Index

• Adams, Charles Francis, 30, 215, 351–52 (n. 54);
  • Antietam and, 224, 228;
  • battlefield victories and, 115, 143, 144, 152, 154;
  • British neutrality and, 44, 49–50, 51, 53, 70, 145, 245, 274, 333 (n. 2);
  • British shipbuilding for Confederate navy and, 125, 191–94, 195, 196, 199–200;
  • Bull Run, First, and, 64, 162;
  • Bull Run, Second, and, 211;
  • Civil War intervention by French and, 273–74, 275;
  • Civil War mediation consideration by British and, 146, 147–49, 150–51, 162, 173, 201–2, 203, 204, 206;
  • Confederate diplomatic commission to Europe and, 37, 38, 50, 53;
  • cotton embargo by Confederacy and, 120;
  • emancipation and, 121, 122, 125, 162, 280;
  • European intervention in Mexico and, 75, 127;
  • recognition of Confederacy as belligerent and, 44, 50, 70, 132, 145;
  • recognition of Confederacy by British and, 37, 39, 50, 52–53, 64, 66, 118–19, 120, 163, 170, 173, 237, 240;
  • slavery and, 60, 146, 173;
  • Trent affair and, 94, 102–3, 106–7, 111;
  • Union blockade and, 53, 58, 103, 126;
  • as Union diplomat to Great Britain, 31, 32, 80, 330 (n. 43);
  • war possibility during Trent affair and, 94, 102–3;
  • war possibility with European intervention in Civil War and, 58, 59, 60, 200, 201
• Adams, Charles Francis, Jr., 44, 86, 87, 102
• Adams, Henry, 94, 102, 109, 298;
  • battlefield victories and, 149, 161, 171, 173;
  • British lack of support for Union and, 80, 170;
  • cotton and, 103, 208;
  • recognition of Confederacy and, 118, 300;
  • slavery and, 60, 211
• Adams, John, 31
• Adams, John Quincy, 6, 31
• Alabama, CSS, 69, 196, 198–99, 200–201, 290, 353 (n. 24), 354 (n. 40), 355 (n. 49). See also Enrica; “No. 290”
• Albert, Prince, 98, 109
• Alexander (tsar), 100, 205, 293
• Alexandra (warship), 290
• American Colonization Society, 161
• American Revolution, 28, 55, 282
• American Union, The (Spence), 202, 292
• Andrew, John, 93
• Antietam, 220, 226, 229, 251;
  • aftermath, 220–21, 230, 264;
  • British reaction to, 221–25, 239, 249, 358 (n. 15), 360–61 (n. 42);
  • Civil War mediation consideration by British after, 225, 228, 233, 234, 235, 239–41, 247, 249, 282, 358 (n. 17)
• Anti-Slavery Society, 125
• Appomattox, 319, 373 (n. 80)
• Argyll, Duke of, 202, 224;
  • Civil War mediation and, 204, 210–11, 225, 236, 238;
  • cotton and, 207–8, 210;
  • emancipation and, 33, 207, 241–42, 279;
  • slavery and, 36, 210, 251, 283;
  • Trent affair and, 95, 107
• Army of the Cumberland, 281
• Army of the Potomac, 61, 264
• Atherton, William, 194, 197, 198
• Atlanta, 317, 319
• Austin, John, 268, 365–66 (n. 36)
• Austria, 332 (n. 76), 365–66 (n. 36);
  • Civil War mediation and, 191, 203, 217, 247, 248, 265, 269;
  • Mexico and, 76, 77–78, 126, 129, 287, 294, 310, 311, 312;
  • war with France, 259–60, 364 (n. 17)
• Bagehot, Walter, 32, 170
• Bahama (steamer), 198
• Baja California, 76, 310
• Banks, Nathaniel, 311
• Baring Brothers, 292
• Baroche, Jules, 131
• Bates, Edward, 30, 184, 211
• Bazaine, Achille François, 311
• Bee-Hive, 99, 232
• Belgium, 11, 101, 133, 162, 236, 255–56, 265. See also Leopold
• Belmont, August, 61–62, 185
• Benjamin, Judah P., 19, 93, 208, 342–43 (n. 5);
  • Antietam and, 221;
  • Confederate secretary of state appointment, 115–17, 343 (n. 6);
  • emancipation and, 177, 318;
  • European financial loans and, 292;
  • European intervention in Civil War and, 141–42, 153, 177, 258, 260–61, 364 (n. 11);
  • Napoleon III and, 256, 294, 314, 316;
  • recognition of Confederacy and, 145, 175, 221, 318, 358 (n. 14);
  • recognition of Confederacy by British and, 126, 170, 261, 365 (n. 34);
  • Union blockade and, 152–53, 260, 261, 295, 348–49 (n. 18)
• Bennett, James G., 288, 289
• Bermuda (Confederate ship), 68
• Bigelow, John, 200
• Birkenhead Ironworks, 193
• Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, 232
• Blair, Francis P., 317
• Blair, Montgomery, 184, 317
• Bonaparte, Prince Napoleon Jerome. See Napoleon, Prince
• Border States, 16, 28, 39, 155, 167, 176, 243, 250;
  • emancipation and, 121–22, 123, 161, 182, 185, 203, 230, 231, 232, 240, 278
• Boston Courier, 103
• Brady, Mathew, 3, 220
• Bright, John, 32, 96, 105, 167, 210, 300;
  • Civil War intervention and, 204, 237;
  • Civil War neutrality and, 208;
  • cotton and, 62, 103;
  • slavery and, 33, 251, 279, 283
• British Foreign Enlistment Act of 1819, 40, 44, 52, 125, 192, 193, 194, 196, 197, 200, 290–91
• British recognition of Confederacy, 29, 34, 125–26, 165, 326 (n. 2), 366 (n. 37);
  • battlefield victories and, 6, 115, 117, 216–17, 285;
  • as belligerent, 43, 44–45, 47–50, 51, 58, 61, 69, 70, 93, 114, 145, 150, 154, 155, 284, 311;
  • Bull Run, First, and, 62, 63, 64, 84;
  • Civil War armistice proposal and, 248–49, 257, 261–62, 272, 273–74, 276;
  • Civil War intervention and, 4–5, 50, 253–54;
  • Civil War mediation and, 3, 189–91, 201–2, 205–6, 209–12, 216, 217, 218–19, 221, 233–34, 235–36, 246, 247, 323;
  • cotton and, 162, 295;
  • cotton embargo threat to force, 14, 17–19;
  • cotton unofficial embargo to force, 49, 119–20, 130, 157, 173, 183;
  • De Leon meeting with Palmerston and, 152–60, 178, 319, 349 (n. 19);
  • emancipation and, 121, 122, 223, 318, 319, 373–74 (n. 88);
  • end of hopes for, 307, 321–22;
  • with France, 131, 134–35, 136–37, 167, 175, 248, 250–51, 265–67, 295–97, 298–99, 300–301, 302–3, 304, 305–6;
  • Gladstone's speech for, 236–39, 240, 241, 244, 249, 257, 270, 361 (nn. 45, 51);
  • international law and, 5–6, 248, 267–70, 365 (n. 34), 365–66 (n. 36);
  • “King Cotton Diplomacy” and, 2–3, 11–12, 13, 14, 20, 31–32, 48–49, 307, 322;
  • motion in Parliament by Gregory for, 31, 32, 36, 53, 118;
  • motion in Parliament by Lindsay for, 148–50, 155, 159, 162–63, 164, 167, 168, 169, 170–74, 181;
  • motion in Parliament by Roebuck for, 295, 296, 300–302;
  • Mure papers and, 65–68;
  • Russell refusal to guarantee against, to Union, 35–36, 39;
  • slave rebellions and race war and, 120–21, 122;
  • Trent affair and, 93, 94, 103, 109–10, 111;
  • Union blockade and, 25, 27, 39, 57, 83, 99, 104, 225–26, 243, 265–66;
  • Union dread of, 21, 24, 37, 42, 108, 212
• Brogan, Richard, 196
• Browning, Orville, 57, 101
• Brunow, Baron Philip, 234, 274
• Buchanan, James, 86, 317
• Bulloch, James D., 63, 125, 260, 373 (n. 80);
  • Alabama and, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197–99
• Bull Run, First, 61–64;
  • British reaction to, 61, 63–64, 67, 113, 162, 207;
  • Confederacy and, 65, 84, 110, 113, 217;
  • Union and, 73, 74, 80, 92, 93, 212, 219
• Bull Run, Second, 211, 212, 219, 221, 224;
  • British reaction to, 215–16, 249, 319, 323, 357 (n. 2)
• Bunch, Robert, 16, 17, 36, 39;
  • Mure papers and, 65–68, 70, 114
• Butcher, Matthew, 196
• Butler, Benjamin, 148
• Buxton, Thomas Fowell, 32, 330 (n. 45)
• Cameron, Simon, 255
• Campbell, John A., 317–18
