Notes
Introduction
1 Matthew B. Ridgway,
The Korean War (New York: Da Capo Press, 1967), p. 2.
2 Bevin Alexander, Korea, The First War We Lost (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1993), pp. 16-17.
3 William J. Sebald and Russell Brines,
With MacArthur in Japan: A Personal History of the Occupation (New York: W. W. Norton, 1965), p. 181.
4 Joseph C. Goulden,
Korea: The Untold Story of the War (New York: Times Books, 1982), p. 3.
5 Alexander,
Korea, p. 13.
6 Ridgway,
The Korean War, p. 6.
7 James F. Schnabel,
The United States Army in the Korean War: Policy and Direction. The First Year (Washington, DC: Office of the chief of Military History, Department of the army, 1972), pp. 4-5.
8 James F. Schnabel and Robert J. Watson, The history of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; vol. 3, The Korean War (Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, 1979), p. 3.
9 Lawton Collins,
War in Peacetime: The History and Lessons of Korea (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), p. 26.
10 Michael Schaller, Douglas MacArthur: The Far Eastern General (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 161.
11 Goulden,
Untold Story, p. 20
12 Ridgway,
The Korean War, pp. 7-8.
13 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, pp. 18-19.
14 Harry S. Truman,
Memoirs, vol.2, Year of Trial and Hope (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956), p. 322.
15 Goulden,
Untold Story, p. 21.
17 Sergei N. Gorcharov, John W. Lewis, and Ltai Xue,
Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993), pp. 131-132.
18 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, p. 22.
19 Truman,
Memoirs, p. 322.
20 Alexander,
Korea, p. 12.
21 Courtney Whitney, MacArthur: His Rendezvous with History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), pp. 330-331.
22 Roy E. Appleman,
South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961), p. 5.
23 Niles W. Bond, interviewed by D. Clayton James, June 16, 1977. Box 5, Folder: Bond Interview, Record Group 49. D. Clayton James Papers, MacArthur Memorial Bureau of Archives, Norfolk, VA.
24 U.S. Senate, Committee on Armed Services and Foreign Relations,
Military Situation in the Far East, Hearings (hereafter MacArthur Hearings), 82nd Cong., 1st Sess. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951), pp. 242-243.
25 Truman,
Memoirs, p. 326.
26 Collins,
War in Peacetime, p. 29.
27 Ridgway, The Korean War, p. 10.
28 Schnabel and Watson,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, p. 28.
29 Lynn Montross and Nicholas A. Canzona,
U.S. Marine Operations in Korea, 1950-1953, vol. 1,
The Pusan Perimeter (Washington, DC: Historical Branch, Headquarters G-3, U.S. Marine corps, 1954), pp. 33-34.
30 Douglas MacArthur and Harry S. Truman, “MacArthur and Truman Tell About a War U.S. didn’t Win,”
U.S. News &
World Report, February 17, 1956, pp. 168-175.
31 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, p. 48.
32 Appleman,
Naktong to Yalu, p. 13.
33 Sebald and Brines,
MacArthur in Japan, p. 182.
34 Ridgway,
The Korean War, p. 16.
35 Appleman,
Naktong to Yalu, pp. 8-9.
36 Montross and Canzona,
Pusan Perimeter, p. 22.
37 Geoffrey C. Ward and Carey Wolinsky, “Douglas MacArthur: an American Soldier,”
National Geographic, March 1992, p. 63.
40 Edward M. Almond to Phillip P. Brower, January 20, 1967. Box 6, Folder 15, Record Group 32. Phillip P. Brower Papers, MacArthur Memorial bureau of archives, Norfolk, VA.
41 Ward and Wolinsky,
“Douglas MacArthur,
” p. 58.
42 Charles A. Willoughby, interviewed by D. Clayton James, August 28, 1967. Box 6, Folder: Willoughby Interview, Record Group 32. James Papers.
43 Omar N. Bradley and Clay Blair, A General’s Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), p. 523.
44 H. Freeman Matthews, interviewed by James, June 15, 1977. Box 5, Folder: Matthews Interview, Record Group 49. James Papers.
45 Robert H. Ferrell, ed.,
Truman in the White House: The diary of Eben A. Ayers. (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1991), p. 360.
46 James D. Clayton and Anne Sharp Wells,
Refighting the Last war: Command and Crisis in Korea 1950-1953 (New York: Free Press, 1993), p. 42.
47 Schnabel and Watson,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, p. 532.
48 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 541.
49 Schnabel and Watson,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, p. 532.
50 Democratic National Committee, “Congressional Reaction to Dismissal,” April 13, 1951. Box 87, Folder: MacArthur File. Harry S. Truman Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, MO.
51 Omar N. Bradley, interviewed by Charles Collingwood, October 12, 1950. Box 1, Folder: Remarks. Omar N. Bradley Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
52 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, p. 43.
53 Appleman,
Naktong to Yalu, pp. 49-50.
54 Ridgway,
The Korean War, p. 34.
55 Malcom W. Cagle and Frank A. Manson,
The Sea War in Korea (Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Institute, 1957), p. 31.
56 James A. Field, Jr.,
History of United States Naval Operations: Korea (Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1962), p. 48.
58 Appleman,
Naktong to Yalu, p. 115.
59 Matthew B. Ridgway, “Oral Histories,” May 9, 1984. Box 51, Folder: Unmarked Seminar. Matthew B. Ridgway Papers, U.S. Army Military Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle, PA.
60 Sebald and Brines,
MacArthur in Japan, p. 89.
61 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, p. 55.
62 MacArthur Hearings, p. 237.
63 Wesley M. Bagby,
Contemporary International Problems (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1983), p. 21.
64 Ken Hechler to George M. Elsey, “Summary Report,” September 26, 1951. Box 76, Folder: MacArthur Dismissal. George M. Elsey Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, MO.
65 Merle Miller,
Plain Speaking: an Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman (New York: G. P.Putnam’s Sons, 1974) p. 289.
66 Lynn Montross and Nicholas A. Canzona,
U.S. Marine Operations in Korea, 1950-1953, vol. 3.
The Chosin Reservoir Campaign (Washington, DC: Historical Branch, Headquarters G-3, U.s. Marine Corps, 1954), p. 85.
67 Bagby,
International Problems, p. 23.
68 James and Wells,
The Last War, p. 137.
69 MacArthur Hearings, p. 32.
70 Miller,
Plain Speaking, p. 282.
71 Schnabel and Watson,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, pp. 29-30.
72 Dean Rusk,
As I Saw It, ed. Daniel S. Papp (New York: W.W. Norton, 1990), p. 157.
73 Schnabel and Watson,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, p. 35.
74 Alexander,
Korea, pp. 16-17.
75 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, p. 50.
76 Dean G. Acheson, “Notes on Formosa Policy,” May 25, 1951. Box 77, Folder 5. Dean G. Acheson Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, MO.
77 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 5.
78 Collins,
War in Peacetime, pp. 30-31.
79 MacArthur Hearings, pp. 1740-1741.
80 Schnabel and Watson, Joint Chiefs of Staff, p. 39.
81 Douglas MacArthur, “Memo on Formosa,” June 14, 1950. Box 195-A, folder 7. George C. Marshall Papers, George C. Marshall Library, Lexington, VA.
82 Michael Schaller,
Douglas MacArthur: The Far Eastern General (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 178-179.
Chapter 1—Invasion and Response
1 James F. Schnabel,
The United States Army in the Korean War: Policy and Direction. The First Year (Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1972), p. 10.
2 Matthew B. Ridgway,
The Korean War (New York: Da Capo Press, 1967), p. 17.
3 D. Clayton James,
War in Peacetime: The history and Lessons of Korea (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), p. 77.
4 James F. Schnabel and Robert J. Watson,
The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, vol. 3, The Korean War (Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, 1979), p. 177.
5 Nikita Khrushchev,
Khrushchev Remembers, trans. Strobe Talbott, vol. 2 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974), p. 368.
7 Roy E. Appleman, Disaster in Korea: The Chinese Confront MacArthur (College Station: Texas A and M University Press, 1990), pp. 11-12.
8 Jian Chen, China’s
Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), p. 132.
9 “Intelligence Estimate,” June 25, 1950, in U.S. Department of State,
Foreign Relations of the United States (hereafter FRUS), vol. 7 (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1976) pp. 152-153.
10 Wesley M. Bagby,
Contemporary International Problems (Chicago: Nelson-HaLL, 1983), P. 100.
11 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, p. 63.
12 H. Freeman Matthews, interviewed by D. Clayton James, June 15, 1977. Box, 5, Folder 7: Interviews, Record group 49. Douglas MacArthur Papers, MacArthur Memorial Bureau of Archives, Norfolk, VA.
13 George F. Kennan,
Memoirs: 1925-1950 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1967), pp. 484-485.
14 Omar N. Bradley and Clair Blair,
A General’s Life (New York: simon and Schuster, 1983) p. 530.
15 William J. Sebald and Russell Brines,
With MacArthur in Japan: A Personal History of the Occupation (New York: W. W. Norton, 1965), pp. 182-183.
16 Harry S. Truman,
Memoirs, vol. 2, Years of Trial and Hope (Garden city, NY: Doubleday, 1965), p. 331.
17 Schnabel and Watson,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, p. 49.
18 Courtney Whitney,
MacArthur: His Rendezvous with History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), pp. 318-319.
19 Michael Schaller,
Douglas MacArthur: The Far Eastern General (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 181.
20 Douglas MacArthur,
Reminiscences: General of the Army (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), p. 327.
21 Sebald and Brines,
MacArthur in Japan, p. 18.
22 John M. Allison,
Ambassador from the Prairie or Allison Wonderland (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973), 129.
23 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, p. 66.
24 Merle Miller,
Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1974), pp. 269-270.
