Note: Page numbers in italics indicate figures and page numbers in bold indicate tables on the corresponding page.
Abdhir, Zulkifli (Marwan) 44
Abu Sayyaf Group 43, 46, 60n28, 74–75
Afable, Guillermo 74
AFP see Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP)
Agenda for Peace 12
Ahmadis 88
Ahuru (Ambon City) 103
al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr 45
Al Khobar group 46
Ambon (Indonesia): Christian minority in 50–51; church-based peacebuilding in 57–58, 110–112, 143; civil war in 53–57; customary law (adat) 52–53, 55, 84, 110; electronic media and 151; fieldwork sites in 103; interfaith tolerance in 122, 124; jihadists and 54–56; Muslim-Christian conflict 49–58; Muslim majority in 49–50; Muslim migration to 52; peacebuilding in 55–57, 146; peace provocateur initiative 105, 145; perceptions of other religious groups 113, 113, 114, 115, 116; Protestantism in 52–53; religious vs. state actors in 112; residential segregation in 109; social capital in 109–110; war fatigue 55; see also Maluku (Indonesia)
Ambon City (Indonesia): church-based peacebuilding in 103–106; crisis centers in 103–104; economy of 103; on interfaith marriages 108; religious attitudes in 107–108; religious groups in 102–103; on religious violence 108; violence in 57, 105
Ambon Crisis Center 28
Ampatuans 92n26
Aquino administration 44–45, 48–49, 72–73
armed engagements 17n2
Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) 100
ARMM see Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)
Assefa, H. 15
Association of Muslim Intellectuals 51
Attamimi, Muhammad 56
Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) 42, 45, 59n4, 59n5, 70, 77, 106
Bagaforo, Colin 74
Baku Bae peace movement 83–84, 104
Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL): anti-Muslim discourse and 73–74; attempts to weaken 77, 144; Catholic Church support/opposition to 48–49, 73–75; discrediting of 71–74; enactment of 44–45, 59n17; implementation of 45; public support for 70, 110, 111; secession fears 73–74
Bangsamoro identity 106–107, 107
Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF) 44–45, 74–75, 78
Bangsamoro Organic Law (BOL) 59n17
Bangsamoro region (Philippines) 44–45
Bantay Ceasefire (Ceasefire Watch) 101
Barracudas and Blackshirts 40
Basic Christian Communities (BCC) 47
BBL see Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL)
Bertelsmann Transformation Index (BTI) 1–2, 24
Bertrand, J. 53
Bishops-Ulama Conference (BUC) 48–49, 77
blasphemy laws 88
Bourdieu, P. 15
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros 12
Bowo, Fauzi 88
Braithwaite, J. 16
Bräuchler, Birgit 151
BTI see Bertelsmann Transformation Index (BTI)
BUC see Bishops-Ulama Conference (BUC)
Bugis, Butons, and Makassarese (BBM) 52
CAB see Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro (CAB)
Cabantan, José 74
Capalla, Fernando R. 48–49, 73
Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) 28, 48, 74–75
Catholic Church: on Maluku conflict 80; MILF perceptions of 77; Moro-Moro plays 68; peacebuilding activities 48–49, 58, 73–75, 100–102, 104–105, 147–148; political role of 47–48, 57–58, 73–74; support/opposition to BBL 48–49, 73–74; support/opposition to CAB 48–49
Catholic Diocese of Amboina 82
Cayetano, Alan Peter 71
CBCP see Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP)
Center for Islamic and Society Studies (PPIM) 86
Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) 86
Center for the Study of Islam and Society 86
Christian church: conflict resolution and 2; peacebuilding activities 110–111, 142, 147–148; socioeconomic issues and 111; see also Catholic Church; Protestant Church
Christians: media discourse of 79; negative stereotypes of 81; perceptions of Muslims 80, 114–115; perceptions of other religious groups 113, 114, 115, 115; religious discourse of 80–81; war rhetoric of 83
