NOTES

INTRODUCTION

1Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2015, SIPRI Fact Sheet, 2016, accessed May 27, 2016, http://books.sipri.org/files/FS/SIPRIFS1604.pdf.

MYTH 1

1SIPRI, Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2015.

2Ibid.

3Ibid.

4Michael Intrilligator,“The Concept of a Peace Dividend,” in Economics of Peace and Security, edited by J. Galbraith, J. Brauer, and L. Webster, Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), developed under the auspices of UNESCO (Paris: EOLSS Publishers, 2002), http://www.eolss.net.

5Extrapolated from SIPRI, SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2015, accessed May 27, 2016, http://www.sipri.org/databases/milex.

6Ibid.

7SIPRI, Trends in World Military Expenditure 2014, SIPRI Fact Sheet, 2015, accessed May 26, 2016, http://www.sipri.org/media/pressreleases/2015/milex-april-2015.

8SIPRI, Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2015.

9SIPRI,Trends in World Military Expenditure 2013, SIPRI Fact Sheet, 2014, accessed May 27, 2016, http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex/recent-trends.

10“China’s Military Spending: At the Double,” The Economist, March 15, 2014, accessed May 27, 2016, http://www.economist.com/news/china/21599046-chinas-fast-growing-defence-budget-worries-its-neighbours-not-every-trend-its-favour.

11Will Ripley, Jason Hanna and Eimi Yamamitsu, “Japanese lawmakers OK greater overseas role for military,” CNN, 1 September 19, 2015, accessed May 27, 2016, http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/18/asia/japan-military-constitution/.

12Jack Doyle, “Russia’s Military Spending Spree,” USA Today, April 22, 2014, accessed May 27, 2016, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/04/22/ozy-russia-military-spending/8005713/.

13SIPRI,Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2015.

14Todd Harrison, Analysis of the FY 2015 Defense Budget (Washington, DC: Centre for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 2014) 16, accessed May 27, 2016, http://csbaonline.org/publications/2014/09/analysis-of-the-fy2015-defense-budget/.

15“Recent Defense Spending,” accessed October 4, 2015, http://www.usgovernmentspending.com/defense_spending.

16K. Mizokami, “How the Pentagon Exaggerated Russia’s Cold War Wonder Weapons,” War is Boring, October 7, 2013. https://warisboring.com/how-the-pentagon-exaggerated-russias-cold-war-wonder-weapons-d14c47e51c31#.cfauly45l.

17“United States Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2016 Budget Request: Overview,” Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) Chief Financial Officer, February 2015, 1‒2, accessed May 25, 2016, http://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2016/FY2016_Budget_Request_Overview_Book.pdf.

18Andrea Shalal-Esa, “Exclusive: U.S. Sees Lifetime Cost of F-35 Fighter at $1.45 Trillion,” Reuters, March 29, 2012, accessed May 27, 2016, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-lockheed-fighter-idUSBRE82S03L20120329.

19Anne Daugherty Miles, “Intelligence Spending: In Brief,” Congressional Research Service, February 26, 2016, accessed May 27, 2016, https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/R44381.pdf.

20For a robust discussion of the security dilemma, see the texts that are considered to have helped develop the concept: Herbert Butterfield, History and Human Relations (London: Collins, 1951); John Herz, Political Realism and Political Idealism: A Study in Theories and Realities (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951); Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976).

21The direct correlation between arms races and conflict was a much-contested topic during the late 1970s and early 1980s. The outcome of the debate is still not settled, but it is clear that a simple linear relationship between arms races and conflicts is too simple. See, for example: Paul F. Diehl, “Arms Races and Escalation: A Closer Look,” Journal of Peace Research 20, no. 3 (1983): 205‒212. A more recent study, also showing that a link between arms races and conflict is far from linear, is Susan Sample, “Military Build-ups: Arming and War,” in What Do We Know About War?, ed. John Vasquez (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000): 165–197.

22David Pilling, “Asia Follows China Into an Old-Fashioned Arms Race,” Financial Times, April 2, 2014, accessed May 27, 2016, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9d83bf62-b9b9-11e3-a3ef-00144feabdc0.html#axzz4AFe0QdKC; Vaishali Gauba, “Asia Defense Spending: New Arms Race in the South China Sea,” CNBC, May 21, 2015, accessed May 27, 2016, http://www.cnbc.com/2015/05/21/asia-defense-spending-new-arms-race-in-south-china-sea.html.

23That the US is concerned about China’s ‘anti-intervention’ or ‘access denial strategies’ was confirmed by the Secretary of Defense in 2012. See: “Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China,” Office of the Secretary of Defense, May 21, 2012, accessed May 27, 2016, http://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2012_CMPR_Final.pdf.

24Ibid. 5.

25Franz-Stefan Gady, “What do Chinese and Russians Think of the US Military?” The Diplomat, January 6, 2015, accessed May 27, 2016, http://thediplomat.com/2015/01/what-do-chinese-and-russians-think-of-the-u-s-military/.

26For a comprehensive presentation of the problems with the littoral combat ship, see: Jacob Marx, “Littoral Combat Ship: The Warship That Can’t Go to War,” Centre for International Policy, Policy Brief, August 2014, accessed May 27, 2016, http://www.ciponline.org/images/uploads/publications/Littoral_Combat_Ship.pdf. The following discussion of the littoral combat ship draws from this source.

27Ibid.

28Ronald O’Rourke, “Navy Littoral Combat Ship (LCS)/Frigate Program: Background and Issues for Congress,” Congressional Research Service, May 25, 2016, accessed May 27, 2016, https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/weapons/RL33741.pdf.

29Defense Industry Daily Staff, “Scorpene’s Sting: Malaysia’s Bribery & Murder Scandal,” Defense Industry Daily, March 20, 2013, accessed May 27, 2016, http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/scorpenes-sting-liberation-publishes-expose-re-malaysias-bribery-murder-scandal-05347/.

30AFP, “Policeman says may reveal all in Malaysia murder scandal,” Daily Mail, February 18, 2015, accessed May 27, 2016, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-2958091/Policeman-says-reveal-Malaysia-murder-scandal.html.

31Asia Sentinel Correspondent, “Deep and Dirty: Malaysia’s Submarine Scandal,” Asia Sentinel, June 25, 2012, accessed May 27, 2016, http://www.asiasentinel.com/politics/deep-and-dirty-malaysias-submarine-scandal/.