26 Margaret Truman,
Harry S. Truman (New York: William Morrow, 1973), p. 455.
27 Truman,
Memoirs, p. 332.
29 Lincoln White, “Notes,” June 25, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, p. 143.
30 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 53.
31 Schnabel and Watson,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, p. 81.
32 Miller,
Plain Speaking, p. 272.
33 Dean Acheson,
Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York: W.W. Norton, 1969), p. 404.
34 Charles P. Noyes, “Memo,” June 25, 1950, in FRUS, vol, 7, pp. 144-145.
35 Truman,
Memoirs, p. 335.
36 Collins,
War in Peacetime, p. 14.
37 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 53.
38 Glenn D. Paige,
The Korean Decision: June 24-30, 1950. (New York: Free Press, 1968), p. 126.
39 Truman,
Memoirs, p. 334.
40 Robert H. Ferrell, ed.,
Truman in the White House: The Diary of Eben A. Ayers (Colombia: University of Missouri Press, 1991), p. 354.
41 Allison,
Ambassador, p. 132.
42 Robert F. Futrell,
The United States Air force in Korea 1950-1953 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983), pp. 8-9.
44 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, pp. 70-71.
45 Truman,
Memoirs, p. 337.
46 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 536.
49 Collins, War in Peacetime, pp. 15-16.
50 MacArthur,
Reminiscenses, p. 359.
51 Futrell,
Air Force in Korea, p. 24.
53 Lynn Montross and Nicholas A. Canzona,
U.S. Marine Operations in Korea, 1950-1953, vol. 2, Inchon-Seoul Operation (Washington, DC: Historical Branch, Headquarters G-3, U.S. Marine corps, 1957), p. 3.
54 Philip C. Jessup, “Memo,” June 27, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 201-202.
55 Truman,
Memoirs, p. 338.
56 Acheson,
Present at the Creation, p. 409.
57 Miller,
Plain Speaking, pp. 283-284.
59 Harry S. Truman, “Public Statement,” June 2, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, p. 202.
60 Margaret Truman, Truman, p. 464.
61 Department of State, “Formosa,” August 28, 1950. Box 8, Folder 4, Record Group 6. MacArthur Papers.
62 Chen,
Road to the Korean War, p. 131.
63 Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis, and Litai Xue, Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993), pp. 157-158.
65 Chen,
Road to the Korean War, p. 137.
66 Acheson,
Present at the Creation, p. 410.
67 Miller,
Plain Speaking, p. 281.
68 Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) to Douglas MacArthur, June 30, 1950. Box 8, Folder 4, Record Group 6. MacArthur Papers.
69 Acheson,
Present at the Creation, p. 410.
70 Miller,
Plain Speaking, p. 280.
71 Sebald and Brines,
MacArthur in Japan, p. 188.
72 Truman,
Memoirs, p. 341.
73 Ben Gradus, ed.,
Harry S. Truman (New York: Caedmon/Harper Audio, 1995).
74 Schnabel and Watson,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, p. 106.
75 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 538.
76 Dean Acheson, “Draft Policy Statement,” June 28, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, p. 217.
77 Roy E. Appleman,
South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961), p. 210.
78 Sebald and Brines,
MacArthur in Japan, p. 185.
79 Whitney,
Rendezvous with History, p. 325.
80 Russell Brines, interviewed by D. Clayton James, June 18, 1977. Box 5, Folder: Interviews, Record Group 49. MacArthurPapers.
81 Whitney,
Rendezvous with History, pp. 325-326.
83 Collins,
War in Peacetime, pp. 18-19.
84 John A. Chiles, interviewed by D. Clayton James, July 27, 1977. Box 5, Folder: Interviews, Record Group 49. MacArthur Papers.
85 Whitney,
Rendezvous with History, p. 327.
87 MacArthur,
Reminiscences, pp. 332-333.
88 Whitney,
Rendezvous with History, pp. 329-330.
90 Robert Sherrod, Oral History Transcript, June 19, 1971. Box 7, Folder 42, Record Group 32. MacArthur Papers.
91 Whitney,
Rendezvous with History, pp. 331-332.
92 MacArthur to JCS, June 30, 1950. Box 9, Folder 4, Record Group 6. MacArthur Papers.
93 JCS to MacArthur, June 30, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, p. 251.
94 Chiles, Interviewed by James, July 27, 1977.
95 Harry S. Truman, “Handwritten Notes”, June 30, 1950. Box 129, Folder: MacArthur Dismissal. Truman Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, MO.
96 Acheson,
Present at the Creation, p. 412.
97 Truman, Memoirs, p. 343.
98 Miller,
Plain Speaking, pp. 284-285.
99 Paige,
The Korean Decision, pp. 262-263.
100 Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 413.
101 Whitney,
Rendezvous with History, p. 324.
102 MacArthur,
Reminiscences, p. 331.
103 Collins,
War in Peacetime, p. 41.
104 Matthew B. Ridgway, interviewed by Maurice Matloff, April 19, 1984. Box 51, Folder: Matloff interview. Matthew B. Ridgway Papers, U.S. Army Military Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle, PA.
105 Charles E. Bohlen,
Witness to History 1929-1969 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), p. 303.
Chapter 2—The North Korean Steamroller
1 Bevin, Alexander,
Korea, The First War We Lost (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1993), p. 54.
2 Roy E. Appleman,
South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961), p. 59.
3 James A. Field, Jr.
History of United States Naval Operations: Korea (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1962), p. 71.
4 Charles A. Willoughby and John Chamberlain,
MacArthur 1941-1951 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1954), p. 360.
5 Dean Rusk,
As I Saw It, ed., Daniel S. Papp (New York: W. W. Norton, 1990), p. 163.
6 Alexander,
Korea, p. 55.
7 Matthew B. Ridgway,
The Korean War (New York: Da Capo Press, 1967), p. 26.
8 Appleman,
Naktong to Yalu, p. 75.
11 J. Lawton Collins,
War in Peacetime: The History and Lessons of Korea (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), pp. 54-55.
12 Willoughby and Chamberlain,
MacArthur, p. 358.
13 Harry S. Truman,
Memoirs, vol. 2, Years of Trial and Hope (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956), pp. 343-344.
14 Lynn Montross and Nicholas A. Canzona,
U.S. Marine Operations in Korea, 1950-1953, vol. 1,
The Pusan Perimeter (Washington, DC: Historical Branch, Headquarters G-3, U.S. Marine Corps, 1954), p. 47.
15 Robert F. Futrell,
The United States Air Force in Korea 1950-1953 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983), pp. 84-85.
18 James F. Schnabel, The United States Army in the Korean War: Policy and Direction. The First Year (Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1972), p. 86.
19 Futrell,
Air Force in Korea, p. 88.
21 Field,
Naval Operations, p. 96.
22 Malcom W. Cagle and Frank A. Manson,
The Sea War in Korea (Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Institute, 1957), p. 39.
23 Futrell,
Air Force in Korea, p. 97.
24 U.S. Army, Office of Military History,
Korea—1950 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951), p. 18.
25 Montross and Canzona,
Pusan Perimeter, p. 49.
26 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, p. 160.
27 U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services and Foreign Relations,
Military Situation in the Far East, Hearings (hereafter MacArthur Hearings), 8nd Cong., 1st Sess, (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951), p. 336.
28 Barton J. Bernstein, “New Light on the Korean War,”
International History Review 3 (April 1981): 258-259.
29 Douglas MacArthur to Harry S. Truman, July 11, 1950. Box 129, Folder: General File. Truman Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, MO.
30 MacArthur Hearings, p. 10.
31 Philip C. Jessup, interviewed by D. Clayton James, July 14, 1977. Box 5, Folder: Jessup Interview, Record Group 49. D. Clayton James Papers, MacArthur Memorial Bureau of Archives, Norfolk, VA.
32 Collins,
War in Peacetime, p. 35.
33 Willoughby and Chamberlain,
MacArthur, p. 365.
34 Appleman,
Naktong to Yalu, p. 488.
35 Cagle and Manson,
Sea War in Korea, p. 42.
36 Lemuel C. Sheperd, interviewed by Philip P. Brower, September 22, 1970. Box 6, Folder 15, Record Group 32. Philip P. Brower Papers, MacArthur Memorial Bureau of Archives, Norfolk, VA.
37 Edward M. Almond to Brower, January 20, 1967. Box 6, Folder 15, Record Group 32. Brower Papers.
38 James F. Schnabel and Robert J. Watson,
The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, vol. 3,
The Korean War (Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, 1979), pp. 190-191.
39 Charles C. Sperow to J. Lawton Collins, Fall 1972. Box 1, Folder: vol. 2, J. Lawton Collins Papers, U.S. Army Military Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle, PA.
40 Collins,
War in Peacetime, p. 81.
41 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, pp. 140-141.
42 Collins, War in Peacetime, p. 82.
43 J. Lawton Collins to JCS, July 14, 1950. Box 9, Folder 4, Record Group 6. MacArthur Papers.
44 George C. Marshall, “Nationalists,” May 15, 1951. Box 195-A, Folder 22. George C. Marshall Papers, George C. Marshall Library, Lexington, VA.
45 Bernstein, “Korean War,” p. 260.
46 Collins to JCS, July 13, 1950. Box 9, Folder 4, Record Group 6. MacArthur Papers.
47 Collins, War in Peacetime, p. 84.
48 Douglas MacArthur, Reminiscences: General of the Army (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964) p. 543.
49 Omar N. Bradley and Clay Blair,
A General’s Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), p. 543.
50 MacArthur to Truman, July 20, 1950. Box 129, Folder: General File. Truman Papers.
51 Marshall, “Reinforcements,” May 15, 1951. Box 195-A, Folder 22. Marshall Papers.
52 Joseph H. Alexander,
A Fellowship of Valor: The Battle History of the United States Marines (New York : Harper Collins, 1997), p. 257.
