Chapter 1
1 Maté, Gabor, M.D. When the Body Says No 2012, Vintage Canada
2 Engel G. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science. 1977; 196:129–136. [PubMed]
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3 Loeser, JD, Pain due to nerve injury. Spine. 1985. 10:232-235
Loeser, J.D., Pain and Suffering. Clin. J. Pain 2000 16:S2-S6
4 Beecher H., The Relationship of the significance of the wound to the pain experience. JAMA, 1956. 161:1604-1613
5 Wall and Melzack, 1965 refs: Wall, P.D. Pain, The Science of Suffering 1999, London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson
Wall, P.D. and Melzack R., eds. Textbook of Pain. 4th Ed 1999, Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh
Melzack, R., and P.D. Wall, The Challenge of Pain. 2nd Ed. 1996. London, Penguin
Melzack, R., Pain and Stress: A New Perspective, in Psychosocial factors in pain, R.J. Gatchel and D.C. Turk, Editors. 1999, Guildford Press: New York
6 Benedetti, F., Placebo Effects 2nd Ed, Oxford University Press, 2014
Benedetti, F., The Patient’s Brain- The neuroscience behind the doctor-patient relationship. 2011 Oxford University Press.
In relation to cultural differences in pain experienced:
Andersson, H.I., et al Chronic pain in a geographically defined general population: Studies of differences in gender, social class, and pain localisation. Clin J Pin, 1993. 9:174-182
Chapter 2
7 A Fayaz1, P Croft2, R M Langford3, L J Donaldson4, G T Jones5: Prevalence of chronic pain in the UK: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population studies. Research by The British Pain Society, 2016
8 Woolf, C.J. (2011) Central Sensitisation: Clinical implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain Pain 152,3,S2-15.
9 Freeman MD, Nystrom A, Centeno C. J Brachial Plex Chronic whiplash and central sensitization; an evaluation of the role of a myofascial trigger points in pain modulation Peripher Nerve Inj. 2009 Apr 23;4:2. doi: 10.1186/1749-7221-4-2. .
10 Vilayanur Ramachandran TED India 2009 Ted talk “The neurons that shaped civilization”.
11 Apkarian AV1, Sosa Y, Sonty S, Levy RM, Harden RN, Parrish TB, Gitelman DR. Chronic back pain is associated with decreased prefrontal and thalamic gray matter density J Neurosci. 2004 Nov 17;24(46):10410-5. .
12 Duhigg, C., The Power of Habit: Why We do What We Do And How To Change It (Random House, 2013).
13 Maté,G., M.D. When the Body Says No- The Cost of Hidden Stress 2012, Vintage Canada.
Chapter 3
14 Professor Jean M. Twenge PhD. Why Today's Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy--and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood--and What That Means for the Rest of Us. Atria Books. 2018.
BBC Radio 4, Sept 2018: “Morality” Prof Jean Twenge interviewed by Prof Rabbi Lord Sacks
Tedx Talk: Prof. Jean Twenge iGen- the Smartphone generation 2018
15 McEwen, B., The End of Stress as We Know It -The Dana Press/ Joseph Henry Press 2002
16 Sapolsky, R. M., Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers 3rd Ed.2004, St.Martin’s Press, New York.
17 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Costa%27s_syndrome
18 Nixon PG. The human function curve - a paradigm for our times. Act Nerv Super (Praha). 1982;Suppl 3(Pt 1):130-3. Nixon PGF. 1989 Hyperventilation and cardiac symptoms. Internal Medicine.10 (12), 67-84.
19 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall_Study#Health_risks_associated_with_disparities_of_wealth_and_power https://unhealthywork.org/classic-studies/the-whitehall-study/
North F, Syme SL, Feeney A, Head J, Shipley MJ, Marmot MG. Explaining socioeconomic differences in sickness absence: the Whitehall II study. Br Med J 1993-306:361-366.
Roberts R, Brunner EJ, White I, Marmot MG. Gender differences in occupational mobility and structure of employment in the British civil service. Soc Sci Med 1993;37:1415-1425.
Stansfeld SA, Davey Smith F, Marmot MG. Association between physican and psychological morbidity in the Whitehall II study. J Psychosom Res 1993;37:227-238.
Marmot MG. Social differentials in health within and between populations. Daedulus 1994;123:197-216.
Marmot M. Work and other factors influencing coronary health and sickness absence. Work & Stress 1994;8:191-201.