32Julian Khoo, “Zahid: Our Submarine Can’t Dive,” Malaysia Today, February 11, 2010, accessed May 27, 2016, http://www.malaysia-today.net/zahid-our-submarine-cant-dive/.

33For a detailed analysis of the costs of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan see: Neta C. Crawford, “U.S. Costs of Wars Through 2014: $4.4 Trillion and Counting—Summary of Costs for the U.S. Wars in Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan,” Costs of War Project, Watson Institute of International and Public Affairs, Brown University, June 25, 2014, accessed May 27, 2016, http://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2014/US%20Costs%20of%20Wars%20through%202014.pdf. See also: Linda J. Bilmes, “The Financial Legacy of Iraq and Afghanistan: How Wartime Spending Decisions Will Constrain Future National Security Budgets,” Harvard Kennedy School Faculty Research Working Group Series Paper RWP-13-006, March 2013, accessed May 31, 2016, https://research.hks.harvard.edu/publications/workingpapers/citation.aspx?PubId=8956. Bilmes puts the full costs of the Iraq and Afghan wars, including legacy costs like the costs of taking care of the hundreds of thousands of veterans from the wars, at $4‒$6trn.

34On the concept and reality of blowback, see: TimWeiner, “Blowback From the Afghan Battlefield,” New York Times Magazine, March 13, 1994, accessed May 31, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/13/magazine/blowback-from-the-afghan-battlefield.html?pagewanted=all.

35Tim Weiner, “The CIA’s Leaking Pipeline,”Philadelphia Inquirer, February 28, 1988, accessed May 31, 2016, http://articles.philly.com/1988-02-28/news/26243788_1_afghan-rebels-arms-pipeline-afghan-operation. See also the section titled “The Afghan Arms Pipeline through Pakistan” in Human Rights Watch, India: Arms and Abuses in Indian Punjab and Kashmir (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1994), accessed May 31, 2016, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/INDIA949.PDF.

36Kenneth Katzman, “Al Qaeda: Profile and Threat Assessment,” Congressional Research Service, August 17, 2005, accessed May 31, 2016, https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/RL33038.pdf. Katzman provides a brief chronology of the emergence of Al Qaida from the foreign fighters who had been recruited to fight against the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan.

37Human Rights Watch, Afghanistan: Crisis of Impunity: The Role of Pakistan, Russia and Iran in Fuelling the Civil War (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2001), accessed May 31, 2016, https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/afghan2/Afghan0701.pdf.

38For global rankings in 2013, see: Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2014 (Washington, DC: Freedom House, 2014), 18‒23, accessed May 31, 2016, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2014.

39Three-quarters of countries classified as “free” and 69% of countries classified as “partly free” spend less than 2% of their GDP on the military. Compare this to countries classified as “not free”: a smidgeon under half of these countries spend more than 2% of GDP on the military, and 23% do not disclose their military budgets at all. Of these “not free” states, only 27% spend less than 2% of their GDP on military expenditures.

40Anthony H. Cordesman with Michael Peacock, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, The Arab‒US Strategic Partnership and the Changing Security Balance in the Gulf (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2015), 13, accessed May 31, 2016, https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/publication/151014_Cordesman_ArabUSStrategicPartnership_Web.pdf.

41Jens Gould, “The Failure of Plan Colombia,” The American Prospect, April 19, 2007, accessed May 31, 2016, http://prospect.org/article/failure-plan-colombia; Adam Isaacson, Lisa Haugaard and Jennifer Johnson, A Cautionary Tale: Plan Colombia’s Lessons for U.S. Policy Toward Mexico and Beyond (Washington, DC: Center for International Policy, Latin America Working Group Education Fund, and Washington Office on Latin America, 2011), accessed May 31, 2016, http://www.wola.org/publications/a_cautionary_tale_plan_colombias_lessons_for_us_policy_toward_mexico_and_beyond.

42David F. Gordon, Donald Noah and George Fidas, National Intelligence Estimate: The Global Infectious Disease Threat and Its Implications for the United States (Washington, DC: National Intelligence Council, Wilson Center, 2000), accessed May 31, 2016, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/national-intelligence-estimate-the-global-infectious-disease-threat-and-its-implications.

43Christopher J.L. Murray, Michael Hanlon and Joseph Dieleman, Financing Global Health 2012: The End of the Golden Age? (Seattle, WA: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2012), 6, accessed May 31, 2016, http://www.healthdata.org/policy-report/financing-global-health-2012-end-golden-age.

44Embassy of the United States of America, Monrovia, “First Shipment of the Ramped Up U.S. Military Response to Ebola Arrives in Liberia,”United States Africa Command, September 19, 2014, accessed May 31, 2016, http://www.africom.mil/newsroom/article/23586/first-shipment-of-the-ramped-up-u-s-military-response-to-ebola-arrives-in-liberia.

45United States Department of Defense, “Operation United Assistance at a Glance,” 2015, accessed June 8, 2015, http://www.defense.gov/home/features/2014/1014_ebola/.

46UN News Service, “UN Budget Committee Approves Funding for UN Ebola Response Mission,” UN News Centre, October 7, 2014, accessed May 31, 2016, http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=49021#.VXW1YNJVhBe.

47Kevin Sieff, “US-built Ebola Treatment Centers in Liberia are Nearly Empty as Outbreak Fades,” Washington Post, January 18, 2015, accessed June 1, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/us-built-ebola-treatment-centers-in-liberia-are-nearly-empty-as-disease-fades/2015/01/18/9acc3e2c-9b52-11e4-86a3-1b56f64925f6_story.html.

48The Pentagon’s base budget plus allocations for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan came to $575 billion for FY2015—see: Lawrence J.Korb, Max Hoffman and Katherine Blakeley, A User’s Guide to the Fiscal Year 2015 Defense Budget (Washington, DC: Center for American Progress, 2014), accessed May 31, 2016, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/report/2014/04/24/88516/a-users-guide-to-the-fiscal-year-2015-defense-budget/. The Budget for the Department of State and related Agency for International Development, including costs related to the costs of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, was $47.8bn or about 7% of what is spent for military purposes. For state figures, see: United States Department of State, “Department of State and Other International Programs,” US Department of State, 2014, accessed June 1, 2016, https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2014/assets/state.pdf. Lockheed Martin received over $44bn in government contracts in Fiscal Year 2013, according to data provided by the Federal Procurement Data Center.