53 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, p. 127.
55 Courtney Whitney,
MacArthur: His Rendezvous with History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), p. 344.
56 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 543.
57 Appleman,
Naktong to Yalu, p. 253.
58 Futrell,
Air Force in Korea, p. 137.
60 Appleman,
Naktong to Yalu, p. 255.
61 Cagle and Manson,
Sea War in Korea, pp. 67-68.
62 Montross and Canzona,
Pusan Perimeter, p. 242.
63 Cagle and Manson,
Sea War in Korea, pp. 48-49.
64 Futrell,
Air Force in Korea, pp. 136-137.
65 Field,
Naval Operations, p. 121.
66 Cagle and Manson,
Sea War in Korea, p. 70.
67 Sperow to Collins, Fall 1972. Box 1, Folder: vol. 2. Collins Papers.
68 Ridgway,
The Korean War, p. 30.
69 Bradley to Louis Johnson, July 27, 1950. Box 2, Folder: 62nd Meeting, Record Group 273. National Archives, Washington, DC. ‘
70 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 548.
71 JCS to MacArthur, July 30, 1950. Box 43, Folder: Incoming Message. Record Group 9. MacArthur Papers.
72 Margaret Truman,
Harry S. Truman (New York: William Morrow, 1973), p. 477.
73 William J. Sebald and Russell Brines,
With MacArthur in Japan: A Personal History of the Occupation (New York: W.W. Norton, 1965) , p. 212.
74 Willoughby and Chamberlain,
MacArthur, pp. 420-421.
75 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 549.
76 Schnabel and Watson,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, p. 511.
77 MacArthur, “Statement on Formosa Policy,” August 1, 1950. Box 129, Folder: MacArthur Dismissal. Truman Papers.
78 Dean G. Acheson to Sebald, August 1, 1950. Box 8, Folder 4, Record Group 6, MacArthur Papers.
79 MacArthur,
Reminiscences, p. 339.
80 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 549.
81 Jian Chen,
China’s Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-America Confrontation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), p. 142.
82 Acheson to MacArthur, August 11, 1950. Microfilm: The Korean War, reel 2. U.S. Army Military Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle, PA.
83 “The Formosa Problem,”
London Times, August 10, 1950.
84 MacArthur, “Press Release,” August 10, 1950. Box 8, Folder 4, Record Group 6. MacArthur Papers.
85 “The Formosa Problem,”
London Times, August 10, 1950.
86 Marshall, “Nationalists,” May 15, 1951. Box 195-A, Folder 22. Marshall Papers.
87 MacArthur to Louis Johnson, August 5, 1950. Box 2, Folder: 62nd Meeting, Record Group 273. National Archives.
88 Truman, “Press Conference,” August 11, 1950. Microfilm: The Korean War, reel 2. U.S. Army Military Institute.
89 Merle Miller,
Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1974), p. 290.
90 Harriman, Interviewed by James, June 20, 1977. Box 5, Folder: Harriman interview, Record Group 49. James Papers.
91 Rudy Abramson ,
Spanning the Century: The Life of W. Averell Harriman, 1891-1986 (New York: William Morrow, 1992), p. 451.
92 Ridgway,
The Korean War, pp. 37-38.
93 Harriman, interviewed by James, June 20, 1977.
94 Ridgway,
The Korean War, p. 38.
95 Harriman, interviewed by James, June 20, 1977.
96 Douglas MacArthur and Harry S. Truman, “MacArthur and Truman Tell About a War U.S. Didn’t Win,”
U.S. News & World Report, February 17, 1956, p. 169.
97 MacArthur,
Reminiscences, p. 341.
99 Ridgway,
The Korean War, p. 36.
100 Collins,
War in Peacetime, pp. 273-274.
101 Schnabel and Watson,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, p. 514.
102 MacArthur,
Reminiscences, p. 341.
103 MacArthur to Clyde A. Lewis, August 20, 1950. Microfilm: VFW Controversy, Reel 708, Record Group 7. MacArthur Papers.
104 Truman,
Memoirs, p. 355.
106 Miller,
Plain Speaking, p. 292.
107 Acheson,
Present at the Creation, p. 424.
108 MacArthur,
Reminiscences, p. 342.
109 Whitney,
Rendezvous with History, p. 381.
110 Robert H. Ferrell, ed.,
Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman (New York: Harper & row, 1980), p. 192.
111 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 552.
112 Margaret Truman,
Truman, p. 479.
113 “Truman’s ‘Inner Circle,’”
Washington Post, October 15, 1950.
114 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 552.
Chapter 3—MacArthur’s Counterattack
1 James F. Schnabel,
The United States Army in the Korean War: Policy and Direction. The First Year (Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1972), p. 146.
2 Malcolm W. Cagle and Frank A. Manson,
The Sea War in Korea (Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Institute, 1957), p. 78.
3 Robert F. Futrell, The United States Air Force in Korea, 1950-1953 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983), p. 147.
4 James A. Field, Jr.,
History of United States Naval Operations: Korea (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1962), p. 177.
5 Cagle and Manson,
Sea War in Korea, p. 81.
7 Douglas MacArthur,
Reminiscences: General of the Army (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), pp. 347-348.
8 J. Lawton Collins,
War in Peacetime: The History and Lessons of Korea (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), p. 122.
9 Lynn Montross and Nicholas A. Canzona,
U.S. Marine Operations in Korea, 1950-1953, vol. 2,
Inchon-Seoul Operation (Washington, DC: U.S. Marine Corps, Historical Branch, Headquarters G-3, U.S. Marine Corps, 1955), pp. 37-38.
10 Bevin Alexander,
Korea: The First War We Lost (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1993), p. 171.
11 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, p. 149.
12 Montross and Canzona,
Inchon-Seoul Operation, pp. 39-40.
14 Collins,
War in Peacetime.
15 MacArthur,
Reminiscences, p. 348.
16 Cagle and Manson,
Sea War in Korea, p. 76.
17 Lemuel C. Sheperd, interviewed by Philip P. Brower, September 22, 1970, p. 11. Box 6, Folder: Sheperd interview, Record Group 32. Philip P. Brower Papers, MacArthur Memorial Bureau of Archives, Norfolk, VA.
18 MacArthur,
Reminiscences, p. 349.
19 Edward M. Almond, interviewed by J. Addison Hagen, January 20, 1967, Box 6, Folder 15. MacArthur Papers, MacArthur Memorial Bureau of Archives, Norfolk, VA.
20 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, p. 150.
21 MacArthur,
Reminiscences, p. 350.
22 Collins,
War in Peacetime, pp. 125-126.
24 Montross and Canzona,
Inchon-Seoul Operation, pp. 47-48.
25 Omar N. Bradley and Clay Blair,
A General’s Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), p. 548.
26 Harry S. Truman,
Memoirs, vol. 2, Years of Trial and Hope (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956), p. 358.
27 Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) to MacArthur, August 29, 1950. Box 9, Folder 4, Record Group 6. MacArthur Papers.
28 James F. Schnabel and Robert J. Watson,
The Historyof the Joint Chiefs of Staff; vol. 3,
The Korean War, (Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, 1979), p. 213.
29 MacArthur to JCS, September 8, 1950. Box 9, Folder 4, Record Group 6. MacArthur Papers.
30 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 556.
31 JCS to MacArthur, September 9, 1950. Box 9, Folder 4, Record Group 6. MacArthur Papers.
32 MacArthur,
Reminiscences, p. 352.
33 Collins,
War in Peacetime, pp. 128-129.
34 MacArthur to Roy W. Howard, February 1, 1951. Box 1, Folder: “Controversy,” Record Group 37. Frank E. Lowe Papers, MacArthur Memorial Bureau of Archives, Norfolk, VA.
35 Cagle and Manson,
Sea War in Korea, p. 83.
39 Montross and Canzona,
Inchon-Seoul Operation, p. 172.
40 Field,
Naval Operations, p. 179.
41 Roy E. Appleman,
South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961), p. 500.
42 Cagle and Manson,
Sea War in Korea, p. 97.
43 Appleman,
Naktong to Yalu, p. 500.
45 Montross and Canzona,
Ichon-Seoul Operation, p. 62.
46 Appleman,
Naktong to Yalu, p. 501.
47 MacArthur,
Reminiscences, p. 353,
48 Futrell,
Air Force in Korea, pp. 157-158.
49 Field,
Naval Operations, p. 185.
50 Montross and Canzona,
Inchon-Seoul Operation, p. 145.
54 Appleman,
Naktong to Yalu, pp. 505-506.
55 Cagle and Manson,
Sea War in Korea, p. 101.
56 Montross and Canzona,
Inchon-Seoul Operation, p. 94.
57 Appleman,
Naktong to Yalu, p. 506.
58 Joseph H. Alexander,
A Fellowship of Valor: The Battle History of the United States Marines (New York: Harper Collins, 1997), pp. 270-271.
59 Appleman,
Naktong to Yalu, p. 506.
61 Field,
Naval Operations, p. 202.
62 Montross and Canzona,
Inchon-Seoul Operation, p. 138.
63 Joseph Alexander,
Fellowship of Valor, p. 275.
64 Montross and Canzona,
Inchon-Seoul Operation, p. 150.
67 Futrell,
Air Force in Korea, p. 158.
68 Montross and Canzona,
Inchon-Seoul Operation, p. 205.
70 Joseph Alexander,
Fellowship of Valor, p. 279.
71 Bevin Alexander,
Korea, p. 214.
72 Montross and Canzona,
Inchon-Seoul Operation, pp. 271-272.
73 Lemuel C. Sheperd, interviewed by Philip P. Brower, September 22, 1970.
74 D. Clayton James,
The Years of MacArthur, Triumph and Disaster 1945-1964 vol. 3, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985), pp. 480-481.
