;2(1):a008888.

83. Fleming SM. Mechanisms of gene-environment interactions in Parkinson’s disease. Current Environmental Health Reports. 2017;4(2):192–199.

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CHAPTER 2: A MAN-MADE PANDEMIC

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44. Ibid.; Lung cancer. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer. Accessed February 15, 2019.

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56. Scheperjans F, Pekkonen E, Kaakkola S, Auvinen P. Linking Smoking, Coffee, Urate, and Parkinson’s Disease—A Role for Gut Microbiota? Journal of Parkinson’s Disease. 2015;5(2):255–262.

57. Sampson TR, Debelius JW, Thron T, et al. Gut microbiota regulate motor deficits and neuroinflammation in a model of Parkinson’s disease. Cell. 2016;167(6):1469–1480.e12.

58. Ibid.

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CHAPTER 3: VANQUISHING INDIFFERENCE

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49. Ibid.

50. France D. How to survive a plague [film]. Sundance Selects. January 22, 2012. www.amazon.com/How-Survive-Plague-Peter-Staley/dp/B00A92MGLA; Peter Staley. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Staley. Accessed September 20, 2018.

51. Murphy T. Where are they now? ACT UP AIDS activists 25 years later. New York. June 25, 2013. http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2013/06/act-up-aids-activists-25-years-later.html. Accessed March 27, 2019.

52. Crimp D. Before Occupy: how AIDS activists seized control of the FDA in 1988. Atlantic. December 6, 2011.

53. France D. How to survive a plague [film]. Sundance Selects. January 22, 2012. www.amazon.com/How-Survive-Plague-Peter-Staley/dp/B00A92MGLA; Crimp D. Before Occupy: how AIDS activists seized control of the FDA in 1988. Atlantic. December 6, 2011.

54. Estimates of funding for various research, condition, and disease categories (RCDC). National Institutes of Health. 2018. https://report.nih.gov/categorical_spending.aspx. Updated May 18, 2018. Accessed March 31, 2019.

55. FDA approval of HIV medicines. US Department of Health and Human Services. AIDSinfo. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/infographics/25/fda-approval-of-hiv-medicines. Updated September 20, 2018. Accessed December 3, 2018.

56. Land E. Why do some HIV drugs cost so much? Pharma, insurers, advocacy groups and consumers weigh in. BETA Blog. October 28, 2015. www.sfaf.org/collections/beta/why-are-hiv-meds-so-expensive-and-what-can-we-do-about-it. Accessed June 27, 2019.

57. Jesse Helms. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Helms. Accessed September 21, 2018.

58. France D. How to Survive a Plague: The Inside Story of How Citizens and Science Tamed AIDS. Knopf; 2016.

59. In memory of Jesse Helms, and the condom on his house. July 8, 2008. POZ. www.poz.com/blog/in-memory-of-je. Accessed September 21, 2018.

60. Ibid.

61. Ibid.

62. Ibid.

63. Accelerating towards 90-90-90. UNAIDS. July 24, 2018. www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2018/july/90-90-90-targets-workshop. Accessed September 21, 2018.

64. Ibid.

65. Schneider AP, Zainer CM, Kubat CK, Mullen NK, Windisch AK. The breast cancer epidemic: 10 facts. Linacre Quarterly. 2014;81(3):244–277; King S. Pink Ribbons, Inc.: Breast Cancer and the Politics of Philanthropy. 1st ed. University of Minnesota Press; 2008; Rising global cancer epidemic. American Cancer Society. 2018. www.cancer.org/research/infographics-gallery/rising-global-cancer-epidemic.html. Accessed March 31, 2019.

66. Lerner BH. Not so simple: the breast cancer stories of Betty Ford and Happy Rockefeller. Huffington Post. September 26, 2014.

67. Betty Ford. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Ford. Accessed September 21, 2018.

68. Lerner BH. Not so simple: the breast cancer stories of Betty Ford and Happy Rockefeller. Huffington Post. September 26, 2014.

69. Betty Ford. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Ford. Accessed September 21, 2018.

70. Osuch JR, Silk K, Price C, et al. A historical perspective on breast cancer activism in the United States: from education and support to partnership in scientific research. Journal of Women’s Health. 2012;21(3):355–362.

71. Lorde A. A Burst of Light. Firebrand Books; 1988.

72. King S. Pink Ribbons, Inc.: Breast Cancer and the Politics of Philanthropy. 1st ed. University of Minnesota Press; 2008; Lorde A. The Cancer Journals: Special Edition. Aunt Lute Books; 2006.

73. Osuch JR, Silk K, Price C, et al. A historical perspective on breast cancer activism in the United States: from education and support to partnership in scientific research. Journal of Women’s Health. 2012;21(3):355–362.

74. Komen Race for the Cure. Susan G. Komen Minnesota. 2018. www.komenminnesota.org/komen_race_for_the_cure_.htm. Accessed March 5, 2019.

75. Annual Report Fiscal Year 2017. Susan G. Komen; 2018.

76. In memoriam: Charlotte Haley, creator of the first (peach) breast cancer ribbon. Breast Cancer Action. June 24, 2014. www.bcaction.org/2014/06/24/in-memoriam-charlotte-haley-creator-of-the-first-peach-breast-cancer-ribbon. Accessed March 5, 2019.

77. King S. Pink Ribbons, Inc.: Breast Cancer and the Politics of Philanthropy. 1st ed. University of Minnesota Press; 2008; Quinn A. Before pink became synonymous with breast cancer, there was peach. Podcast: 8:21. WHYY. July 23, 2015. https://whyy.org/segments/before-pink-became-synonymous-with-breast-cancer-there-was-peach. Accessed March 31, 2019.

78. King S. Pink Ribbons, Inc.: Breast Cancer and the Politics of Philanthropy. 1st ed. University of Minnesota Press; 2008; Quinn A. Before pink became synonymous with breast cancer, there was peach. Podcast: 8:21. WHYY. July 23, 2015. https://whyy.org/segments/before-pink-became-synonymous-with-breast-cancer-there-was-peach. Accessed March 31, 2019.

79. King S. Pink Ribbons Inc: breast cancer activism and the politics of philanthropy. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education. 2004;17(4):473–492.

80. Estimates of funding for various research, condition, and disease categories (RCDC). National Institutes of Health. 2018. https://report.nih.gov/categorical_spending.aspx. Updated May 18, 2018. Accessed March 31, 2019.

81. Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2017–2018. American Cancer Society; 2017. www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/breast-cancer-facts-and-figures/breast-cancer-facts-and-figures-2017-2018.pdf; US Breast Cancer Statistics. Breastcancer.org. 2018. www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/understand_bc/statistics. Last updated February 13, 2019. Accessed March 31, 2019.

CHAPTER 4: BEFORE IT STARTS

1. Carson R, Darling L, Darling L. Silent Spring. Houghton Mifflin; 1962.

2. DDT—a brief history and status. US Environmental Protection Agency. www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/ddt-brief-history-and-status. Updated August 11, 2017. Accessed March 25, 2019.

3. Public health statement for DDT, DDE, and DDD. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxic Substances Portal. September 2002. www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=79&tid=20. Accessed March 31, 2019.

4. Fleming L, Mann JB, Bean J, Briggle T, Sanchez-Ramos JR. Parkinson’s disease and brain levels of organochlorine pesticides. Annals of Neurology. 1994;36(1):100–103; Weisskopf MG, Knekt P, O’Reilly EJ, et al. Persistent organochlorine pesticides in serum and risk of Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2010;74(13):1055–1061; Freire C, Koifman S. Pesticide exposure and Parkinson’s disease: epidemiological evidence of association. NeuroToxicology. 2012;33(5):947–971.

5. Public health statement for DDT, DDE, and DDD. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxic Substances Portal. September 2002. www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=79&tid=20. Accessed March 31, 2019; Saeedi Saravi SS, Dehpour AR. Potential role of organochlorine pesticides in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neurobehavioral disorders: a review. Life Sciences. 2016;145:255–264; Rossi M, Scarselli M, Fasciani I, Maggio R, Giorgi F. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) induced extracellular vesicle formation: a potential role in organochlorine increased risk of Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis. 2017;77(2):113–117.

6. Gorell JM, Johnson CC, Rybicki BA, Peterson EL, Richardson RJ. The risk of Parkinson’s disease with exposure to pesticides, farming, well water, and rural living. Neurology. 1998;50(5):1346–1350; Tüchsen F, Jensen AA. Agricultural work and the risk of Parkinson’s disease in Denmark, 1981–1993. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. 2000;26(4):359–362; Elbaz A, Clavel J, Rathouz PJ, et al. Professional exposure to pesticides and Parkinson disease. Annals of Neurology. 2009;66(4):494–504.

