A bands, 51
Abdominal cavity, 5
Abdominal wall muscles, 59-60
Abdominopelvic cavity, 5
Abduction, 59
Abductor, 58
ABO system, 130
Absorption, 140
Accessory nerves, 81
Acid, 10
Acid-base regulation, 104-105
Actin, 50
Action potential, 68-69
Adduction, 59
Adductor brevis, 62
Adductor longus, 62
Adductor magnus, 62
Adrenal cortex, 100
Adrenal glands, 101-102
Adrenocorticotropic hormone, 100
Adventia (visceral serosa), 141
Albumins, 108
Aldosterone, 101-102
All-or-none law, 70
Alveolar macrophages, 134
Alveolar ventilation, 136
Amine hormones, 102
Amino acid derivative hormones, 98
Amphiarthroses, 47
Ampulla, 94
Amylase, 145
Anabolism, 148-149
Anatomical position, 4
Anatomical terms, 4
Anconeus, 61
Ankle muscles, 63
Antidiuretic hormone, 100, 158
Antebrachium, 44
Anterior, 4
Anterior cavity (eye), 92
Anus, 140
Anvil bone, 94
Aortic arch, 121
Aortic bodies, 138
Aortic semilunar valves, 112
Apneusitic center, 74
Appendicular skeleton, 43-46
Appendicular skeleton muscles, 60-61
Appendix, 146
Aqueous humor, 92
Arachoid, 75
Areola, 173
Arrector pili, 31
Arteries, 119-123
Arteriole, 119
Articulators, 47
Artria (heart), 111-112
Artrioventricular node, 115
Artrioventricular valves, 111
Arytenoid cartilage, 134
Ascending colon, 145
Association neurons, 67
Atlas, 41
Atomic mass, 8
Atomic number, 8
Atoms, 7-8
Auditory muscles, 94
Auditory tube, 94
Auricle, 93
Autonomic nervous system, 65, 79-86
Axial skeleton, 37-43
Axial skeleton muscles, 59
Axillary brachial nerve, 84
Axis, 41
Axons, 26
B cells, 129
Baroreceptors, 124
Base, 10
Basophils, 107
Beta oxidation, 151
Bicarbonate buffer, 11
Biceps brachii, 61
Biceps femoris, 63
Bicuspid valves, 112
Bile, 106
Bile duct, 146
Binocular field, 92
Bipolar cells (eye), 91
Blood, 104-109
Blood-brain barrier, 76
Blood circulation, 115
Blood electrolytes, 108
Blood functions, 104-105
Blood glucose, 103
Blood pressure, 123-124
Blood vessels, 118-124
Body cavities, 5-6
Body regions, 5-6
Body system, 3
Bone formation, 36-37
Bone marrow, 35
Bone structure, 34-35
Bonds, 8-10
Bony labyrinth, 94
Bony orbit, 90
Brachial plexus, 83-84
Brachialis, 61
Brachiocephalic trunk, 121
Brachioradialis, 61
Brachium, 44
Brain, 72-75
Brain stem, 89
Brain ventricles, 75
Breasts, 172
Breathing, 135
Brochus, 121
Bronchial arteries, 121
Buffer, 11
Bulbourethral glands, 172
Calcareous spicules, 37
Cancer, 20
Canines, 142
Capillary, 119
Carbohydrates metabolism, 149-150
Carbonic anhydrase, 137
Cardiac center, 75
Cardiac cycle, 115-116
Cardiac notch, 135
Cardiac output, 116
Cardiovascular system, 104-124
Carotid bodies, 138
Carpal bones, 44
Cartilaginous articulations, 47
Cartilaginous rings, 134
Catabolism, 148-149
Catecholamines, 98
Cavities (eye), 92
Celiac artery, 146
Cell membrane, 15
Cell structures, 15-17
Cell walls, 16
Cells, 7-20
Cellular chemistry, 7-13
Cellular communication, 20
Central nervous system, 26, 65, 72-78
Centrioles, 17
Cerebral hemispheres, 73