church-based activities (CBA): conflict transformation 133, 135–137, 140, 142–144; contextual settings and 140, 146–147; correlation analysis of 124–125; counterfactual analysis of 122, 124; customary law and 145–146; electronic media and 150–151; good practices and 148; holistic orientations of 113; impact of negative events on 145; interfaith dialogues and 144; interfaith tolerance and 114–115, 115, 116, 122, 123, 124–125, 125, 126, 133; peaceful cohabitation and 129–130, 130, 131, 133; perceptions of other religious groups 113, 113, 114, 114, 120–122; poverty alleviation and 143; reconciliatory attitudes and 140; religious discourse and 145; religious vs. state actors in 111–112, 112, 143; role of Christian churches in 110–111; satisfaction of expectations 112–113; violence reduction and 143–144; youth and 150; see also peacebuilding
clan feuds (rido) 46–47, 92n26, 145
Collier, P. 11
comparative analysis 24–25, 25, 29–30
Comparative Area Studies (CAS) approach 22
Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro (CAB) 44–45, 48–49, 73
Concerned Women’s Movement (Gerakan Perempuan Peduli) 105
conflict transformation: church-based activities and 133, 135–137, 140, 142–143; civil society in 110; contextual settings and 132–133, 135–137, 137, 138, 140; defining 15; education and 132–133, 137–140, 147; ethnic orientations and 133, 135, 137, 137, 138–139, 139, 140; interfaith dialogues and 144; national discourse in 67–68; peacebuilding activities and 15–17; QCA design and 132–133, 135–139, 139, 140, 146–147; reconciliation and 15–16; religious fundamentalism and 137; social capital and 133, 135, 138, 140
contextual analysis 24–25, 25, 26
corruption 85
Cotabato (Philippines): church-based peacebuilding in 99–102, 111, 113, 143; electronic media and 151; fieldwork sites in 102; interfaith tolerance in 123, 124; Peace Zones in 113, 115; perceptions of BBL 110; perceptions of other religious groups 114, 114, 115, 116; religious attitudes in 108; religious vs. state actors in 111–112; residential segregation in 109; social capital in 109; see also Pikit (Cotabato)
Crisis Center of the Diocese of Amboina (CCDA) 79
cultural violence 9
customary law (adat) 52–53, 84, 110, 145
D’Ambra, Sebastiano 49, 75, 147
Defensor, Miriam Santiago 71
De La Pena, Edwin 74
Deles, Teresita 73
Democratic Party Development (DEPAdev) 27, 35n3
Dewan Da’wah Islamiyah Indonesia (DDII) 54, 80
discourse: anti-Muslim 67–74, 78; on the BBL 71–74; corruption in 85; defining 28; external interests and 83–84; instrumentalization of history in 80; local peacebuilding traditions in 84; Maluku conflict 78, 80–85; Moluccan separatism in 81–82; Moros (Filipino Muslims) 75–78; Muslim-Christian conflict 67–77; political 28; religious cleansing in 82–83, 144; religious violence and 14–15; see also religious discourse
discourse analysis see media/discourse analysis
Dosado, Jesus 74
Duterte, Rodrigo 45, 59n17, 110
education: peacebuilding and 149–151; reconciliatory attitudes and 132–133, 137, 137, 138–140, 147; unintended consequences of 150
Ellis, D. G. 8
Episcopal Council for Interreligious Dialogue (ECID) 48–49
Espina, Leonardo 71
ethnicity: church-based activities and 107; conflict transformation and 34; identity and 106; intra-state conflict and 1; marriage across groups 108; reconciliatory attitudes and 133, 135, 137–139, 139, 140; residential segregation and 109; social segregation and 86; socioeconomic disparities and 10; tolerance and 107–108, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126
Fearon, J. 11
field observations 27
focalization 11, 12, 76, 78, 80, 81
Forum Komunikasi Ahlus Sunna Wal Jamaah (FKAWJ) 80
Foucault, M. 28
Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro (FAB) 28, 44, 72, 74
Front Kedaulatan Maluku (Maluku Sovereignty Front, FKM) 82
Front Pembela Islam (FPI) 54
fundamentalism see religious fundamentalism
Galido, Elenito 74
GiNaPaLaD Ta Ka Space for Peace 101
Gutierrez, Dinualdo 74