7. Gorell JM, Johnson CC, Rybicki BA, Peterson EL, Richardson RJ. The risk of Parkinson’s disease with exposure to pesticides, farming, well water, and rural living. Neurology. 1998;50(5):1346–1350.

8. Elbaz A, Clavel J, Rathouz PJ, et al. Professional exposure to pesticides and Parkinson disease. Annals of Neurology. 2009;66(4):494–504.

9. Kab S, Spinosi J, Chaperon L, et al. Agricultural activities and the incidence of Parkinson’s disease in the general French population. European Journal of Epidemiology. 2017;32(3):203–216; Strickland D, Bertoni JM. Parkinson’s prevalence estimated by a state registry. Movement Disorders. 2004;19(3):318–323; Martino R, Candundo H, Lieshout PV, Shin S, Crispo JAG, Barakat-Haddad C. Onset and progression factors in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. NeuroToxicology. 2017;61:132–141.

10. Ames RG, Howd RA, Doherty L. Community exposure to a paraquat drift. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal. 1993;48(1):47–52.

11. Martino R, Candundo H, Lieshout PV, Shin S, Crispo JAG, Barakat-Haddad C. Onset and progression factors in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. NeuroToxicology. 2017;61:132–141; Gatto NM, Cockburn M, Bronstein J, Manthripragada AD, Ritz B. Well-water consumption and Parkinson’s disease in rural California. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2009;117(12):1912–1918; James KA, Hall DA. Groundwater pesticide levels and the association with Parkinson disease. International Journal of Toxicology. 2015;34(3):266–273.

12. Gatto NM, Cockburn M, Bronstein J, Manthripragada AD, Ritz B. Well-water consumption and Parkinson’s disease in rural California. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2009;117(12):1912–1918; Drinking water and pesticides. US Environmental Protection Agency. www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/drinking-water-and-pesticides. Updated June 19, 2017. Accessed March 25, 2019.

13. Private drinking water wells. US Environmental Protection Agency. www.epa.gov/privatewells. Updated June 6, 2018. Accessed March 25, 2019; Private ground water wells. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/private/wells/index.html. Last reviewed December 16, 2014. Accessed March 25, 2019; Water and pesticides. National Pesticide Information Center. http://npic.orst.edu/envir/water.html. Last updated January 13, 2016. Accessed March 25, 2019.

14. Strickland D, Bertoni JM. Parkinson’s prevalence estimated by a state registry. Movement Disorders. 2004;19(3):318–323.

15. Barbeau A, Roy M, Bernier G, Campanella G, Paris S. Ecogenetics of Parkinson’s disease: prevalence and environmental aspects in rural areas. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1987;14(1):36–41.

16. Kab S, Spinosi J, Chaperon L, et al. Agricultural activities and the incidence of Parkinson’s disease in the general French population. European Journal of Epidemiology. 2017;32(3):203–216.

17. Haspel T. The truth about organic produce and pesticides. Daily Gazette. May 23, 2018.

18. DDT (general fact sheet). National Pesticide Information Center; 1999. http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/ddtgen.pdf.

19. Berry-Caban CS. DDT and Silent Spring: fifty years after. Journal of Military and Veterans’ Health. 2011;19(4):19–24.

20. Bate R. The Rise, Fall, Rise, and Imminent Fall of DDT. American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research; November 5, 2007.

21. Whorton JC. Before Silent Spring: Pesticides and Public Health in Pre-DDT America. Princeton University Press; 2015.

22. DDT. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT. Accessed October 15, 2018; Rogan WJ, Chen A. Health risks and benefits of bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT). The Lancet. 2005;366(9487):763–773; Dr. Paul Müller. Nature. 1965;208(5015):1043–1044; Paul Hermann Müller. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller. Accessed March 25, 2019.

23. Longnecker MP, Rogan WJ, Lucier G. The human health effects of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and PCBS (polychlorinated biphenyls) and an overview of organochlorines in public health. Annual Review of Public Health. 1997;18(1):211–244.

24. Snedeker SM. Pesticides and breast cancer risk: a review of DDT, DDE, and dieldrin. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001;109(Suppl 1):35–47.

25. Longnecker MP, Rogan WJ, Lucier G. The human health effects of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and PCBS (polychlorinated biphenyls) and an overview of organochlorines in public health. Annual Review of Public Health. 1997;18(1):211–244.

26. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2009. www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/pdf/ddt_factsheet.pdf.

27. Pesticide information profile: DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane). Extension Toxciology Network. http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/carbaryl-dicrotophos/ddt-ext.html. Accessed March 25, 2019.

28. Stellman JM, Stellman SD, Christian R, Weber T, Tomasallo C. The extent and patterns of usage of Agent Orange and other herbicides in Vietnam. Nature. 2003;422:681–687.

29. Ibid.

30. Stone R. Agent Orange’s bitter harvest. Science. 2007;315(5809):176–179.

31. Yi S-W, Ohrr H, Hong J-S, Yi J-J. Agent Orange exposure and prevalence of self-reported diseases in Korean Vietnam veterans. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health. 2013;46(5):213–225; Medicine Io. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2010. National Academies Press; 2012.

32. Parkinson’s disease and Agent Orange. US Department of Veterans Affairs: Public Health. www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/agentorange/conditions/parkinsonsdisease.asp. Accessed March 25, 2019.

33. Hawaii recalls pesticide-laced milk from stores and schools. New York Times. March 20, 1982.

34. Contaminated milk problem in Hawaii nears end. New York Times. May 23, 1982; Smith RJ. Hawaiian milk contamination creates alarm. Science. 1982;217(4555):137–140.

35. Smith RJ. Hawaiian milk contamination creates alarm. Science. 1982;217(4555):137–140.

36. Ibid.

37. Hawaii recalls pesticide-laced milk from stores and schools. New York Times. March 20, 1982.

38. Ibid.; Contaminated milk problem in Hawaii nears end. New York Times. May 23, 1982.

39. Smith RJ. Hawaiian milk contamination creates alarm. Science. 1982;217(4555):137–140.

40. Ibid.

41. Ibid.

42. Abbott RD, Ross GW, Petrovitch H, et al. Midlife milk consumption and substantia nigra neuron density at death. Neurology. 2016;86(6):512–519.

43. Ibid.

44. Ibid.

45. Park A. Drinking milk is linked to Parkinson’s disease: study. Time. December 9, 2015.

46. Aldrin/dieldrin. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxic Substances Portal. www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/toxsubstance.asp?toxid=56. Last updated March 3, 2011. Accessed March 25, 2019; Aldrin and Dieldrin—ToxFAQs. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; 2002. www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tfacts1.pdf.

47. Fleming L, Mann JB, Bean J, Briggle T, Sanchez-Ramos JR. Parkinson’s disease and brain levels of organochlorine pesticides. Annals of Neurology. 1994;36(1):100–103; Richardson JR, Shalat SL, Buckley B, et al. Elevated serum pesticide levels and risk of Parkinson disease. Archives of Neurology. 2009;66(7):870–875; Corrigan FM, Wienburg CL, Shore RF, Daniel SE, Mann D. Organochlorine insecticides in substantia nigra in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A. 2000;59(4):229–234.

48. Sanchez-Ramos J, Facca A, Basit A, Song S. Toxicity of dieldrin for dopaminergic neurons in mesencephalic cultures. Experimental Neurology. 1998;150(2):263–271; Richardson JR, Caudle WM, Wang M, Dean ED, Pennell KD, Miller GW. Developmental exposure to the pesticide dieldrin alters the dopamine system and increases neurotoxicity in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease. FASEB Journal. 2006;20(10):1695–1697.

49. Wong MH, Leung AOW, Chan JKY, Choi MPK. A review on the usage of POP pesticides in China, with emphasis on DDT loadings in human milk. Chemosphere. 2005;60(6):740–752.

50. Ibid.

51. Ibid.; Sifuentes Dos Santos J, Schwanz TG, Coelho AN, et al. Estimated daily intake of organochlorine pesticides from dairy products in Brazil. Food Control. 2015;53:23–28; Kampire E, Kiremire BT, Nyanzi SA, Kishimba M. Organochlorine pesticide in fresh and pasteurized cow’s milk from Kampala markets. Chemosphere. 2011;84(7):923–927; Gebremichael S, Birhanu T, Tessema DA. Analysis of organochlorine pesticide residues in human and cow’s milk in the towns of Asendabo, Serbo and Jimma in south-western Ethiopia. Chemosphere. 2013;90(5):1652–1657.

52. Vall O, Gomez-Culebras M, Puig C, et al. Prenatal and postnatal exposure to DDT by breast milk analysis in Canary Islands. PLOS One. 2014;9(1):e83831–e83831; Kanthasamy AG, Kitazawa M, Kanthasamy A, Anantharam V. Dieldrin-induced neurotoxicity: relevance to Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis. NeuroToxicology. 2005;26(4):701–719; Chen M-W, Santos HM, Que DE, et al. Association between organochlorine pesticide levels in breast milk and their effects on female reproduction in a Taiwanese population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018;15(5):931.