Cerebral medulla, 73
Cervical curve, 40
Cervical nerves, 82-84
Cervical nodes, 126
Cervical plexus, 83-84
Cervical vertebrae, 41
Cervix, 171
Chemical bonds, 8-10
Chemical elements, 7
Chemical messengers, 20
Chondrocytes, 37
Chordae tendineae, 112
Choroid (eye), 91
Choroid plexuses, 75
Chromosomes, 16
Chyme, 142,144
Circulatory system, 3
Clavicle, 43
Clitoris, 172
Coccygeal nerve, 82-84
Coccyx, 40
Cochlea, 94
Cochlear duct, 94
Colon, 145
Columnar cells, 22-23
Common carotid, 121
Compact bone, 35
Complement system, 130
Compounds, 11-12
Conduction myofibers, 115
Conduction system, 115
Cones, 91
Contact infibition, 20
Convergent fibers, 56
Coracobrachialis, 61
Corniculate cartilage, 134
Coronal plane, 4
Coronal suture, 39
Coronary arteries, 115
Coronary circulation, 115
Corpora cavernosa penis, 169
Corpus callosum, 73
Corpus luteum, 100
Corpus spongiosum penis, 169
Corti, organ of, 94
Corticosterone, 101
Costal cartilages, 42
Covalent bonds, 9
Cranal bones, 37
Cranial cavity, 5
Craniosacral nerves, 85
Cricoid cartilage, 134
Cross-sectional plane, 4
Cubital nodes, 126
Cuboidal cells, 22-23
Cuneiform cartilage, 134
Cystic duct, 146
Cytokines, 130
Cytoplasm, 16
DNA, 12
Defecation, 140
Defense mechanisms, 127
Dendrites, 25
Dens process, 41
Deoxycorticosterone, 101
Deoxyribonucleic acid, 12
Depression, 59
Deregulation, 139
Descending colon, 145
Detrusor muscle, 155
Diaphragm, 121
Diaphysis, 35
Diastole, 115-116
Diathroses, 47
Diffusion, 15
Digressive processes, 139-140
Disaccharides, 149
Distal, 4
Dopamine, 76
Dorsal cavity, 5
Ductus arteriosus, 114
Ductus deferens, 168
Ductus venosus, 114
Duodenal mucosa, 103
Duodenum, 144
Dura mater, 75
Ears, 93-95
Eccrine glands, 32
Ejaculation, 169
Ejaculatory duct, 168-169
Electrocardiogram, 116-117
Electrolytes, 163-164
Electrons, 8
Elevation, 59
Endocardium, 111
Endochondral ossification, 36-37
Endocytosis, 15
Endolymph, 94
Endomysium, 56
Endoplasmic reticulum, 16
Endorphins, 76
Endosteum, 35
Enkephalins, 76
Enterokinase, 145
Enzymes, 145
Eosinophils, 107
Ependymal cells, 26
Epicardium, 111
Epidural space, 75
Epiglottis, 134
Epimysium, 56
Epiploic appendages, 146
Epiphyseal line, 35
Epiphyseal plate, 35
Epithalamus, 74
Epithelium, 133
Erector spinae muscles, 60
Erthtopoiesis, 105-106
Erythocytes, 105-106
Erythropoietin, 106
Esophageal ateries, 121
Ethmoid bone, 39
Eukaryotic cells, 14-15
Eustachian canals, 134
Eustachian tube, 94
Eversion, 59
Excitatory postsynaptic potential, 71
Exocytosis, 15
Expiration, 135
Expiratory center, 137
Expiratory reserve, 136
Extension, 59
Extensors, 62
External auditory canal, 93
External oblique, 60
Extracellular fluid, 162
Eyebrow, 90
Eyelids, 90
Eye muscles, 90
Eyes, 90-93
Facial bones, 37
Fasciculus, 56
Fast-twitch fibers, 55
Fatty acid derivative hormones, 98
Female hormonal cycle, 173-174
Female reproductive system, 170-173
Femoral nerve, 84
Femur, 46
Fertilization, 174
Fetal circulation, 113-114
Fibrous articulations, 47