49See: Jeffrey Dixon, “Emerging Consensus: Results from the Second Wave of Statistical Studies on Civil War Termination,” Civil Wars 11, no. 2 (2009): 128; Bethany Lacina, “Explaining the Severity of Civil Wars,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50, no. 2 (2006): 286.

50Julien Barnes-Dacey and Daniel Levy, The Regional Struggle for Syria (London: European Council on Foreign Relations, 2013), accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR86_SYRIA_REPORT.pdf. See also: Jihad Yazigi, Syria’s War Economy (London: Council on Foreign Relations, 2014), accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR97_SYRIA_BRIEF_AW.pdf.

51Seth Jones and Martin Libicki, How Terrorist Groups End (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 2008), 107, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG741-1.pdf.

52Ibid.

53Ibid., 19.

54Ibid., xvii.

55Jonathan Powell, Talking to Terrorists: How to End Armed Conflicts (London: Random House, 2015).

56‘Windhoek Declaration’ issued at the 6th Annual Retreat of Special Envoys and Mediators on the Promotion of Peace, Security and Stability in Africa, Windhoek, Namibia, October 21‒22, 2015, http://www.peaceau.org/uploads/auc-mediation-retreat-windhoek-declaration-22-10-2015.pdf. See, in particular, paragraph 12.

57See Vali Nasr, The Dispensable Nation: American Foreign Policy in Retreat (New York: Doubleday, 2013), 34, in which General Petraeus refers to Ambassador Richard Holbrooke as his ‘wingman’, prompting Holbrooke to ask, ‘since when have diplomats become generals’ wingmen?’

58United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security, “Human Security for All,” accessed June 8, 2015, http://www.un.org/humansecurity/about-human-security/human-security-all.

59Bill& Melinda Gates Foundation, “What We Do: Vaccine Delivery Strategy Overview,” accessed June 8, 2015, http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Vaccine-Delivery.

60World Food Programme, “Hunger Statistics,” accessed June 8, 2015, http://www.wfp.org/hunger/stats.

61Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Foreign Affairs and National Security Policy and Strategy (Addis Ababa: Ministry of Information, 2002), accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.ethiopiaembassy.ru/pages/docs/Foreign_Police_English.pdf.

62Robin Webster, “Degrees of Change: The IPCC’s Projections for Future Temperature Rise,” The Carbon Brief Blog, April 15, 2014, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.carbonbrief.org/degrees-of-change-the-ipccs-projections-for-future-temperature-rise.

63Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014).

MYTH 2

1Winslow Wheeler, “The Jet That Ate the Pentagon,” Foreign Policy, April 26, 2012, accessed June 1, 2016, http://foreignpolicy.com/2012/04/26/the-jet-that-ate-the-pentagon/.

2Ibid.

3“The Air Force’s F-35A: Not Ready For Combat, Not Even Ready for Combat Training,” Project on Government Oversight Blog, March 6, 2013, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.pogo.org/blog/2013/03/20130306-air-forces-f-35a-not-ready-for-combat.html.

4Wheeler, “The Jet That Ate the Pentagon.”

5Lockheed Martin, “Powering Job Creation for America and its Allies,” accessed June 1, 2016, https://www.f35.com/about/economic-impact.

6Ibid.

7Ibid.

8William D. Hartung, Promising the Sky: Pork Barrel Politics and The F-35 Combat Aircraft (Washington, DC: Centre for International Policy, 2014), 1, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.ciponline.org/images/uploads/publications/Hartung_IPR_0114_F-35_Promising_the_Sky_Updated.pdf.

9David Axe, “Jet Fighter Influence: How Lockheed’s Public Relations Efforts Keep the F-35 Sold,” Offiziere Blog, March 6, 2013, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.offiziere.ch/?p=11420.

10Hartung, “Promising the Sky,” 5.

11Ibid, 6.

12Ibid.

13TaxPayers for Common Sense, “The Unaffordable F-35: Budget History and Alternatives,” April 2014, 2, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.taxpayer.net/images/uploads/Alternatives%20to%20the%20F35(1).pdf.

14Barack Obama, “Video Remarks by The President to the Department of Commerce Annual Export Controls Update Conference,” The White House Office of the Press Secretary, August 30, 2010, accessed May 17, 2016, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/08/30/video-remarks-president-department-commerce-annual-export-controls-updat.

15William D. Hartung, Risk and Reforms: The Economic Illogic of the Obama Administration’s Arms Export Reforms (Washington, DC: Centre for International Policy, 2013), accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.ciponline.org/research/html/risk-and-returns-the-economic-illogic-of-the-obama-administrations-arms-exp.

16William D. Hartung, “Just How Many Weapons Can America Sell?”Foreign Policy, July 2, 2013, accessed June 1, 2016, http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/07/02/just-how-many-weapons-can-america-sell/.

17Ibid.

18Letter from International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers to The House Committee on Foreign Affairs, March 19, 2013, submitted for the record by the Honorable Brad Sherman (California) during Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Affairs (House of Representatives), One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, 24 April 2013, accessed June 1, 2016, https://archive.org/stream/799020-house-hearing-on-export-controls/799020-house-hearing-on-export-controls_djvu.txt.

19The EU Commission, for example, is currently discussing whether or not to ban offsets in EU-to-EU deals.

20World Trade Organization, Agreement on Public Procurement: Article XXIII (Uruguay Round Agreement), 2014, http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/gpr-94_02_e.htm.

21“Guns and Sugar,” The Economist, May 25, 2013, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.economist.com/news/business/21578400-more-governments-are-insisting-weapons-sellers-invest-side-deals-help-them-develop.

22Travis K.Taylor, “Countertrade Offsets in International Procurement: Theory and Evidence,” in Designing Public Procurement Policy in Developing Countries, ed. Murat A. Yulek and Travis K. Taylor (New York: Springer Science and Business Media, 2011), 27.

23Ibid, 30.

24“Guns and Sugar.”

25Control Risks, International Business Attitudes Towards Corruption—Survey 2006 (London: Control Risks and Simmons & Simmons, 2006), 8, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.csr-asia.com/summit07/presentations/corruption_survey_JB.pdf.