53. Jorgenson JL. Aldrin and dieldrin: a review of research on their production, environmental deposition and fate, bioaccumulation, toxicology, and epidemiology in the United States. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001;109(Suppl 1):113–139.

54. Saeedi Saravi SS, Dehpour AR. Potential role of organochlorine pesticides in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neurobehavioral disorders: a review. Life Sciences. 2016;145:255–264; Pesticide information profile: DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane). Extension Toxciology Network. http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/carbaryl-dicrotophos/ddt-ext.html. Accessed March 25, 2019; Gannon N, Link RP, Decker GC. Pesticide residues in milk, insecticide residues in the milk of dairy cows fed insecticides in their daily ration. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1959;7(12):829–832.

55. Liu J, Morrow AL, Devaud LL, Grayson DR, Lauder JM. Regulation of GABAA receptor subunit mRNA expression by the pesticide dieldrin in embryonic brainstem cultures: a quantitative, competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction study. Journal of Neuroscience Research. 1997;49(5):645–653.

56. Saeedi Saravi SS, Dehpour AR. Potential role of organochlorine pesticides in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neurobehavioral disorders: a review. Life Sciences. 2016;145:255–264.

57. Tanner CM, Kamel F, Ross GW, et al. Rotenone, paraquat, and Parkinson’s disease. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2011;119(6):866–872; Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Remião F, Carmo H, et al. Paraquat exposure as an etiological factor of Parkinson’s disease. NeuroToxicology. 2006;27(6):1110–1122; Thiruchelvam M, McCormack A, Richfield EK, et al. Age-related irreversible progressive nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the paraquat and maneb model of the Parkinson’s disease phenotype. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2003;18(3):589–600; Wang A, Costello S, Cockburn M, Zhang X, Bronstein J, Ritz B. Parkinson’s disease risk from ambient exposure to pesticides. European Journal of Epidemiology. 2011;26(7):547–555.

58. Hakim D. This pesticide is prohibited in Britain. Why is it still being exported? New York Times. December 20, 2016.

59. Paraquat benefits. Paraquat Information Center. https://paraquat.com/en/benefits. Accessed October 15, 2018.

60. Pesticide National Synthesis Project: estimated annual agricultural pesticide use. US Geological Survey. https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/show_map.php?year=2015&map=PARAQUAT&hilo=H. Updated September 11, 2018. Accessed March 25, 2019.

61. Ibid.

62. Ibid.

63. Ibid.

64. Costello S, Cockburn M, Bronstein J, Zhang X, Ritz B. Parkinson’s disease and residential exposure to maneb and paraquat from agricultural applications in the Central Valley of California. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2009;169(8):919–926.

65. Tanner CM, Kamel F, Ross GW, et al. Rotenone, paraquat, and Parkinson’s disease. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2011;119(6):866–872; Goldman SM, Kamel F, Ross GW, et al. Genetic modification of the association of paraquat and Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders. 2012;27(13):1652–1658.

66. Hakim D. This pesticide is prohibited in Britain. Why is it still being exported? New York Times. December 20, 2016.

67. Betarbet R, Sherer TB, Greenamyre JT. Animal models of Parkinson’s disease. BioEssays. 2002;24(4):308–318.

68. Brooks AI, Chadwick CA, Gelbard HA, Cory-Slechta DA, Federoff HJ. Paraquat elicited neurobehavioral syndrome caused by dopaminergic neuron loss. Brain Research. 1999;823(1):1–10.

69. Watts M. Paraquat. Pesticide Action Network Asia & the Pacific. February 2011. www.panna.org/sites/default/files/Paraquat%20monograph%20final%202011-1.pdf. Accessed June 28, 2019.

70. Joyce M. Ocular damage caused by paraquat. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1969;53(10):688–690.

71. Pesticide information profile: paraquat. Extension Toxicology Network. September 1993. http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/metiram-propoxur/paraquat-ext.html. Accessed March 25, 2019.

72. Cha ES, Lee WJ, Chang S-S, Gunnell D, Eddleston M, Khang Y-H. Impact of paraquat regulation on suicide in South Korea. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2015;45(2):470–479; Lin C, Yen T-H, Juang Y-Y, Lee C-P, Lee S-H. Distinct psychopathology of patients who attempted suicide with rodenticide in Taiwan: a comparative study with patients of suicide with paraquat. Psychology Research and Behavior Management. 2018;11:323–328.

73. Hakim D. This pesticide is prohibited in Britain. Why is it still being exported? New York Times. December 20, 2016; Mercola J. Paraquat—banned in EU while US increasing use of this toxic killer. Mercola: Take Control of Your Health. January 3, 2017. https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2017/01/03/paraquat-banned-in-32-countries.aspx. Accessed May 20, 2019.

74. Hakim D. This pesticide is prohibited in Britain. Why is it still being exported? New York Times. December 20, 2016.

75. Ibid.

76. Watts M. Paraquat. Pesticide Action Network Asia & the Pacific. February 2011. www.panna.org/sites/default/files/Paraquat%20monograph%20final%202011-1.pdf. Accessed June 28, 2019.

77. Hakim D. This pesticide is prohibited in Britain. Why is it still being exported? New York Times. December 20, 2016.

78. FTC requires China National Chemical Corporation and Syngenta AG to divest U.S. assets as a condition of merger [press release]. Federal Trade Commission, April 4, 2017; McConnell W. ChemChina gets FTC OK to snap up Syngenta. TheStreet. April 4, 2017. www.thestreet.com/story/14073559/1/chemchina-gets-ftc-ok-to-snap-up-syngenta.html. Accessed September 20, 2018.

79. Concern over paraquat. “Re: Docket EPA-HQ-OPP-2011-0855 (paraquat dichloride registration review).” Michael J. Fox Foundation. July 24, 2017. https://files.michaeljfox.org/Paraquat_letter_FINAL.pdf; personal communication.

80. Paraquat dichloride: reregistration eligibility decision (RED) fact sheet. US Environmental Protection Agency. August 1997. https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/web/pdf/0262fact.pdf.

81. Paraquat Dichloride: One Sip Can Kill. US Environmental Protection Agency. Pesticide Worker Safety. www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/paraquat-dichloride-one-sip-can-kill. Last updated May 8, 2019. Accessed March 25, 2019.

82. Ibid.

83. Ibid.

84. Ibid.

85. The Michael J. Fox Foundation submits 107,000 community signatures urging the EPA to ban herbicide linked to Parkinson’s [press release]. The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, February 6, 2019.

86. Ibid.

87. Pesticide National Synthesis Project: estimated annual agricultural pesticide use. US Geological Survey. https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/show_map.php?year=2015&map=PARAQUAT&hilo=H. Updated September 11, 2018. Accessed March 25, 2019.

88. Paraquat dichloride. US Environmental Protection Agency. www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/paraquat-dichloride. Updated May 15, 2019. Accessed May 19, 2019.

89. Pesticide National Synthesis Project: estimated annual agricultural pesticide use. US Geological Survey. https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/show_map.php?year=2015&map=PARAQUAT&hilo=H. Updated September 11, 2018. Accessed March 25, 2019.

90. Furlong M, Tanner CM, Goldman SM, et al. Protective glove use and hygiene habits modify the associations of specific pesticides with Parkinson’s disease. Environment International. 2015;75:144–150.

91. Doll R, Hill AB. Lung cancer and other causes of death in relation to smoking; a second report on the mortality of British doctors. BMJ. 1956;2(5001):1071–1081; Doll R, Hill AB. The mortality of doctors in relation to their smoking habits: a preliminary report. BMJ. 1954;1(4877):1451–1455; Hill AB. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1965;58(5):295–300.

92. Hill AB. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1965;58(5):295–300; Fedak KM, Bernal A, Capshaw ZA, Gross S. Applying the Bradford Hill criteria in the 21st century: how data integration has changed causal inference in molecular epidemiology. Emerging Themes in Epidemiology. 2015;12:14.

93. Bates C, Rowell A. Tobacco Explained: The Truth About the Tobacco Industry. Action on Smoking and Health; 1998.

94. Hakim D, Lipton E. Pesticide studies won E.P.A.’s trust until Trump’s team scorned “secret science.” New York Times. August 24, 2018.