Fibula, 46
Field of vision, 92-93
Flexion, 59
Floating ribs, 42
Fluid balance, 163
Follicle stimulating hormone, 100
Fontels, 37
Foot muscles, 63
Forebrain, 74
Formamen magnum, 77
Formamen ovale, 114
Fossa ovalis, 114
Fourth ventricle, 75
Fovea centralis, 92
Frontal bone, 39
Frontal lobe, 73
Fructose, 149
Galactose, 149
Gametes, 165-166
Gamma gobulin, 127
Gammaaminobutyric acid, 76
Ganglion, 82-83
Ganglion cells, 91
Ganglionic gliocytes, 26
Gas transport, 136-137
Gastric arteries, 121
Gastric glands, 142
Gastric juice, 143
Gastric mucosa, 103
Gastrin, 103
Gastrointestinal tract, 140, 141-146
Gastrocmemius, 63
General senses, 88
Gentialia, 172
Gestation, 174
Glands, 99-103, 142, 169, 172,
Glans penis, 169
Globulin, 108
Glomerular capsule, 157
Glomerular filtration rate, 158
Glomerulus, 157
Glossapharyngeal nerve, 82, 89
Glottis, 134
Glucocorticoids, 101
Gluconeogenesis, 150
Glugugon, 103
Gluteus maximus, 62
Gluteus medius, 62
Gluteus minimus, 62
Glycogen, 150
Glycogenolysis, 150
Glycoproteins, 98
Golgi apparatus, 17
Gonadal arteries, 121
Gonadotrophins, 103
Gracilis, 62
Gray matter, 72
Gustation, 88-89
Gustatory cells, 89
Gyri, 73
Hair, 31-32
Hammer bone, 94
Hamstrings, 63
Hard palate, 142
Haustra, 146
Heart, 110-117
Hematocrit, 106
Hemoglobin, 105-106
Hemopoiesis, 35
Heparin, 107
Hepatic cells, 146
Hepatic ducts, 146
Hepatic portal vein, 146
Histamine, 107
Holocrine glands, 22
Homeostasis, 3
Homo sapiens, 2
Hortizontal plane, 4
Hormonal regulation of metabolism, 152
Hormones, 97-98, 100, 158, 173-174
Human body, 2-6
Human chorionic gonadotropin, 103
Human growth hormone, 99-100, 150, 152
Human somatomammatropin, 103
Humerus, 44
Humerus muscles, 61
Hydrogen bond, 9
Hyperthermia, 105
Hypodermis, 31
Hypoglossal nerves, 81
Hyroid bone, 39
I bands, 51
Ileocecal valve, 144
Ileum, 144
Iliac arteries, 121
Iliacus, 62
Ilium, 45
Incisors, 142
Inferior, 4
Inferior articular procestes, 40
Inferior nasal conchae, 39
Inferior rectus muscle, 90
Infraspinatus, 61
Ingestion, 139
Inguinal nodes, 126
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, 71
Inner ear, 94
Inorganic compounds, 11-12
Inspiration, 135
Inspiratory center, 137
Inspiratory reserve, 136
Insular lobe, 73
Integumentary system, 3, 28-33
Interatrial septum, 111-112
Intercostal arteries, 121
Interferon, 127
Intermediate fibers, 55
Internal, 4
Internal oblique, 60
Interstitial fluid, 162
Interventricular septum, 111
Intervertebral discs, 40
Intervertebral foramen, 40
Intervertebral foramina, 40, 82
Intestinal enzymes, 145
Intestinal glands, 144
Intramembranous ossification, 36-37
Intraocular fluid, 162
Inversion, 59
Ionic bonds, 8-9
Ions, 9
Iris, 91
Ischium, 45
Islets of Langerhaus, 102
Jejunum, 144
Joints, 47
Juxtaglomerular apparatus, 157-158
Keratin, 22
Keratynocytes, 30
Kidneys, 154-155
Labia majora, 172
Labia minora, 172
Labyrinths (ear), 94
Lacrimal apparatus, 90
Lacrimal bones, 39
Lacrimal canalis, 90
