Footnotes
1 Quoted in Louise Barry, The Beginning of the West (Topeka, Kansas, 1972), p- 986-
2 Ibid., p. 1008.
3 (Urbana, Illinois), pp. 119-120.
4 Historical Statistics of the United States to 1970 (Washington, D.C., 1976), pp. 24-36.
5 (New York, 1962), pp. 299-302.
6 All of our women diarists of 1850 had mentioned the disease.
7 Lester B. Shippee, “The Federal Relations of Oregon,” Oregon Hist. Qtly., xx, No. 4 (December. 1919), pp. 345-70.
1 Edwin N. and Eliza Cooke from Ohio settled in Salem in mercantile and hotel business. He was Oregon State Treasurer from 1862 to 1870. Howard M. Corning, Dictionary of Oregon History (Portland, Ore., 1956), p. 61.
2 Hiram and Mary Smith were from Missouri. He was one of the main promoters of overland travel to Oregon. Ibid., p. 227.
3 Sue Brewster, niece of the Cookes, later became the wife of Charles P. Cooke. H. K. Hines, An Illustrated History of the State of Oregon (Chicago, 1893), p. 553. See also footnote 19, below.
4 Thomas McFadden Patton, a member of the bar in Ohio, became a practicing attorney in Salem. He served in the Oregon Legislature and in 1884 became the United States Consul to Japan. He and Frances Cooke were married on August 3, 1854. H. O. Lang, History of the Willamette Valley (Portland, Ore., 1885), p. 743.
5 See “Letters from Oregon,” by Susan Amelia Cranston, in this volume.
6 So far unidentified.
7 Jessy Quinn Thornton, Oregon and California in 1848 (New York, 1849).
8 Emerson Bennett, The Prairie Flower and Leni-Leoti: Or, Adventures in the Far West (Cincinnati, Oh., 1849).
9 There were a number of Kinneys who traveled to Oregon, but their big year was 1847. This one is not identified.
10 In her June 6 entry in Document B she says this was Fort Laramie.
11 Giles is so far a mystery.
12 Edwin N. Cooke.
13 Gibs is so far unidentified.
14 She spells this name both Mervin and Marvin. On July 8 she tells of a Kate Mervin. There is an interesting reference to one Albert M. Marvin in H. O. Lang, History of the Willamette Valley, op. cit., p. 739. Lang tells of an 1851 emigrant by that name who at age 11 traveled over the trail to settle first in Portland, and then in 1853 to move to Salem, “and has lived there ever since.” He was serving as a steward in the Chemekata Hotel; had been married in 1873 to Lucinda Coffin.
15 So far unidentified.
16 The only “old gentleman” named Brown in the 1860 census was one G. Brown, 76 years old, from Tennessee, a farmer in Marion County. What would now be called “senior citizens” were very rare in Oregon in the 1850’s.
17 Sylvanus Condit, who in 1854 married Sarah A. Brown. They became farmers in the Turner area of Marion County, Oregon.
18 Israel Cooke.
19 Charles P. Cooke later married Susan Brewster on October 30, 1851. They became Polk County settlers on Claim #4218. They later moved to the Klickitat Valley in Washington. Genealogical Material in Oregon Donation Land Claims, II (Portland, Ore., 1959), p. 85.
20 The “uncle” for whom this nickname was used is so far not known.
21 “Little Fawn,” the Shoshone Indian wife of the famous trapper, Jim Bridger. She charmed all who met her. Mrs. B. G. Ferris described her thus: “His wife was simplicity itself. She exhibited some curious pieces of Indian embroidery, the work of her own hands, with as much pleased hilarity as a child; and gave me a quantity of raisins and sauce berries—altogether it was a very pleasant interview.” J. Cecil Alter, James Bridger (Columbus, Ohio, 1951), pp. 242-43.
22 A long section telling of life in Salt Lake City in the following days is found in her second, revised Version B, as we have labelled it. This is not in her primary record of the journey, Document A.
23 The meaning of “recruited” here is that they rested to regain strength.
24 This is a primary reference to the Nez Perce “curiously spotted” or Appaloosa horses, named for the Palouse branch of that tribe. Francis Haines, Appaloosa: The Spotted Horse in Art and History (Fort Worth, Tex., 1963).
25 Her reference should be to the James P. Flint, an amazing river steamship that was built above the cascades of the Columbia by hauling an engine overland and literally building a ship around it upstream. Randall V. Mills, Stern-Wheelers up the Columbia (Stanford, Calif., 1947), pp. 27-28.