95. Betarbet R, Sherer TB, MacKenzie G, Garcia-Osuna M, Panov AV, Greenamyre JT. Chronic systemic pesticide exposure reproduces features of Parkinson’s disease. Nature Neuroscience. 2000;3(12):1301–1306; Sparling AS, Martin DW, Posey LB. An evaluation of the proposed worker protection standard with respect to pesticide exposure and Parkinson’s disease. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017;14(6):640; Van Maele-Fabry G, Hoet P, Vilain F, Lison D. Occupational exposure to pesticides and Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Environment International. 2012;46:30–43; Gunnarsson L-G, Bodin L. Parkinson’s disease and occupational exposures: a systematic literature review and meta-analyses. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. 2017(3):197–209; Johnson ME, Bobrovskaya L. An update on the rotenone models of Parkinson’s disease: their ability to reproduce the features of clinical disease and model gene-environment interactions. NeuroToxicology. 2015;46:101–116; Petrovitch H, Ross G, Abbott RD, et al. Plantation work and risk of Parkinson disease in a population-based longitudinal study. Archives of Neurology. 2002;59(11):1787–1792.

96. Breckenridge CB, Berry C, Chang ET, Sielken RL, Jr., Mandel JS. Association between Parkinson’s disease and cigarette smoking, rural living, well-water consumption, farming and pesticide use: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS One. 2016;11(4):e0151841–e0151841.

97. Ibid.

98. Carson R, Darling L, Darling L. Silent Spring. Houghton Mifflin; 1962.

99. Ibid.

100. Ibid.

101. Aktar MW, Sengupta D, Chowdhury A. Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards. Interdisciplinary Toxicology. 2009;2(1):1–12; Cooper J, Dobson H. The benefits of pesticides to mankind and the environment. Crop Protection. 2007;26(9):1337–1348; Shelton JF, Hertz-Picciotto I, Pessah IN. Tipping the balance of autism risk: potential mechanisms linking pesticides and autism. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2012;120(7):944–951; Shelton JF, Geraghty EM, Tancredi DJ, et al. Neurodevelopmental disorders and prenatal residential proximity to agricultural pesticides: the CHARGE Study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2014;122(10):1103–1109; Holzman DC. Pesticides and autism spectrum disorders: new findings from the CHARGE Study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2014;122(10):A280–A280; Jee S-H, Kuo H-W, Su WPD, Chang C-H, Sun C-C, Wang J-D. Photodamage and skin cancer among paraquat workers. International Journal of Dermatology. 1995;34(7):466–469; Pesticide information profile: paraquat. Extension Toxicology Network. September 1993. http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/metiram-propoxur/paraquat-ext.html. Accessed March 25, 2019.

102. Gatto NM, Cockburn M, Bronstein J, Manthripragada AD, Ritz B. Well-water consumption and Parkinson’s disease in rural California. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2009;117(12):1912–1918; Wang A, Costello S, Cockburn M, Zhang X, Bronstein J, Ritz B. Parkinson’s disease risk from ambient exposure to pesticides. European Journal of Epidemiology. 2011;26(7):547–555.

CHAPTER 5: CLEANING UP

1. Hardmon T, Libert R. Semper fi: always faithful [film]. April 21, 2011.

2. Goldman SM, Quinlan PJ, Ross GW, et al. Solvent exposures and Parkinson disease risk in twins. Annals of Neurology. 2012;71(6):776–784.

3. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans. Trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and some other chlorinated Agents. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 106. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2014. Trichloroethylene. IDC Technologies. www.idc-online.com/technical_references/pdfs/chemical_engineering/Trichloroethylene.pdf. Accessed March 29, 2019.

4. ToxFAQs for trichloroethylene (TCE). Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry. Toxic Substances Portal. www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=172&tid=30. Updated November 4, 2016. Accessed March 14, 2019; Trichloroethylene. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichloroethylene. Accessed March 14, 2019; Campbell-Dollaghan K. The secret history of Silicon Valley and the toxic remnants of the first computers. Gizmodo. November 20, 2015. https://gizmodo.com/the-secret-history-of-silicon-valley-and-the-toxic-remn-1743622225. Accessed March 14, 2019.

5. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans. Trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and some other chlorinated agents. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. 2014;106:1–512.

6. Guehl D, Bezard E, Dovero S, Boraud T, Bioulac B, Gross C. Trichloroethylene and parkinsonism: a human and experimental observation. European Journal of Neurology. 1999;6(5):609–611.

7. TCE overview. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Trichloroethylene (TCE). www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tox-tool/trichloroethylene/01/tce_overview.html. Accessed March 29, 2019.

8. Risk management for trichloroethylene (TCE). US Environmental Protection Agency. www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/risk-management-trichloroethylene-tce. Updated December 14, 2017. Accessed November 16, 2018.

9. James WR. Fatal addiction to trichloroethylene. British Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1963;20(1):47–49.

10. McCord CP. Toxicity of trichloroethylene. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1932;99(5):409.

11. Ibid.

12. Gash DM, Rutland K, Hudson NL, et al. Trichloroethylene: parkinsonism and complex 1 mitochondrial neurotoxicity. Annals of Neurology. 2008;63(2):184–192.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid.

17. Barringer F. Exposed to solvent, worker faces hurdles. New York Times. January 24, 2009.

18. Barringer F. E.P.A. charts risks of a ubiquitous chemical. New York Times. September 30, 2011.

19. Goldman SM, Quinlan PJ, Ross GW, et al. Solvent exposures and Parkinson disease risk in twins. Annals of Neurology. 2012;71(6):776–784.

20. Ibid.

21. Freshwater LL. What happened at Camp Lejeune. In Pacific Standard. Social Justice Foundation; 2018; Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune. Marines: The Official Website of the United States Marine Corps. www.lejeune.marines.mil/About. Accessed March 29, 2019.

22. Freshwater LL. What happened at Camp Lejeune. In Pacific Standard. Social Justice Foundation; 2018.

23. Goldman SM, Quinlan PJ, Ross GW, et al. Solvent exposures and Parkinson disease risk in twins. Annals of Neurology. 2012;71(6):776–784.

24. Nazaryan A. Camp Lejeune and the U.S. military’s polluted legacy. Newsweek. July 16, 2014.

25. ABC One Hour Cleaners Jacksonville, NC: Cleanup Activities. US Environmental Protection Agency. Superfund Site. https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/SiteProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=second.cleanup&id=0402718. Updated October 23, 2018. Accessed March 29, 2019.

26. Council NR. Contaminated Water Supplies at Camp Lejeune: Assessing Potential Health Effects. National Academies Press; 2009.

27. Goldman SM, Quinlan PJ, Ross GW, et al. Solvent exposures and Parkinson disease risk in twins. Annals of Neurology. 2012;71(6):776–784; Council NR. Contaminated Water Supplies at Camp Lejeune: Assessing Potential Health Effects. National Academies Press; 2009.

28. Freshwater LL. What happened at Camp Lejeune. In Pacific Standard. Social Justice Foundation; 2018; Camp Lejeune: Contamination and Compensation, Looking Back, Moving Forward. US Government Publishing Office; 2010. www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg58485/html/CHRG-111hhrg58485.htm.

29. Peeples L. Camp Lejeune water contamination cover-up hinted in navy letter. Huffington Post. January 13, 2012. www.huffpost.com/entry/camp-lejeune-water-contamination-navy-letter_n_1203465. Updated December 6, 2017. Accessed March 29, 2019.

30. Smithberger M. Watchdog: significant concerns regarding drinking water safety at navy bases overseas. Project on Government Oversight. August 9, 2017. www.pogo.org/investigation/2017/08/watchdog-significant-concerns-regarding-drinking-water-safety-at-navy-bases-overseas. Accessed March 29, 2019; Wagner A, Maurer K. A legacy of pain for Camp Lejeune water contamination victims. GateHouse Media. Star News Online. March 25, 2017. www.starnewsonline.com/news/20170325/legacy-of-pain-for-camp-lejeune-water-contamination-victims. Accessed March 29, 2019.

31. Camp Lejeune: Contamination and Compensation, Looking Back, Moving Forward. US Government Publishing Office; 2010. www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg58485/html/CHRG-111hhrg58485.htm.

32. Ibid.

33. Ibid.

34. Freshwater LL. What happened at Camp Lejeune. In Pacific Standard. Social Justice Foundation; 2018; Camp Lejeune drinking water U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. December 20, 2017. www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/pha/MarineCorpsBaseCampLejeune/Camp_Lejeune_Drinking_Water_PHA(final)_%201-20-2017_508.pdf; Pipe A, Freshwater L. Poisoned by My Government: How the Military Let Families Drink Contaminated Water for Decades and Didn’t Learn from It. Craig Newmark Graduate School of Journalism, City University of New York; 2017.