26Comptroller and Auditor General of India, “Report of the Auditor General of India on Acquisition of Helicopters for VVIPS,” Union Government: Defense Services (Air Force), No. 10 of 2013, August 13, 2013, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Union_Defence_Compliance_Report_10_2013.pdf.

27“Scrapping of VVIP Helicopter Deal,” Answer by Minister of Defense AK Antony to Unstarred Question 2210 by Arvind Kumar Singh in Rajya Sabha (Council of States), February 12, 2014. See Rajya Sabha’s website: http://rajyasabha.nic.in/.

28Tom Kington, “Court Reverses Former Finmeccanica CEO Orsi’s Acquittal,” DefenseNews, April 7, 2016, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/international/europe/2016/04/07/court-reverses-former-finmeccanica-ceo-orsis-acquittal/82767690/.

29“‘Target’ Sonia’s Closest Advisers, Key Middleman Told Officials of AgustaWestland,” Indian Express, February 5, 2014, accessed June 1, 2016, http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/target-closest-advisers-of-sonia-gandhi-for-vvip-chopper-deal-key-middleman-told-agustawestland/ and Order by Judge Ajay Kumar Jain, “CBI Vs. S.P. Tyagi,” RC No. 2172013A0003, Patiala House Court New Delhi, 2–3.

30Justin Vela, “Saudi Arabia becomes World’s Fourth Biggest Military Spender,” The National (Abu Dhabi), April 14, 2014, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.thenational.ae/world/saudi-arabia/saudi-arabia-becomes-worlds-fourth-biggest-military-spender.

31William Maclean, “Saudi Arabia Outpaces India to Become Top Defense Importer,” Reuters, March 8, 2015, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-defence-supplies-saudi-idUSKBN0M40FY20150308.

32Extrapolated from data provided by SIPRI.

33Saudi Arabia Constitution, Chapter 2, Articles 5 and 6.

34Amnesty International, “The Ultimate Punishment: Saudi Arabia Ramps Up Beheadings in the Kingdom,” April 6, 2015, accessed July 15, 2015, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/04/the-ultimate-punishment-saudi-arabia-ramps-up-beheadings-in-the-kingdom/.

35“European Parliament Resolution of 25 February 2016 on the Humanitarian Situation in Yemen,” 2016/2515(RSP), accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//NONSGML+TA+P8-TA-2016-0066+0+DOC+PDF+V0//EN.

36BAE’s 2014 annual report credits Saudi Arabia as its third largest customers, representing 20% of its sales in 2014 (p. 8): BAE Systems, “Annual Report 2014,” accessed June 1, 2016, http://investors.baesystems.com/~/media/Files/B/Bae-Systems-Investor-Relations-V3/Annual%20Reports/bae-annual-report-2014.pdf.

37Transparency International, “Government Defence Anti-Corruption Index Regional Results: Middle East & North Africa,” 2015, 6. http://government.defenceindex.org/downloads/docs/GI-MENA-Regional-Results-web.pdf.

38Numerous notorious arms dealers, such as Leonid Minin and Viktor Bout, sourced their small arms from Ukrainian stockpiles.

39Dave Gilson, “Ukraine: Cashing in on Illegal Arms,” PBS, May 2002, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/sierraleone/context.html.

40Sarah Chayes, “How Corruption Guts Militaries: The Ukraine Case Study,” DefenseOne, May 16, 2014, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2014/05/how-corruption-guts-militaries-ukraine-case-study/84646/.

41Leonid Polyakov, “Corruption Obstructs Reform in the Ukrainian Armed Forces,” in Almanac on Security Sector Governance in Ukraine 2012, ed. Joseph L. Derdzinski and Valeriya Klymenko (Geneva and Kyiv, Ukraine: DCAF, Razumkov Centre, and “Zapovit” Publishing House, 2012), 81.

42Rowan Scarborough, “Now They Want Our Help? Ukraine Military SOLD its Best Weapons for Cash,” The Washington Times, April 23, 2014, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/apr/23/sold-out-ukraines-leadership-swapped-best-military/?page=all; Chayes, ‘How Corruption Guts Militaries.”

43“South Sudan’s Kiir Accuses Army of Corruption,” Sudan Tribune, September 20, 2013.

MYTH 3

1For those with a strong stomach, the history of the Iran-Contra affair is fully described in all its dastardly depredations in the 1987 Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair.

2George Lardner Jr., “Gonzalez’s Iraq Expose—Hill Chairman Details US Prewar Courtship,” Washington Post, March 22, 1992.

3The full story of the BNL scandal can found in William D. Hartung, And Weapons For All (New York: Harper Perennial, 1995).

4Howard Teicher’s Affidavit in the Matter of United States of America v. Carlos Cardoen and Others, Case No: 93-241-Highsmith, paragraph 8, January 31, 1995, accessed June 1, 2016, http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq61.pdf.

5Campaign Against Arms Trade, Arming Saddam: The Supply of British Military Equipment to Iraq 1979‒1990 (London: Campaign Against Arms Trade, 1991).

6Ibid. The 26 countries identified were Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Britain, Bulgaria, Chile, China, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, France, West Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, North Korea, the Netherlands, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the USA, the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia.

7Ibid.

8US Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, Second Staff Report on US Chemical and Biological Warfare-Related Dual-Use Exports to Iraq and the Possible Impact on the Health Consequences of the War, 1995.

9Ibid, Chapter 1.

10Ibid, Chapters 2 and 3.

11SIPRI, TIV-Import Database, 2015, accessed March 1, 2016, http://www.sipri.org/databases/armstransfers/background. Note that the SIPRI TIV database does not provide a figure for the actual amount spent on arms imports. Instead, SIPRI calculates, in constant 1990 dollars, how much it would cost to produce the same systems in the US (where unit costs are well-known). This gives a good sense of the volume of the trade, but it is not entirely accurate to say that the same dollar amount was actually spent.

12Ibid.

13SIPRI, TIV-Import Database.

14Pratap Chatterjee, “One Million Weapons to Iraq; Many Go Missing,” CorpWatch, September 22, 2008, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=15184.