20 Cummings NA, VandenBos GR. The twenty years Kaiser-Permanente experience with psychotherapy and medical utilization: implications for national health policy and national health insurance. Health Policy Q. 1981 Summer;1(2):159-75.https://cummingsinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Collected-vol.-1-Ch-9-Twenty-Years-of-Kaiser-Experience.pdf.
21 Greg Irving, Ana Luisa Neves, Hajira Dambha-Miller et al. International variations in primary care physician consultation time: a systematic review of 67 countries https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/7/10/e017902.
22 Selye, H., MD, The Stress of Life revised ed, 1978/84 McGraw-Hill Siang
Yong Tan, MD1 and A Yip, MS2 Hans Selye (1907-1982): Founder of the stress theory. Singapore Med J. 2018 Apr; 59(4): 170-171 doi: 10.11622/ smedj.2018043 PMCID: PMC5915631 PMID; 29748693.
23 ibid.
24 Widdowson, E.M., Mental contentment and physical growth. Lancet. 1951 Jun 16;1(6668):1316-8. PMID: 14842069
25 Oliver, J., Affluenza, 2007, Vermilion/ Random House UK
26 Phillips CJ. The Cost and Burden of Chronic Pain Rev Pain. 2009 Jun;3(1):2-5. doi: 10.1177/20494637090030010
A Fayaz1, P Croft2, R M Langford3, L J Donaldson4, G T Jones5 Prevalence of chronic pain in the UK: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population studies. BMJ Open
27 http://precedings.nature.com/documents/2561/version/1/files/npre20082561-1.pdfhttps://www.wired.com/2008/01/pentagon-resear/
28 C.D. Lynch R. Sundaram J.M. Maisog A.M. Sweeney G.M. Buck Louis. Preconception stress increases the risk of infertility: results from a couple-based prospective cohort study—the LIFE study. Human Reproduction, Volume 29, Issue 5, 1 May 2014, Pages 1067–1075, https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deu032
29 Sarno, John E. The Mind Body Prescription-Healing the body, Healing the pain, 1999, Grand Central, Life and Style, Hachette Book Group
30 Mate, Gabor, M.D. When the Body Says No 2012, Vintage Canada
31 Plazier M1, Ost J, Stassijns G, De Ridder D, Vanneste S. Pain characteristics in fibromyalgia: understanding the multiple dimensions of pain. Clin Rheumatol. 2015 Apr;34(4):775-83. doi: 10.1007/s10067-014-2736-6. Epub 2014 Jul 22 https://www.medpagetoday.org/rheumatology/fibromyalgia/22431
32 https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003348.pub3/epdf/full
Chapter 4
33 Maté, Gabor, M.D. “When the Body Says No” 2012, Vintage Canada
34 Prof. Pert, Candace. Molecules of Emotion, 1999, Touchstone Books, NY.
35 Backache, Stress and Tension, Hans Kraus , 2012, Skyhorse Publishing
36 Thomas CB, Greenstreet RL and V J Feletti et al., Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) American Journal of Preventative Medicine 14, no 4 (1998) 245-58
Psychobiological characteristics in youth as predictors of five disease states: suicide, mental illness, hypertension, coronary heart disease and tumor. 1973, John Hopkins Med J
37 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13619462.2016.1226806
38 Selye, H., MD, The Stress of Life revised ed., McGraw-Hill 1978/84
39 Sheldon Cohen, Denise Janicki-Deverts, William J. Doyle, Gregory E. Miller, Ellen Frank, Bruce S. Rabin, E and Ronald B. Turner F: Chronic stress, glucocorticoid receptor resistance, inflammation, and disease risk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Apr 17; 109(16): 5995–5999. Published online 2012 Apr 2. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1118355109 PMCID: PMC3341031 PMID: 22474371 Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Psychological and Cognitive Sciences Carnegie Mellon University
40 Bullmore, Edward The Inflamed Mind, 2018, Short Books
41 Miller A.H., Maletic V 2009 Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biol.Psychiatry 65 732-741
Liu Yun-Zi, Wang Yun-Xia, Jiang Chun Lei. Inflammation: The Common Pathway of Stress-Related Diseases. Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China. Front Hum Neurosci. 2017 Jun 20;11:316. doi: 10.3389/ fnhum.2017.00316. Collection 2017.