75 Montross and Canzona,
Inchon-Seoul Operation, p. 284.
76 “Statement of President Rhee upon Reentering Seoul,” September 29, 1950. Microfilm: Reel 708, Douglas MacArthur Papers.
77 Schnabel, Policy and Direction, pp. 175-176.
79 Futrell,
Air Force in Korea, p. 162.
80 Cagle and Manson,
Sea War in Korea, p. 107.
81 Appleman,
Naktong to Yalu, p. 600.
82 Cagle and Manson,
Sea War in Korea, p. 101.
83 Appleman,
Naktong to Yalu, p. 604.
84 Cagle and Manson,
Sea War in Korea, p. 75.
85 Montross and Canzona,
Inchon-Seoul Operation, pp. 145-146.
86 Futrell,
Air Force in Korea, p. 164.
87 Cagle and Manson,
Sea War in Korea, pp. 105-106.
88 Frank E. Lowe to Harry S. Truman, September 16, 1950. Box 1, Folder: Harry S. Truman. Frank E. Lowe Papers.
89 Bevin Alexander,
Korea, p. 217.
90 Matthew B. Ridgway,
The Korean War (New York: Da Capo Press, 1967), p. 42.
91 Jian Chen,
China’s Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), p. 159.
Chapter 4—Reunification and Red China
1 James F. Schnabel and Robert J. Watson,
The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, vol. 3,
The Korean War (Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, 1979), p. 227.
2 Rosemary Foot,
The Wrong War: American Policy and the Dimensions of the Korean conflict, 1950-1953 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Pres, 1985), p. 70.
3 Jian Chen,
China’s Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), p. 167.
4 Bevin Alexander.
Korea: The First War We Lost (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1993), pp. 245-246.
5 Foot,
Wrong War, p. 68.
6 Qiang Zhai,
The Dragon, the Lion, and the Eagle: Chinese, British, American Relations 1949-1958 (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1994), p. 87.
7 James I. Matray, “Truman’s Plan For Victory: National Self-Determination and the Thirty-eighth Parallel Decision in Korea,”
Journal of American History 66 (September 1979): 318-319.
8 Dean Acheson,
Present at the Creation: My Years in the state Department (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969), p. 445.
9 George F. Kennan,
Memoirs: 1925-1950 vol. 2 (Boston: Lttle, Brown, 1967), p. 488.
10 Douglas MacArthur,
Reminiscences: General of the Army (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), p. 357.
11 Omar N. Bradley and Clay Blair,
A General’s Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), p. 559.
12 James S. Lay, “U.S. Congress Action with Respect to Korea,” September 9, 1950. Box 9, Folder 4, Record Group 6. Douglas MacArthur Papers, MacArthur Memorial Bureau of Archives, Norfolk, VA.
13 Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) to MacArthur, “Draft,” September 26, 1950, in
U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States (hereafter FRUS), vol.7, (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1976), p. 781.
14 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 561.
15 J. Lawton Collins,
Lightning Joe: An Autobiography (Baton rouge: Louisiana state University Press, 1979), p. 368.
16 MacArthur to JCS, September 30, 1950. Box 9, Folder 4, Record Group 6. MacArthur Papers.
17 George C. Marshall to MacArthur, September 30, 1950. Box 9, Folder 4, Record Group 6. MacArthur Papers.
18 Acheson,
Present at the Creation, pp. 453-454.
19 MacArthur to JCS, September 30, 1950.
20 Lynn Montross and Nicholas A. Canzona,
U.S. Marine Operations in Korea, 1950-1953, vol. 3, The Chosin Reservoir Campaign (Washington, DC: Historical Branch, Headquarters G-3, U.S. Marine Corps, 1957), p. 9.
21 Malcolm W. Cagle and Frank A. Manson,
The Sea War in Korea (Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Institute, 1957), p. 112.
22 James F. Schnabel, The United States Army in the Korean War: Policy and Direction. The First Year (Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1972), p. 191.
23 Roy E. Appleman, South to the Naktong. North to the Yalu (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961), p. 612.
25 Braley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 567.
26 Cagle and Manson, Sea War in Korea, p. 119.
27 Robert F. Futrell,
The United States Air Force in Korea 1950-1953 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983), p. 202.
29 Cagle and Manson,
Sea War in Korea, p. 120.
30 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 568.
31 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, pp. 188-189.
33 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 568.
34 W. Averell Harriman, interviewed by D. Clayton James, June 20, 1977. Box 5, Folder: Harriman Interview, Record Group 49. D. Clayton James Papers, MacArthur Memorial Bureau of Archives, Norfolk, VA.
35 Schnabel and Watson,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, p. 239.
36 Allen S. Whiting,
China Crosses the Yalu (New York: Macmillan, 1960), p. 60.
37 Kavalam M. Panikkar,
In Two Chinas: Memoirs of a Diplomat (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1955), p. 104.
38 Kennan,
Memoirs, vol. 2, pp. 491-492.
39 J. Lawton Collins,
War in Peacetime (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969)p. 172.
40 Alexander,
Korea, pp. 241-242.
41 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, p. 197.
42 Schnabel and Watson,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, p. 251.
43 Charles A. Willoughby and John Chamberlain,
MacArthur 1941-1951 (New York: McGraw-Hill, Book Company, 1954), p. 400.
44 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 562.
45 Futrell,
Air Force in Korea, p. 200.
46 Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis, and Xue Litai,
Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993), pp. 173-174.
47 Panikkar,
In Two Chinas, p. 108.
48 Chen,
Road to the Korean War, p. 172.
49 Goncharov, Lewis, and Litai,
Uncertain Partners, p. 184.
51 Chen,
Road to the Korean Road, pp. 178-179.
52 Panikkar,
In Two Chinas, p. 110.
53 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, p. 200.
54 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), “Threat of chinese Intervention,” October 12, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, p. 703.
55 Collins,
War in Peacetime, p. 175.
56 Montross and Canzona,
Choisin Reservoir Campaign p. 7
57 Chen,
Road to the Korean War, pp. 170-171.
58 Laura Belmonte, “Anglo-American Relations and the dismissal of MacArthur,”
Diplomatic History 19, no. 4 (Fall 1995): p. 651.
59 Dean Rusk, “Memo,” October 6, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 904-905.
60 “United Nations Resolution 346,” October 7, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 904-905.
61 Panikkar,
In Two Chinas, p. 111.
62 Kennan,
Memoirs, vol. 2, p. 490.
63 Chen,
Road to the Korean War, p. 186.
64 Richard Whelan,
Drawing the Line: The Korean War, 1950-1953 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1990), p. 240.
65 Zhai,
Dragon, Lion, and Eagle, pp. 75-76.
66 Chen,
Road to the Korean War, p. 203.
67 “China’s Foreign Ministry Statement,” October 10, 1995, in FRUS, vol 7, p. 914.
68 “MacArthur Sent Regrets to Five Invitations Home,”
New York Herald Tribune, May 14, 1951.
69 Harry S. Truman,
Memoirs, vol. 2,
Years of Trial and Hope (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956), p. 363.
70 Collins,
War in Peacetime, p. 150.
71 Willoughby and Chamberlain,
MacArthur, p. 382.
72 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 572.
73 Acheson,
Present at the Creation, p. 456.
74 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 573.
75 MacArthur,
Rendezvous, pp. 360-361,
76 Courtney Whitney,
MacArthur: His Rendezvous with History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), pp. 385-386.
77 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 573.
78 Harriman, interviewed by James, June 20, 1977.
79 Ben Grades, ed.,
The Truman Tapes (New York: Caedmon, Harper Audio, 1995).
80 MacArthur,
Reminiscences, p. 361.
81 Truman,
Memoirs, p. 365.
82 MacArthur,
Reminiscences, p. 361,
83 Vernice Anderson, interviewed by Jerry N. Hess, February 2, 1971. Box 333, Folder: Wake Island. Truman Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, MO.
84 Whitney,
MacArthur, pp. 391-392.
85 U.S. Senate, Committee on Armed Services and Foreign Relations,
Military Situation in the Far East, Hearings (hereafter MacArthur Hearings), 82nd Cong., 1st Sess. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951), p. 928.
86 MacArthur Hearings, p. 28.
87 MacArthur,
Reminiscences, pp. 361-362.
88 Dean Rusk,
As I Saw It, ed. Daniel S. Papp (New York: W.W. Norton, 1990), pp. 168-169.
89 Omar N. Bradley, “Wake Island Notes,” October 15, 1950. Box 1955-A, Folder 10.
91 Courtney Whitney, “No One Else Suspected Red China’s Action,”
Washington Post, April 22, 1951.
92 Bradley, “Wake Island Notes.”
93 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, pp. 575-576.
94 Bradley, “Wake Island Notes.”
95 Whitney,
Rendezvous with History, p. 391.
96 MacArthur Hearings, p. 41.
97 Whitney,
Rendezvous with History, p. 388.
98 Truman,
Memoirs, p. 367.
99 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 576.
100 Philip C. Jessup to Harold Faber, January 5, 1956. Box 46-A, Folder: Correspondence. Marshall Papers.
101 MacArthur,
Reminiscences, pp. 362-363.
102 Frank Pace, interviewed by D. Clayton James, July 12, 1977. Box 6. Folder: Pace Interview, Record Group 49. MacArthur Papers.
103 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 577.
104 Harriman, interviewed by James, June 20, 1977.
105 Monte M. Poen, ed.,
Letters Home by Harry S. Truman (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1984), p. 244.
106 Whitney,
Rendezvous with History, p. 390.
107 J.V. Fitzgerald to Charles G. Ross, October 17, 1950. Microfilm: Reel 2. Harry S Truman Collection, U.S. Army Military Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle, PA.