15Christopher Harress, “ISIS Weapons Growing in Number, Sophistication: A Soviet, Balkan and American Mix, but the Group Can’t Use All of Them,” International Business Times, August 15, 2014, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.ibtimes.com/isis-weapons-growing-number-sophistication-soviet-balkan-american-mix-group-cant-use-all-1659176.

16Michael Pregent and Michael Weiss, “Exploiting ISIS Vulnerabilities in Iraq,” The Wall Street Journal, August 12, 2014, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.wsj.com/articles/michael-pregent-and-michael-weiss-exploiting-the-isis-vulnerabilities-in-iraq-1407884145.

17The Islamic State and the Levant and the Al-Nusrah Front for the People of Levant: Report and Recommendations Submitted Pursuant to Resolution 2170 (2014), S/2014/815, paragraph 39.

18Ibid, paragraph 41.

19Pregent and Weiss, “Exploiting ISIS Vulnerabilities in Iraq.”

20The Islamic State and the Levant and the Al-Nusrah Front for the People of Levant: Report and Recommendations Submitted Pursuant to Resolution 2170 (2014), S/2014/815, paragraph 37.

21Nabih Bulos, Patrick J. McDonnell and Raja Abdulrahim, “ISIS Weapons Windfall May Alter Balance in Iraq, Syria Conflicts,”LA Times, June 29, 2014, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-iraq-isis-arms-20140629-story.html.

22Conflict Armament Research, Dispatch from the Field: Islamic State Ammunition in Iraq and Syria (London: Conflict Armament Research, 2014), 5, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.conflictarm.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Dispatch_IS_Iraq_Syria_Ammunition.pdf.

23United Nations Security Council, “Report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1425 (2002),”2003, S/2003/223, 13; Jeffrey A. Lefebvre, Arms for the Horn: U.S. Security Policy in Ethiopia and Somalia, 1953–1991 (Pittsburg, PA: University of Pittsburg Press, 1991), 280‒281.

24Ibid.

25Lionel Cliffe, Armed Violence and Poverty in Somalia: A Case Study for the Armed Violence and Poverty Initiative (Bradford, UK: Centre for International Cooperation and Security and University of Bradford, Department for Peace Studies, 2005), 8, accessed June 1, 2016, https://bradscholars.brad.ac.uk/handle/10454/1002.

26Andrew Feinstein, The Shadow World: Inside the Global Arms Trade (New York: Picador, 2012), 468.

27Abdi Sheikh, “Arms Dealers Revel in Somali War Business,”Reuters, June 9, 2009, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-arms-somalia-idUSTRE5582RR20090609.

28United Nations Security Council, “Report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1425 (2002)”, S/2003/223, 14.

29Laura Rozen, “Israeli, American Indicted for Gun Running to Somalia,” Politico, 28 June, 2010, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.politico.com/blogs/laurarozen/0610/Israeli_American_indicted_for_gun_running_to_Somalia.html.

30United States District Court, Southern District of Florida, Indictment in the matter of United States of America v. Joseph O’Toole and Chanoch Miller, Case No: CR-COHN, June 17, 2010.

31CNN Wire Staff, “Al-Shabaab Joining Al Qaeda, Monitor Group Says,” CNN, February 10, 2012, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/09/world/africa/somalia-shabaab-qaeda/.

32Louis Charbonneau, “Exclusive: Somalia Army Weapons Sold on Open Market—UN Monitors,” Reuters, October 10, 2014, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-somalia-arms-un-idUSKCN0 HZ22920141010.

33“Somalia Diverting Arms to al-Shabaab, UN Report Claims,” BBC News, February 14, 2014, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26200015.

34Charbonneau, “Exclusive: Somalia Army Weapons Sold on Open Market.”

35The phrasing here is intentional: it is not quite accurate to say that Libya spent $30bn on arms. This is because the figures are drawn from the SIPRI database, which does not track the actual cost of weapons imports, but tracks the volume of weapons imports (some of which are given as aid or in discounts). SIPRI puts a dollar value on the amount by calculating how much it would cost for the US to produce specific systems. As such, the figure of $30bn is best understood to mean that Libya imported arms in a quantity that is equivalent to US systems that would cost $30bn to produce in US, expressed in constant 1990 prices.

36SIPRI, Arms Transfers Database 2015, accessed March 1, 2016, http://www.sipri.org/databases/armstransfers.

37Ibid.

38Ibid.

39Paul Holtom, Mark Bromley, Pieter D. Wezeman and Siemon T. Wezeman, “International Arms Transfers,” in SIPRI Yearbook 2010, 300.

40“Russia Announces Libya Arms Deal Worth $1.8bn,” BBC News, January 30, 2010, accessed June 1, 2016, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8489167.stm.

41“EU Arms Exports to Libya: Who Armed Libya?” Guardian Datablog (last updated March 2, 2011), accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/mar/01/eu-arms-exports-libya. Author’s own calculations based on spreadsheet titled “EU arms exports to Libya.”

42Ibid.

43“SA Sold R70m in Arms to Libya,” Times (South Africa), April 10, 2011.

44Anthony Cordesman, A Tragedy of Arms: Military and Security Developments in the Mahgreb (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002), 208.

45Anthony Cordesman and Aram Nerguizian, The North African Military Balance: Force Developments and Regional Challenges (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS), 2010), 34, accessed June 2, 2015, http://csis.org/files/publication/101203_North_African_Military_Balance_final.pdf.

46“Libyan Elections: Low Turnout Marks Bid to End Political Crisis,” BBC News, June 26, 2014, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28005801.

47“Former Libyan Parliament Reconvenes, Elects Islamist Premier,” Al-Akhbar, August 25, 2014, accessed June 1, 2015, http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/21273.

48Mariam Rizk, “Libya’s Islamist Militias Claim Control of Capital,” Associated Press, August 24, 2014.

49Libya Body Count, “Table: Violent Deaths in Libya,” Libya Body Count, accessed June 10, 2015, http://www.libyabodycount.org/table.

50Glen Johnson, “Libya Weapons Aid Tuareg Rebellion in Mali,” Los Angeles Times, June 12, 2012, accessed June 2, 2016, http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jun/12/world/la-fg-libya-arms-smuggle-20120612.

51“Timeline of French-led Mali Military Intervention,” Associated Press, January 21, 2013.