Lacrimal glands, 90
Lacrimal sac, 90
Lactase, 145
Lamboid suture, 39
Laminae, 40
Langerhaus, islets of, 102
Lateral, 4
Lateral rectus eye muscle, 90
Lateral ventricle, 75
Latissimus dorsi, 61
Lens, 92
Levator scapulae, 60
Ligamentum arteriosum, 114
Ligamentum venosum, 114
Lingual papillae, 89
Lipid metabolism, 150-151
Lipogenesis, 151
Liver sinusoids, 146
Lumbar curve, 40
Lumbar nerves, 82-84
Lumbar nodes, 126
Lumbar plexus, 83-84
Lumbosacral plexus, 83-84
Lung capacity, 135-136
Lungs, 134-135
Luteinizing hormone, 100
Lymph nodes, 126
Lymphatic vessels, 126
Lymphoid organs, 126-127
Macrophages, 127
Macula lutea, 92
Macular field, 92
Male reproductive system, 167-169
Maltase, 145
Mandible, 39
Mandibular nerves, 81
Manubrium, 42
Mastication, 139
Mastication muscle, 59
Matrix, 24
Maxilla, 39
Maxillary nerves, 81
Medial, 4
Medial rectus eye muscle, 90
Median brachial nerve, 84
Medullary cavity, 35
Megakarycocyte, 106
Meiosis, 18-20
Melanin, 29
Melanocytes, 30
Membraneous labyrinth, 94
Membraneous urethra, 169
Membranes, 5
Meminges, 75
Merocrine glands, 22
Mesenteric arteries, 121
Mesenteric nodes, 126
Mesocolon, 141
Metabolism, 148-152
Microfilaments, 17
Microglia, 26
Microtubules, 17
Micturition, 159
Midbrain, 74
Middle ear, 94
Mid-sagittal plane, 4
Mineralocorticoids, 101-102
Mitosis, 18-19
Mixture, 10
Molarity, 10
Molars, 142
Molecules, 8
Mon pubis, 172
Monocular field, 92
Monosaccharides, 149
Motor neurons, 67
Motor units, 54
Mucosa, 141
Mucous membranes, 5
Muscularis, 141
Muscle contraction, 52-56
Muscle fibers, 50-52
Muscle terminology, 58-59
Muscle tissue, 2, 21, 25, 49-52
Muscle twitch, 55-56
Muscles, 25, 49-64, 90, 94, 112, 155
Musculator eous, 84
Myofibrils, 50
Myofiliments, 50-51
Myosin, 50
Nails, 32
Nasal bones, 39
Nasal cavity, 133
Nasal conchae, 133
Nasal septum, 133
Neck movement muscles, 59
Negative feedback (hormones), 98-99
Nephron, 156-158
Nerve physiology, 67-70
Nerves, 65-87
Nervous system, 3, 65-66, 72-78,79-86
Nervous tissue, 2, 21, 25-26, 65-71
Neural arch, 40
Neuroglia, 25
Neuroglia cells, 67
Neurolemmocytes, 26
Neuromuscular junction, 53-54
Neurotransmitter chemicals, 66
Neutrons, 8
Nipple, 173
Nodal tissues, 115
Nuclease, 145
Nucleic acids, 12
Nucleolus, 16
Nucleotides, 12
Nucleus, 16
Nutrients, 149
Obturator nerve, 84
Occipital bone, 39
Occipital lobe, 73
Oculator nerve, 81
Olfactory tract, 90
Oligodentrocytes, 26
Omentum, 141
Organelle, 16-17
Organic compounds, 11-12
Organs, 3
Oropharynx, 134
Opthalmic nerves, 81
Optic chiasma, 93
Optic disc, 92
Osmosis, 15
Ossa coxae, 45
Ossification, 36-37
Osteoblasts, 36
Osteoclasts, 36
Osteocytes, 36
Osteogenic cells, 36
Outer ear, 93
Ova, 165-166
Ovulation, 171
Oxytocin hormone, 100
Palate, 142
Palatine bones, 39
Pancreatic juice, 103
Papillary layer, 30-31
Papillary muscles, 112
Parallel fibers, 56
Parasympathetic nerves, 85-86
Parathyroid glands, 101
Parathyroid hormone, 101
Parietal, 4
Parietal lobe, 73