35. Freshwater LL. What happened at Camp Lejeune. In Pacific Standard. Social Justice Foundation; 2018.

36. Ibid.; Freshwater LL. Medium. https://medium.com/@LFreshwater. Accessed March 29, 2019.

37. Freshwater LL. What happened at Camp Lejeune. In Pacific Standard. Social Justice Foundation; 2018.

38. Schrade B. Years later, marine families bear scars of poisoning at Camp Lejeune. Atlanta Journal-Constitution. February 23, 2018.

39. Kime P. The toxic homefront: as marine families fall ill, some are accusing the corps of negligence. Task & Purpose. April 19, 2017. https://taskandpurpose.com/the-toxic-homefront-as-marine-families-fall-ill-some-are-accusing-the-corps-of-negligence. Accessed March 29, 2019.

40. Affairs DoV. Diseases associated with exposure to contaminants in the water supply at Camp Lejeune. Federal Register. 2017;82(9).

41. Ibid.

42. Fisher J. Poison valley. Salon. 2001. www.salon.com/2001/07/30/almaden1. Updated July 31, 2001. Accessed March 29, 2019.

43. Campbell-Dollaghan K. The secret history of Silicon Valley and the toxic remnants of the first computers. Gizmodo. November 20, 2015. https://gizmodo.com/the-secret-history-of-silicon-valley-and-the-toxic-remn-1743622225. Accessed March 14, 2019; Chepesiuk R. Where the chips fall: environmental health in the semiconductor industry. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1999;107(9):452–457.

44. Superfund sites in reuse in California. US Environmental Protection Agency. Superfund Redevelopment Initiative. www.epa.gov/superfund-redevelopment-initiative/superfund-sites-reuse-california. Updated March 7, 2019. Accessed March 29, 2019; Fairchild Semiconductor Corp. (Mountain View Plant) Mountain View, CA: cleanup activities. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2018. https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/SiteProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=second.Cleanup&id=0901680. Accessed March 31, 2019.

45. What is Superfund? US Environmental Protection Agency. www.epa.gov/superfund/what-superfund. Updated November 30, 2018. Accessed March 28, 2019.

46. Ibid.; Nazaryan A. The US Department of Defense is one of the world’s biggest polluters. Newsweek. July 17, 2014.

47. Superfund sites in reuse in California. US Environmental Protection Agency. Superfund Redevelopment Initiative. www.epa.gov/superfund-redevelopment-initiative/superfund-sites-reuse-california. Updated March 7, 2019. Accessed March 29, 2019.

48. Fairchild Semiconductor Corp. (Mountain View Plant) Mountain View, CA: cleanup activities. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2018. https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/SiteProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=second.Cleanup&id=0901680. Accessed March 31, 2019.

49. Horton J. I live next to Google—and on top of a toxic site. Don’t let polluters be evil. Guardian. March 19, 2014.

50. Ibid.

51. Ibid.

52. DeBolt D. TCE causes cancer, other health problems, EPA says. Mountain View Voice. October 7, 2011; Hasan F. Residents near old semiconductor plant worry about toxic exposure. Mountain View Voice. November 22, 2002.

53. Risk management for trichloroethylene (TCE). US Environmental Protection Agency. www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/risk-management-trichloroethylene-tce. Updated December 14, 2017. Accessed November 16, 2018; ToxFAQs for trichloroethylene (TCE). Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry. Toxic Substances Portal. www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=172&tid=30. Updated November 4, 2016. Accessed March 14, 2019; DeBolt D. TCE causes cancer, other health problems, EPA says. Mountain View Voice. October 7, 2011.

54. Goldman SM, Quinlan PJ, Ross GW, et al. Solvent exposures and Parkinson disease risk in twins. Annals of Neurology. 2012;71(6):776–784; Bowdler N. Study links Parkinson’s disease to industrial solvent. BBC News. November 14, 2011.

55. Superfund: National Priorities List. US Environmental Protection Agency. www.epa.gov/superfund/superfund-national-priorities-list-npl. Updated June 4, 2018. Accessed January 9, 2019.

56. Trichloroehtylene (TCE). Algona/Auburn Public Awareness Coalition. www.wa-apac.org/questions-from-the-community-factsheets/trichloroethylene-tce/. Accessed August 10, 2018.

57. Record of decision: Modock Road Springs/DLS Sand and Gravel, Inc. Site, Town of Victor, Ontario County, New York, Site Number 8-35-013. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. January 2010. www.dec.ny.gov/docs/remediation_hudson_pdf/835013rod.pdf. Accessed March 29, 2019.

58. Ibid.; Modock Springs. Town of Victor, New York. www.victorny.org/260/Modock-Springs. Accessed March 29, 2019.

59. Youngman J, Maslanik M. Cancer study of Victor’s “plume” inconclusive. Daily Messenger. October 16, 2009.

60. Barringer F. Exposed to solvent, worker faces hurdles. New York Times. January 24, 2009; Trichloroethylene. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichloroethylene. Updated May 28, 2018. Accessed March 31, 2019; C2 chlorinated solvents. IHS Markit. October 2017. https://ihsmarkit.com/products/c2-chlorinated-chemical-economics-handbook.html. Accessed March 26, 2019.

61. Risk management for trichloroethylene (TCE). US Environmental Protection Agency. www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/risk-management-trichloroethylene-tce. Updated December 14, 2017. Accessed November 16, 2018; Integrated Risk Information System: trichloroethylene. US Environmental Protection Agency. https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris2/chemicalLanding.cfm?substance_nmbr=199. Updated July 28, 2017. Accessed March 28, 2019; Public health statement for trichloroethylene. Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry. Toxic Substances Portal. www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=171&tid=30. Accessed March 29, 2019.

62. Risk management for trichloroethylene (TCE). US Environmental Protection Agency. www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/risk-management-trichloroethylene-tce. Updated December 14, 2017. Accessed November 16, 2018.

63. Franklin K. Industry urges EPA to put the brakes on TCE ban. Chemical Watch. 2017. https://chemicalwatch.com/55210/industry-urges-epa-to-put-the-brakes-on-tce-ban. Updated 2018. Accessed March 31, 2019.

64. Ibid.

65. Ibid.

66. Kaplan S. In reversal, chemicals are cleared for use. New York Times. December 20, 2017:A16.

67. Ebbs S. Senators, families urge EPA to take stronger action on toxic chemicals. ABCNews. August 1, 2018. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/senators-families-urge-epa-stronger-action-toxic-chemicals/story?id=56974123. Accessed December 6, 2018.

68. Hill AB. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1965;58(5):295–300.

69. GBD 2016 Parkinson’s Disease Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson’s disease, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurology. 2018;17(11):939–953.

70. Hofman A, Stricker BH, Ikram MA, Koudstaal PJ, Darweesh SKL. Trends in the incidence of Parkinson disease in the general population: the Rotterdam Study. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2016;183(11):1018–1026.

71. Wesseling C, De Joode BVW, Ruepert C, et al. Paraquat in developing countries. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2001;7(4):275–286.

72. Greve PA, Van Zoonen P. Organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in tissues from Dutch citizens (1968–1986). International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 1990;38(2):265–277.

73. Report on Carcinogens Background Document for Trichloroethylene. National Toxicology Program; December 13–14, 2000.

74. Ritz B, Lee P-C, Hansen J, et al. Traffic-related air pollution and Parkinson’s disease in Denmark: a case-control study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2016;124(3):351–356; Finkelstein MM, Jerrett M. A study of the relationships between Parkinson’s disease and markers of traffic-derived and environmental manganese air pollution in two Canadian cities. Environmental Research. 2007;104(3):420–432; Block ML, Calderón-Garcidueñas L. Air pollution: mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS disease. Trends in Neurosciences. 2009;32(9):506–516; Netherlands—air pollution country fact sheet 2018. European Environment Agency. www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/country-fact-sheets/netherlands. Accessed March 29, 2019.

75. Netherlands—air pollution country fact sheet 2018. European Environment Agency. www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/country-fact-sheets/netherlands. Accessed March 29, 2019.

CHAPTER 6: PROTECTING OURSELVES

1. Almendrala A. Muhammad Ali’s greatest fight was against Parkinson’s disease. Huffington Post. June 6, 2016. www.huffpost.com/entry/one-of-muhammad-alis-greatest-legacies-is-his-fight-for-people-with-parkinsons-disease_n_5755bfe8e4b0eb20fa0ea112. Accessed October 15, 2018.

2. Geiger LE. Etiologies of parkinsonism. Bulletin of the Los Angeles Neurological Society. 1975;40(4):160–194.

3. Bower JH, Maraganore DM, Peterson BJ, McDonnell SK, Ahlskog JE, Rocca WA. Head trauma preceding PD: a case-control study. Neurology. 2003;60(10):1610–1615; Siavash J, Mahyar E, Farhad A, Ali S. Head injury and risk of Parkinson disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Movement Disorders. 2013;28(9):1222–1229; Harris MA, Shen H, Marion SA, Tsui JK, Teschke K. Head injuries and Parkinson’s disease in a case-control study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2013;70(12):839–844.