Guzman, Herlo P., Jr. 30
Hafsin, Abu 90
Haz, Hamzah 82
Hechter, M. 10
Heryawan, Ahmad 88
Hizb ut-Tahrir 85
Höffler, A. 11
Ilagas 40
Immaculate Conception Parish (IMC) 100–101
Indonesia: anti-Chinese violence in 80; blasphemy laws 88; BTI indicators 24; characteristics of 23–24; Christian minority in 50–51; church-based peacebuilding in 24; comparative analysis of 23–24, 29–30, 30, 31; contextual analysis 25–27; Islam in 49; Islamization policy 51–53, 80; media/discourse analysis 28; media in 82; Muslim-Christian conflict 50–52, 80–84; national discourse in 78–86; peacebuilding in 17; reconciliation and 17n3; religious actors in 2; religious discourse in 145; religious intolerance in 87; religious violence in 88; Roman Catholic Church and 47, 50, 57; sharia law in 86; transmigration 52; see also Ambon (Indonesia); Maluku (Indonesia)
Indonesian armed forces (TNI) 53–55, 82
Indonesia Ulema Council (MUI) 104
Interfaith Council 104
interfaith dialogues 90, 133, 144
interfaith marriage 87, 108–109
intra-religious dialogue 90
intra-state conflict: ethnicity and 1; greed/opportunity in 11; growth in 1; religious division and 1, 11–12; root causes of 10–12; socioeconomic disparities and 10–11; weak central governments and 11; see also Muslim-Christian conflict
Iqbal, Mohagher 17n3, 28, 58n1, 68, 76–78
Islam: blasphemy laws 88; conservatism in 88, 90; minorities in 88; peacebuilding activities 104–105; religious violence and 88; rise in fundamentalism 81, 86, 94n80; sharia law and 41, 43, 55, 70, 86; see also Muslims
Islamic State (IS) 43, 45–46, 78
Jaafar, Ghazali 76
Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) 104
Jeddah Accord (1987) 42
Jeddah Declaration (2016) 45
Jesuits 68
Juergensmeyer, M. 80
Jumoad, Martin 74
Justice for Islamic Movement (JIM) 74
Kabacan (Cotabato) 99, 102, 111
Kalla, Jusuf 55
KNIL see Koninklijk Nederlands Indisch Leger (Royal Netherlands East Indies Army)
Kodam XVI Pattimura 55
Komite Indonesia untuk Solidaritas Dunia Islam (KISDI) 54, 80
Koninklijk Nederlands Indisch Leger (Royal Netherlands East Indies Army) 50–51
Kopassus units (Special Forces Command) 56–57
Kreuzer, P. 45
Kudarat, Muhammad 41
Laitin, D. D. 11
Laskar Jihad (LJ) 54–56, 80–83
Laskar Kristen 56
Laskar Mujaheddin 54
Layson, Roberto 100–101, 113, 146–147
Lembra Argo (Ambon City) 103
Loupatti, Berthy 56
Macapagal-Arroyo, Gloria 43
Magsaysay, Ramon 40
Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (People’s Consultative Assembly, MPR) 84
Majelis Ulema Indonesia (MUI) 55, 89, 104
Malino II accord 56, 58, 85, 144
Maluku (Indonesia): Catholic Church in 80; Christians in 51; church-based peacebuilding in 9, 104, 128–130, 130, 131, 146; coexistence in 85–86; conflict in 38, 54, 144; corruption in 85; customary law (adat) 146; faith perceptions 126; identity markers in 106; instrumentalization of history in 80–81; interfaith tolerance in 123, 125; local discourse in 78–85; map of 3; media in 78–80; Muslim-Christian conflict 78–87, 90; Muslim migration to 50; peaceful cohabitation in 129–130, 130, 131; perceptions of other religious groups 121; Protestantism in 50; religious discourse in 80–86; religious intolerance in 88; transmigration to 52; war economy in 11; see also Ambon (Indonesia)
Maluku Interfaith Institution for Humanitarian Action (ELALEM) 104
Maluku Sovereignty Front (Front Kedaulatan Maluku, FKM) 56
Mandagi, Petrus Canisius 32, 58, 83
Mangadadatu, Ismael 92n26
Manuputty, Alex 82
Manuputty, Jacky 32, 104–105, 148
Marcos, Ferdinand, Jr. 71
Masariku network 80
Mau’dudi, Syed Abul 43
Mayall, J. 9
media/discourse analysis 27–28, 67–68
Memorandum of Agreement – Ancestral Domain (MOA-AD) 44