26 Francis A. Chenoweth was an attorney who emigrated from Wisconsin to Oregon in 1849. Later he became an active politician, serving in both the Oregon and Washington legislatures. Dictionary of Oregon History, op. cit., p. 52.
27 There was a colorful story about the laying of such a road in the Forland Oregonian for September 20, 1851, just six days before Harriet Buckingham made this entry: “Portland and Valley Plank Road.—We are requested to give notice that the first plank will be laid on this road on Saturday, Sept. 27th, a which time, all persons who feel interested in this work are invited to attend and lend a helping hand. Mr. Coffin who has taken the contract to put down the planks, assures us that one mile or more, at the commencement near Mr. Carter’s, will be ready for the plank by that day. It is proposed to have a pic nic dinner on the occasion. Should the weather be favorable. Let us all turn out upon this important occasion and give the road a volunteer impetus towards its completion.”
28 Another Oregonian story in the September 27, 1851, issue of the paper, says the following: “Notice.—The services of the Episcopal Church will be held at the School House in Portland, every Sunday but the last in the month. W. Richmond, Rector.”
29 The first river steamboat constructed in Oregon at Astoria in early summer 1850. Mills, Stern-Wheelers, op. cit., pp. 16-17.
30 Thomas Jefferson Dryer, a New Yorker who crossed to San Francisco among the forty niners. He published the first issue of the Oregonian on December 4, 1850. George S. Turnbull, History of Oregon Newspapers (Portland, Ore., 1939), 55ff.
31 The Oregon Weekly Times began publication as a Portland newspaper on June 5, 1851. It was published by John O. Waterman and William Davis Carter. Turnbull, op. cit., pp. 52-53.
1 Howard M. Corning, ed., Dictionary of Oregon History. (Portland, Ore., 1956), p. 212.
2 Larsell, The Doctor in Oregon (Portland, Ore., 1947), pp. 267-68.
3 “A Pioneer in Oregon”—The Story of William Grandison Hill as told to his daughter, Ella Hill. (Douglas County Museum-Roseburg, Ore.). p. 8.
4 An ashery was a shop where soap was made by combining lye and grease.
5 The term “to see the elephant” was used by some overlanders to sum up in one phrase the whole dangerous enterprise. The entire third chapter of Merrill J. Mattes’ The Great Platte River Road (Lincoln, Neb., 1969), is devoted to “Elephants of the Platte.” His short definition is, “It was the poetic imagery of all the deadly perils that threatened a westering emigrant” (p. 61).
6 Maccaboy was a special snuff scented with attar of roses.
7 Dragged out.
* Fort Loring was a U.S. Government Cantonment adjacent to Fort Hall, Idaho, from 1849-64.
8 Aaron Rose, founder of Roseburg, Oregon. See introduction, pp. 54-55.
9 John Denny was a War of 1812 veteran. With him on this journey was his wife, Sarah, a daughter, Loretta, and six sons and their families. They became Pacific Northwest settlers all the way from the central Willamette Valley to Puget Sound. Sarah H. Steeves, Book of Remembrance (Portland, Ore., 1927), pp. 211-13.
10 “Bait” was an old word for feeding horses during a pause on a journey.
11 Mr. Strong of Michigan is so far unidentified.
12 Melville Hadley, who was shot in this episode, was Samuel Hadley’s younger brother.
13 Presumably Dr. James C. Cole. See introduction, pp. 53-54.
14 Godfrey is so far unidentified.
15 The “flux” was a term for bowel disorders.
16 The best discussion of “mountain fever” is in John D. Unruh, Jr., The Plains Across (Urbana, III., 1979), p. 409. Unruh designated it either as Rocky Mountain spotted fever or as Colorado tick fever, saying it was “less virulent than cholera but deadly enough.”
17 The work of Clifford M. Drury has proved that the Roman Catholics did not provoke the killing of the Protestant missionaries at the Whitman Mission. See especially his Narcissa and Marcus Whitman and the Opening of Old Oregon, 2 vols. (Glendale, Calif., 1973). He discusses this issue on pages 205-265 in volume 11. He even shows that Father J. B. A. Brouillet even risked his own life in order to be helpful and helped to save Henry Spalding’s life (11. p. 287).
18 She evidently means the “capstan” of the boat. The Oxford English Dictionary indicates nine variations of spelling in connection with the use of the word. It could mean something to wrap a rope around to secure the anchor or the boat Amelia Hadley adds another spelling, “captern.”