Parietal peritoneum, 6
Parietal pleura, 5-6
Parotid glands, 142
Patella, 46
Pectineus, 62
Pectoral girdle muscles, 43, 60
Pectoralis, 58
Pectoralis major, 61
Pectoralis, minor, 61
Pedicles, 40
Pelvic cavity, 5
Pelvic curve, 40
Pelvic girdle, 45
Penis, 170
Pennate fibers, 56
Peptidase, 145
Pericardial arteries, 121
Perilymph, 94
Perimysium, 56
Periosteum, 35
Peripheral nervous system, 26, 65, 79-85
Peristalsis, 140
Peritoneal cavity, 140
Peritoneal fluid, 162
pH, 10
Phagocytes, 127
Phagocytic vacuoles, 36
Phosphate buffer, 11
Phrenic arteries, 121
Phrenic nerve, 84
Pia mater, 75
Pituitary gland, 73, 74, 99-100
Plasma membrane, 15
Pleurae, 135
Pleural fluid, 162
Plexus, 83-84
Plicae circulares, 144
Pneumotaxis center, 74
Podocytes, 157
Polypeptides, 98
Polysaccharides, 149
Popliteal nodes, 126
Positive feedback (hormones), 99
Posterior, 4
Pregnancy, 174
Premolars, 142
Primary follicles, 171
Prokaryotic cells, 14
Prolactin, 100
Pronation, 59
Pronators, 62
Protein buffer, 11
Protein metabolism, 151
Proteins, 12
Protons, 8
Prostatic urethra, 169
Proximal, 4
Psoas major, 62
Pulmonary alveoli, 133
Pulmonary circuit, 113
Pulmonary semilunar valves, 112
Pubis, 45
Pupil, 91
Pyloric spincter, 144
RNA, 12
Radial brachial nerve, 84
Radius, 44
Rami, 82-83
Recticular layer, 31
Rectum, 145
Rectus, 58
Rectus abdominus, 60
Rectus femoris, 63
Red bone marrow, 35
Reflex arc, 84-85
Renal arteries, 121
Reninangiotensin system, 101
Reproductive system, 165-174
Replication, 17
Reproductive system, 3
Residual volume, 136
Respiration, 132
Respiratory acidosis, 137
Respiratory center, 75
Respiratory regulation, 137-138
Respiratory system, 3, 132-138
Respiratory volumes, 135-136
Resting potential, 67
Rete testis, 168
Retina, 91-92
Rh system, 130
Rhomboideus major, 60
Rhomboideus minor, 60
Rib cage, 42
Ribonucleic acid, 12
Ribosomes, 16
Ribs, 42
Roots, 82-83
Rotation, 59
Rugae, 142-143
Saccule, 94
Sacral nerves, 82-84
Sacral plexus, 83-84
Sacroiliac joints, 45
Sacroplasmic reticulum, 51-52
Sacrum, 40
Sagittal suture, 39
Salivary glands, 142
Salt, 10-11
Saphenous nerve, 84
Sarcolemma, 51
Sarcomere, 50
Sarcoplasm, 51
Sartorius, 63
Satellite cells, 26
Scapula, 43-44
Schwann cells, 26
Sciatic nerve, 84
Sclera, 91
Secondary sex characteristics, 167
Secretin, 103
Secretory vesicles, 17
Semen, 169
Semicircuolar ear canals, 94
Semilunar valves, 111
Semimembranosus, 63
Seminal vesicles, 169
Semitendinosus, 63
Sensory neurons, 67
Sensory organs, 88-95
Septal cells, 134
Serotonin, 107
Seroous fluid, 5
Serous membranes, 5-6
Serratus anterior, 60
Serum, 105
Sex organs, 166-167
Sigmoid colon, 145
Simple epithelium, 22-23
Sinoatrial node, 115
Skeletal muscle tissue, 25, 44
Skeletal system, 34-48
Skin, 28-33
Sliding filament theory, 52
Slow-twitch fibers, 55
Smell, 89-90
Soft palate, 142
Soleus, 63
Solute, 10
Solutions, 10-11
Solvent, 10
Somatic nervous system, 79-80
Somatostatin, 103
Special senses, 88