Koopman F.A., Chavan SS, Miljko S., et al. Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits cytokine production and attenuates disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016; 113 8284-8289
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42 Anna Hernández-Aguilera, Anna Rull et al. Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Basic Mechanism in Inflammation-Related Non-Communicable Diseases and Therapeutic Opportunities Mediators Inflamm. 2013; 2013: 135698. Published online 2013 Feb 28. doi: 10.1155/2013/135698 PMCID: PMC3603328 PMID: 23533299
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43 Bakpro tools. www.bakpro.com This is a spinal pain release programme available online, designed by the author. It consists of a boxset of tools for patients to self- treat under guidance with an online video library to follow.
Chapter 5
44 Herald Brevik, Beverly Collett, Vittorio Ventrafridda, Rob Cohen, Derek Gallacher Survey of chronic pain in Europe: Prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment, European Journal of Pain 10 (2006) also Chronic pain epidemiology and its clinical relevance, O. van Hecke, N. Torrance, B.H. Smith, British Journal of Anaesthesia, July 2013.
45 Tsang, A., Von Korff, M., Lee, S., Alonso, J., Karam, E., Angermeyer, M.C., et al. (2008) Common Chronic Pain Conditions in Developed and developing Countries: Gender and age differences and comorbidity with depression-anxiety disorders. The Journal of Pain, 9 (10), 883-891
Fillingim, R.B., King, C.D., Ribeiro-Dasilva, M.C., Rahim-Williams, B., Riley, J.L. (2009) Sex, Gender and Pain : A review of recent clinical and experimental findings. The Journal of Pain.10 (5).447-485
Darnall, B.D., Sex/ gender disparity in pain and pain treatment : Closing the Gap and meeting women’s treatment needs. www.forgrace.org/images/uploads/Gender_Disparities_in_Pain_feature.pdf
Ruau,D., Liu,L., Clark,J.D., Angst,M.S., Butte, A.J., (2012) Sex differences in reported pain across 11,000 patients captured in electronic medical records. The Journal of Pain, 13 (3), 228-234
46 Maleki, N., Linnman, C., Borsook,D. (2012) Brain: Her versus His migraine: multiple sex differences in brain function and structure. DOI:10.1093/brain/aws175
47 Musgrave, D. S., Vogt, M. T., Nevitt, M. C., & Cauley, J. A. (2001). Back problems among postmenopausal women taking estrogen replacement therapy: The Study of osteoporotic fractures, Spine, 26 (14), 1606-1612
Fillingim R.B, Edwards R.R. (2001): The association of hormone replacement therapy with experimental pain responses in postmenopausal women. Pain. 2001 May; 92(1-2):229-34. PMID: 11323144
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Cervero, Fernando, Understanding Pain 2012, MIT Press U.S.
48 Paulson PE1, Minoshima S, Morrow TJ, Casey KL. Gender differences in pain perception and patterns of cerebral activation during noxious heat stimulation in humans. Pain. 1998 May;76(1-2):223-9.
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49 Mogil, J. S. The genetic mediation of individual differences in sensitivity to pain and its inhibition. PNAS July 6, 1999 96 (14) 7744-7751; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.14.7744
MacGregor AJ, Andrew T, Sambrook PN, Spector TD. Structural, psychological, and genetic influences on low back and neck pain: a study of adult female twins. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Apr 15;51(2):160-7.
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Hartvigsen J1, Nielsen J, Kyvik KO, Fejer R, Vach W, Iachine I, Leboeuf-Yde C. Heritability of spinal pain and consequences of spinal pain: a comprehensive genetic epidemiologic analysis using a population-based sample of 15,328 twins ages 20-71 years. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Oct 15;61(10):1343-51. doi: 10.1002/art.24607.
Markkula R1, Järvinen P, Leino-Arjas P, Koskenvuo M, Kalso E, Kaprio J. Clustering of symptoms associated with fibromyalgia in a Finnish Twin Cohort. Eur J Pain. 2009 Aug;13(7):744-50. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.09.007. Epub 2008 Oct 19.