19 By “Canakees” she probably means the “Kanakas,” or Hawaiians who were found in quite some numbers in those days in old Oregon.
20 Philip Foster, a native of Maine, traveled to Oregon in 1843 by sea. His farm of Eagle Creek was a first stop for many travelers over the Oregon Trail, those who came the Barlow Road route south of Mount Hood. There is still a Foster Road leading in a southeasterly direction out of Portland.
1 Fred Lockley, column, “Impressions and Observations,” Oregon Daily Journal, Portland, Ore., November 9, 1931. Interview with Charles Cranston, Pendleton, Ore.
2 Portland Weekly Oregonian, June 13, 1857, page 2, column 5.
3 Daughters of the American Revolution, “Oddfellows Cemetery,” Cemeteries of Marion County, part IV. (Salem, Ore.), p. 43.
4 Lewis L. McArthur, ed., Oregon Geographic Names, 4th edn. (Portland, Ore., 1974), p. 435.
5 Andrew McAlexander and his wife Violinder settled in Lane County. They later became citizens of eastern Oregon. Illustrated History of Union and Wallowa Counties (Portland, 1902), pp. 573-4.
6 The doctor was the pioneer physician, Benjamin Davenport, graduate of Pittsfield Medical College, Pittsfield, Massachusetts. There was a large family of Davenports in the 1851 migration. O. Larsell, The Doctor in Oregon (Portland, 1947), p. 200.
7 Ai and Sarah Coolidge, went into the banking and merchant business in Silverton, Oregon (Dictionary of Oregon History), p. 61.
8 “Father” was Ephraim Cranston, Warren’s father.
1 “Elijah Williams,” Oregon Native Son (Portland, Ore., 1899), p. 347.
2 H. K. Hines, An Illustrated History of the State of Oregon (Chicago, 1893), pp. 813-14-
3 Hines, op, cit., pp. 1255-56.
4 Helen S. Felker, telephone conversation.
5 Emil R. Peterson and Alfred Powers, A Century of Coos and Curry (Portland, Ore., 1952), pp. 272-73; Orvil Dodge, Pioneer History of Coos and Curry Counties (Salem, Ore., 1898), pp. 349-56.
6 History of the Bench and Bar of Oregon (Portland, Ore., 1910), p. 245.
7 Helen S. Felker, typescript on the Williams family.
8 Jean Carter and Daraleen Wade, Marion County, Oregon, Marriage Records, 1840-1871 (Salem, Ore., 1979), p. 87.
9 Edwin B. Fellows lived out his life in the Oregon Country and became one of the most able river boatmen on the Willamette and Columbia rivers.
10 Helen L. Williams was the three-year-old daughter of the Williams’.
11 The “Baptist preacher from Iowa” was the Rev. Robert Crouch Kinney who, with his family, had been living in Muscatine, Iowa, since 1838. He later served in the Oregon legislature and was a member of the state’s constitutional convention. When he died in Salem on March a, 1875, he was honored by the suspension of business all over town for several hours. C. H. Mattoon, Baptist Annals of Oregon, 1 (McMinnville, Ore., 1905), pp. 66-67.
12 Freeman Goodwin Lockhart and wife, Esther Mehitable. It is Esther Lockhart’s story that is told by her daughter, Agnes Ruth Sengstacken, in the reminiscent book, Destination West! (Portland, Ore., 1942). This book should be read as an adjunct to the reading of the Williams letter. It tells about the same wagon train. Selections from it are printed herewith as an “Epilogue” to the Williams letter.
13 Laura Selover was Esther (Selover), Lockhart’s unmarried sister. (Destination West, p. 37).
14 Cyrus and Sarah E. Olney were members of this emigrating company. He later practiced law in Oregon and became a Justice of the Terriorial Supreme Court in the mid-1850’s. He also served in the legislature. He died in 1870. Howard M. Corning, Dictionary of Oregon History (Portland, Ore., 1956), p. 179.
15 Hiram Smith had already crossed to Oregon in 1846 and had returned east. Now he was taking with him a large herd of cattle and horses and some high quality Merino sheep. He became a farmer, merchant, and saw mill owner in Lane County. In 1851, he was accompanied by his wife of three years, Mary (Fleming). Dictionary of Oregon History, p. 227.
16 Joseph Williams of Springfield, Illinois, with his six sons, traveled to Oregon in 1851. The Oregon City Spectator newspaper reported on Thursday, July 3, 1851, a story in the Springfield Journal that listed him among several who “Left this spring for Oregon.” There was no mention of a wife.