• Canada, 45, 300;
  • British military buildup in, 43, 67, 68, 75, 95, 104;
  • railway for, 99, 125;
  • Trent affair and, 98–99;
  • war possibility with Civil War intervention, 109, 233, 243, 276, 301, 332–33 (n. 77), 357 (n. 2)
• Canning George, 154
• Carlyle, Thomas, 298
• Carpenter, Francis B., 184
• Castilla, Ramón, 126
• Cecil, Lord Robert, 80, 337 (n. 67)
• Chancellorsville, 291, 295, 300
• Charleston Mercury, 20, 49
• Chase, Salmon P., 62, 184, 185, 188, 211, 231, 281, 282
• Chesnut, Mary, 16–17, 84, 86, 143
• Chevalier, Michel, 259, 309, 372 (n. 63)
• Chicago Christians of All Denominations, 228–29
• Chicago Tribune, 229
• Civil War atrocities, as reason for intervention: by British, 1, 3, 62–63, 191, 202–3, 208, 215–16, 224, 225, 234, 235–36, 239, 247, 268, 270, 276;
  • by French, 1, 3, 259–60
• Civil War histories of diplomacy, 6–7, 375–76
• Clarendon, Earl of, 79, 96, 226, 238, 243, 245, 361 (n. 51)
• Clay, Clement C., 317
• Cobb, Thomas R. R., 9, 17–18
• Cobden, Richard, 32, 35, 96, 104, 105;
  • Civil War intervention and, 146, 167, 204, 237, 238, 261;
  • cotton and, 103, 150, 151, 162, 207–8;
  • emancipation and, 33, 231, 251, 279;
  • slavery and, 283
• Collier, Robert P., 196, 197
• Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels), 278
• Confederacy: Antietam and, 220–21, 224, 239;
  • Appomattox and, 319, 373 (n. 80);
  • arms and munitions from Europe and, 44, 52, 84, 115, 304–5, 332 (n. 76), 371 (n. 49);
  • battlefield victories and, 6, 61, 69, 140, 141, 147, 160, 173, 191, 217–18, 221, 282, 284, 318, 322–23;
  • blockade-running and, 94, 200, 208, 291, 304;
  • British neutrality and, 61, 314, 316;
  • British shipbuilding for navy of, 44, 68–69, 125, 191–201, 290–91, 353 (n. 21), 354 (n. 40), 355 (n. 47);
  • Bull Run, First, and, 61–64, 65, 84, 110, 113, 217;
  • Bull Run, Second, and, 211, 212, 215, 216, 217;
  • Cabinet, 19;
  • Davis's vision of, 1–2, 7, 9, 10;
  • diplomatic commission to Europe, 19–20, 24, 31, 36–37, 42, 43, 50, 53, 59, 63–65, 70, 84, 88, 94, 99, 104, 114, 152, 331–32 (n. 73);
  • emancipation bringing recognition for, 223, 318–19, 373–74 (n. 88);
  • Emancipation Proclamation and, 230, 231, 277, 278, 282;
  • emancipation thought inevitable by Europeans in, 80–81, 99;
  • European financial loans and, 2–3, 62, 264, 291–93, 295, 304–5, 369 (n. 17), 371 (n. 49);
  • European intervention in Civil War and, 163, 169, 191, 275, 284;
  • extent of, 155;
  • Fort Sumter, 32, 38, 39, 48, 55;
  • French shipbuilding for navy possibility, 258–59, 260, 315, 353 (n. 21), 373 (n. 80);
  • gradual emancipation with compensation and, 28, 177, 222–23, 310;
  • independence as only outcome of Civil War for, 60, 143, 146, 243, 245, 284, 315, 316;
  • Mercier peace mission and, 139–43, 346 (n. 64), 346–47 (n. 66);
  • Mexico and, 79–80, 165, 168, 255–56, 259, 273, 276–77, 291, 295–96, 297, 299, 307, 308–16;
  • Napoleon III and, 165–66, 255–56, 277, 285, 290, 291, 292, 294–97, 306–16, 318, 369–70 (n. 22);
  • navy of, 38, 44, 52, 63, 125, 191–201, 355 (n. 49);
  • peace talks and, 316–18;
  • playing down issue of slavery, 3, 14–15, 63, 120, 124, 134, 160, 283;
  • as Republic started anew, 1–2, 7, 9–10, 28, 47–48, 187–88, 282;
  • slavery and, 10, 38, 39, 60, 80–81, 84–85, 142, 155, 166, 176, 186–88, 276–77, 279, 318, 358 (n. 14);
  • Trent affair and, 83, 88–89, 93, 94, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 106, 108–9, 110, 111, 152, 159, 338 (nn. 10–11);
  • Union blockade and, 41, 43, 44, 100, 115, 119–20, 130–31, 141, 142, 152–53, 155, 161, 260–61, 265–66, 295, 304, 331 (n. 69), 343 (n. 10), 347 (n. 69);
  • Western Theater defeats, 115, 117, 139, 143, 151–52, 153, 188–89, 219, 281, 303, 346–47 (n. 66), 347 (n. 3). See also Benjamin, Judah P.; British recognition of Confederacy; Cotton; Davis, Jefferson; France; French recognition of Confederacy; Great Britain; Russia
• Constitutionnel, 55, 170, 316
• Corinth, Miss., 151, 152, 188
• Corn Laws (Great Britain, 1846), 14
• Cortes, Hernando, 58
• Corwin, Thomas, 76
• Cotton: British textile workers and support of Union and, 208–9, 227–28, 280, 322, 328 (n. 13), 348 (n. 13), 351 (n. 45), 356–57 (n. 65);
  • Confederacy attempts to bribe France with, 152–53, 167, 292, 350 (n. 32);
  • Confederacy destruction of, 143, 147, 161, 304;
  • Confederacy official proposal to embargo, 14, 17–19;
  • as Confederate basis for financial loans, 3, 14, 117, 292–93, 304, 322;
  • Confederate unofficial embargo of, 49, 119–20, 130, 157, 173, 183;
  • European economic distress from lack of, 137, 258, 266, 272–73, 287, 350 (nn. 28–29);
  • from India, 12–13, 131, 208, 210, 350 (n. 28), 356 (n. 64);
  • “King Cotton Diplomacy,” 2–3, 9, 11–14, 15–16, 20, 31–32, 49, 84, 307, 322;
  • lack of, as reason for Civil War intervention, 134–36, 150–51, 163, 168, 171, 191, 209, 234, 238, 239, 272–73, 300, 327–28 (n. 10), 350 (n. 32);
  • Union blockade and, 56, 73–74, 76, 77, 100, 110, 118, 119–20, 130, 134, 136, 152–53, 157, 161, 208, 268, 304, 343 (n. 10), 348–49 (n. 18), 350 (nn. 28, 32). See also British recognition of Confederacy; France; French recognition of Confederacy; Great Britain
• Cowley, Lord, 58, 100, 101, 129, 219, 241, 244, 246, 261;
  • European intervention in Civil War and, 256, 258;
  • recognition of Confederacy by France and, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 258, 295;
  • Union blockade and, 134, 135
• Crimean War, 25, 72, 96, 100, 169, 196, 205, 208, 217, 293
• Crook, David P., 6
• Cuba, 83–84, 87, 88, 299, 307, 309, 332–33 (n. 77), 337 (n. 1), 370 (n. 27)
• Cushing, Caleb, 9, 44
• Cutting, Francis B., 184
• Dallas, George, 42
• Dana, Richard Henry, Jr., 92
• Davis, Jefferson, 19, 351 (n. 50);
  • Benjamin secretary of state appointment and, 115–17;
  • Bull Run, First, and, 61, 84;
  • Confederacy as Republic started anew and, 1–2, 7, 9, 10;
  • Confederacy recognition and, 10, 15–16, 84, 117, 152, 153, 278, 307, 321–22;
  • Confederacy recognition and emancipation and, 318, 373–74 (n. 88);
  • Confederacy recognition by France and, 277, 314, 315;
  • Confederate commission to Europe and, 16–17, 84, 322, 331–32 (n. 73);
  • Confederate navy and, 38, 63;
  • Emancipation Proclamation and, 278;
  • European financial loans to Confederacy and, 292–93;
  • European intervention in Civil War and, 10–11, 177, 277, 291;
  • Inaugural Address, vi, 9;
  • “King Cotton Diplomacy” and, 13, 14, 15–16, 322;
  • Mexico and, 277, 291, 313, 314, 315;
  • Napoleon III and, 277, 291, 314;
  • peace talks and, 317–18;
  • slavery and, 223, 278, 318, 358 (n. 14);
  • Trent affair and, 93, 108–9;
  • Union blockade and, 161, 350 (n. 32);
  • Union victories in Western Theater and, 115
• Dayton, William L., 139, 151, 212, 244, 362 (n. 63);
  • battlefield victories and, 285;
  • Civil War neutrality and, 54–55, 58;