50 Talkington M. (2011) Epigenetic Downregulation of GABA Signaling Perpetuates Pain. From: https://www.painresearchforum.org/news/10272-epigenetic-downregulation-gaba-signaling-perpetuates-pain
Zhang Z1, Cai YQ, Zou F, Bie B, Pan ZZ. Epigenetic suppression of GAD65 expression mediates persistent pain. Nat Med. 2011 Oct 9;17(11):1448-55. doi: 10.1038/nm.2442. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCBI_Epigenomics#Roadmap_Epigenomics_Project. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14248[
R Yehuda et al., Cortisol levels in Adult offspring of holocaust survivors :Relation to PTSD symptom severity in the Parent and Child Psychoneuroendocrinology, 27, no 1-2 (2001), 171-80
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51 Freud, Sigmund (2015) Beyond the Pleasure Principle, Dover Publications p.11
52 Davies, William Nervous States, 2018, Jonathan Cape
53 Smith, Zadie Feel Free: Essays, 2018, Penguin Books
54 Davies, William Nervous States, 2018, Jonathan Cape
55 Professor Jean M. Twenge PhD. 'iGen: Why Today's Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy--and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood--and What That Means for the Rest of Us.' Atria Books. 2018
BBC Radio 4: 'Morality' Prof Jean Twenge interviewed by Prof Rabbi Lord Sacks
56 Simon Sinek 17 Apr 2014 “How Great Leaders Inspire Action” https://www.ted.com/talks/simon_sinek_how_great_leaders_inspire_action?language=en
57 Kahneman, Daniel Thinking Fast and Slow 2011 Farrar, Straus and Giroux ISBN: 9780141033570
58 Curtis, Adam 'Hypernormalisation'- Documentary BBC https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p04b183c
59 Maté, Gabor, M.D. When the Body Says No, 2012, Vintage Canada
60 Allan Shore, Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self : The Neurobiology of Emotional Development (Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum associates, 1994), 378.
61 Eisenberger NI1, Lieberman MD, Williams KD. Does rejection hurt? An FMRI study of social exclusion. Science. 2003 Oct 10;302(5643):290-2.
Chapter 6
62 A Fayaz, P Croft, R M Langford, L J Donaldson, G.T. Jones Prevalence of chronic pain in the UK: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population studies: https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/6/e010364https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg88/documents/low-back-pain-final-scope2.https://www.britishpainsociety.org/media-resources/
Hoy D, March L, Brooks P, et al. The global burden of low back pain: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. Published online March 24 2014
W. Brinjikji, P.H. Luetmer, B. Comstock, B.W. Bresnahan, L.E. Chen, R.A. Deyo, S. Halabi, J.A. Turner, A.L. Avins, K. James, J.T. Wald, D.F. Kallmes, and J.G. Jarvik: Systematic Literature Review of Imaging Features of Spinal Degeneration in Asymptomatic Populations AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015 Apr; 36(4): 811–816. Published online 2014 Nov 27. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A4173
Masui T1, Yukawa Y, Nakamura S, Kajino G, Matsubara Y, Kato F, Ishiguro N. Natural history of patients with lumbar disc herniation observed by magnetic resonance imaging for minimum 7 years. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2005 Apr;18(2):121-6.
63 W. Brinjikji, P.H. Luetmer, B. Comstock, B.W. Bresnahan, L.E. Chen, R.A. Deyo, S. Halabi, J.A. Turner, A.L. Avins, K. James, J.T. Wald, D.F. Kallmes, and J.G. Jarvik. Systematic Literature Review of Imaging Features of Spinal Degeneration in Asymptomatic Populations. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4464797/
64 Taken from: Jakobson-Ramin, Cathryn Crooked, 2017 Harper Collins
65 Croft P, Macfarlane G, Papageorgiou A et al. Outcome of low back pain in general practice: a prospective study. BMJ 1998; 316 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7141.1356
66 A Fayaz, P Croft, R M Langford, L J Donaldson, G.T. Jones, Prevalence of chronic pain in the UK: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population studies https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/6/e010364
67 Ekelund U, Steene-Johannessen J, Brown WJ, et al. Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women. Lancet 2016;388:1302–10.
68 Hamilton M, Healy G et al. Too Little Exercise and Too Much Sitting: Inactivity Physiology and the Need for New Recommendations on Sedentary Behavior. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep. 2008 Jul; 2(4): 292–298.
Hamilton MT, Hamilton DG, Zderic TW: The role of low energy expenditure and sitting on obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes 2007, 56:2655–2667.
69 Vertosick, Frank Why we hurt- The natural history of pain
70 https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/fibromyalgia/
71 https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg61/chapter/introduction
72 Drossman DA Presidential address: Gastrointestinal illness and the biopsychosocial model Psychosom Med. 1998 May-Jun;60(3):258-67.