17 Mrs. Olney’s bonnet, a leghorn, would have been a plaited wheat straw broad-brimmed hat The wheat was cut green and dried as was the practice in Italy.
18 The Rev. John Rexford was a Canadian born Baptist minister, who traveled from Illinois to Oregon in 1851. He helped to organize several churches in Oregon before returning to the Middle West, where he spent his later life. Matoon. Baptist Annals, 1, p. 16.
19 Esther Lockhart remembered in Destination West (p. 71) that this was a group of 35 or 30 friendly Indians under the leadership of Dick, “an intelligent half-breed.” They were of some unnamed Missouri River tribe returning home from California.
20 There was a whole host of Powells with the 1851 company to Oregon. The leader was the Rev. John A. Powell, and there were several of the sons and daughters of this man and his wife, Savilla, who accompanied them west with their families. They became quite instrumental in the growth of the Disciples of Christ (Christian Church) in their new homeland. They were also important in the establishment of the “Christian College” in Monmouth, Oregon. This later became Oregon Normal School, then Oregon College of Education, and now Western Oregon State College. Their story is told in great detail in a book about the family, Powell History (1922) by James Madison Powell.
21 The Powell daughter who died was Theresa, the wife of William McFadden. She had given birth to a baby boy, John, on June 27, 1851. She died on August 10. The baby was cared for by the other Powell women, but he died not long after his mother. Powell History, pp. 37-38.
22 John A. Powell was not a Baptist but a minister in the Disciples of Christ, or Christian Church.
23 The Rev. Neill Johnson was a minister in the Cumberland Presbyterian
24 See foonote 3, above.
25 Nathan W. Allen from Trimble County, Ohio, became a settler in Umpqua County, Oregon. Genealogical Material in Oregon Donation Land Claims, ill (Portland, Ore., 1962), Claim #583, p. 39.
26 This was John Simpson Sanders, a Missourian who settled on a land claim on the border of Lane and Benton counties south of Corvallis. Genealogical Material, III, Claim #1605, p. 115.
27 Elizabeth Woodward was the wife of Luther L. Woodward. They settled in Linn County on Claim #2122. She and Luther had been married on August 16, 1849, in Vermillion, Indiana. Genealogical Material, I, p. 89. They were very active in Methodist work in Oregon. Read Bain, “Methodist Educational Effort in Oregon to 1860,” Ore. Historical Qtly., xxi, No. 2 (June, 1920), pp. 85-86.
28 This was the Rev. George C. Chandler who would also become a prominent Baptist educator in Oregon as the first President of McMinnville College, now Linfield College. Kenneth L. Holmes, ed., Linfield’s Hundred Years (Portland, Ore., 1956), pp. 4-5.
1 The age is estimated from the herein published 1850 Federal Census figures.
2 Richard A. Seiber, Memoirs of Puget Sound (Fairfield, Wash., 1978) 9. Permission to use quotes granted by Pacific Northwest Conference of United Methodist Church, Rev. Richard A. Seiber, Archivist.
3 Ibid., 133.
4 Minutes of the Oregon Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church for the Year 1858 (Salem, Oreg.) 25.
5 Methodist Episcopal Church at Portland, O.T., Convened September 1856 (Salem, 1856) 7. Same title for 1857, p. 3.
6 Volume VI, No. 39, p. 1, col. 2.
7 Jean Custer and Daraleen Wade, eds., Marion County Marriage Records (Salem, 1979) 35.
8 This quote was sent by Rhoda E. Kruse, Senior Librarian, California Room, San Diego Public Library.
9 S. Warden (or was it “Worden?” ) is so far unidentified.
* It is a custom of Indians to deposit their dead in a tree. (Ed.)
10 We, as children, called the horned toads “horny toads” in Southern California. It is not a toad but a lizard, and is not poisonous.
11 Oregon land records list four Wilson families arriving in September and one in October. 1851.
12 Too many Taylors for identification.
13 This is not the same as the Palmer whose journal she mentions later on. This one remains unidentified.
14 Nowhere has she given a clue to the name of the captain.
15 John N. and Deressa A. Perkins settled in Linn County on Donation Claim #4643 on November 7, 1851. Genealogical Material in Oregon Donation Land Claims, 11 (Portland, Ore., 1959), p. 106.