4. Goldman SM, Tanner CM, Oakes D, Bhudhikanok GS, Gupta A, Langston JW. Head injury and Parkinson’s disease risk in twins. Annals of Neurology. 2006;60(1):65–72.

5. Ibid.

6. Crane PK, Gibbons LE, Dams-O’Connor K, et al. Association of traumatic brain injury with late-life neurodegenerative conditions and neuropathologic findings. JAMA Neurology. 2016;73(9):1062–1069; Uryu K, Chen X-H, Martinez D, et al. Multiple proteins implicated in neurodegenerative diseases accumulate in axons after brain trauma in humans. Experimental Neurology. 2007;208(2):185–192.

7. Lee P-C, Bordelon Y, Bronstein J, Ritz B. Traumatic brain injury, paraquat exposure, and their relationship to Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2012;79(20):2061–2066.

8. Omalu BI, DeKosky ST, Minster RL, Kamboh MI, Hamilton RL, Wecht CH. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a National Football League player. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(1):128–134; Mez J, Daneshvar DH, Kiernan PT, et al. Clinicopathological evaluation of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in players of American football. JAMA. 2017;318(4):360–370; Lehman EJ, Hein MJ, Baron SL, Gersic CM. Neurodegenerative causes of death among retired National Football League players. Neurology. 2012;79(19):1970–1974; Kubilus CA, Nowinski CJ, Budson AE, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology. 2009;68(7):709–735.

9. Lehman EJ, Hein MJ, Baron SL, Gersic CM. Neurodegenerative causes of death among retired National Football League players. Neurology. 2012;79(19):1970–1974.

10. Mez J, Daneshvar DH, Kiernan PT, et al. Clinicopathological evaluation of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in players of American football. JAMA. 2017;318(4):360–370.

11. Ibid.

12. Borland C. I quit the NFL but have hope for football’s future. Huffington Post. February 1, 2018. www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/opinion-borland-nfl-cte_us_5a72024de4b03699143ec7a3. Accessed October 15, 2018.

13. Mez J, Daneshvar DH, Kiernan PT, et al. Clinicopathological evaluation of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in players of American football. JAMA. 2017;318(4):360–370.

14. Borland C. I quit the NFL but have hope for football’s future. Huffington Post. February 1, 2018. www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/opinion-borland-nfl-cte_us_5a72024de4b03699143ec7a3. Accessed October 15, 2018.

15. Ezell L. Timeline: the NFL’s concussion crisis. PBS Frontline. October 8, 2013. www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/sports/league-of-denial/timeline-the-nfls-concussion-crisis/#2001. Accessed October 15, 2018.

16. Belson K. Brain trauma to affect one in three players, N.F.L. agrees. New York Times. September 13, 2014:A1.

17. Concussions in American football. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concussions_in_American_football#Federal_NFL_concussion_litigation. Accessed October 15, 2018.

18. Hruby P. Startling jump in NFL player claims for Parkinson’s and ALS pushes payout projections past 65-year total in 18 months. Los Angeles Times. August 8, 2018.

19. Ibid.

20. Press A. Forrest Gregg fighting Parkinson’s. ESPN. November 16, 2011. www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/7242215/forrest-gregg-says-fighting-parkinsons. Accessed December 7, 2018.

21. Ibid.

22. ESPN News Services. Hall of Fame lineman Forrest Gregg dies at 85. ESPN. April 12, 2019. www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/26505006/hall-fame-lineman-forrest-gregg-dies-85. Accessed May 19, 2019.

23. Kontos AP, Elbin RJ, Fazio-Sumrock VC, et al. Incidence of sports-related concussion among youth football players aged 8–12 years. Journal of Pediatrics. 2013;163(3):717–720.

24. Marar M, McIlvain NM, Fields SK, Comstock RD. Epidemiology of concussions among United States high school athletes in 20 sports. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2012;40(4):747–755; Gessel LM, Fields SK, Collins CL, Dick RW, Comstock RD. Concussions among United States high school and collegiate athletes. Journal of Athletic Training. 2007;42(4):495–503; Dompier TP, Kerr ZY, Marshall SW, et al. Incidence of concussion during practice and games in youth, high school, and collegiate American football players. JAMA Pediatrics. 2015;169(7):659–665.

25. McCrea M, Hammeke T, Olsen G, Leo P, Guskiewicz K. Unreported concussion in high school football players: implications for prevention. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 2004;14(1):13–17.

26. Kroshus E, Garnett B, Hawrilenko M, Baugh CM, Calzo JP. Concussion under-reporting and pressure from coaches, teammates, fans, and parents. Social Science & Medicine. 2015;134:66–75.

27. Marar M, McIlvain NM, Fields SK, Comstock RD. Epidemiology of concussions among United States high school athletes in 20 sports. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2012;40(4):747–755.

28. Ibid.

29. Ibid.

30. DoD worldwide numbers for TBI. Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center. https://dvbic.dcoe.mil/dod-worldwide-numbers-tbi. Accessed March 26, 2019.

31. Gardner RC, Byers AL, Barnes DE, Li Y, Boscardin J, Yaffe K. Mild TBI and risk of Parkinson disease: a chronic effects of neurotrauma consortium study. Neurology. 2018;90(20):e1771–e1779.

32. DoD worldwide numbers for TBI. Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center. https://dvbic.dcoe.mil/dod-worldwide-numbers-tbi. Accessed March 26, 2019.

33. DoD worldwide numbers for TBI. Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center. https://dvbic.dcoe.mil/dod-worldwide-numbers-tbi. Accessed March 26, 2019.

34. Gardner RC, Byers AL, Barnes DE, Li Y, Boscardin J, Yaffe K. Mild TBI and risk of Parkinson disease: a chronic effects of neurotrauma consortium study. Neurology. 2018;90(20):e1771–e1779.

35. Ibid.

36. Williams Gowers (neurologist). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gowers_(neurologist). Accessed March 14, 2019.

37. Ibid.; Gowers W. Paralysis agitans. Macmillan; 1899.

38. McCarrick K. Changing course: Jimmy Choi’s story. FoxFeed Blog. May 29, 2018. www.michaeljfox.org/news/changing-course-jimmy-chois-story. Accessed June 27, 2019.

39. Boiles A. WATCH NOW: athlete with Parkinson’s Jimmy Choi becomes an American ninja warrior. Foxfeed Blog. July 4, 2017. www.michaeljfox.org/news/watch-now-athlete-parkinsons-jimmy-choi-becomes-american-ninja-warrior. Accessed June 27, 2019.

40. McCarrick K. Changing course: Jimmy Choi’s story. Foxfeed Blog. May 29, 2018. www.michaeljfox.org/news/changing-course-jimmy-chois-story. Accessed June 27, 2019.

41. Terraso D. Professor pedals across Iowa to test benefits on Parkinson’s disease. Georgia Institute of Technology News Center. July 21, 2004. www.news.gatech.edu/2004/07/21/professor-pedals-across-iowa-test-benefits-parkinsons-disease. Accessed March 14, 2019.

42. Bridges A. Pedaling away from Parkinson’s. Santa Barbara Independent. August 11, 2014.

43. Reynolds G. What Parkinson’s teaches us about the brain. Well (blog), New York Times. October 12, 2011. https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/12/what-parkinsons-teaches-us-about-the-brain. Accessed June 27, 2019.

44. Pedaling for Parkinson’s. www.pedalingforparkinsons.org. Accessed March 14, 2019.

45. Bridges A. Pedaling away from Parkinson’s. Santa Barbara Independent. August 11, 2014; Pedaling for Parkinson’s. www.pedalingforparkinsons.org. Accessed March 14, 2019.

46. Ridgel AL, Vitek JL, Alberts JL. Forced, not voluntary, exercise improves motor function in Parkinson’s disease patients. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 2009;23(6):600–608.

47. Alberts JL, Linder SM, Penko AL, Lowe MJ, Phillips M. It is not about the bike, it is about the pedaling: forced exercise and Parkinson’s disease. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 2011;39(4):177–186.

48. Ibid.

49. Goodwin VA, Richards SH, Taylor RS, Taylor AH, Campbell JL. The effectiveness of exercise interventions for people with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Movement Disorders. 2008;23(5):631–640.

50. Müller J, Myers J. Association between physical fitness, cardiovascular risk factors, and Parkinson’s disease. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2018;25(13):1409–1415.

51. Fang X, Han D, Cheng Q, et al. Association of levels of physical activity with risk of Parkinson disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open. 2018;1(5):e182421; Thacker EL, Chen H, Patel AV, et al. Recreational physical activity and risk of Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders. 2008;23(1):69–74.