  • emancipation and, 122, 234;
  • European intervention in Civil War and, 77, 110, 255, 273, 275, 286–87, 302, 331 (n. 70);
  • European intervention in Mexico and, 75–76, 77, 79, 126, 127;
  • French intervention in Mexico and, 126, 128, 129, 299, 308, 312, 313, 315–16;
  • recognition of Confederacy as belligerent and, 131–32, 145, 167, 350 (n. 34);
  • recognition of Confederacy by France and, 138, 250–51, 299, 304;
  • recognition of Confederacy by France and Britain and, 302, 303, 305;
  • Trent affair and, 99, 105, 340 (n. 42);
  • Union blockade and, 75, 110;
  • as Union diplomat to Paris, 54, 59, 285
• De Bow's Review, 13
• Declaration of Independence, 10, 52, 123, 186, 187–88, 279
• Declaration of Paris (1856), 41, 43, 44, 65, 66, 68, 94, 133, 161, 260
• De Leon, Edwin, 273, 348–49 (n. 18), 350 (n. 32);
  • British recognition of Confederacy and, 152–60, 168, 170, 178, 319, 349 (n. 19);
  • French recognition of Confederacy and, 176–78, 349 (n. 19), 351 (n. 50)
• Democratic Party, 16, 189, 259;
  • Civil War mediation and, 126, 210, 219, 254, 262, 264, 265, 288, 295, 316;
  • congressional election defeats of Republicans and, 166, 210, 219, 254, 263, 288;
  • defeat in 1864 Presidential election, 317
• Derby, Lord, 135, 136, 167, 238, 243, 374 (n. 91)
• Diplomacy during the American Civil War (Crook), 6, 375
• Disraeli, Benjamin, 135, 136, 137, 163, 170
• Donoughmore, Earl of, 319, 322, 374 (n. 91)
• Dred Scott decision, 16
• Drouyn de Lhuys, Edouard, 244, 368 (n. 5);
  • Civil War intervention and, 255, 256, 265, 274, 286–87, 363–64 (n. 9);
  • Mexico and, 308, 310–11, 312, 313, 314, 316;
  • Poland and, 293;
  • recognition of Confederacy and, 256, 297, 298, 299, 302–3, 305, 306
• Du Bellet, Paul Pecquet, 15, 328 (n. 19)
• Dudley, Thomas Haines, 192–95, 196, 197, 198, 199
• Economist, 12–14, 15, 32, 60, 62, 163, 169–70, 292, 302
• Edwards, Samuel Price, 194, 195, 198
• Emancipation: black enlistment in army and, 281, 368 (n. 68);
  • British views on, 30–31, 33, 38, 80–81, 99, 227;
  • British workers' support for, 227–28, 280;
  • Civil War intervention and, 213, 228, 235, 241–42, 246–47, 277, 280, 282, 290, 322, 332–33 (n. 77);
  • colonization and, 123, 161, 185, 231;
  • Confederacy and, 28, 80–81, 99, 177, 222–23, 310;
  • Confederacy recognition and, 121, 122, 223, 318–19, 373–74 (n. 88);
  • confiscation and, 121, 123, 124, 151, 163, 182, 185;
  • fear of slave rebellions and race war with, 122, 123, 146, 185, 186, 229, 230–32, 235, 240, 243, 283;
  • gradual, with compensation, 121–22, 123, 124, 161, 163, 185, 222–23, 231, 237, 310;
  • Union determination for, 100, 121–22, 151, 184–89, 206–7, 213, 282, 343 (n. 16), 349 (n. 25). See also Border States
• Emancipation Proclamation, 205, 249, 318;
  • British reaction to, 231–32, 278–80, 283, 304, 322, 359 (n. 27);
  • Confederacy and, 230, 231, 277, 278, 282;
  • Democratic Party opposition to, 288, 289;
  • first reading of draft of, 184–85;
  • French reaction to, 290, 291, 320, 360 (n. 36);
  • Lincoln preparing to declare, 228, 231, 248, 250, 251;
  • as military tool, 234, 235, 268, 281–82, 360–61 (n. 42), 362 (n. 61);
  • preliminary, 228, 229–31, 279, 360 (n. 34)
• Émile Erlanger and Company, 264, 291, 292, 304
• Engels, Friedrich, 278
• Enrica, 197–98. See also Alabama, CSS; “No. 290”
• Erlanger loan, 2, 264, 291, 292–93, 295, 304–5, 369 (n. 17), 371 (n. 49), 375
• Eugénie (empress), 78, 177
• European Trading Company, 304
• Everett, Edward, 69, 70–71, 92, 294
• Fairfax, Donald, 89, 338 (n. 11)
• Field, Cyrus, 276, 367 (n. 55)
• Fifth Amendment of the Bill of Rights, 187
• Flahault, Count, 129, 137–38, 175, 244
• Florida, CSS, 69, 125, 193, 199
• Forey, Elie Frédéric, 164
• Forster, William E., 32, 33, 53, 118, 172, 237, 301
• Fort Donelson, 115, 117, 118, 119, 139, 151, 153
• Fort Henry, 115, 117, 139, 151, 153
• Fort Sumter, 32, 38, 39, 48, 55
• Fould, Achille, 131
• France: Anglo-French relations at beginning of War and, 24–26, 27, 57, 58, 59–60, 72–73, 96, 100, 101;
  • Civil War continuing neutrality and, 143, 323–24, 353 (n. 21);
  • Civil War declaration of neutrality, 45, 54–55, 58, 332–33 (n. 77);
  • Civil War intervention and, 55, 78, 79, 144, 153, 178, 265, 266, 270–77, 284, 285–88, 290, 291, 295–97, 349 (n. 19);
  • Civil War mediation and, 170, 182, 207, 209–10, 212–13, 217, 218, 225, 241, 244, 249, 254, 255, 262;
  • Confederacy attempts to bribe, with cotton, 152–53, 167, 292, 350 (n. 32);
  • Confederate independence considered inevitable by, 54–55, 76, 130, 175;
  • cotton and, 12, 16, 100, 105, 322, 336 (n. 51);
  • cotton and Civil War intervention and, 72–74, 76–77, 99, 130–31, 133, 134, 135–36, 145–46, 168, 209, 272–73, 285, 287, 327–28 (n. 10);
  • economic distress from lack of cotton, 161, 163, 272–73, 287, 350 (n. 29);
  • economy of, 161, 170, 209, 285, 350 (n. 29);
  • emancipation and, 231, 232, 290, 291, 320, 360 (n. 36);
  • Mexico and, 3, 4, 75–76, 126, 127–30, 146, 165, 167–68, 175, 259, 299, 317, 318, 340 (n. 46), 345 (n. 36);
  • navy of, 132, 133, 310;
  • Poland and, 293;
  • shipbuilding for Confederate navy and, 258–59, 260, 315, 353 (n. 21), 373 (n. 80);
  • slavery opposition, 15, 55, 130, 134, 163, 176, 255, 323;
  • Trent affair and, 94, 96, 99–101, 105, 110, 137;
  • Union blockade and, 55, 110, 133, 134, 135, 138, 265, 295, 350 (n. 32);
  • war with Austria, 259–60, 364 (n. 17). See also French recognition of Confederacy; Napoleon III
• Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, 3
• Fraser, Trenholm and Company, 192
• Fredericksburg, 143, 281, 286
• French recognition of Confederacy, 3, 6, 331 (n. 70), 331–32 (n. 73);
  • battlefield victories and, 139, 140–41, 143, 144, 207, 285, 305;
  • as belligerent, 55, 58, 59, 131–33, 145, 155, 167, 311, 350 (n. 34);
  • Civil War armistice proposal and, 253, 257–60, 265–66, 277;
  • Civil War intervention and, 253–54, 286;
  • Civil War mediation and, 207, 209–10, 211–12, 288;
  • cotton and, 16, 133, 163, 209, 255–56, 291–93, 295;
  • De Leon and, 153, 176–78, 349 (n. 19), 351 (n. 50);
  • emancipation and, 121, 223, 310, 318;
  • with Great Britain, 131, 134–35, 136–37, 167, 175, 248, 250–51, 265–67, 295–97, 298–99, 300–301, 302–3, 304, 305–6;
  • Lindsay meetings with Napoleon and, 133–38, 139, 295, 296, 297, 298–99, 300, 301–2, 305, 306–7;
  • Mexico and, 76, 79, 80, 128, 164, 276–77, 290, 297, 299, 308, 309–10, 313, 314, 315, 316, 323;
  • motion in British Parliament by Lindsay and, 148–50, 155, 159, 162–63, 164, 167, 168, 169, 170–74, 181;
  • motion in British Parliament by Roebuck and, 295, 296, 300–302;
  • Slidell meetings with Napoleon and, 164–69, 174–75, 176, 207, 256–60, 295–96, 298, 350 (n. 33), 370 (n. 27);
  • Union blockade and, 73–74, 77, 83, 99, 104, 130–31, 142, 346 (n. 64);
  • Union dread of, 42, 108, 212
• Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, 85, 123