Spermatozoa, 165-166
Sphenoid bone, 39
Sphincter muscle, 56
Spinal chord, 40, 76-77, 82-84
Spinal organ, 94
Spinal process, 40
Spleen, 127
Splenic arteries, 121
Spongy bone, 35
Spongy urethra, 169
Squamous cells, 22-23
Squamous suture, 39
Sternocleidomastoid, 58
Sternum, 42
Steroids, 98
Stirrup bone, 94
Stratified epithelium, 22-23
Stratum basale, 30
Stratum corneum, 30
Stratum granulosum, 30
Stratum lucidum, 30
Stratum spinosum, 30
Subarachnoid space, 75
Subclavian, 121
Sublingual glands, 142
Submandibular glands, 142
Submucosa, 141
Subscapularis, 61
Sucrase, 145
Sulci, 73
Sudoriferous glands, 32
Summation, 55-56
Superior, 4
Superior articular processes, 40
Superior colliculus, 73
Superor rectus muscle, 90
Supination, 59
Supinators, 62
Suprarenal arteries, 121
Supraspinatus, 61
Sutures, 39
Sweat glands, 32
Sympathetic nerves, 85-86
Symphusis pubis, 45
Synarthroses, 47
Synovial articulations, 47
Synovial fluid, 162
Systole, 115-116
T-cells, 128-129
Taeniae coli, 146
Taste, 88-89
Telencephalon, 73
Temperature regulation, 152
Temporal bone, 39
Temporal lobe, 73
Tendon, 56
Tensor fasciae latae, 62
Teres major, 61
Teres minor, 61
Terminal cisternae, 52
Tetanus, 55-56
Tetraiodotyrosine, 100
Thermoregulation, 105
Thigh muscles, 62-63
Third ventricle, 75
Thoracic cavity, 5
Thoracic curve, 40
Thoracic duct, 126
Thoracic nerves, 82-84
Thoracic wall, 121
Thoracolumbar nerves, 85
Threshold potential, 69
Threshold stimulus, 69
Thymosin, 103
Thyroid cartilage, 134
Thyroid gland, 100
Thyroid stimulating hormone, 100
Tibalis anterior, 63
Tibia, 46
Tidal volume, 135-136
Toe muscles, 63
Tongue, 142
Tracts, 72
Transcription, 17
Transitional epithelium, 22
Translation, 17
Transportation, 15
Transverse abdominus, 60
Transverse colon, 145
Transverse plane, 4
Transverse process, 40
Transverse tubules, 52
Trapezius, 60
Triceps brachii, 61
Tricuspid valves, 112
Trigeminal nerves, 81
Triodothyronine, 100
Trochlear nerves, 81
Trogone, 155
Tropomyosin, 50
Troponin, 50
Tympanic cavity, 94
Tympanic membrane, 93
Ulna, 44
Ulnar nerve, 84
Umbilical arteries, 113
Umbilical ligaments, 114
Umbilical vein, 113-114
Ureters, 155
Urethra, 155
Urethral sphincter, 155
Urinary bladder, 155
Urine, 158-159
Uterine tubes, 171
Uterus, 171-172
Utricle, 94
Vagina, 172
Valves (heart), 112
Vasa recta, 159
Vasa vasorum, 119
Vascular tunic (eye), 91
Vasomotor center, 75
Vastus intermedius, 63
Vastus lateralis, 63
Vastus medialis, 63
Vena cava, 122
Ventral cavity, 5
Venules, 119
Vertebral cavity, 5
Vertebral column, 39-40
Vertebral column muscles, 60
Vertebral foramin, 40
Vestibular apparatus, 94
Vestibular window, 94
Vestibule (ear), 94
Vestibulocochlear nerve, 81
Villi, 144
Visceral, 4
Visceral pericardium, 6, 110-111
Visceral peritoneum, 6
Visceral pleura, 5-6
Vision, 92-93
Vitreous humor, 92
Vomer bone, 39
Water, 161-163
White matter, 72
Windows (ear), 94
Xiphoid process, 42
Yellow bone marrow, 35
Z bands, 51
Zygomatic bones, 39