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53. Fang X, Han D, Cheng Q, et al. Association of levels of physical activity with risk of Parkinson disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open. 2018;1(5):e182421; Metabolic equivalent. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_equivalent. Accessed October 15, 2018.

54. Serra-Majem L, Roman B, Estruch R. Scientific evidence of interventions using the Mediterranean diet: a systemic review. Nutritional Review. 2006;64:S27–S47; Casini A, Gensini GF, Abbate R, Sofi F. Accruing evidence on benefits of adherence to the Mediterranean diet on health: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2010;92(5):1189–1196.

55. Casini A, Gensini GF, Abbate R, Sofi F. Accruing evidence on benefits of adherence to the Mediterranean diet on health: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2010;92(5):1189–1196.

56. Alcalay RN, Gu Y, Mejia-Santana H, Cote L, Marder KS, Scarmeas N. The association between Mediterranean diet adherence and Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders. 2012;27(6):771–774.

57. Gao X, Chen H, Fung TT, et al. Prospective study of dietary pattern and risk of Parkinson disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007;86(5):1486–1494.

58. Alcalay RN, Gu Y, Mejia-Santana H, Cote L, Marder KS, Scarmeas N. The association between Mediterranean diet adherence and Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders. 2012;27(6):771–774; Sofi F, Cesari F, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A. Adherence to Mediterranean diet and health status: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2008;337.

59. Alcalay RN, Gu Y, Mejia-Santana H, Cote L, Marder KS, Scarmeas N. The association between Mediterranean diet adherence and Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders. 2012;27(6):771–774.

60. Gao X, Chen H, Fung TT, et al. Prospective study of dietary pattern and risk of Parkinson disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007;86(5):1486–1494.

61. Jin H, Kanthasamy A, Ghosh A, Anantharam V, Kalyanaraman B, Kanthasamy AG. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants for treatment of Parkinson’s disease: preclinical and clinical outcomes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2014;1842(8):1282–1294.

62. Ross G, Abbott RD, Petrovitch H, et al. Association of coffee and caffeine intake with the risk of Parkinson disease. JAMA. 2000;283(20):2674–2679; Paganini-Hill A. Risk factors for Parkinson’s disease: the leisure world cohort study. Neuroepidemiology. 2001;20(2):118–124; Ascherio A, Zhang SM, Hernan MA, et al. Prospective study of caffeine consumption and risk of Parkinson’s disease in men and women. Annals of Neurology. 2001;50(1):56–63; Hernan MA, Takkouche B, Caamano-Isorna F, Gestal-Otero JJ. A meta-analysis of coffee drinking, cigarette smoking, and the risk of Parkinson’s disease. Annals of Neurology. 2002;52(3):276–284; Tan LC, Koh WP, Yuan JM, et al. Differential effects of black versus green tea on risk of Parkinson’s disease in the Singapore Chinese Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2008;167(5):553–560; Liu R, Guo X, Park Y, et al. Caffeine intake, smoking, and risk of Parkinson disease in men and women. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2012;175(11):1200–1207.

63. Ross G, Abbott RD, Petrovitch H, et al. Association of coffee and caffeine intake with the risk of Parkinson disease. JAMA. 2000;283(20):2674–2679.

64. Ibid.; Munoz DG, Fujioka S. Caffeine and Parkinson disease: a possible diagnostic and pathogenic breakthrough. Neurology. 2018;90(5):205–206.

65. Ascherio A, Zhang SM, Hernan MA, et al. Prospective study of caffeine consumption and risk of Parkinson’s disease in men and women. Annals of Neurology. 2001;50(1):56–63.

66. Munoz DG, Fujioka S. Caffeine and Parkinson disease: A possible diagnostic and pathogenic breakthrough. Neurology. 2018;90(5):205–206; Schwarzschild MA, Chen JF, Ascherio A. Caffeinated clues and the promise of adenosine A(2A) antagonists in PD. Neurology. 2002;58(8):1154–1160.

67. Postuma RB, Anang J, Pelletier A, et al. Caffeine as symptomatic treatment for Parkinson disease (Café-PD): a randomized trial. Neurology. 2017;89(17):1795–1803.

68. Palacios N, Gao X, McCullough ML, et al. Caffeine and risk of Parkinson’s disease in a large cohort of men and women. Movement Disorders. 2012;27(10):1276–1282.

69. Wikoff D, Welsh BT, Henderson R, et al. Systematic review of the potential adverse effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2017;109:585–648.

CHAPTER 7: TAKING CARE

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19. Willis AW, Schootman M, Kung N, Wang X-Y, Perlmutter JS, Racette BA. Disparities in deep brain stimulation surgery among insured elders with Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2014;82(2):163–171.

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29. Ibid.

30. Dorsey ER, Glidden AM, Holloway MR, Birbeck GL, Schwamm LH. Teleneurology and mobile technologies: the future of neurological care. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2018;14:285–297.

31. Arora S, Thornton K, Murata G, et al. Outcomes of Treatment for Hepatitis C Virus Infection by Primary Care Providers. New England Journal of Medicine. 2011;364(23):2199–2207.

32. Arora S. Project ECHO: the evidence is catching up with the enthusiasm. Health Affairs Blog. January 13, 2017. www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20170113.058331/full. Accessed June 27, 2019; Catic AG, Mattison MLP, Bakaev I, Morgan M, Monti SM, Lipsitz L. ECHO-AGE: an innovative model of geriatric care for long-term care residents with dementia and behavioral issues. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2014;15(12):938–942; Project ECHO: a revolution in medical education and care delivery. University of New Mexico. https://echo.unm.edu. Accessed November 11, 2018.

33. Dorsey ER, Glidden AM, Holloway MR, Birbeck GL, Schwamm LH. Teleneurology and mobile technologies: the future of neurological care. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2018;14:285–297.

34. Meyer GS, Gibbons RV. House calls to the elderly—a vanishing practice among physicians. New England Journal of Medicine. 1997;337(25):1815–1820.

35. Ibid.

36. Sairenji T, Jetty A, Peterson LE. Shifting patterns of physician home visits. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health. 2015;7(2):71–75.

37. Fleisher J, Barbosa W, Sweeney MM, et al. Interdisciplinary home visits for individuals with advanced Parkinson’s disease and related disorders. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2018;66(6):1226–1232.

38. Ibid.

39. Hack N, Akbar U, Monari, EH, et al. Person-centered care in the home setting for Parkinson’s disease: operation house call quality of care pilot study. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease. 2015;2015;639494. doi:10.1155/2015/639494. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4452493.

40. Beck CA, Beran DB, Biglan KM, et al. National randomized controlled trial of virtual house calls for Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2017;89(11):1152–1161; Shah SP, Glenn GL, Hummel EM, et al. Caregiver tele-support group for Parkinson’s disease: a pilot study. Geriatric Nursing. 2015;36(3):207–211; Korn RE, Shukla AW, Katz M, et al. Virtual visits for Parkinson disease. Neurology: Clinical Practice. 2017;7(4):283–295; Venkataraman V, Donohue SJ, Biglan KM, Wicks P, Dorsey ER. Virtual visits for Parkinson disease. Neurology: Clinical Practice. 2014;4(2):146–152.

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42. Beck CA, Beran DB, Biglan KM, et al. National randomized controlled trial of virtual house calls for Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2017;89(11):1152–1161; Dorsey ER, Venkataraman V, Grana MJ, et al. Randomized controlled clinical trial of “virtual house calls” for Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurology. 2013;70(5):565–570; Heikkilä VM, Turkka J, Korpelainen J, Kallanranta T, Summala H. Decreased driving ability in people with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 1998;64(3):325–330.

43. Beck CA, Beran DB, Biglan KM, et al. National randomized controlled trial of virtual house calls for Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2017;89(11):1152–1161.

44. Hubble JP. Interactive video conferencing and Parkinson’s disease. Kansas Medicine. 1992;93(12):351–352.

45. Ibid.

46. Achey M, Aldred JL, Aljehani N, et al. The past, present, and future of telemedicine for Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders 2014;29(7):871–883. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mds.25903.

47. Silva de Lima AL, Hahn T, Evers LJW, et al. Feasibility of large-scale deployment of multiple wearable sensors in Parkinson’s disease. PLOS ONE. 2017;12(12):e0189161.

48. Lipsmeier F, Taylor KI, Kilchenmann T, et al. Evaluation of smartphone-based testing to generate exploratory outcome measures in a phase 1 Parkinson’s disease clinical trial. Movement Disorders. 2018;33(8):1287–1297.

49. Dorsey ER, Glidden AM, Holloway MR, et al. Teleneurology and mobile technologies: the future of neurological care. Nat Rev Neurol 2018;14(5):285–297. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29623949.