52Ian Black, “West Overlooked Risk of Libya Weapons Reaching Mali, Says Expert,” The Guardian, January 21, 2013, accessed June 2, 2016, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/21/west-libya-weapons-mali.

53Richard Spencer, “Libyan Arms that Went Missing under Gaddafi ‘Fuelling Multiple Conflicts’,” The Telegraph, April 10, 2013, accessed June 2, 2016, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/9985183/Libyan-arms-that-went-missing-under-Gaddafi-fuelling-multiple-conflicts.html.

54Freedom C. Onuoha, “Porous Borders and Boko Haram’s Arms Smuggling Operations in Nigeria,” Al Jazeera Center for Studies, September 8, 2013, accessed June 3, 2015, http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/2013/09/201398104245877469.htm.

55C.J. Chivers, Eric Schmitt and Mark Mazetti, “In Turnabout, Syria Rebels Get Libyan Weapons,” New York Times, June 21, 2013, accessed June 2, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/22/world/africa/in-a-turnabout-syria-rebels-get-libyan-weapons.html?_r=0.

56Owen Greene and Elizabeth Kirkham, Preventing Diversion of Small and Light Weapons: Issues and Priorities for Strengthened Controls (London and Bradford, UK: Saferworld and the University of Bradford, 2009), 29, accessed June 2, 2016, http://www.saferworld.org.uk/resources/view-resource/376-preventing-diversion-of-small-arms-and-light-weapons.

57Catherine Bosley, “Swiss Tighten Rules after Grenades Found in Syria,”Reuters, October 10, 2012, accessed June 2, 2016, http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-swiss-weapons-idUKBRE89918020121010.

58Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO), “Swiss Hand Grenades in Syria: Conclusion of Investigation and Measures,” Press Statement by the Swiss SECO, September 21, 2012, accessed June 1, 2016, https://www.seco.admin.ch/seco/en/home/seco/nsb-news/medienmitteilungen-2012.msg-id-46075.html.

59Ibid.

60Ibid; “Swiss Hand Grenades reached Syria: Bern,” The Local (Switzerland), September 21, 2012, accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.thelocal.ch/20120921/swiss-hand-grenades-reached-syria-bern.

61Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Small Arms Survey 2014: Women and Guns (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 119, accessed June 1, 2015, http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/?small-arms-survey-2014.

62United Nations Security Council, “Report of the Panel of Experts Appointed Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1306 (2000),” paragraph 19, in relation to Sierra Leone Arms, S/2000/1195, December 20, 2000.

63Ian Traynor, “The International Dealers in Death,” The Guardian, July 9, 2001, accessed June 1, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jul/09/armstrade.iantraynor.

64Ibid.

65Discussion with Professor James Stewart, former Appeals Counsel, Office of the Prosecutor, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, and leading academic in the area of corporate responsibility for international crimes (November 6, 2012).

66Claire Ribando Seelke, “Mexico and the 112th Congress,”Congressional Research Service, January 29, 2013, 5, accessed June 1, 2016, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32724.pdf.

67Nick Miroff and William Booth, “Mexico’s Drug War is at a Stalemate as Calderon’s Presidency Ends,” Washington Post, November 27, 2012, accessed June 2, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/calderon-finishes-his-six-year-drug-war-at-stalemate/2012/11/26/82c90a94-31eb-11e2-92f0-496af208bf23_story.html.

68William Booth, “Mexico’s Crime Wave has Left about 25 000 People Missing, Government Documents Show,” Washington Post, November 29, 2012, accessed June 2, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/mexicos-crime-wave-has-left-up-to-25000-missing-government-documents-show/2012/11/29/7ca4ee44-3a6a-11e2-9258-ac7c78d5c680_story.html.

69Topher McDougal, Robert Muggah, David Shirk and John Patterson, “Made in the U.S.A.: The Role of American Guns in Mexican Violence,” The Atlantic, March 18, 2013, accessed June 2, 2016, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/03/made-in-the-usa-the-role-of-american-guns-in-mexican-violence/274103/.

70Topher McDougal, David A. Shirk, Robert Muggah and John H. Patterson, The Way of the Gun: Estimating Firearm Traffic Across the US‒Mexico Border (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and San Diego, CA: Igarape Institute and University of San Diego, 2013), 6, accessed June 1, 2016, http://catcher.sandiego.edu/items/peacestudies/way_of_the_gun.pdf.

71Ibid, 5.

72Ibid, 2.

73Arindrajit Dube, Oeindrila Dube and Omar Garcia-Ponce, “Cross-Border Spill-Over: US Gun-Laws and Violence in Mexico,” American Political Science Review 107, no. 3 (2013): 401, 413.

74Paul Magnarella, “Explaining Rwanda’s 1994 Genocide,” Human Rights and Human Welfare 2, no. 1 (2002): 25‒34.

75Damien Fruchart, Paul Holtom and Siemon T. Wezeman, United Nations Arms Embargoes: Their Impact on Arms Flow and Target Behaviour (Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University, 2007), 5–10, accessed June 2, 2016, http://books.sipri.org/files/misc/UNAE/SIPRI07UNAEprelims.pdf.

76Nelson Alusala, “The Arming of Rwanda and the Genocide,” African Security Studies 13, no. 2 (2004): 138.

77Ibid.

78Ibid.

79Fruchart, Holtom and Wezeman, United Nations Arms Embargoes, 6.

80“Rwanda: How the Genocide Happened,” BBC News, December 8, 2008, accessed June 1, 2016, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1288230.stm; Ernest Harsch, “OAU Sets Inquiry Into Rwandan Genocide,” Africa Recovery 12, no. 1 (1998): 4; Alison Des Forges, Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1999), 15‒16.

81United Nations, “Background Information on Sexual Violence Used as a Tool of War,” Outreach Programme of the Rwanda Genocide and the United Nations, 2014, accessed June 15, 2015, http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/about/bgsexualviolence.shtml.

82African Rights, Rwanda: Broken Bodies, Torn Spirits (Kigali, Rwanda: African Rights, 2004), 93, accessed June 2, 2016, http://preventgbvafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/brokenbodies.africanrights.pdf.

83Philip Verwimp, “Machetes and Firearms: The Organization of Massacres in Rwanda.”Journal of Peace Research, 43, no. 1 (2006): 5‒22.

84Ibid.