16 David Newsom was reported among Peorians on the way to Oregon by the Springfield, Illinois, Journal, as quoted in the Oregon Spectator of Oregon City, on July 3, 1851. David and Mary Newsom and several children settled in Marion County. There is no record of the publication of a guidebook written by David Newsom.
17 This was Joel Palmer’s Journal of Travels over the Rocky Mountains (Cincinnati, 1847), which was republished by the Arthur H. Clark Company in Reuben Gold Thwaites, Early Western Travels, 1748-1846 (Cleveland, 1906), xxx
1 Bush-Zieber Archives, the Bush House. Letter written from back home in Peoria, by her father John S. Zieber to Eugenia Zieber, who was in school in Philadelphia. This letter is also mentioned in a fine article about the Bush House in the Salem, Oregon Statesman-Journal of August 16, 1982, by Ellen Foster.
2 This note is also in the Bush-Zieber Archives in the Bush House.
3 Information gathered from the Bush-Zieber Archives.
4 Joseph Gaston, Centennial History of Oregon, 1811-1913 (Chicago, 1912), II, p. 268.
5 The story of Asahel Bush and the Statesman is well told in George Turnbull, History of Oregon Newspapers (Portland, Ore., 1939).
6 Jean Custer and Daraleen Wade, Marriage Records of Marion County, Oregon, 1849-1871 (Salem, Ore., 1979), 1, p. 8.
7 Mrs. Edwin A. Jory, comp., Tombstone Records in the Odd Fellows Cemetery, Salem, Marion-County (Salem, Ore., 1938).
8 Malcolm Clark, Jr., Pharisee among Philistines (Portland, Ore., 1975), 1, p. 160.
9 J. W. Kern and wife, Ann, traveled from the Peoria, Illinois, area to Oregon in 1851. They settled on a farm east of Portland to raise fruit. H. K. Hines, An Illustrated History of the State of Oregon (Chicago, 1893), pp. 955-56.
10 John Zieber’s diary reads for the same Sunday, “This afternoon Eugenia took the children of our families to the woods and held a Sunday school. It seemed to please them, and if continued, when the weather and circumstances permit, the custom will be likely to prove beneficial.” Transcations of the Oregon Pioneer Association, 1920, p. 304.
11 Jacob Slough drove wagon for the Ziebers.
12 John Andrews settled in Benton County, Oregon, with his wife, Mary. According to the land claim records, they were married on September 26, 1852, which meant they got 640 acres instead of 360. Genealogical Material in Oregon Donation Land Claims, II (Portland, 1959), p. 70.
13 “Joshua Noland lives in Canyonville [Douglas County]; is a miner; came to Oregon state in 1851, and to the county in 1858; was born September 11, 1831, in LaFayette county, Mo.” A. G. Walling, History of Southern Oregon (Portland, Ore., 1884), pp. 514-15.
14 This was George Webster. The Oregon Spectator newspaper of Oregon City reported in its September 30, 1851, edition, “FROM THE EMIGRANTS.—Mr. George Webster, of Edgar County, Illinois, arrived here Friday last. He informs us that he belonged to Mr. Zieber’s company, of whom we made mention last week, and traveled with him to Fort Boise. Mr. Webster informs us that Mr. Zieber and family were all well…”
15 There was a Palmer family with the wagon train. Mr. Palmer was even captain for a time. There was a Luna Palmer who came to Eugenia’s tent on June 23. Where did the Palmers go? They do not appear in any Oregon records. Perhaps they went north or south to a neighboring region in Washington Territory or in California.
16 Joshua Bowman, according to the land records was a Pennsylvanian who arrived in Oregon in November, 1851. He and his wife, Emeline, settled in Clackamas County. Donation Land Claims, II, op. cit., Claim #4635. There is a fascinating reference to this family in the Oregon Spectator for September 30, 1851, saying that George Webster brought word that in an exchange of fire with Indians a ball “passed through the bonnet of a little girl of Mr. Bowman’s; the ball passed through the front part, barely missing her eyes.”
17 In her diary entry for July 17, she further identifies this man as “Mr. John Brown.” John Zieber, in his diary, refers to James Brown as well. (Op. cit., p. 316.) It is interesting to note that there are land records for John and James Brown, both of whom arrived in Oregon during October, 1851. They both settled in Clatsop County near each other and witnessed each other’s claims. James was evidently unmarried; John’s wife was Elizabeth. They had been married in Tazewell County, Illinois. Donation Land Claims, II, op. cit., Claims #3981 and #3155, respectively.