108 MacArthur Hearings, p. 41.
109 “Truman’s Nationwide Radio Address,” October 17, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, p. 981.
110 Robert H. Ferrell, ed.,
Truman in the White House: The Diary of Eben A. Ayers (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1991), p. 377.
111 Acheson,
Present at the Creation, p. 455.
112 Dean Rusk, “Notes on Wake Conference,” October 15, 1995, in FRUS, vol. 7, p. 974.
113 D. Clayton James,
The Years of MacArthur, vol. 3, Triumph and Disaster 1945-1964 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985), pp. 513-514.
114 Whitney,
Rendezvous with History, pp. 390-391.
115 Acheson,
Present at the Creation, pp. 527-528.
116 MacArthur,
Reminiscences, p. 363.
Chapter 5—Chinese Communist First-Phase Offensive
1 Roy E. Appleman,
South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961), p. 630.
3 Lynn Montross and Nicholas A. Canzona,
U.S. Marine Operations in Korea, 1950-1953, vol. 3,
The Choisin Reservoir Campaign (Washington, DC: Historical Branch, Headquarters G-3, U.S. Marine Corps, 1957), p. 34.
4 Robert F. Futrell,
The United States Air Force in Korea 1950-1953 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983), p. 214.
5 J. Lawton Collins,
War in Peacetime: The History and Lessons of Korea (Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1969), p. 177.
6 Appleman,
Naktong to Yalu, pp. 646-647.
7 Frank E. Lowe to Harry S. Truman, October 22, 1950. Box 1, Folder: Truman Correspondence. Lowe Papers, U.S. Military Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle, PA.
8 Futrell,
Air Force in Korea, p. 209.
11 Montross and Canzona,
The Chosin Reservoir, pp. 34-35.
12 Appleman,
Naktong to Yalu, p. 658.
14 U.S. Senate, Committee on Armed Services and Foreign Relations,
Military Situation in the Far East, Hearings (hereafter MacArthur Hearings), 82nd Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951), p. 1240.
15 Dean Acheson,
Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York: W.W. Norton, 1969), p. 462.
16 Richard Whelan,
Drawing the Line: The Korean War, 1950-1955 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1990), p. 240.
17 MacArthur Hearings, p. 1241.
18 Omar N. Bradley and Clay Blair,
A General’s Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), p. 579.
19 Acheson,
Present at the Creation, p. 462.
20 J. Lawton Collins,
Lightning Joe: An Autobiography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979) p. 370.
21 Roy E. Appleman,
Disaster in Korea: The Chinese Confront MacArthur (College Station: Texas A and M University Press, 1990), p. 346.
22 Roy E. Appleman,
Escaping the Trap: The U.S. Army X Corps in Northeast Korea, 1950 (College Station: Texas A and M University Press, 1990), pp. x-xi.
23 Montross and Canzona,
The Choisin Reservoir, p. 31.
25 Malcolm W. Cagle and Frank A. Manson,
The Sea War in Korea (Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Institute, 1957), p. 148.
26 Montross and Canzona,
The Choisin Reservoir, p. 31.
27 Cagle and Manson,
Sea War in Korea, p. 149.
29 Appleman,
Disaster in Korea, pp. 15-16.
30 Hallett D. Edson, interviewed by D. Clayton James, June 20, 1977. Box 5, Folder: Hallett Interview, Record Group 49. James Papers, MacArthur Memorial Bureau of Archives, Norfolk, VA.
31 Futrell,
Air Force in Korea, p. 261.
32 Montross and Canzona,
The Chosin Reservoir, p. 89.
35 Appleman,
Naktong to Yalu, p. 719.
36 Appleman,
Disaster in Korea, p. xiii.
37 Montross and Canzona,
The Choisin Reservoir, p. 93.
38 Appleman,
Naktong to Yalu, pp. 671-672.
40 Matthew B. Ridgway,
The Korean War (New York: Da Capo Press, 1967), p. 4.
41 Walter B. Smith to Harry S. Truman, November 1, 1950, in
U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States (hereafter FRUS), vol. 7 (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1976), p. 1025.
42 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 580.
43 Edward W. Barrett to Dean Rusk, November 3, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, p. 1030.
44 Appleman,
Disaster in Korea, p. 19.
45 Billy C. Mossman,
U.S. Army in the Korean War, Ebb and Flow, November 1950-July 1951 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990), p. 60.
46 Whelan,
Drawing the Line, p. 24.
48 Appleman,
Disaster in Korea, p. 20.
49 Collins,
War in Peacetime, pp. 185-186.
50 Ridgway,
The Korean War, p. 59.
51 Dean G. Acheson, “Memo,” November 9, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, p. 1128.
52 Walton H. Walker to MacArthur, November 6, 1950. Box 9, Folder 5, Record Group 6, MacArthur Papers.
53 Ridgway,
The Korean War, p. 59.
54 James F. Schnabel,
The United States Army in the Korean War: Policy and Direction. The First Year (Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1972), pp. 4-5.
56 Montross and Canzona,
The Choisin Reservoir, pp. 97-98.
57 Appleman,
Naktong to Yalu, p. 686.
58 Montross and Canzona,
The Chosin Reservoir, pp. 81-82.
59 Appleman,
Escaping the Trap, pp. 5-7.
60 James A. Field Jr.,
History of the United States Naval Operations: Korea (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1962), p. 275.
62 Cagle and Manson,
Sea War in Korea, p. 167.
63 Appleman,
Escaping the Trap, p. 8.
64 Appleman,
Disaster in Korea, p. 22.
65 Douglas MacArthur to JCS, November 4, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, p. 1036.
66 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 580.
67 Charles D. Palmer, interviewed by James, June 14, 1977. Box 6, Folder: Palmer Interview. Record Group 49, James Papers, p. 31.
68 Charles A. Willoughby and John Chamberlain,
MacArthur 1941-1951 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1954), p. 396.
69 Futrell,
Air Force in Korea, p. 220.
72 Douglas MacArthur,
Reminiscences: General of the Army (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), p. 368.
73 Dean Acheson, “Memo,” November 6, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, p. 1056.
74 Acheson,
Present at the Creation, p. 464.
76 Harry S. Truman, “MacArthur Was Ready to Risk General War. I Was Not,”
U.S. News 
World Report, February 17, 1956, p. 54.
77 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, pp. 242-243.
78 Whelan,
Drawing the Line, p. 247.
79 MacArthur to JCS, November 6, 1950. Special Folder: Front Desk. MacArthur Papers.
80 MacArthur,
Reminiscences, p. 370.
81 MacArthur to JCS, November 7, 1950. Box 43, Folder: Correspondence, Record Group 9. MacArthur Papers.
82 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 585.
83 Harry S. Truman, Memoirs, vol. 2,
Years of Trial and Hope (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956), p. 376.
84 George C. Marshall to MacArthur, November 7, 1950. Box 9, Folder 5, Record Group 6. MacArthur Papers.
85 MacArthur to Marshall, November 8, 1950. Box 195-A, Folder 1. George C. Marshall Papers, George C. Marshall Library, Lexington, VA.
86 Futrell, Air Force in Korea, p. 224.
87 MacArthur,
Reminiscences, p. 369.
88 Schnable,
Policy and Direction, p. 246.
89 Futrell,
Air Force in Korea, p. 227.
90 Appleman,
Disaster in Korea, p. 362.
91 Futrell,
Air Force in Korea, pp. 222-223.
92 MacArthur, “Memo”, November 9, 1950. Special Folder: Front Desk. MacArthur Papers.
93 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 58.
94 Matthew B. Ridgway, interviewed by Harold L. Hitchens and Frederick A. Hetzel, March 5, 1982. Box 51, Folder Interviews, Ridgway Papers, U.S. Army Military Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle, PA.
95 Ridgway,
The Korean War, p. 75.
96 Curtis E. LeMay, with MacKinlay Kantor,
My Story: Mission with LeMay (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1965), p. 463.
97 MacArthur Hearings, p. 1912.
98 Acheson,
Present at the Creation. P. 466.
99 MacArthur to JCS, November 9, 1950. Box 9, Folder 5, Record Group 6. MacArthur Papers.
100 Mossman,
Ebb and Flow, p. 22.
101 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 594.
102 Acheson,
Present at the Creation, p. 467.
Chapter 6–Chinese Communist Second-Phase Offensive
1 Billy C. Mossman,
U.S. Army in the Korean War, Ebb and Flow, November 1950-July 1951 (Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1990), p. 24.
3 Roy E. Appleman,
Disaster in Korea: The Chinese Confront MacArthur (College Station: Texas A and M University Press, 1989), pp. 38-39.
4 Mossman,
Ebb and Flow, p. 45.
5 Appleman,
Disaster in Korea, p. 44.
6 Roy E. Appleman,
Escaping the Trap: The U.S. Army X Corps in Northeast Korea, 1950 (College Station: Texas A and M University Press, 1990), p. 14.
7 Douglas MacArthur,
Reminiscences: General of the Army (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), p. 371.
8 Appleman,
Escaping the Trap, p. 16.
9 Matthew B. Ridgway,
The Korean War (New York: Da Capo Press, 1967), p. 61.
10 Richard Whelan,
Drawing the Line: The Korean War, 1950-1953 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1990), p. 257.
11 Appleman,
Escaping the Trap, p. 26.
12 Mossman,
Ebb and Flow, p. 61.
13 James F. Schnabel,
The United States Army in the Korean War: Policy and Direction. The First Year (Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1972), p. 273.
14 John J. Muccio, “Memo,” November 17, 1950. In U.S. Department of State,
Foreign Relations of the United States (hereafter FRUS), vol. 7 (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1976), p. 1175.