• Garnett, James, 119, 226, 359 (n. 24)
• Gasparin, Count Agénor-Etienne de, 189
• Geoffroy, Louis de, 140
• Gettysburg, 199, 285, 303, 304, 305, 313, 319
• Gettysburg Address, 320
• Gibraltar, 105
• Gibson, Thomas Milner, 159
• Gladstone, William E., 67, 68, 98, 132, 159, 330 (n. 52), 362 (n. 61);
  • atrocities of Civil War and, 191, 202, 253, 276;
  • battlefield victories and, 219–20, 224, 249;
  • Civil War intervention and, 35, 210–11;
  • Civil War intervention with French and, 271, 272, 276;
  • Civil War mediation and, 162, 182, 191, 202, 204, 208, 218, 219–20, 225, 235–36, 247;
  • Civil War neutrality and, 160, 238;
  • speech supporting recognition of Confederacy by, 236–39, 240, 241, 244, 249, 257, 270, 361 (nn. 45, 51)
• Globe, 315
• Gorchakov, Prince Alexander, 100, 169, 234, 253, 255
• Grand Design for the Americas, 164, 260, 294–96, 298, 308–12, 320, 369–70 (n. 22), 372 (n. 66)
• Grant, Ulysses S., 115, 188–89, 303, 319, 346–47 (n. 66)
• Granville, Earl, 98, 204, 225–26, 236, 249, 355 (n. 56), 359 (n. 21)
• Great Britain: Anglo-French relations at beginning of War and, 24–26, 27, 57, 58, 59–60, 72–73, 96, 100, 101;
  • Antietam and, 221–25, 239, 249, 358 (n. 15), 360–61 (n. 42);
  • Bull Run, First, and, 61, 63–64, 67, 113, 162, 207;
  • Bull Run, Second, and, 212, 215–16, 249, 319, 323, 357 (n. 2);
  • Civil War continuing neutrality and, 114, 125–26, 144, 178, 191, 273–74, 307, 314, 316, 323–24, 353 (n. 21);
  • Civil War declaration of neutrality, 42, 44–46, 47–51, 53–54, 55–57, 60, 61, 93, 332–33 (n. 77);
  • Civil War intervention and, 23–24, 26–27, 31–33, 35–39, 42–44, 50–51, 53, 62–63, 70, 110, 119, 144, 153, 284, 290, 307;
  • Civil War intervention and emancipation and, 228, 235, 241–42, 246–47, 280, 282, 322;
  • Civil War mediation and, 146, 169–70, 173, 178, 181–82, 191, 201–2, 204, 207–8, 209–10, 223–24, 225–26, 235–36, 257–58, 358 (n. 17), 359 (n. 21), 360–61 (n. 42);
  • Confederate independence considered inevitable by, 33, 38, 52, 60, 61, 62, 64, 69, 109, 113, 149, 181, 182;
  • cotton and Civil War intervention and, 150–51, 171, 234, 238, 239–41, 268, 276, 327–28 (n. 10);
  • cotton dependence, 12–14, 27, 29, 31, 33, 59, 74, 77, 103, 120, 210, 327 (n. 6);
  • cotton surplus in, 13–14, 18–19, 48, 49, 57, 74, 119, 146, 160, 163, 226, 227;
  • economic distress from lack of cotton, 33, 103, 137, 160–61, 162, 163, 171, 181–82, 208, 226–27, 234, 350 (n. 28), 356 (n. 64), 359 (n. 24);
  • emancipation and, 207, 213, 231–32, 278–80, 283, 304, 359 (n. 27);
  • European intervention in Mexico and, 128, 130, 163;
  • fear of slave rebellions and race wars and, 120–21, 122–23, 182–83, 185, 235;
  • lack of support for Confederacy, 174, 302, 322, 351 (n. 45);
  • navy of, 95, 96, 99, 101, 105, 200, 355 (n. 47);
  • New Orleans capture by Union and, 143–44, 145, 146, 173;
  • Poland and, 293;
  • self-interest of, 39, 42, 45, 52, 68, 80, 332–33 (n. 77), 353 (n. 21);
  • shipbuilding for Confederate navy and, 44, 68–69, 125, 191–201, 290–91, 353 (n. 21), 354 (n. 40), 355 (n. 47);
  • slavery opposition, 11, 14–15, 23, 29, 30–31, 33, 36, 51, 70, 99, 118, 125, 172, 204, 210–11, 227–28, 279–80, 322, 323, 330 (n. 45), 337 (n. 67);
  • textile industry of, 12–14, 59, 119–20, 143, 150, 163, 327 (n. 6), 350 (n. 28), 356 (n. 64);
  • textile industry of, support for Union, 208–9, 227–28, 280, 322, 328 (n. 13), 348 (n. 13), 351 (n. 45), 356–57 (n. 65);
  • Trent affair and, 83, 88–91, 94–104, 110, 118, 170;
  • Union antipathy, 80, 152, 170, 329–30 (n. 38);
  • Union blockade and, 42–43, 51, 53, 56–57, 103–4, 109, 110, 111, 113, 117–18, 134, 136, 146, 159, 161, 268, 271, 290, 343 (n. 10);
  • war possibility during Trent affair, 92, 93, 94–95, 96–97, 98–99, 101, 102–3, 104, 105, 110, 113, 340 (n. 38);
  • war possibility with Civil War intervention, 36, 58, 59, 66–67, 71, 173–74, 183, 201–2, 233–34, 236, 243, 301, 323. See also British recognition of Confederacy; Canada; Palmerston, Lord; Russell, Lord John
• Greeley, Horace, 91–92, 206, 222;
  • Civil War mediation and, 288–89, 317
• Gregory, William H., 114–15, 173, 280–81;
  • motion in Parliament to recognize Confederacy and, 31, 32, 36, 53, 118;
  • Union blockade and, 117–19
• Grey, George, 236, 245, 248, 263
• Gros, Baron, 298, 302–3, 305, 306
• Grote, George, 96
• Gurowski, Adam, 92, 97, 108, 278
• Haiti, 120, 161, 336 (n. 51)
• Hamel, Felix, 194, 195, 199
• Hammond, Edmund, 170, 191, 195, 205, 207, 224, 231, 239
• Hammond, James H., 9, 11–12
• Harcourt, William Vernon, 107, 267, 275, 365 (n. 34)
• Harding, John, 197, 198
• Harper's Weekly, 3
• Hay, John, 30, 72, 317
• Hercules, HMS, 197
• Hill, A. P., 221
• Historicus. See Harcourt, William Vernon
• Holcombe, James P., 317
• Hotze, Henry, 111, 122, 137, 351 (n. 50), 365 (n. 34);
  • British textile workers and, 208, 209;
  • Index publication and, 68, 153, 176, 335–36 (n. 42);
  • recognition of Confederacy and, 118, 297, 301
• Hunter, Robert M. T., 93, 115, 142, 317, 318
• Hurlbert, William Henry, 309
• Huse, Caleb, 44, 332 (n. 76)
• Illustrated London News, 238, 302
• Index, 68, 153, 176, 275, 335–36 (n. 42)
• International law: civil wars and, 4, 40, 45, 51, 60–61, 70–72;
  • European intervention in Mexico and, 79;
  • neutrality and, 5–6, 40, 45, 48, 51–54, 61, 69, 114;
  • nonbelligerent nations halting war and, 6, 70–72, 218, 253, 262, 267–70;
  • recognition of independence of rebellious states and, 5–6, 248, 267–70, 365 (n. 34), 365–66 (n. 36);
  • self-interest and, 10–11, 322;
  • Trent affair and, 83, 88, 89, 91–94, 95, 97–101, 106–8, 338 (n. 9), 340 (n. 42), 341–42 (n. 66), 342 (n. 68);
  • Union blockade and, 25, 26–27, 39–41, 44, 45, 48, 54, 55–57, 69, 104, 130–31, 333 (n. 10), 334 (n. 17), 343 (n. 10)
• Isabel II (queen of Spain), 126
• Italy, 40, 129, 153, 167, 212, 244, 254, 256, 258, 294, 362 (n. 63), 364 (n. 17)
• Jackson, Stonewall, 221
• Jewett, William Cornell, 288
• Johnson, Andrew, 281, 319
• Johnson, Reverdy, 162, 349 (n. 26)
• Journal of St. Petersburg, 274
• Juárez, Benito, 75, 165, 167, 313, 320
• Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, 85
• Kearsarge, USS, 200–201
• Kenner, Duncan F., 318–19, 373–74 (n. 88)
• Kent, James, 88
• King Cotton Diplomacy: Foreign Relations of the Confederate States of America (Owsley), 6–7, 375
• La France, 244, 299
• La France, le Mexique et les États-Confédérés, 308–9
• Laird, John, 193, 194
• Laird Brothers of Liverpool, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 199, 201
• Lawley, Francis, 236, 275, 361 (n. 45)
• Layard, Austen Henry, 199, 239, 307
• Lee, Robert E., 142, 151, 216, 217;
  • Antietam and, 220–21, 224, 226, 228, 229, 230, 239, 264;
  • Appomattox and, 319, 373 (n. 80);
  • Bull Run, Second, and, 221, 319, 323;
  • Chancellorsville and, 291;
  • Gettysburg and, 285, 303