85Kirk Jackson, “The Arms Trade Treaty: A Historic and Momentous Failure,” Ceasefire Magazine, April 29, 2013, accessed June 1, 2016, https://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/failure-arms-trade-treaty/.

86Ibid.

87Kissinger stated this in a 1976 US State Department speech. C. Magoc and D. Bernstein (eds), Imperialism and Expansionism in American History (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2015), 1237‒1238.

MYTH 4

1UK Office for National Statistics (ONS), “Defense-Related Activities in the UK,” PRODCOM Final Results 2014, accessed June 2, 2016, http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/prodcom/prodcom-final-results/defence-related-activities-in-the-uk/sty-def.html.

2Food and Drink Federation (FDF), “Statistics at a Glance,” FDF, last updated May 28, 2015, accessed June 1, 2015, https://www.fdf.org.uk/statsataglance.aspx.

3UK Office for National Statistics, “UK Manufacturers Sales by Product (PRODCOM), 2013 Intermediate Results,” UK Office for National Statistics, December 18, 2014, accessed June 2, 2016, http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_389619.pdf.

4For a detailed breakdown of UK government spending, the following site is remarkably easy to use: http://www.ukpublicspending.co.uk.

5AeroSpace and Defense Industries Association of Europe (ASD), “Key Facts and Figures: 2012,” accessed June 1, 2015, http://www.asd-europe.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Client_documents/ASD_Contents/2_COMMUNICATION/2.5_Publications/2.5.2_Facts_and_Figures/ASD_Facts_and_Figures_2012.pdf.

6EuroStat, “Manufacturing Statistics-NACE Rev. 2,”last updated November 5, 2014, accessed June 1, 2015, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Manufacturing_statistics_-_NACE_Rev._2.

7On defense share of GDP, see: Office of the Under Secretary for Defense (Comptroller), National Defense Budget Estimates for FY2015, United States Department of Defense, March 2014, 262, accessed May 31, 2016, http://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2015/FY15_Green_Book.pdf.

8For the most recent figures on the US share of global arms export agreements see: Richard F. Grimmett and Paul K. Kerr, “Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 2004‒2011,” Congressional Research Service, August 24, 2012, accessed June 1, 2016, https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/weapons/R42678.pdf.

9US export figures are extrapolated from World Bank indicators. See: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.GNFS.CDand ‘US Trade in Goods and Services—Balance of Payments (BOP) Basis, 1960 through 2014, http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/historical/gands.pdf.

10J. Paul Dunne and Mehmet Uye, “Military Spending and Development,” Working Papers 0902, Department of Accounting, Economics and Finance, Bristol Business School, University of West England (2009), 5–7, accessed June 2, 2016, https://ideas.repec.org/p/uwe/wpaper/0902.html.

11Ibid, 5‒6.

12J. Paul Dunne, “Military Spending, Growth, Development and Conflict,” Defence and Peace Economics, 23, no. 6 (2012): 553‒554.

13Ibid, 8–9.

14Robert Pollin and Heidi Garrett-Peltier, The US Employment Effects of Military and Domestic Spending Priorities: 2011 Update (Amherst, MA: Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts, 2011), accessed May 27, 2016, http://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/published_study/PERI_military_spending_2011.pdf.

15Ibid, 3.

16Ibid, 5.

17Ibid, 7.

18Ibid, 7‒8.

19Ibid, 4.

20Ibid, 4.

21Paul Ingram and Roy Isbister, Escaping the Subsidy Trap: Why Arms Exports are Bad for Britain (London and Oxford: British American Security Information Council, Saferworld and Oxford Research Group, 2004), 37, accessed June 2, 2016, http://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/sites/default/files/ORGsubsidy.pdf.

22Ibid.

23Malcom Chalmers, Neil V. Davies, Keith Hartley and Chris Wilkinson, The Economic Costs and Benefits of UK Defence Exports (York, UK: Centre for Defence Economics, University of York, 2001), accessed June 2, 2016, https://www.caat.org.uk/issues/mod-york-report-nov-01.pdf. An interesting corollary of this article is that running an ethical arms trade policy in the UK, where exports to countries exhibiting a high risk of using weapons in human rights violations would have a net positive impact on the economy. Dunne and Perlo-Freeman, in a 2003 study, calculated that 27.5% of UK arms exports were to ‘high risk’ countries. If these exports were stopped, there would be an initial loss of 27,000 jobs, but a long-term creation of 37,000 jobs. In addition, the UK government would save £115.5m in subsidies compared against a loss in revenue of between £22‒55m. See: J. Paul Dunne and Sam Perlo Freeman, “The Impact of a Responsible Arms Control Policy on the UK Economy,” Report prepared for Oxfam, 2003, 28, accessed June 1, 2015, http://carecon.org.uk/Users/paul/Oxfamreport7.pdf.

24Steven Schofield, Making Arms, Wasting Skills: Alternatives to Militarism and Arms Production (London: Campaign Against the Arms Trade, 2008), accessed June 1, 2016, https://www.caat.org.uk/resources/publications/economics/making-arms-2008.pdf.

25Mary Kaldor, The Baroque Arsenal (New York: Hill & Wang, 1981).

26Stephen M. Walt, “Rush to Failure: The Flawed Politics and Policies of Missile Defense,” Harvard Magazine, May 1, 2000, accessed June 2, 2016, http://harvardmagazine.com/2000/05/rush-to-failure-html.

27The Cold War Museum, “The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI): Star Wars,” accessed June 2, 2016, http://www.coldwar.org/articles/80s/SDI-StarWars.asp.

28Joseph Cirincione, “Political and Strategic Imperatives of National Missile Defense,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 12, 2000, accessed June 2, 2016, http://carnegieendowment.org/2000/10/12/political-and-strategic-imperatives-of-national-missile-defense.

29Jurgen Brauer, “Review Article: Is War Necessary for Economic Growth,” The Economics of Peace and Security Journal 2, no. 1 (2007): 72.

30William J. Perry, “A New Way of Doing Business,” Memorandum for Secretaries of the Military Departments, June 29, 1994, http://www.sae.org/standardsdev/military/milperry.htm.

31Ibid.

32Jacques S. Gansler and William Lucyshyn, Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS): Doing it Right (College Park, MD: Center for Public Policy and Private Enterprise, Naval Postgraduate School, 2008), 13–17, accessed June 2, 2016, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a494143.pdf.