methodology: analytic eclecticism in 4, 23; comparative analysis 22–25, 25, 29–31; Comparative Area Studies (CAS) approach 22; contextual analysis 24–25, 25, 26; in-depth field interviews 25–27, 31, 31, 32; field observations 27; fieldwork 34; media/discourse analysis 27–28; mixed methods approach 22–24; multivariate regression analysis 25, 32–33, 129–131; pragmatism in 23; process tracing 25, 27–28; qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) 29, 33–34, 132–139; surveys 31, 31
MILF see Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)
MIM see Mindanao Independence Movement (MIM)
Mindanao (Philippines): Christian migration to 40, 47, 76; church-based peacebuilding in 9, 48–49, 145–146; clan alliances in 46; clan feuds (rido) in 46–47, 145; conflict in 46, 144; faith perceptions 126; identity markers in 106; on interfaith marriages 108–109; interfaith tolerance in 123, 125, 125; Islamic state in 43, 45; map of 3; Muslim-Christian conflict in 40–46; Muslim-Christian relationships 69, 75; Muslims in 38–39, 67–69; negative stereotypes of 67–74, 91; peacebuilding process in 74–75, 99; Peace Zones in 100; perceptions of other religious groups 121; religious discourse in 91; on religious violence 108; religious vs. state actors in 112; residential segregation in 109; as second-class region 70; social capital in 109–110, 146; Spanish missionaries in 38–39; see also Cotabato (Philippines)
Mindanao Independence Movement (MIM) 41
Misuari, Nur 41, 42, 43, 59n6, 59n7, 73
MNLF see Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)
Mobile Brigades (Brimob) 55
Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF): on annexation of Philippines by US 58n1, 76; on the BBL 76–77; on Catholic Church 77; conflict with AFP 100; discourse analysis 28; national discourse and 68, 70, 72, 78; negative depictions of 68, 71; peace process and 43–44, 76–78, 99; reconciliation and 17n3; religious identity and 43; resistance to integration by 40
Moro-Moro plays 68
Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) 41–43, 45, 59n7, 74, 78
Moros (Filipino Muslims): autonomous region for 41; betrayal of 71–72, 76–77; Christian attitudes towards 69–70; conflict and 39–44; cultural development of 39; discourse and 75–76; integration of 39–40; loss of ancestral lands 40, 42; militant organizations and 41, 74; as minority 39; negative stereotypes of 67–74, 78; poverty of 40, 43; religious identity and 43; self-government transition 44; stigmatization of 39, 45
MUI see Majelis Ulema Indonesia (MUI)
multivariate regression analysis 25, 32–33, 129–131
Murdani, Benny 51
Muslim-Christian conflict: causes of 53–55; Christian discourse on 80–84; colonial roots of 38–39, 50–51; customary law (adat) and 52–53; demographic changes and 50–52; instrumentalization of history in 80–81; jihadists and 54–56; Maluku (Indonesia) 78–87, 91; militant organizations and 40–41, 45–47; Mindanao (Philippines) 40–46; Muslim discourse on 75–77, 81–84; Muslim impoverishment and 40, 42; national discourse on 67–76, 85; peace negotiations 41–45, 48–49; Protestant Church and 57–58; security personnel and 56–57; Silsilah Dialogue Movement and 75; social disparity and 89; Spanish missionaries and 38–39; war fatigue 55
Muslim nobility 39–41; see also Moros (Filipino Muslims)
Muslims: civil war and 53–55; depiction in Moro-Moro plays 68; holy war (jihad) 54–55; Indonesian bureaucracy and 51; Indonesian transmigration and 52; interfaith marriage and 109; media discourse of 79–81; negative stereotypes of 68, 145; perceptions of Christians 80–81, 114–115; perceptions of other religious groups 114, 114, 115, 116; radicalization of 88, 90; religious discourse of 81–82; religious extremism 85; socioeconomic disparities 40; war rhetoric of 82–83; women 105; see also Islam; Moros (Filipino Muslims)
Muzadi, Hasyim 89
Nahdlatul Ulama 89
National Secretariat for Social Action (NASSA) 49
New People’s Army (NPA) 47
non-governmental organizations (NGOs): peacebuilding and 69, 100–101, 104; relief measures 85
Nonviolent Peaceforce 101
Orang Basudara (Brotherhood) program 84
Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) 41, 80