15 Charles D. Palmer, interviewed by D. Clayton James, June 14, 1977. Box 6, Folder: Palmer Interview, Record Group 49. D. Clayton James Papers, MacArthur Memorial Bureau of Archives, Norfolk, VA.
16 Douglas Macarthur and Harry Truman, “MacArthur and Truman Tell About a War U.S. Didn’t Win,”
U.S. News 
World Report, February 17, 1956, p. 171.
17 Roy E. Appleman,
South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961), pp. 768-769.
18 Omar N. Bradley and Clay Blair,
A General’s Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), pp. 595-596.
19 James F. Schnabel and Robert J. Watson,
The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, vol. 3,
The Korean War, (Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, 1979), p. 312.
20 Public Papers of the Presidents: Harry S. Truman, 1945-1953, vol. 5 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950), p. 711.
21 Schabel and Watson,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, p. 314.
22 Edward M. Almond, interviewed by Thomas Fergusson, March 28, 1075. Box 1, Folder: Section 5. Edward M. Almond Papers, U.S. Military Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle, PA.
23 Hugh Baillie,
High Tension: The Recollections of Hugh Baillie (Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1970), pp. 232-233.
24 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, p. 266.
25 G. Hyden Raynor, “Memo,” November 24, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, p. 1219.
26 Courtney Whitney,
MacArthur: His Rendezvous with History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), p. 412.
27 Kavalam M. Panikkar,
In Two Chinas: Memoirs of a Diplomat (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1955), p. 115.
28 Schnabel and Watson,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, p. 326.
29 Whelan,
Drawing the Line, p. 257.
30 Lynn Montross and Nicholas A. Canzona,
U.S. Marine Operations in Korea, 1950-1953, vol. 3,
The Chosin Reservoir Campaign (Washington, DC: Historical Branch, Headquarters G-3, U.S. Marine Corps, 1957). P. 144.
31 Appleman,
Disaster in Korea, p. 56.
33 Douglas MacArthur to Ray Henle, November 29, 1950. Box 129, Folder: General File. Truman Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, MO.
34 Ridgway,
The Korean War, p. 60.
35 Appleman,
Disaster in Korea, p. 57.
37 Charles A. Willoughby and John Chamberlain,
MacArthur 1941-1951 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1954), p. 391.
38 Appleman,
Disaster in Korea, p. 58.
39 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), “Chinese Communist Intervention in Korea,” November 24, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 1220-1221.
40 James A. Field, Jr., in
History of United States Naval Operations: Korea (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1962), p. 263.
41 Whelan,
Drawing the Line, p. 256.
42 John H. Michaelis, interviewed by James, June 1, 1977. Box 5, Folder: Michaels Interview, Record Group 49. James Papers.
43 Douglas MacArthur, “Communiqué No. 13,” November 24, 1950. Microfilm: Reel 708. Douglas MacArthur Papers, MacArthur Memorial Bureau of Archives, Norfolk, VA.
44 Appleman,
Disaster in Korea, p. 59.
46 Schnable,
Policy and Direction, p. 274.
47 Field,
Naval Operations, pp. 263-264.
48 Appleman,
Disaster in Korea, pp. 86-87.
49 MacArthur to Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), November 28, 1950. Box 9, Folder 5, Record Group 6. MacArthur Papers.
50 Dean Acheson,
Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York: W.W. Norton, 1969), p. 469.
51 Margaret Truman,
Harry S. Truman (New York: William Morrow, 1973), p. 492.
52 Acheson,
Present at the Creation, p. 469.
53 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, pp. 295-296.
54 George C. Marshall, “Nationalists,” May 15, 1951. Box 195-A, Folder 22. George C. Marshall Papers, George C. Marshall Library, Lexington, VA.
55 Whitney,
Rendezvous with History, p. 423.
56 Appleman,
Disaster in Korea, p. 300.
57 “Editorial,”
Christian Science Monitor, January 22, 1951.
58 Panikkar,
In Two Chinas, p. 117.
59 MacArthur,
Reminiscences, p. 374.
60 MacArthur to JCS, December 8, 1950. Box 9, Folder 5, Record Group 6. MacArthur Papers.
61 Appleman,
Escaping the Trap, pp. 17-18.
62 Montross and Canzona,
The Choisin Reservoir, p. 202.
65 Field,
Naval Operations, p. 276.
66 Malcolm W. Cagle and Frank A. Manson,
The Sea War in Korea (Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Institute, 1957), p. 174.
67 Joseph H. Alexander,
A Fellowship of Valor: The Battle History of the United States Marines (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), p. 294.
69 Cagle and Manson,
Sea War in Korea, pp. 177-178.
71 Robert F. Futrell,
The United States Air force in Korea 1950-1953 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983), pp. 258-259.
72 Montross and Canzona,
The Chosin Reservoir, p. 323.
73 Mossman,
Ebb and Flow, p. 140.
74 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, pp. 300-301.
75 Montross and Canzona,
The Chosin Reservoir, pp. 338-339.
77 Cagle and Manson,
Sea War in Korea, p. 190.
78 Montross and Canzona,
The Chosin Reservoir, p. 344.
79 Appleman,
Disaster in Korea, p. 383.
80 Montross and Canzona,
The Choisin Reservoir, p. 346.
84 Appleman,
Escaping the Trap, p. 352.
85 Montross and Canzona,
The Chosin Reservoir, p. 351.
86 Appleman,
Escaping the Trap, p. 356.
Chapter 7–December’s Closing Acts
1 Philip C. Jessup, “Notes State-Defense Meeting,” December 1, 1950, in
U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States (hereafter FRUS), vol. 7 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976), p. 1276.
2 James F. Schnabel and Robert J. Watson,
The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, vol. 3,
The Korean War (Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, 1979), p. 352.
3 Jessup, “Notes State-Defense Meeting,” p. 1279.
4 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), “Soviet Intentions,” December 2, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, p. 1308.
5 Dean Acheson,
Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York: W.W. Norton, 1969), p. 474.
6 Monte M. Poen, ed.,
Letters Home by Harry S. Truman (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1984), p. 244.
7 James F. Schnabel, “Ridgway in Korea,”
Military Review 44 (March 1964): 6.
8 Douglas MacArthur to Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), December 3, 1950. Box 9, Folder 5, Record Group 6. MacArthur Papers, MacArthur Memorial Bureau of Archives, Norfolk, VA.
9 Philip Jessup, “Notes State-Defense Meeting,” December 3, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, p. 1324.
10 Schnabel and Watson,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, p. 359.
11 Jessup, “Notes State-Defense Meeting,” December 3, 1950, p. 1331.
12 J. Lawton Collins,
Lightning Joe: An Autobiography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana state University Press, 1979), p. 373.
13 J. Lawton Collins,
War in Peacetime: The History and Lessons of Korea (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), pp. 231-232.
14 James F. Schnabel,
The United States Army in the Korean War: Policy and Direction. The First Year (Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1972), p. 284.
15 Collins,
Lightning Joe, p. 373.
16 MacArthur, “Memo,” December 10, 1950. Special Folder, Front Desk. MacArthur Papers.
17 Edwin K. Wright, “Oral History Transcript,” January 10, 1970. Box 7, Folder 50, Record Group 32. MacArthur Papers.
18 Douglas MacArthur and Harry S. Truman, “MacArthur and Truman Tell About a War U.S. Didn’t Win,”
U.S. News 
World Report, Feb. 17, 1956), p. 175.
19 Ken Hechler to George M. Elsey, September 22, 1951. Box 74, Folder: Korea. Elsey Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, MO.
20 Harry S. Truman,
Memoirs, vol. 2,
Years of Trial and Hope (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956), p. 416.
21 Douglas MacCarthur, Reminiscences: General of the Army (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), p. 391.
23 Margaret Truman,
Harry S. Truman (New York: William Morrow, 1973), p. 494.
24 Truman,
Memoirs, p. 384.
25 Schnabel and Watson,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, p. 364.
26 U.S. Senate, Committee on Armed Services and Foreign Relations,
Military Situation in the Far East, Hearings (hereafter MacArthur Hearings), 82nd Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951), p. 1340.
27 Frank E. Lowe to Truman, December 29, 1950. Box 1, Folder: Unmarked. Lowe Papers, MacArthur Memorial Bureau of Archives, Norfolk, VA.
28 Courtney Whitney,
MacArthur: His Rendezvous with History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), p. 448.
29 Frank Pace, interviewed by D. Clayton James, July 12, 1977. Box 6, Folder: Pace Interview, Record Group 49. James Papers, MacArthur Memorial Bureau of Archives, Norfolk, VA.
30 Philip Jessup, interviewed by James, July 14, 1977. Box 5, Folder: Jessup Interview, Record Group 49. James Papers.
31 Dwight D. Eisenhower, interviewed by James, August 29, 1967. Box 6, Folder: Eisenhower Interview, Record Group 32. James Papers.
32 D. Clayton James and Anne S. Wells,
Refighting the Last War: Command and Crisis in Korea, 1950-1953 (New York: Free Press, 1993), p. 47.
33 Omar N. Bradley and Clay Blair,
A General’s Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), p. 610.
34 James S. Lay, “NSA Minutes,” December 11, 1950. Box 3, Folder: 74th Meeting, Record Group 273. National Archives, Washington, DC.
35 Warren Austin to Acheson, December 24, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, p. 1595.
36 Truman,
Memoirs, p. 389.
37 Truman, “Press Conference,” November 30, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 1261-1262.
39 Austin to Acheson, December 1, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, p. 1300.
40 Margaret Truman,
Truman, pp. 497-498.
41 Kavalam, M. Panikkar,
In Two Chinas: Memoirs of a Diplomat (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1955), pp. 116-117.
42 Francis Williams,
Twilight of Empire: Memoirs of Prime Minister Clement Attlee (New York: A. S. Barnes, 1962), pp. 233-234.