• Le Mexique, ancien et moderne (Chevalier), 309, 310
• Leopold (king of Belgium), 126, 203, 258, 262–63, 276, 355 (n. 54), 373 (n. 76)
• Lewis, George Cornewall, 68, 107, 125, 224, 357 (n. 2), 362 (n. 62);
  • Civil War intervention and, 160, 242–44, 245, 247, 248–50, 267–70, 275, 282, 324, 362 (n. 60), 365 (n. 34), 368 (n. 70);
  • Civil War intervention with French and, 267, 271–72, 366 (n. 42);
  • Civil War mediation and, 205, 233, 236, 269–70;
  • Civil War neutrality and, 267–68, 269;
  • cotton and, 33, 114, 226;
  • emancipation and, 243, 268, 362 (n. 61);
  • Mexico and, 78–79;
  • recognition of Confederacy and, 159, 248, 267–70, 365 (nn. 34–35), 365–66 (n. 36), 366 (nn. 37–38);
  • Trent affair and, 95, 96, 97, 98–99
• Liberia, 161
• Lincoln, Abraham, 253;
  • Antietam and, 220–21, 222–23, 228, 230;
  • assassination, 319;
  • battlefield victories and, 143–44, 151, 303;
  • British neutrality and, 45, 47–48, 49, 50, 53–54, 60, 219;
  • Civil War reconciliation plan by French and, 286, 288, 289–90;
  • Declaration of Independence and, 187–88;
  • as diplomat, 21, 322;
  • emancipation and, 151, 162, 182–83, 184–89, 203, 206–7, 213, 227, 235, 239–42, 276–77, 343 (n. 16), 349 (n. 25);
  • Emancipation Proclamation, 184–85, 205, 250, 251, 268, 277–80, 281–82, 283, 290, 304, 320, 360–61 (n. 42);
  • Emancipation Proclamation, preliminary, 228, 229–32, 234, 248, 279;
  • European intervention in Civil War and, 10–11, 27–28, 36–38, 146–48, 178–79, 189, 190, 203, 209–10, 216, 261, 274, 306;
  • European intervention in Mexico and, 127, 128, 129–30, 167–68, 350 (n. 34);
  • foreign affairs inexperience, 20–22, 322;
  • gradual emancipation with compensation and, 121–22, 123, 124, 161, 163, 185;
  • Inaugural Address, vii, 10, 29, 123–24, 186, 344 (n. 24);
  • McClellan, removal of from command and, 264, 265, 365 (n. 31);
  • Mexico and, 308, 311, 312, 313, 314–16;
  • Mure papers and, 66, 68;
  • Napoleon III and, 289, 294, 313;
  • peace talks and, 316–18;
  • personal qualities, 20–21, 22;
  • playing down issue of slavery, 28, 29, 55, 63, 69, 71, 124, 182–83, 322;
  • religion and, 186–87;
  • Russia and, 169, 205, 234, 293–94, 367 (n. 51), 369 (n. 19);
  • Seward and, 21, 22, 27–28, 36–38, 281, 290, 329 (n. 36);
  • slavery, elevation of issue and, 120, 121–22, 123, 161–62, 182, 183, 185–88, 208–9, 222, 228–30, 234, 276–77, 283;
  • slavery and, 100, 172, 189, 203, 206–7, 211, 344 (n. 19), 353 (n. 15);
  • Trent affair and, 91, 92–93, 97, 98, 101, 102, 104–6, 107, 109, 341 (n. 57);
  • Union army and, 54, 164, 189, 211, 281, 368 (n. 68);
  • Union blockade and, 39–41, 45, 48, 53–54, 56–58, 64, 261;
  • Union preservation and, 1, 4, 7, 10, 20, 21, 28, 69, 70, 71, 123–24, 143, 162, 182, 186, 206–7, 277, 289, 316;
  • war possibility with Civil War intervention and, 66–67, 323. See also Union
• Lindsay, William S., 99, 259, 292;
  • meetings with Napoleon for Confederacy recognition, 133–38, 139, 295, 296, 297, 298–99, 300, 301–2, 305, 306–7;
  • motions in British Parliament for Confederacy recognition, 148–50, 155, 159, 162–63, 164, 167, 168, 169, 170–74, 181
• Locke, John, 187
• Logan Act of 1799, 289
• London Emancipation Society, 172
• Louisiana, 168, 291, 294, 296
• Lowell, James Russell, 107
• Lyons, Richard B., 36, 37, 63, 64, 81, 113, 125, 145;
  • British neutrality and, 58, 59, 132;
  • Civil War intervention by British and, 23–24, 25–27, 266, 280, 365 (n. 31);
  • Civil War mediation and, 175, 191, 225, 244, 261, 264, 266, 288;
  • cotton and, 191, 208;
  • European intervention in Civil War and, 73–74, 77, 100, 139–40, 143, 146–47, 151, 265–66, 272, 274;
  • on leave in Great Britain, 147, 149, 162, 349 (n. 26), 360 (n. 34), 363 (n. 2), 365 (n. 31);
  • Mure papers and, 65, 67, 68;
  • slavery and, 23, 320;
  • slave trade and, 122–23, 163, 344 (n. 19);
  • Trent affair and, 83, 94, 98, 99, 100, 103, 104, 106, 109, 341 (n. 57);
  • Union blockade and, 27, 40, 41, 42, 57, 114, 137
• Madison, James, 106, 107
• Magenta, battle of, 259–60, 364 (n. 17)
• Maguire, Matthew, 196
• Mallory, Stephen R., 19, 93
• Malta, 105, 365–66 (n. 36)
• Mann, Ambrose D., 17, 94, 162, 236;
  • Napoleon III and, 256, 294, 313, 373 (n. 76)
• Marx, Karl, 209, 278
• Mason, James M.: battlefield victories and, 115, 118;
  • British recognition of Confederacy and, 84, 134, 148, 162, 167, 170, 171, 173, 174, 175, 189–91, 295, 296, 301, 366 (n. 37);
  • Civil War mediation and, 163, 182, 260, 276, 280, 364 (n. 11);
  • as Confederate diplomat, 83–84, 87, 114–15, 136–37, 138, 152, 153, 159, 221, 292–93;
  • cotton and, 130, 161, 162, 293;
  • emancipation and, 318, 319, 322, 373–74 (n. 88);
  • mission of, 83–84, 87, 88, 92, 97, 108, 307;
  • personal qualities, 84–86;
  • recognition of Confederacy and, 121, 346 (n. 64), 346–47 (n. 66);
  • release of during Trent affair, 105–7, 109, 110;
  • Trent affair and, 83–84, 88–89, 91–99, 101–2, 105–10, 337 (n. 1), 338 (nn. 9–11), 341–42 (n. 66);
  • Union blockade and, 117, 161, 261
• Maximilian Joseph, Archduke Ferdinand: Mexico and, 77–78, 126, 129–30, 294, 308, 310, 311, 312–16, 320, 323, 344 (n. 29), 345 (n. 36);
  • recognition of Confederacy and, 308, 310, 312–16
• McClellan, George B., 101, 217;
  • Antietam and, 220–21, 222–23, 224, 230, 264;
  • Bull Run, Second, and, 211, 221;
  • as Democratic Presidential candidate, 317;
  • emancipation and, 230;
  • Peninsula campaign and, 141, 143, 149, 151, 152, 162, 170, 173, 184, 203, 205, 230;
  • propaganda about in Great Britain, 171, 172, 173;
  • relieved of command, 264, 265, 365 (n. 31)
• McLeod, Alexander, 22, 33, 329 (n. 27)
• Memminger, Christopher G., 19, 292
• Mercier, Henri, 26, 76, 105, 113, 132, 293;
  • Civil War armistice proposal and, 225, 234, 264–65, 302;
  • Civil War mediation and, 152, 175, 176, 182, 203, 209–10, 212–13;
  • Civil War reconciliation plan by French and, 287, 288, 289;
  • European intervention in Civil War and, 58, 59, 73–74, 77, 100, 146, 254, 256, 263, 266, 274, 363–64 (n. 9);
  • French recognition of Confederacy and, 16, 73–74, 147, 175, 305;
  • Mexico and, 127, 128, 314, 315, 316;
  • peace mission to Confederacy and, 139–43, 346 (n. 64), 346–47 (n. 66)
• Merrimack. See Virginia, CSS
• Messrs. Fawcett, Preston and Company, 192–93
• Metternich, Prince Richard, 77
• Mexican War, 15, 86, 256
• Mexico, 39, 370 (n. 27);
  • European intervention and, 3, 4, 27, 69, 75–80, 101, 126–30, 163, 262, 340 (n. 46);
  • French intervention and, 3, 4, 75–76, 126, 127–30, 146, 165, 167–68, 175, 259, 299, 317, 318, 340 (n. 46), 345 (n. 36), 350 (n. 34);
  • monarchical government in, 164, 309–10, 311, 312–13, 316, 320, 323, 344 (n. 29);
  • Napoleon III and Confederate recognition, 276–77, 290, 294–96, 297, 299, 307, 308–16, 323, 372 (nn. 63, 66);
  • Napoleon III and imperial interest in, 255–56, 266–67, 273, 285, 286–87, 291, 293, 306, 319–20;