Pabillo, Broderick 74
Pancasila Youth 53
Pangandaman, Liningding 59n5
Panicupan (Cotabato) 101
Pariela, T. 110
Partai Amanat Nasional (PAN) 83, 87, 94n80
Partai Bulan Bintang (PBB) 94n80
Partai Demokrasi Indonesia – Perjuangan (PDI-P) 87
Partai Golongan Karya (Golkar) 87
Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS) 86
Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (PBS) 94n80
Partai Persatuan Pengangunan (PPP) 94n80
Pattimura 81
peacebuilding: activities of 14–15, 16; Catholic Church and 48–49, 58, 73–75, 100–102, 104; church-based 99–106, 112–113, 147–148; conflict transformation and 15–17; crisis centers in 103–104; customary law (adat) and 55; democracy and 12; dimensions of 14–16, 16; discursive processes in 15; education and 149–151; electronic media and 151; elite structures in 149; external actors and 12–13; impact of war experiences on 149; interreligious 149; liberal peace project and 12–13; local agency and 13–14, 17; local traditions for 84; Muslim-Christian cooperation 104–105; Muslims and 104–105; negative 9; NGOs and 69, 84, 100–101, 104; peace sermons 105; Peace Zones in 100–102; positive 9, 15, 84, 91, 145; Protestant Church and 103–104; religious actors and 2–3, 14, 143; research in 12–13; UN initiatives for 12; vertical level of 99–100; victim identity in 69–70; see also church-based activities (CBA)
peaceful cohabitation 129–130, 130, 131
peace provocateur initiative 105, 145
peace sermons 105
Peace Zones: community peacebuilding in 100; holistic approach of 113; monitoring groups in 101; perceptions of other religious groups 115; Pikit (Cotabato) 69, 99–101, 107, 125, 146; refugee shelter in 101–102; socioeconomic assistance/training 101; training and workshops for 101
pela gandong pacts 52, 55, 84, 110, 146
People Power Revolution 48
Philippine National Police (PNP) 44, 71
Philippines: American colonial power in 39, 76; attitudes towards Moros in 67–68; Bangsamoro region 44–45; BTI indicators 24; characteristics of 23–24; Christian migration to 40; church-based peacebuilding in 24; civil war in 41–42; comparative analysis of 23–24, 29–30, 30, 31; conflict in 38; contextual analysis 25–27; Islamic state in 43, 45–46; Islamophobia in 68–72, 74; media/discourse analysis 28; Moro-Moro plays 68; Moro self-government in 44; Muslim-Christian conflict in 38–46, 70; Muslim provinces in 39, 41–43; national discourse in 67–75; negotiations with MILF 99; peacebuilding in 17, 70, 99; reconciliation and 17n3; religious actors in 2; religious discourse in 145; Spanish missionaries in 38–39; violence in 45–47; see also Cotabato (Philippines); Mindanao (Philippines)
Pikit (Cotabato): church-based peacebuilding in 111, 125–126; economy of 99; ethnicity and 107; interfaith tolerance in 125–126; Peace Zones in 69, 99–101, 107, 125, 146
Pimentel, Aquilino 71
Poka (Ambon City) 103
political discourse 28
positive peace 9, 15, 84, 91, 145
post-conflict peacebuilding see peacebuilding
pragmatism 23
preserved social capital 110
Protestant Church: church-based peacebuilding by 57–58, 103–105; crisis centers 103; customary law (adat) and 55; Dutch colonists and 50; on Maluku conflict 80; modernizing reforms 52–53; political role of 57–58
Protestant Church of the Moluccas (GPM) 82
Purnama, Basuki 89
Putnam, R. D. 34
QCA see qualitative comparative analysis (QCA)
qualitative comparative analysis (QCA): conflict transformation 29, 33–34, 132–133, 136, 136; non-outcomes in 138–139, 139; social capital 34; technique of 33; truth table 134, 135, 135
Quimpo, N. G. 40
Qurtuby, Sumanto Al 89
Qutb, Syed 43
Radio Suara Perjuangan Muslim Maluku (SPMM) 80
Rais, Amien 83
Ramos administration 42, 48–49
Ramos-Misuari peace agreement 76
Rayewai, Yorrys 53