43 Robert H. Ferrell, ed.,
Truman in the White House : The Diary of Eben A. Ayers (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1991), p. 384.
44 Schnabel and Watson,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, pp. 370-371.
45 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, p. 290.
46 Acheson,
Present at the Creation, p. 481.
47 Truman,
Memoirs, p. 402.
49 Philip Jessup, “Truman-Attlee Talks,” December 5, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 1391-1392.
50 Williams,
Twilight of Empire, p. 237.
51 Schnabel and Watson,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, p. 375.
52 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 610.
53 Truman,
Memoirs, p. 407.
54 Williams,
Twilight of Empire, p. 239.
55 Truman,
Memoirs, p. 407.
56 Schnabel and Watson,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, p. 375.
57 Lucius D. Battle, “Truman-Attlee Meeting,” December 7, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, p. 1431.
58 Acheson,
Present at the Creation, p. 483.
59 Schnabel and Watson,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, pp. 377-378.
60 Philip Jessup, “Memo,” December 7, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, p. 1462.
61 Acheson,
Present at the Creation, p. 483.
62 Schnabel and Watson,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, p. 372.
63 Dean Rusk,
As I Saw It, ed. Daniel S. Papp (New York: W. W. Norton, 1990), p. 170.
64 MacArthur Hearings, p. 1260.
65 J. Lawton Collins to Charles C. Sperow, October 3, 1970. Box 1, Folder: vol. 2. Collins Papers, U.S. Army Military Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle PA.
66 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 607.
67 Schnabel and Watson,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, p. 378.
68 Truman “Communiqué,” December 8, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, p. 1477.
69 Clement C. Attlee,
As It Happened (New York: The Viking Press, 1954), p. 283.
70 Williams,
Twilight of Empire, p. 240.
71 MacArthur Hearings, p. 1269.
72 Hubert H. Humphrey, “Memo,” undated. Box 75, Folder: MacArthur. Elsey Papers.
73 Merle Miller, Plain Speaking: an Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman (New York : G.P.Putnam’s Sons, 1974), p. 301.
74 Truman,
Memoirs, pp. 425-426.
75 Truman, “State of National Emergency,” December 15, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, p. 1548.
76 Schnabel and Watson,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, p. 318.
77 Matthew B. Ridgway, interviewed by John M. Blair, January 6, 1972. Box 51, Folder: vol. 2. Ridgway Papers, U.S. Army Military Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle, PA.
78 Matthew B. Ridgway,
The Korean War (New York: Da Capo Press, 1967), p. 79.
80 Schnabel,
Policy and direction, p. 307.
81 Ridgway,
The Korean War, p. 82.
82 Ridgway, interviewed by Harold L. Hitchens and Frederick A. Hetzel, March 5, 1982. Box 51, Folder: Interviews. Ridgway Papers.
83 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, p. 307.
84 Matthew B. Ridgway,
Soldier: The Memoirs of Matthew B. Ridgway (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1956), p. 201.
85 Edward M. Almond, interviewed by Thomas Ferguson, March 29, 1975. Box 1, Folder: Section 5. Edward M. Almond Papers, U.S. Army Military Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle, PA.
86 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, p. 308.
87 Robert F. Futrell,
The United States Air Force in Korea 1950-1953 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983), p. 271.
88 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, p. 308.
89 Ridgway,
Soldier, p. 206.
90 Ridgway, “Ridgway in Korea,” p. 9.
91 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 608.
92 JCS to MacArthur, December 29, 1950, in FRUS, vol. 7, p. 1625.
93 MacArthur,
Reminiscences, p. 378.
94 Whitney, Rendezvous with History, p. 43.
95 JCS, “Record for Senate Committee,” April 30, 1951. Microfilm: Korean War File, Reel2. Truman Collection, U.S. Army Military Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle, PA.
96 JCS to MacArthur, January 9, 1951, in FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 1641-1642.
97 MacArthur to JCS, January 10, 1951, in FRUS, vol. 7, p. 1656.
98 Whitney,
Rendezvous with History, p. 435.
99 Douglas MacArthur and Harry S. Truman, “MacArthur and Truman Tell about a War U.S. Didn’t Win,”
U.S. News 
World Report, February 17, 1956, p. 170.
100 Acheson,
Present at the Creation, p. 515.
101 George C. Marshall, “Summary of MacArthur’s Position,” May 6, 1951. Box 195 A, Folder 21. George C. Marshall Papers, George C. Marshall Library, Lexington, VA.
Chapter 8–Defining a Political and Military Policy
1 John Miller, Jr., Owen J. Carroll, and Margaret E. Tackley,
Korea 1951-1953 (Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1997), p. 5.
2 Bevin Alexander,
Korea: The First War We Lost (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1993), p. 379.
3 Miller et al.,
Korea, pp. 5-6.
4 James Schnabel, “Ridgway in Korea,”
Military Review 44 (March 1964): 11.
5 Matthew B. Ridgway,
The Korean War (New York: Da Capo Press, 1967), p. 90.
6 Omar N. Bradley and Clay Blair,
A General’s Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), p. 618.
7 Robert F. Futrell,
The United States Air Force in Korea 1950-1953 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983), pp. 277-278.
8 Douglas MacArthur,
Reminiscences: General of the Army (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), p. 383.
9 Matthew B. Ridgway,
Soldier: The Memoirs of Matthew B. Ridgway (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1956), p. 214.
10 MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 383.
11 James F. Schnabel and Robert J. Watson,
The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, vol. 3,
The Korean War (Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, 1979), p. 352.
12 Bradley to George C. Marshall, January 2, 1951, in
U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States (hereafter FRUS), vo;. 7 (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1976), p.1172.
13 U.S. Senate, Committee on Armed Services and Foreign Relations, Military Situation in the Far East, Hearings (hereafter MacArthur Hearings), 82nd Cong., 1st Sess. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951), p. 1341.
14 Courtney Whitney,
MacArthur: His Rendezvous with History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), p. 462.
15 James F. Schnabel,
The United States Army in the Korean War: Policy and Direction. The First Year (Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1972), p. 328.
16 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 622.
17 Dean Acheson,
Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York: W.W. Norton, 1969), p. 516.
18 MacArthur Hearings, p. 370.
19 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, p. 329.
20 Harry S. Truman to MacArthur, January 13, 1951, in FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 77-78.
21 Harry S. Truman,
Memoirs, vol. 2, Years of Trial and Hope (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956), pp. 394-395.
22 Laura Belmonte, “Anglo-American Relations and the Dismissal of MacArthur,”
Diplomatic History 19, no. 4 (Fall 1995): p. 655.
23 Clement R. Attlee to Truman, January 8, 1951, in FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 77-78.
24 Acheson to Attlee, January 9, 1951, in FRUS, vol. 7, p. 38.
25 Whitney,
Rendezvous with History, p. 439.
26 J. Lawton Collins,
War in Peacetime: The History and Lessons of Korea (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), p. 254.
28 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, p. 326.
29 Collins,
War in Peacetime, p. 253.
30 Futrell,
Air Force in Korea, p. 282.
31 “JCS Record for Senate Committee,” April 30, 1951. Microfilm: Reel 2. Harry S. Truman Collection, U.S. Army Military Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle, PA.
32 Hoyt S. Vandenberg to Marshall, January 19, 1951. Box 83, Folder: Korean Memos. Hoyt S. Vandenberg Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
33 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 623.
34 Collins,
War in Peacetime, p. 255.
36 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 62.
37 Truman,
Memoirs, p. 437.
38 MacArthur Hearings, pp. 1967-1968.
39 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, p. 333.
40 Belmonte, “Anglo-American Relations,” p. 656.
41 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, p. 333.
42 Futrell,
Air Force in Korea, p. 282.
43 Ridgway,
Soldier, p. 216.
44 Acheson,
Present at the Creation, p. 512.
45 Ridgway, interviewed by John M. Blair, January 6, 1972. Box 51, Folder: Vol. 2. Ridgway Papers, U.S. Army Military Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle, PA.
46 Ridgway, interviewed by Harold L. Hitchens and Frederick A. Hetzel, March 5, 1982. Box 51, Folder: Interviews. Ridgway Papers.
48 Ridgway,
The Korean War, p. 72.
49 Hugh Baillie, “All The Way to Yalu,”
New York Times, March 16, 1951.
50 Ken Hechler to George M. Elsey, “MacArthur Report,” September 22, 1951, Box 76, Folder: Korea. George M. Elsey Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, MO.
51 Futrell,
Air Force in Korea, p. 71.
52 Ridgway,
The Korean War, pp. 75-76.
53 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, p. 364.
54 “JSC Record for the Senate Committee,” Truman Collection, U.S. Army Military Institute.
55 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, p. 348.
57 MacArthur Hearings, p. 17.
58 MacArthur,
Reminiscences, p. 384.
59 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, pp. 352-353.
60 Belmonte, “Anglo-American Relations,” p. 657.
61 Schnabel,
Policy and Direction, p. 352.
Chapter 9–MacArthur’s Dismissal
1 Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) to Douglas MacArthur, March 20, 1951. Box 129, Folder: MacArthur File. Truman Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, MO.
2 MacArthur to JCS, March 21, 1951. Box 9, Folder 5, Record Group 6. MacArthur Papers, MacArthur Memorial Bureau of Archives, Norfolk, VA.
3 Omar N. Bradley and Clay Blair,
A General’s Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), p. 627.
4 U.S. Senate, Committee on Armed Services and Foreign Relations,
Military Situation in the Far East, Hearings (hereafter MacArthur Hearings), 82nd Cong., 1st Sess. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951), p. 1267.
5 MacArthur, “Communiqué,” March 24, 1951. Mictrofilm: Reel 708, Record Group 7. MacArthur Papers.
6 Dean Acheson,
Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York: W.W. Norton, 1969), pp. 518-519.