  • War of the Reform, 69
• Militia Act, 151
• Miller, Thomas, 197–98
• Milne, Alexander, 95, 98, 99
• Milner-Gibson, Thomas, 204, 236
• Mississippi River, 115, 144, 221, 311
• Mocquard, Jean François, 177
• Moir, James, 89
• Moniteur, 273, 302, 308, 316, 358 (n. 15)
• Monitor, USS, 125
• Monroe, James, 6, 106, 107
• Monroe Doctrine, 75, 154, 315
• Moran, Benjamin, 94, 125, 199, 348 (n. 6), 356 (n. 59);
  • battlefield victories and, 115, 143, 149, 152, 224, 358 (n. 15);
  • British recognition of Confederacy and, 171–72, 173, 240;
  • Civil War intervention with French and, 274;
  • Civil War mediation and, 149, 206
• Morgan, Edward, 194
• Morning Herald (London), 215
• Morning Post (London), 32, 33, 95, 203, 215
• Morning Star (London), 279
• Morny, Duke of, 131, 177
• Morrill Tariff, 18, 31, 62
• Motley, John Lothrop, 311
• Mure, Robert, 64, 65–68
• Murfreesboro, 281
• Napoleon (prince), 73, 177
• Napoleon I, 72, 221
• Napoleon III (emperor), 16, 362 (n. 63);
  • Civil War armistice proposal and, 257, 258, 273, 275, 276, 286, 287–88, 289, 296, 298, 302, 306, 307;
  • Civil War intervention and, 55, 72–74, 131–38, 145, 146, 164–69, 177, 244, 253, 285–86, 346–47 (n. 66);
  • Civil War intervention with Great Britain and, 178, 207, 257, 258, 262–63, 272, 295, 298, 300–302, 306;
  • Civil War mediation and, 182, 203, 209, 254, 255–62, 270–72, 363 (n. 1), 364 (n. 22);
  • Civil War military intervention and, 257, 258, 259, 261, 266–67, 269, 276, 306, 363–64 (n. 9);
  • Civil War reconciliation plan and, 286–88, 290, 291;
  • Confederacy and, 165–66, 255–56, 277, 285, 290, 291, 292, 294–97, 306–16, 318, 369–70 (n. 22);
  • Confederate independence considered inevitable by, 130, 151, 164, 264, 311;
  • Confederate navy and, 258–59, 315, 373 (n. 80);
  • cotton and, 72, 133, 135, 136, 138, 166, 167, 168, 255, 272–73, 285, 287;
  • emancipation and, 122, 177, 319;
  • empire-building intentions of, 24–25, 73, 226, 262, 266–67, 270, 274, 284, 285, 287;
  • Grand Design for the Americas and, 164, 260, 294–96, 298, 308–12, 320, 369–70 (n. 22), 372 (n. 66);
  • Mexico, imperial interest and Confederacy recognition, 276–77, 290, 294–96, 297, 299, 307, 308–16, 323, 372 (nn. 63, 66);
  • Mexico and, Great Power intervention in, 79, 80, 101, 126, 128, 130, 262, 350 (n. 34);
  • Mexico and imperial interest of, 76, 77–78, 127–30, 146, 165, 167–68, 175, 255–56, 266–67, 273, 285, 286–87, 291, 293, 306, 319–20;
  • Trent affair and, 105, 110, 165;
  • Union blockade and, 137, 152–53, 165, 257, 346 (n. 64), 348–49 (n. 18);
  • war with Austria and, 259–60, 364 (n. 17). See also French recognition of Confederacy
• Napoleonic Wars, 88, 97
• National day of fasting, 281
• National Intelligencer, 147
• Native Americans, 310
• Newcastle, Duke of, 98–99, 172, 236, 245
• New Orleans, 14, 65, 115, 133, 134, 162, 231, 292;
  • Union capture of, 143–44, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 153, 154, 173, 349 (n. 26)
• New Orleans Bee, 93
• New York Herald, 61, 92, 288, 289–90
• New York Times, 91, 205, 220, 289, 308–9
• New York Tribune, 16, 92, 115, 206, 288–89, 317
• New York World, 309
• North, the South, and the Powers, 1861-1865, The (Crook), 6, 375
• “No. 290,” 193, 195–96, 197, 199. See also Alabama, CSS; Enrica
• O'Neil, John, 119, 227
• Oreto, 192, 193
• Owsley, Frank L., 6–7, 375
• Palmer, Roundell, 194, 197, 198
• Palmerston, Lady, 125, 148, 221
• Palmerston, Lord, 37, 39, 167, 329 (n. 27), 330 (n. 52), 361 (n. 51), 364 (n. 24), 365 (n. 34), 366 (n. 42);
  • Antietam and, 224–25, 240–41, 360 (n. 38), 360–61 (n. 42);
  • battlefield victories and, 173, 178, 233, 236, 244;
  • British shipbuilding for Confederate navy and, 194, 196, 199, 200;
  • Bull Run, First, and, 61, 67;
  • Bull Run, Second, and, 211, 215–16, 249, 319, 323;
  • Civil War armistice proposal and, 241, 243, 245, 246, 248, 249–50, 362 (nn. 60, 65);
  • Civil War intervention and, 32, 33, 57, 74–75, 146, 168, 224, 235, 244–45, 256, 270, 282, 286, 368 (n. 70);
  • Civil War intervention with French and, 271, 272, 273–74, 275, 276;
  • Civil War mediation and, 149, 150, 162, 170–73, 183, 191, 203–4, 207, 210, 215–19, 232–33, 262–63, 265, 323, 357–58 (n. 4), 360 (n. 38);
  • Civil War neutrality and, 45, 48, 51–52, 69, 99, 110–11, 156, 157, 219, 276, 284;
  • Confederate independence considered inevitable by, 38, 150, 239;
  • Confederate sympathy and, 157–58, 159, 240;
  • cotton and, 62, 74, 173;
  • De Leon meeting and, 153–60, 168, 170, 319, 349 (n. 19);
  • European intervention in Mexico and, 76, 79, 127–28;
  • leadership qualities, 33–35;
  • Mure papers and, 66–67;
  • New Orleans capture by Union and, 148, 154, 348 (n. 7);
  • privateering and, 40–42;
  • slavery and, 62, 120, 244, 263, 291, 319;
  • textile workers and, 162, 181;
  • Trent affair and, 93, 94–96, 98–99, 105, 110–11, 137, 172;
  • Union blockade and, 55–56, 57, 111, 118, 133, 136, 154, 155, 156, 157, 161;
  • war possibility with Civil War intervention and, 36, 103, 173–74, 233, 236. See also British recognition of Confederacy; Great Britain; Russell, Lord John
• Passmore, William, 195–96, 197
• Patrie, 176
• Paul, Alfred, 295
• Peelites, 35, 330 (n. 52)
• Peerless (Confederate steamer), 42
• Peninsula campaign, 141, 143, 149, 151, 152, 162, 170, 173, 184, 203, 205, 230
• Persigny, Count Fialin, 131, 177
• Peru, 126
• Peterhoff (British steamship), 290, 369 (n. 13)
• Philadelphia compact of 1787, 10
• Pickens, Francis, 39
• Pierce, Franklin, 15
• Poland, 293–94, 307
• Polk, James K., 86
• Pollard, E. A., 111
• Preston, William, 314, 315
• Privateering, 40–43, 44, 52, 66, 95
• Prussia, 191, 203, 212, 217, 247, 248, 264, 269, 293
• Punch, 15, 33, 158
• Ramsden, John, 51
• Ravenel, Henry William, 31–32
• Raymond, Henry, 289
• Reagan, John H., 19
• Republican Party: congressional election defeats of, 210, 219, 263, 265, 288;
  • emancipation and, 122, 184, 189;
  • slavery and, 28, 29, 123, 182, 184
• Rhett, Edmund, 49
• Rhett, Robert Barnwell, 20, 49
• Richmond Dispatch, 319
• Richmond Enquirer, 318
• Richmond Sentinel, 318
• Richmond Whig, 12, 44, 275
• River Queen, 317
• Roanoke Island, N.C., 117
• Roebuck, John A., 162–63, 170;
  • meeting with Napoleon for Confederacy recognition, 296, 297–99, 300, 302–3, 305, 306–7;
  • motion in British Parliament for Confederacy recognition, 295, 296, 300–302
• Roosevelt, Theodore, 192
• Rost, Pierre A., 17, 59, 94, 328 (n. 19), 331–32 (n. 73)
• Rothschilds' banking firm, 62–63, 99
• Rouher, Eugene, 133, 135, 136
• Russell, Lord John, 26, 27, 47, 145, 253, 293, 343 (n. 10), 365 (n. 31);
  • battlefield victories and, 126, 147, 175, 181, 190, 207, 219, 225, 234, 272, 347 (n. 3);
  • British neutrality and, 42, 49–50, 51, 52–53, 64–65, 67, 69–71, 99, 113, 114, 132, 144, 145, 160, 189–92, 218, 219, 240, 273–74, 276;