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51. Topol E. The Patient Will See You Now: The Future of Medicine Is in Your Hands. Rpt. ed. Basic Books; 2016.

52. Daschle T, Dorsey ER. The return of the house call. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2015;162(8):587–588.

53. Gornick ME, Warren JL, Eggers PW, et al. Thirty years of Medicare: impact on the covered population. Health Care Financing Review. 1996;18(2):179–237; Life expectancy for Social Security. Social Security Administration. www.ssa.gov/history/lifeexpect.html. Accessed November 10, 2018.

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56. Dieleman JL, Baral R, Birger M, et al. US spending on personal health care and public health, 1996–2013. JAMA. 2016;316(24):2627–2646.

57. Ibid.

58. Dorsey ER, George BP, Leff B, Willis AW. The coming crisis: obtaining care for the growing burden of neurodegenerative conditions. Neurology. 2013;80(21):1989–1996.

59. Ibid.; Barnett ML, Wilcock A, McWilliams JM, et al. Two-year evaluation of mandatory bundled payments for joint replacement. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;380(3):252–262; Silverman L, Walters D, Aasen E, Tainter R, Whittington J, Holter R. Chapter 7: the cost of a broken hip. KERA. 2017. http://stories.kera.org/the-broken-hip/the-cost-of-a-broken-hip. Accessed February 11, 2019.

60. Dorsey ER, Vlaanderen FP, Engelen LJ, et al. Moving Parkinson care to the home. Movement Disorders. 2016;31(9):1258–1262.

61. Ibid.; Gerlach OHH, Winogrodzka A, Weber WEJ. Clinical problems in the hospitalized Parkinson’s disease patient: systematic review. Movement Disorders. 2011;26(2):197–208; Aminoff MJ, Christine CW, Friedman JH, et al. Management of the hospitalized patient with Parkinson’s disease: current state of the field and need for guidelines. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2011;17(3):139–145.

62. Ypinga JHL, de Vries NM, Boonen LHHM, et al. Effectiveness and costs of specialised physiotherapy given via ParkinsonNet: a retrospective analysis of medical claims data. Lancet Neurology. 2018;17(2):153–161.

63. Parkinson’s disease insight report. Wilmington Healthcare. https://wilmingtonhealthcare.com/what-we-do/nhs-service-improvement/parkinsons-disease-insight-report. Accessed May 19, 2019.

64. Allen NE, Schwarzel AK, Canning CG. Recurrent falls in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease. 2013;2013:906274.

65. Walker RW, Chaplin A, Hancock RL, Rutherford R, Gray WK. Hip fractures in people with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: incidence and outcomes. Movement Disorders. 2013;28(3):334–340; Kalilani L, Asgharnejad M, Palokangas T, Durgin T. Comparing the incidence of falls/fractures in Parkinson’s disease patients in the US population. PLOS ONE. 2016;11(9):e0161689–e0161689.

66. Li F, Harmer P, Fitzgerald K, et al. Tai chi and postural stability in patients with Parkinson’s disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012;366(6):511–519; Ypinga JHL, de Vries NM, Boonen LHHM, et al. Effectiveness and costs of specialised physiotherapy given via ParkinsonNet: a retrospective analysis of medical claims data. Lancet Neurology. 2018;17(2):153–161; van der Marck MA, Klok MPC, Okun MS, Giladi N, Munneke M, Bloem BR. Consensus-based clinical practice recommendations for the examination and management of falls in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2014;20(4):360–369.

67. Florence CS, Bergen G, Atherly A, Burns E, Stevens J, Drake C. Medical costs of fatal and nonfatal falls in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2018;66(4):693–698.

68. Ibid.; Kaiser J. Final 2018 budget bill eases biomedical researchers’ policy worries. Science. March 22, 2018. American Association for the Advancement of Science. www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/03/final-2018-budget-bill-eases-biomedical-researchers-policy-worries. Accessed June 27, 2019.

69. Safarpour D, Thibault DP, DeSanto CL, et al. Nursing home and end-of-life care in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2015;85(5):413–419.

70. Dorsey ER, George BP, Leff B, Willis AW. The coming crisis: obtaining care for the growing burden of neurodegenerative conditions. Neurology. 2013;80(21):1989–1996; Powell T. New hopes for dementia care. Wall Street Journal. April 11, 2019.

71. Dorsey ER, Topol EJ. State of telehealth. NEJM. 2016;375(2):154–161.

72. Wilkinson JR, Spindler M, Wood SM, et al. High patient satisfaction with telehealth in Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled study. Neurology Clinical Practice. 2016;6(3):241–251.

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CHAPTER 8: HOPE ON THE HORIZON

1. FDA approved drugs for neurology. CenterWatch. www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/therapeutic-area/10/neurology. Accessed November 29, 2018.

2. Ibid.

3. Prescribing information: INBRIJA. US Food and Drug Administration. December 2018. www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/209184s000lbl.pdf.

4. Prescribing information: GOCOVRI. US Food and Drug Administration. August 2017. www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/208944lbl.pdf.

5. Prescribing information: XADAGO. US Food and Drug Administration. March 2017. www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/207145lbl.pdf.

6. Prescribing information: NUPLAZID. US Food and Drug Administration. April 2016. www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/207318lbl.pdf.

7. Prescribing information: DUOPA. US Food and Drug Administration. September 2016. www.rxabbvie.com/pdf/duopa_pi.pdf.

8. Prescribing information: RYTARY. US Food and Drug Administration. January 2015. www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/203312s000lbl.pdf.

9. Prescribing information: NORTHERA. US Food and Drug Administration. February 2014. www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/203202lbl.pdf.

10. Novartis. Prescribing information: EXELON. US Food and Drug Administration. December 2018. www.pharma.us.novartis.com/sites/www.pharma.us.novartis.com/files/exelon.pdf.

11. Prescribing information: NEUPRO. US Food and Drug Administration. April 2012. www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/021829s001lbl.pdf.

12. Prescribing information: APOKYN. US Food and Drug Administration. July 2014. www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021264s010lbl.pdf.

13. Novartis. Prescribing information: COMTAN. US Food and Drug Administration. September 28, 2010. www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2010/020796s15lbl.pdf.

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29. Ibid.

30. Parker KL, Kim Y, Alberico SL, Emmons EB, Narayanan NS. Optogenetic approaches to evaluate striatal function in animal models of Parkinson disease. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 2016;18(1):99–107.

31. Ibid.; Fenno L, Yizhar O, Deisseroth K. The development and application of optogenetics. Annual Review of Neuroscience. 2011;34(1):389–412.

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33. Ibid.

34. Ibid.

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36. Ibid.

37. Denali Therapeutics announces positive clinical results from LRRK2 inhibitor program for Parkinson’s disease. Denali Therapeutics. August 1, 2018. http://investors.denalitherapeutics.com/news-releases/news-release-details/denali-therapeutics-announces-positive-clinical-results-lrrk2#ir-pages. Accessed November 29, 2018.

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40. Alessi DR, Sammler E. LRRK2 kinase in Parkinson’s disease. Science. 2018;360(6384):36–37.

41. Ibid.; Stott S. New LRRK2 results: game changer? Science of Parkinson’s. July 25, 2018. https://scienceofparkinsons.com/2018/07/25/lrrk-2. Accessed June 27, 2019; Di Maio R, Hoffman EK, Rocha EM, et al. LRRK2 activation in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Science Translational Medicine. 2018;10(451).

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50. Silverstein Foundation for Parkinson’s with GBA. 2018. www.silversteinfoundation.org. Accessed November 30, 2018.

51. Konrad A. Meet the top VC in a race to find his own Parkinson’s cure. Forbes. April 18, 2017. www.forbes.com/sites/alexkonrad/2017/04/18/jonathan-silverstein-venturing-for-a-cure/#4d17b6ba50a3. Accessed June 27, 2019.

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55. Ibid.; Sanofi initiates phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate therapy for genetic form of Parkinson’s disease [press release]. Business Wire. February 14, 2017. www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170214005771/en/Sanofi-Initiates-Phase-2-Clinical-Trial-Evaluate. Accessed June 27, 2019; A global study to assess the drug dynamics, efficacy, and safety of GZ/SAR402671 in Parkinson’s disease patients carrying a glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene mutation (MOVES-PD). US National Library of Medicine: ClinicalTrials.gov. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02906020. Updated March 14, 2019. Accessed March 29, 2019; Sardi SP, Viel C, Clarke J, et al. Glucosylceramide synthase inhibition alleviates aberrations in synucleinopathy models. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2017;114(10):2699–2704.

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61. Ibid.

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63. Fletcher K. Trials to treatments: vaccines for Parkinson’s. Medium. November 19, 2018. https://medium.com/parkinsons-uk/vaccines-for-parkinsons-b09634c84017. Accessed May 20, 2019.

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