reconciliation: church-based activities and 29, 101, 104, 122, 128–129, 133, 138, 140, 142, 145, 147–148; conflict transformation and 15; impact of ethnic identity on 135; impact of fundamentalism on 135; impact of religious discourse on 145; local actors in 13, 149; material grievances impacting 40; national context and 85; peacebuilding and 12; process of 16–17; religious actors and 111, 144; traditional customs facilitating 55; youth and 150; see also conflict transformation; peacebuilding
Regional Autonomous Government (Philippines) 42
religion: conflict and 151; content of 9; identity/morality and 10; value conflict and 10
religious actors: church-based projects and 110–111; peacebuilding activities of 2–3, 14, 143; reconciliation process 111; vs. state actors 111–112, 143
religious cleansing 82–83, 144
religious conflicts 8–11; see also Muslim-Christian conflict
religious discourse: Christian 81–82, 87; ethnic cleansing in 76; extremism and 85; interfaith 90; intolerance in 87–90; intra-religious 90; Maluku conflict and 80–86, 90; Moluccan separatism in 81–82; Muslim 81–82, 86–87; Muslim-Christian cooperation 104–105; religious cleansing in 82–83, 144; violence in 81, 145
religious division: as catalyst for conflict 10, 14–15; cultural violence and 9; intra-state conflict and 1, 11–12, 144; social conflict and 2, 9–10; socioeconomic disparities and 10–11
religious fundamentalism: conflict and 9, 34; increase in 81, 85, 94n80; perceptions of other religious groups 107; reconciliatory attitudes and 34, 132–133, 135, 137, 137, 138; religious intolerance and 85; sara laws and 80; structural violence and 107
Religious Harmony Community Forum (FKUB) 90
religious identity: Bangsamoro 106–107, 107; Christians and 106; fundamentalism and 135, 137–138; Moros (Filipino Muslims) 43; Muslims and 106; socioeconomic disparities and 10
religious tolerance: church-based activities and 113–115, 115, 116, 120–122, 123, 124–125, 125, 126, 133; education and 150; extremism and 85–87; interfaith dialogue for 90, 104
religious violence: attitudes towards 108, 132; discursive processes in 14–15; Indonesia 88; justice and 88; peace curricula 150; religious depictions of 81
Republic of South Maluku (RMS) 79, 81
residential segregation 109–110, 146
Ressa, Maria A. 68
restorative justice 16
Richmond, O. 8
rido see clan feuds (rido)
Roman Catholic Church 47, 50, 57
Rood, S. 110
Ruhulessin, John 84
Rulfo, Ramon 68
Rumah Tiga (Ambon City) 103
sara laws 80
Secillano, Jerome R. 74
Senghaas, D. 15
Silsilah Dialogue Movement 75
Silvestri, S. 9
Sin, Jaime L. 47
social capital: conflict transformation and 34, 133, 135, 138, 140; customary law (adat) and 110; fictive kinship and 109–110; Mindanao (Philippines) 109–110, 146
Social Harmony program 84
social segregation 109–110, 146
socioeconomic disparities: church-based activities and 101, 111–113, 148; conflict evolution and 14, 26; conflicts and 10–11, 33; conflict transformation and 12, 151; ethnicity and 10; Muslim deprivation and 40; Philippine civil war and 53; religious conflicts and 90; religious identity and 10; resettlement and 40
Soliven, Moximo 68
Southern Baptist Church 58
Southern Philippines Council for Peace and Development (SPCPD) 42
South Moluccan Republic (RMS) 51
Space for Peace 101
Suharto administration 50–53, 80, 84, 89
surveys 25, 30, 31, 31, 32, 34, 87, 99, 102, 108, 111, 121, 124, 126, 142
Syamsuddin, Sin 90
Taban Mindanao 100
Tambiah, S. J. 11
Tiglao, Roberto 72
Tim 20 Wayama 104
Torrens system 40
Torres, W. M., III 47
transmigration 52
transvaluation 11, 12, 78, 80, 81
Tripoli Agreement (1976) 41–42
Tripoli Agreement (2001) 43
Ulama League of the Philippines 49
United Nations (UN) 12
Usman, Abdul Basit 44
value conflict 10
Villegas, Socrates B. 74
violence: armed engagements and 17n2; clan feuds (rido) 46–47; concept of 8–9; greed/opportunity and 11; grievances and 11; inter- / intra-insurgent 45; religious discourse and 81; structural 107, 109; types of 8–9
Wahid, Zannuba 87
Wakano, Ustadz Abidin 105
war economy 11
Weiberg, M. 45
Wildan, M. 86