  • British shipbuilding for Confederate navy and, 125, 192, 193–95, 196–97, 198, 199–200, 201, 290–91;
  • Bull Run, Second, and, 211, 215–16, 249;
  • Civil War armistice proposal and, 241–50, 362 (n. 65);
  • Civil War intervention and, 69–70, 71, 80–81, 125, 148–49, 160, 240–41;
  • Civil War intervention with France and, 59–60, 72–73, 74–75, 78, 79, 136–37, 138, 270–72, 274–75, 276, 285–86, 300, 366 (n. 41);
  • Civil War mediation and, 149, 150, 162, 163, 176, 190, 201–2, 203–5, 210, 233–34, 235–36, 280–81, 352 (n. 2);
  • Civil War mediation with France and, 182, 211–12, 216–19, 254, 258, 260–63, 266–68, 357 (n. 74), 359 (n. 21), 363 (n. 1);
  • Confederate commission to Europe and, 43, 50, 53, 63–64, 65, 70, 94, 99, 114;
  • European intervention in Mexico and, 77, 78–79, 80, 126, 128, 345 (n. 36);
  • as foreign minister to Palmerston, 34–38, 154, 156, 157, 159, 160;
  • Mure papers and, 65–68, 70;
  • slavery and, 30, 51, 69, 71, 80–81, 120–21, 122, 124, 148–49, 231;
  • textile industry and, 119, 120;
  • Trent affair and, 83, 94, 95, 97–99, 100–101, 102, 103, 104–5, 107, 109, 114, 272;
  • Union blockade and, 25, 40, 41, 57, 58, 59, 104, 115, 117, 118, 120, 131, 136–37, 161, 271;
  • war possibility with Civil War intervention, 71, 100, 151, 233–34. See also British recognition of Confederacy; Great Britain; Palmerston, Lord
• Russell, William H., 14, 37, 38, 86, 87, 102;
  • British recognition of Confederacy and, 49;
  • Bull Run, First, and, 61, 63;
  • European intervention in Civil War and, 58–59, 73, 145
• Russia, 4, 6, 25, 41, 72, 96, 139, 140, 329 (n. 31), 376;
  • Civil War mediation and, 169, 191, 202, 204, 205, 210, 217, 218–20, 234, 241, 244–47, 249, 254, 256–57, 260, 262, 264–66, 270–71, 274, 357–58 (n. 4), 359 (n. 21);
  • navy visit to United States, 293–94, 369 (n. 19);
  • Poland and, 293–94;
  • recognition of Confederacy and, 9, 218, 248, 263, 266, 293–94;
  • slavery and, 205, 234, 294;
  • Trent affair and, 100, 101, 169;
  • Union blockade and, 26, 130–31;
  • Union relations and, 169, 206, 254–55, 257, 274, 293–94, 307, 322, 367 (n. 51), 369 (n. 19)
• St. Thomas (Caribbean island), 84, 88
• Sanford, Henry, 101, 209, 255–56, 293, 294
• San Jacinto, USS, 83, 90;
  • Trent affair and, 87–89, 338 (nn. 10–11)
• Santo Domingo, 27, 259
• Saturday Review, 13, 60, 238, 302
• Savannah, 319
• Schurz, Carl, 123
• Scott, William. See Stowell, Lord
• Second Confiscation Act, 151
• Semmes, Raphael, 198, 199
• Seven Days' battle, 151
• Seward, William H., 60, 73, 83, 293, 330 (n. 43), 348 (n. 7);
  • Anglophobia, 22, 24, 68, 80, 126, 329 (n. 27);
  • battlefield victories and, 143, 154, 178, 234, 303;
  • British intervention and, 201–2, 228, 261;
  • British neutrality and, 45, 50, 53, 114, 132, 333 (nn. 2–3);
  • British shipbuilding for Confederate navy and, 199;
  • cabinet crisis and, 281, 290;
  • Civil War mediation and, 142–43, 151, 162, 182, 183, 204–6, 237, 274–75, 289, 352 (n. 2), 356 (n. 59);
  • emancipation and, 162, 181, 183, 184, 185, 188, 230, 318;
  • European intervention in Civil War and, 147–50, 151–52, 178–79, 250, 302, 303–4, 305, 348 (n. 6);
  • European intervention in Mexico and, 75–76, 77, 127, 128, 129–30, 146;
  • European neutrality and, 55, 58–59;
  • Morrill Tariff and, 62;
  • Mure papers and, 64–67, 68;
  • Napoleon III, Mexico and, 255–56, 294–95, 299, 306, 308, 311–13;
  • peace talks and, 318;
  • personal qualities, 21–23, 329 (n. 36);
  • Russia and, 357–58 (n. 4), 369 (n. 19);
  • slavery and, 28, 30, 121, 123, 329 (n. 35);
  • slave trade and, 122–23, 163;
  • Trent affair and, 92, 94, 98, 101, 102–3, 104–8, 109, 341 (n. 57);
  • Union blockade and, 25, 26–27, 39, 40, 41–42, 56, 64, 76, 132, 136, 137;
  • Union preservation and, 1, 212–13, 246, 261;
  • war possibility with Civil War intervention, 5, 151–52, 183, 201–2, 213, 249, 263, 316, 323;
  • war threats to Europe and, 23, 24, 27–28, 36–38, 42, 45, 47, 50, 58–59, 61, 64, 71, 79, 95, 102–3, 109, 110, 329 (n. 35), 331 (n. 70). See also British recognition of Confederacy; French recognition of Confederacy; Lincoln, Abraham; Union
• Seymour, Horatio, 254, 263, 288
• Shaftesbury, Earl of, 221–24
• Sherman, William T., 317, 319
• Shiloh, 139, 143, 151, 153, 346–47 (n. 66)
• Shufeldt, Robert, 88
• Sickles, Daniel E., 18
• Slavery: abolition of, 4, 10, 121, 122, 124, 183, 184, 185, 189, 206–7, 222–23, 230, 320;
  • British opposition to, 11, 14–15, 23, 29, 30–31, 33, 36, 51, 70, 99, 118, 125, 172, 204, 210–11, 227–28, 279–80, 322, 323, 330 (n. 45), 337 (n. 67);
  • as central issue of Civil War, 29–31, 60, 70, 71, 120–21, 124, 146, 162, 173, 186, 212, 228–30, 246, 251, 275;
  • Civil War mediation and, 169, 170, 203, 244, 263, 269, 270, 283, 285, 288–91, 301;
  • Confederacy and, 10, 38, 39, 60, 80–81, 84–85, 142, 155, 166, 176, 186–88, 279, 318, 358 (n. 14);
  • Confederacy playing down, 3, 14–15, 63, 120, 124, 134, 160, 283;
  • Constitution and Declaration of Independence and, 4, 10, 122, 123, 186, 187–88, 277;
  • French opposition to, 15, 55, 130, 134, 163, 176, 255, 323;
  • Gladstone and, 236, 237, 247;
  • Lincoln elevating issue, 120, 121–22, 123, 161–62, 182, 183, 185–88, 208–9, 222, 228–30, 234, 276–77, 283, 353 (n. 15);
  • recognition of Confederacy and, 310, 319, 373–74 (n. 88);
  • Russian opposition to, 205, 234, 294;
  • slave rebellions and race war, 120–21, 122–23, 146, 148–49, 172, 182, 183, 185, 228, 230–32, 240, 243, 261, 283, 360–61 (n. 42);
  • slave trade, 14, 16, 17, 20, 32, 34, 39, 122–23, 163, 330 (n. 45), 344 (n. 19);
  • Union army and, 151, 185, 188–89, 281, 358 (n. 14), 368 (n. 68);
  • Union playing down, 3, 28, 29, 55, 62, 63, 69, 71, 120, 182–83, 283, 322. See also Emancipation
• Slidell, John, 16, 86–87, 141, 162;
  • Civil War intervention by French and, 264–65, 274, 275, 276–77, 286, 346 (n. 64), 346–47 (n. 66), 348–49 (n. 18), 364 (n. 11);
  • Civil War mediation and, 182, 221, 222–23, 254, 256–60;
  • as Confederate diplomat, 130–31, 134, 135, 137–38, 144, 145, 152–53, 170, 307;
  • European financial loans to Confederacy and, 292, 293;
  • mission of, 83–84, 87, 88, 92, 97, 108;
  • recognition of Confederacy and emancipation and, 318, 373–74 (n. 88);
  • recognition of Confederacy by France and Mexico and, 313, 314, 315, 316;
  • release of during Trent affair, 105–7, 109, 110;
  • slavery and, 222–23;
  • Trent affair and, 83–84, 88, 89, 91–92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 338 (nn. 9–11), 341–42 (n. 66). See also French recognition of Confederacy
• Smith, Caleb B., 184, 211
• Smith, Kirby, 221
• Solferino, 260, 364 (n. 17)
• Sonora, 310, 372 (n. 66)
• Southern Confederacy, 93
• Spain, 123, 154;
  • British shipbuilding for Confederate navy and, 191, 193;
  • European intervention in Civil War and, 133, 265, 296, 299, 307, 331–32 (n. 73), 332–33 (n. 77), 337 (n. 1), 370 (n. 27);