73 Yehuda Ringel, MD, and Douglas A. Drossman, MD Toward a Positive and Comprehensive Diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill [Medscape Gastroenterology 2(6), 2000. © 2000 Medscape, Inc.]
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Emeran A. Mayer, Bruce D. Naliboff, Lin Chang, and Santosh V. Coutinho: Stress and irritable bowel syndrome April 2001 https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2001.280.4.G519
Mayer EA1, Raybould HE. Role of visceral afferent mechanisms in functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology. 1990 Dec;99(6):1688-704.
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74 Covington interview taken from: Cathryn Jakobson-Ramin, Crooked, 2017, Harper Collins
75 Lorimer Moseley and David Butler Explain Pain NOI GROUP publications
76 www.bakpro.com The one-stop-shop spinal and muscular release product and programme
Chapter 8
77 Lin IM and Peper E., Psychophysiological patterns during cell phone text messaging: a preliminary study, Applied Psychophysiol. Biofeedback, 2009
78 Dr Jacob Mendes Da Costa, 1833 -1900, civil war surgeon. Da Costa syndrome is named after him.
79 William J Kerr, Paul A Gliebe and James W Dalton, Physical Phenomena Associated with Anxiety States: the hyperventilation syndrome Western Journal of Medicine, 1938
80 Lum LC, Hyperventilation: The Tip and the Iceberg, Journal of Psychosomatic Res., 1975
Lum LC., 1987 Hyperventilation Syndromes in Medicine and Psychiatry: A review. Journal of The Royal Society of Medicine.229-221
81 Nixon PG. The human function curve - a paradigm for our times. Act Nerv Super (Praha). 1982;Suppl 3(Pt 1):130-3. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Human-response-to-stress-curve-according-to-Nixon-P-Practitioner-1979-Yerkes-RM_fig2_274901016
Nixon PGF. 1989 Hyperventilation and cardiac symptoms. Internal Medicine.10 (12), 67-84
Nixon PGF. 1993. The Grey area of effort syndrome and hyperventilation: from Thomas Lewis to today. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London 27 (4), 77-78
Cappo BM, Holmes DS. The utility of prolonged respiratory exhalation for reducing physiological and psychological arousal in non-threatening and threatening situations. J Psychosom Res. 1984;28(4):265-73.
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Chapter 9
82 https://www.health.harvard.edu/mental-health/the-power-of-the-placebo-effect
Dr Damien G Finniss, MSc [Med] Ted J Kaptchuk Franklin Miller, PhD Prof Fabrizio Benedetti, M Biological, clinical, and ethical advances of placebo effects The Lancet VOLUME 375, ISSUE 9715, P686-695, FEBRUARY 20, 2010
83 https://www.hunterlab.com/blog/color-pharmaceuticals/measuring-color-generic-drugs-enhance-patient-adherence-public-safety/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101115110959.htm
84 Pacheco, Lopez et al, 2009 Brain Behav Immun. 2010 Feb;24(2):176-85. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.08.007. Epub 2009 Aug 19.
Pacheco-López G1, Riether C et al. Calcineurin inhibition in splenocytes induced by pavlovian conditioning. FASEB J. 2009 Apr;23(4):1161-7. doi: 10.1096/fj.08-115683. Epub 2008 Dec 22. https://guptaprogramme.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Learned-Immune-Responses-Schedlowski-Pacheco-Lopez-2010.pdf
Schedlowski M, Pacheco-López G. The learned immune response: Pavlov and beyond.
85 Goebel MU, Meykadeh N, Kou W, Schedlowski M, Hengge UR. Behavioral conditioning of antihistamine effects in patients with allergic rhinitis. Psychother Psychosom. 2008;77(4):227-34. doi: 10.1159/000126074. Epub 2008 Apr 16.
Sabine Vits, Elvir Cesko, Paul Enck, Uwe Hillen, Dirk Schadendorf, and Manfred Schedlowski: Behavioural conditioning as the mediator of placebo responses in the immune system. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2011 Jun 27; 366(1572): 1799–1807. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0392
86 J. Bruce Moseley, M.D., Kimberly O'Malley, Ph.D., Nancy J. Petersen et al. A Controlled Trial of Arthroscopic Surgery for Osteoarthritis of the Knee: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa013259 (Moseley et al)
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