7 William J. Sebald and Russell Brines,
With MacArthur in Japan: A Personal History of the Occupation (New York: W.W. Norton, 1965), pp. 226-227.
8 James Reston, “Peace Bid MacArthur Upset Held Foredoomed Anyway,”
New York Times, May 9, 1951.
9 J. Lawton Collins,
War in Peacetime: The History and Lessons of Korea (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1969), p. 270.
10 Douglas MacArthur,
Reminiscences: General of the Army (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), pp. 388-389.
11 Courtney, Whitney,
MacArthur: His Rendezvous with History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), p. 467.
12 Matthew B. Ridgway,
The Korean War (New York: Da Capo Press, 1967), pp. 154-155.
13 Harry S. Truman,
Memoirs: vol. 2
, Years of Trial and Hope (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956),pp. 443-444.
14 JCS to MacArthur, March 25, 1951. Box 9, Folder 5, Record Group 6. MacArthur Papers.
15 “Martin’s Speech,” February 12, 1951. Box 129, Folder: General File. Truman Papers.
16 Joseph W. Martin to MacArthur, March 8, 1951, in
U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States (hereafter FRUS), vol. 7 (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1976), pp. 298-299.
17 MacArthur to Martin, March 20, 1951. Box 195-A, Folder: 24. George C. Marshall Papers, George C. Marshall Library, Lexington, VA.
18 Truman to Bradley, April 7, 1951. Box 129, Folder: MacArthur’s Dismissal. Truman Papers.
19 Ken Hechler,
Working with Truman: A Personal Memoir of the White House Years (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1982), p. 176.
20 Truman, “Diaries,” April 6, 1951. Box 278, Folder: Diaries 1951. Truman Papers.
21 Truman,
Memoirs, p. 446.
22 Collins,
War in Peacetime, pp. 281-282.
23 Acheson,
Present at the Creation, p. 526.
24 Marshall to Richard B. Russell, August 17, 1951. Box 75, Folder: MacArthur’s Dismissal. George M. Elsey Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, MO.
25 Laura Belmonte, “Anglo-American Relations and the Dismissal of MacArthur,”
Diplomatic History 19, no. 4 (Fall 1995): p. 662.
26 Kenneth Younger, “Irresponsible Statements,”
London Observer, April 8, 1952.
27 Chester Ede, “We Cannot Control MacArthur,”
Manchester Guardian, April 9, 1951.
28 Editorial, “MacArthur’s Objective,”
Daily Telegraph (London), April 5, 1591.
29 Belmonte, “Anglo-American Relations,” p. 661.
30 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, pp. 630-631.
31 Ben Gradus, ed.,
The Truman Tapes (New York: Caedmon/Harper Audio, 1995).
32 Truman,
Memoirs, p. 447.
33 Acheson,
Present at the Creation, p. 521.
34 Truman,
Memoirs, p. 447.
35 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 631.
36 Truman,
Memoirs, p. 447.
37 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, pp. 631-632.
38 Truman, “Memo,” April 28, 1951. Box 129, Folder: MacArthur’s Dismissal. Truman Papers.
39 Acheson,
Present at the Creation, pp. 521-522.
40 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 632
41 Marshall to Russell, August 17, 1951.
42 Merle Miller,
Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1974), p. 304.
43 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 633.
44 Truman, “Diaries,” April 7. Box 278, Folder 1951. Truman Papers.
45 Collins,
War in Peacetime, p. 283.
46 MacArthur Hearings, p. 1120.
47 Marshall to Russell, August 17, 1951.
48 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 635.
49 Marshall to Russell, August 17, 1951.
50 Truman, “Memo,” April 28, 1951.
51 Acheson,
Present at the Creation, p. 522.
52 Douglas MacArthur and Harry S. Truman, “MacArthur and Truman Tell About a War U.S. Didn’t Win,”
U.S. News 
World Report, February 17, 1956, p. 174.
53 Truman, “Diaries,” April 9, 1951. Box 278, Folder: Diaries 1951. Truman Papers.
54 MacArthur Hearings, p. 348.
55 Truman, “Diaries,” April 9, 1951.
56 Miller,
Plain speaking, p. 305.
57 Truman,
Memoirs, p. 450.
58 Miller,
Pain Speaking, p. 306.
59 Courtney Whitney to Frank Vaughan, April 10, 1951. Microfilm: Reel 2. Harry S. Truman Collection, U.S. Army Military Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle, PA.
60 Edward M. Almond, interviewed by D. Clayton James, August 4, 1971. Box 1, Record Group 49. Folder: Almond Interview, D. Clayton James Papers, MacArthur Memorial Bureau of archives.
61 Whitney,
Rendezvous with History, p. 471.
62 MacArthur and Truman, “A War U.S. didn’t Win,” p. 51.
63 Whitney,
Rendezvous with History, p. 473.
64 Matthew B. Ridgway, interviewed by Maurice Matloff, April 18, 1984. Box 51, Folder: Matloff Interviews. Ridgway Papers, U.S. Army Military Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle, PA.
65 Frank Pace, interviewed by James, July 12, 1977. Box 6, Folder: Pace interview, Record Group 49. James Papers.
66 Ridgway, interviewed by Matloff, April 18, 1894.
67 Ridgway, interviewed by John M. Blair, January 6, 1972. Box 51, Folder: Vol. 2. Ridgway Papers.
68 Hechler,
Working with Truman, pp. 181-182.
69 Joseph Short, “Truman’s Speech to the Nation,” April 11, 1951. Box 129, Folder: MacArthur Dismissal. Truman Papers.
Chapter 10–Reaction and Return
1 George M. Elsey, “Summary Report,” undated. Box 76, Folder: MacArthur’s Dismissal. George M. Elsey Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, MO.
2 Ken Hechler,
Working with Truman: A Personal Memoir of the White House Years (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1982), p. 182.
3 Democratic National Committee, Congressional Quarterly News Features, “The MacArthur Fight,” April 13, 1951. Box 87, Folder: MacArthur File. Truman Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, MO.
4 Editorial, “MacArthur’s Insubordination,”
Denver Post, April 11, 1951.
5 Editorial, “Police Action,”
New York Daily News, April 11, 1951.
6 Robert C. Albright, “General Will Talk if Invited Here, Party Heads Say in Bitter Debate,”
Washington Post, April 12, 1951.
7 Editorial, “Let’s End This Emotional Binge,”
Milwaukee Journal, April 20, 1950.
8 Democratic National Committee, Congressional Quarterly News Features, “The MacArthur Fight.”
9 Elsey, “Summary Report.”
10 George Harris and Louis Roper, “The Press and the Great Debate,”
Saturday Review of Literature, July 1951, pp. 101-106.
11 Robert J. Donovan, “Truman Says He Can but Won’t Gag MacArthur and Whitney,”
New York Herald Tribune, April 27, 1951.
12 Harry S. Truman, “MacArthur Ready to Risk General War. I Was not,”
U.S. News 
World Report, February 17, 1956, pp. 54, 168-169.
13 George Elsey, “Initial Foreign Reaction to General MacArthur’s Dismissal,” April 16, 1951. Box 75, Folder: MacArthur’s Dismissal Memorandum. Elsey Papers.
14 Editorial, “The Little Man Who Dared,”
Time, April 23, 1951, p. 34.
15 “Foreign Reaction to General MacArthur’s Dismissal,” April 16, 1951. Box 75, Folder: MacArthur’s Dismissal, Memoranda. Elsey Papers.
16 “Little Man Who Dared,” p. 34.
17 Elsey, “Initial Foreign Reaction.” Elsey Papers.
18 Courtney Whitney,
MacArthur: His Rendezvous with History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), p. 481.
19 Douglas MacArthur,
Reminiscences: General of the Army (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), p. 400.
20 Editorial, “The Presidency,”
Time, April 30, 1951, p. 24.
21 Omar N. Bradley and Clay Blair,
A General’s Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), pp. 638-639.
22 Whitney,
Rendezvous with History, p. 484.
23 “Douglas MacArthur’s Address to Congress,” April 19, 1951. Box 129, Folder: MacArthur’s ismissal. Truman Papers.
25 William Klein to Harry S. Truman, April 28, 1951. Box 1397, Folder 584. Truman Papers.
26 Hanson W. Baldwin, “The Magic of MacArthur,”
New York Times, April 23, 1951.
27 Editorial, “Now the People Know the Issues,”
Atlanta Constitution, April 20, 1950.
28 Marquis Childs, “MacArthur Challenge,”
Washington Post, April 21, 1951.
29 Merle Miller, Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1974), p. 309.
31 “Welcome Home,”
New York Times, May 3, 1951.
32 J. Lawton Collins,
War in Peacetime: The History and Lessons of Korea (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), p. 289.
33 Bradley and Blair,
A General’s Life, p. 640.
34 William S. White, “Senate Inquiry On,”
New York Times, May 4, 1951.
35 Matthew B. Ridgway,
The Korean War (New York: Da Capo Press, 1967).
36 U.S. Senate, Committee on Armed Services and Foreign Relations, Military Situation in the Far East, Hearings (hereafter MacArthur Hearings), 82nd Cong., 1st Sess. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951), pp. 732-733.
37 Collins,
War in Peacetime, pp. 290-291.
38 Dean Acheson,
Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York: W.W. Norton, 1969), p. 525.
39 W.H. Lawrence, “Truman Says He Considered Ouster of MacArthur a Year Ago,”
New York Times, May 18, 1951.
40 Miller,
Plain Speaking, p. 315.
41 James F. Schnabel and Robert J. Watson,
The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, vol. 3,
The Korean War (Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, 1979), p. 558.
42 Ridgway,
The Korean War, p. 142.
43 Elie Abel, “MacArthur Charges a Democratic Plot,”
New York Times, May 16, 1952.