  • Mexico and, 27, 75, 79, 126, 128, 130, 262, 296, 370 (n. 27)
• Spectator, 232, 267
• Spence, James, 202, 292
• Squarey, A. T., 195
• Stanley, Lord, 95
• Stansfeld, James, 159
• Stanton, Edwin M., 184, 185, 211
• Stephens, Alexander H., 19, 176, 186, 317, 318
• Stoeckl, Edouard de, 26, 27, 206;
  • Civil War mediation and, 139, 140, 205, 254, 263, 266, 274;
  • emancipation and, 234, 277
• Stones River, 281
• Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 15
• Stowell, Lord, 88, 92, 96, 106, 108, 342 (n. 68)
• Stuart, Jeb, 259
• Stuart, William, 199, 212, 219, 220, 244, 349 (n. 26);
  • Antietam and, 224, 225;
  • Civil War mediation and, 182, 205, 210, 254, 263, 265, 352 (n. 2), 363 (n. 2);
  • emancipation and, 207, 231, 360 (n. 34);
  • recognition of Confederacy and, 162, 209
• Sumner, Charles, 37, 45, 207–8, 288, 289;
  • emancipation and, 207, 280;
  • Trent affair and, 93, 105, 107, 341 (n. 60)
• Sumter, CSS, 193, 196, 198
• Sutherland, Duchess of, 210
• Tallyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, 285, 308, 372 (n. 61)
• Taylor, Bayard, 254–55, 367 (n. 51)
• Taylor, Peter A., 172, 227
• Tennessee, 115, 139, 151, 281
• Texas, 294, 296, 311, 312, 369–70 (n. 22)
• Theodora, CSS, 83
• Thirteenth Amendment, 320
• Thompson, Jacob, 317
• Thouvenel, Edouard, 59, 73, 113;
  • Civil War mediation and, 139–40, 176, 177, 212, 257, 258, 346 (n. 64), 346–47 (n. 66), 351 (n. 49), 357 (n. 74);
  • Civil War neutrality and, 54–55, 143, 144;
  • dismissal of, 244, 258, 362 (n. 63);
  • European intervention in Mexico and, 79, 127, 128–29;
  • lack of cotton as reason for Civil War intervention and, 76–77, 136, 163, 209;
  • Trent affair and, 99, 340 (n. 42);
  • Union blockade and, 110. See also French recognition of Confederacy
• Times, The (of London), 14, 18, 20, 32, 33, 39, 80, 86;
  • Bull Run, First, and, 61;
  • Civil War intervention and, 37, 170, 203, 236, 238, 267, 273–74, 275, 366 (n. 42);
  • cotton and, 13, 16, 49, 62;
  • emancipation and, 231–32, 235;
  • recognition of Confederacy and, 170, 215, 365 (n. 34), 366 (n. 37);
  • Trent affair and, 102, 107, 110
• Toombs, Robert, 19, 20, 178
• Transatlantic cable, 93–94, 110, 367 (n. 55)
• Treaty of London (1861), 79, 126
• Treaty of Paris (1856), 42
• Treaty of Washington (1871), 201
• Trent, HMS, 83, 88–89, 90, 91, 92, 107, 341–42 (n. 66)
• Tropic Wind (British schooner), 57
• Twisleton, Edward, 96, 97, 108
• Two Years before the Mast (Dana), 92
• Uncle Tom's Cabin (Stowe), 15
• Union: Antietam and, 220–21, 224, 228, 229, 230, 233, 234, 239, 249, 251;
  • Appomattox and, 319;
  • battlefield victories and, 185, 186, 189, 191, 213, 304, 305, 313, 317, 319, 323;
  • British shipbuilding for Confederate navy and, 125, 191–201, 353 (n. 21), 354 (n. 40);
  • British textile workers' support of, 227–28, 280, 322, 351 (n. 45), 356–57 (n. 65);
  • Bull Run, First, and, 61–64, 73, 74, 80, 92, 93, 162, 212, 219;
  • Bull Run, Second, and, 211, 212, 215, 216, 219, 224;
  • Chancellorsville, 291, 295, 300;
  • Civil War mediation and, 165–66, 169, 205, 217–18, 224, 233–36, 246;
  • congressional elections of 1862 and, 166, 209, 210, 219, 243, 254, 263, 265, 288;
  • Declaration of Independence and, 4, 10, 123, 186–88;
  • European financial loans and, 2, 61–62, 292;
  • Fort Sumter and, 32, 38, 39, 48, 55;
  • Fredericksburg and, 143, 281, 286;
  • Gettysburg and, 199, 285, 303, 304, 305, 313, 319, 320;
  • Mexico and, 69, 75–80, 126–30, 146, 167–68, 273, 297, 299, 306, 307, 308, 311–19;
  • Monitor victory and, 125;
  • Morrill Tariff and, 18, 31, 62;
  • navy of, 1, 40, 41, 56, 58, 95, 118, 174;
  • New Orleans capture by, 143–44, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 153, 154, 173, 349 (n. 26);
  • peace talks and, 316–18;
  • Peninsula campaign and, 141, 143, 149, 151, 152, 162, 164, 170, 173, 184, 203, 205, 207, 230;
  • playing down issue of slavery, 3, 28, 29, 55, 62, 63, 69, 71, 120, 182–83, 283, 322;
  • preservation of, as only outcome of Civil War, 1, 7, 10, 60, 70, 71, 123–24, 143, 186, 191, 206–7, 243, 245, 246, 289, 316, 318, 329–30 (n. 38);
  • Russia and, 169, 206, 254–55, 257, 274, 293–94, 307, 367 (n. 51), 369 (n. 19);
  • Vicksburg, 199, 295, 301, 303, 304, 305, 313, 319;
  • war possibility during Trent affair, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 101–3, 104, 105, 109, 113;
  • war possibility with European intervention in Civil War, 36, 58, 59, 66–67, 71, 173–74, 183, 201–2, 233–34, 236, 243, 301, 323;
  • Western Theater victories, 115, 117, 139, 143, 151–52, 153, 188–89, 219, 281, 303, 346–47 (n. 66), 347 (n. 3);
  • wheat exports, 14, 48, 50, 178, 238, 327–28 (n. 10), 351–52 (n. 54);
  • Yorktown and, 141, 143, 347 (n. 3). See also British recognition of Confederacy; Cotton; Emancipation; French recognition of Confederacy; Lincoln, Abraham; Seward, William H.
• Union blockade, 115, 126, 155, 257;
  • armistice proposal and, 271;
  • blockade-running and, 69, 94, 118, 200, 208, 291, 304;
  • British neutrality and, 53–54, 55–57, 99, 100, 114, 132, 133;
  • effectiveness of, 141, 142, 154, 156, 295, 343 (n. 10), 347 (n. 69);
  • European challenges and, 75, 103–4, 110, 111, 117–19, 135, 136–37, 138, 146, 159, 161, 165, 243, 346 (n. 64);
  • Lincoln proclaiming, 39–43, 44–45, 48;
  • port closures before official, 25, 26–27, 56–58, 64, 260–61;
  • recognition of Confederacy and, 225–26, 243, 265–66;
  • Trent affair and, 83–91, 113. See also Cotton; France; Great Britain; International law
• U.S. Constitution, 5, 54, 56, 344 (n. 24);
  • abolition of slavery and, 4, 10, 122, 123, 187–88, 277;
  • Confederate and Union interpretation of, 10, 47–48, 187–88;
  • Declaration of Independence and, 186–88;
  • Thirteenth Amendment, 320
• U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 93, 207
• U.S. Supreme Court, 45, 89, 334 (n. 17)
• Vallandigham, Clement, 288
• Vane-Tempest, Lord Adolphus, 172
• Vattel, Emmerich de, 40, 51, 71, 88, 91, 106, 107, 108, 218
• Vicksburg, 199, 295, 301, 303, 304, 305, 313, 319
• Victoria (queen), 38, 44, 95, 96, 98, 203, 204, 217, 258, 355 (n. 54)
• Villiers, Charles P., 204, 226, 236
• Virginia, CSS, 125
• Walker, Leroy P., 19, 117
• Washington, George, 52
• W. C. Miller and Sons, 192
• Webster, Daniel, 188
• Welles, Gideon, 92, 162, 184
• Westbury, Baron, 236, 271
• West Point, 15, 17
• Wheat, 14, 48, 105, 178, 238, 327–28 (n. 10), 351–52 (n. 54)
• Wheaton, Henry, 88, 89, 91, 96, 107, 108, 342 (n. 68)
• Wigfall, Louis T., 12
• Wilding, Henry, 192, 196
• Wilkes, Charles: failure to take Trent as prize, 97, 106–7;
  • personal qualities, 87–88;
  • Trent affair and, 83, 88–89, 91–94, 95, 98, 101, 102–3, 105, 107–9, 338 (n. 9)
• Wilkes, John, 87–88
• Williams, Richard, 88
• World Antislavery Conventions, 11
• Yancey, William L., 16–17, 18, 20, 84, 94, 104
• Yorktown, 141, 143, 347 (n. 3)