18 John Zieber called this man “Newty Gray.” Beyond this he is unidentified. Several Gray and/or Grey families arrived in 1851.
19 The only other reference to “Mr. Bohl” is in John Zieber’s diary, op. cit., p. 509, where he speaks of “Mr. Bohl & family” and adds, “We felt quite at home.”
20 Luna Palmer. See footnote 7, above.
21 There are just too many Bennetts to locate this one who came in 1851.
22 John N. and Derissa Ann Perkins, according to the land records, arrived in Oregon November 7, 1851. They settled on a claim in Linn County on January 31, 1854. They were both from Ohio. Donation Land Claims, II, op. cit., Claim #4643.
23 James Henry Barnett, who settled on a claim in Linn County, Oregon, Was another Ohioan. His arrival date was October 4, 1851. No wife is mentioned. Donation Land Claims, II, op. cit., Claim #5240.
24 Many persons named Stearns traveled the Oregon Trail, most of them in 1853. This man became captain of the wagon train (entry for July 15). The 1851 Stearns family is so far unidentified.
25 John Zieber, in his writings, refers to R. Vincent. Op cit., p. 331. Nothing more is known of him.
26 “John” has not been identified.
27 This was George Wilhelm, another Ohioan, who settled in Benton County. He arrived in Oregon on October 15, 1851, and settled on his claim on December 1, 1853. No wife is mentioned. Donation Land Claims, II, op. cit., Claim #2947.
28 The Oregon Spectator advertises letters lying unclaimed in the Oregon City Post Office for Charles F. (or T.) Hammond in several 1853 and 1854 issues. Nothing more seems to be known about “Charlie (Mr. Hammond.)”
29 The only other reference to this person is in John Zieber’s diary, where he speaks of John Minor. Op. cit., p. 331.
30 This is probably her spelling of Bailey, of whom there were many.
31 Albert Zieber was her older brother, who had preceded them to the West. He met them as they approached the Columbia River above the Dalles. H. O. Lang, History of the Willamette Valley (Portland, Ore., 1885), p. 75o.
1 Typescripts of the diary are in the hands of family members, and several have been given to Utah depositories. One of the latter was used by Leonard J. Arrington and Davis Bitton in their book, Saints Without Halos (Salt Lake City, 1981). Jean Rio Baker’s charm is not lost in their chapter on her, “Jean Baker: Gathering to Zion,” pp. 39-48.
2 Information about the Baker family has come from several sources. Most important of all, of course, is Jean Baker’s own diary and the notes she appended to it in later years. Especially helpful has been the passenger list of the ship on which they crossed the Atlantic, the George W. Bourne. The list is the entry for January 9, 1851, and is on page 2 of the British Mission Manuscript History, in the L.D.S. Archives in Salt Lake City. Dr. Leonard J. Arrington, Director of the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Church History, kindly looked up the information, copied it out, and sent it to us. In addition we have used census records, and various family papers supplied us by Mrs. Clift. These include pedigree charts, and one which was especially helpful—“Program for the Baker Family Reunion, August 16-17, 1951,” printed for a family gathering in Salt Lake City.
3 The newspaper quotes are from Louise Barry, The Beginning of the West (Topeka, Kan., 1972), pp. 995-96-
4 Pedigree Chart of the Baker Family.
5 The passenger list of the George W. Bourne in the L.D.S. Archives in Salt Lake City justifies her mention of “6 sons, 1 Daughter” in her entry for January 7, 1851. Others have suggested that there were only five sons, and one reference says there were four.
6 The price of passage included measured amounts of food to be cooked by the passengers themselves, such as bread, flour, oatmeal, rice, sugar, tea. During the next year Parliament passed the “Passengers’ Act” of June, 1851, which spelled out strict rules for providing food for the long voyage. Frederick Piercy, Route from Liverpool to Great Salt Lake Valley (Liverpool, 1855), pp. 54-57. Piercy’s classic has been reprinted by the Belknap Press of Harvard University Press (Cambridge, Mass., 1962), edited by Fawn M. Brodie.
7 This was Captain Williams. Piercy, p. 43.
8 The question arises as to why they sailed up the Mississippi and not the Missouri to Council Bluffs. For an answer to the problem see our introduction to Jean Rio Baker’s diary.
9 “Jonathan” or “Brother Jonathan” was a nickname given by Britishers to Americans.
1 From Hunt’s Merchants’ Magazine and Commercial Review, New York, Vol. 26, no. 6, June 1852, p. 777.