33ONS, “Defense-Related Activities in the UK.”

34Michael Brzoska, “Trends in Global Military and Civilian Research and Development and their Changing Interface,” Manchester Institute of Innovation Research/Re-Evaluating Defense R&D and Innovative Dynamics, Workshop Paper, 2007, 11‒12, accessed June 2, 2016, http://ifsh.de/pdf/aktuelles/india_brzoska.pdf.

35National Science Board, “Science and Engineering Indicators: 2012,” accessed June 1, 2016, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind12/.

36Department for Business, Innovation, and Skills, The 2010 R&D Scoreboard: The Top 1,000 UK and 1,000 Global Companies by R&D Investment (London: Crown, 2010) 41, accessed June 2, 2016, http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20101208170217/http:/www.innovation.gov.uk/rd_scoreboard/downloads/2010_RD_Scoreboard_data.pdf.

37European Commission, EU R&D Scoreboard: The 2013 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard (Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2013), 35, accessed June 3, 2016, http://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/scoreboard13.html.

38This account is taken from the “Brief History of the Internet” drafted by a group of individuals who were present during its inception. It can be viewed here: http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet.

39Ibid.

40It can still be viewed here: http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html.

41“Guns and Sugar,” The Economist.

42Sezsy Yuniorrita and Curie Maharani, “Caveat Emptor: The Challenge of Implementing Defense Offset in RI,” Jakarta Post, October 13, 2012, accessed June 3, 2016, http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/10/13/caveat-emptor-the-challenge-implementing-defense-offset-ri.html?search=caveat+emptor.

43World Trade Organization, Agreement on Public Procurement: Article XXIII (Uruguay Round Agreement), accessed June 3, 2016, http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/gpr-94_02_e.htm.

44Burkard Schmitt, Defense Procurement in the European Union: The Current Debate (Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies, 2005), 34, accessed June 3, 2016, http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/bk05-01.pdf.

45For a discussion of this in full, see: Lloyd Dumas, “Weapons Procurement and Development: Do Offsets Mitigate or Magnify the Military Burden?” (paper prepared for the Conference on “Offsets and Development”: Cape Town, SA; September 2002), accessed June 3, 2016, https://www.utdallas.edu/~ljdumas/Weapons.pdf.

46Elizabeth Sköns, “Evaluating Defense Offsets: The Experience in Finland and Sweden,” in Arms Trade and Economic Development: Theory, Policy and Cases in Arms Trade Offsets, eds. Jurgen Brauer and J. Paul Dunne (London: Routledge, 2004).

47J. Modise, “Realising our Hopes,” Address by the Minister of Defense on the Defense Budget Vote, 9 March 1999.

48“Guns vs. Butter?” Weekend Argus, February 26, 1995.

49Armscor, “Armscor Annual Report 2011/2012,” 2012, 88, accessed June 3, 2016, http://www.armscor.co.za/Downloads/Armscor%20Annual%20Report%202011-2012.pdf.

50“NIP performance figures, 2014,” attached as Annexure ES2 to the testimony of Sipho Zikode before the Judicial Commission of Inquiry into the Strategic Defense Procurement Program, South Africa. Zikode’s testimony is available to download from www.armscomm.org.za.

51“PE set to become Viking Mecca,” Eastern Province Herald, 2001; and “Local Firms Line Up for Foreign Gain in Arms Deal,” Business Report, November 6, 2002. http://www.thelocal.se/20070206/6316.

52“NIP Performance Figures, 2014.”

53“Tourists Won Points for South African Arms Deal,”The Local (Sweden), February 6, 2007, accessed June 3, 2016, http://www.thelocal.se/20070206/6316.

54“NIP Performance Figures, 2014.”

55Jurgen Brauer, “Economic Aspects of Arms Trade Offsets,” in Arms Trade and Economic Development: Theory, Policy, and Cases in Arms Trade Offsets, ed. Jurgen Brauer and J. Paul Dunne (New York: Routledge, 2004), 64.

56Jurgen Brauer and J. Paul Dunne, “Arms Trade Offsets: What Do We Know?,” University of Bristol Business School, Working Paper 0910, accessed June 1, 2015, http://carecon.org.uk/DPs/0910.pdf. This article also appears in Handbook on the Political Economy of War, ed. C.J. Coyne and R.L. Mathers (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2011).

57Joseph E. Stiglitz and Linda J. Bilmes, The Three Trillion Dollar War: The True Cost of the Iraq Conflict (London: Allen Lane, Penguin Books, 2008).

58Joseph E. Stiglitz and Linda J. Bilmes, “The True Cost of the Iraq War: $3 Trillion and Beyond,” Washington Post, September 5, 2010.

59Ibid.

60James Grefer, David Gregory and Erin Rebhan (CNA Corporation), “Military and Civilian Compensation: How Do They Compare?” in The 11th Quadrennial Review of Military Compensation. Supporting Research Papers (Washington, DC: Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, 2012), accessed June 3, 2016, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a563240.pdf.

61Dan Lamothe, “France Backs Off Sending Mistral Warship to Russia in $1.7 Billion Deal,” Washington Post, September 3, 2014.

62Giorgio D’Agostino, John Paul Dunne and Luca Pieroni, “Corruption, Military Spending and Economic Growth,”Defense and Peace Economics 23, no. 6 (2012): 602.

MYTH 5

1Joe Roeber, “Hard Wired for Corruption: The Arms Trade and Corruption,” Prospect, August 28, 2005.

2William M. Daley, “National Export Strategy: Working for America,” Trade Promotion Coordinating Committee, 2000, 11.

3Sanjeev Gupta, Luiz de Mello and Raju Sharan, Corruption and Military Spending—A Working Paper of the International Monetary Fund (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2000), 16, accessed June 3, 2016, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2000/wp0023.pdf.

4“Five Reasons Why BAE Will Do Fine in the US Defense Market,” Forbes, February 21, 2014, accessed June 15, 2015, http://www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2014/02/21/five-reasons-bae-systems-will-do-fine-in-the-u-s-defense-market/.

5G. Murphy, Affidavit submitted as Annexure JDP-SW12 in the High Court of South Africa (Transvaal Provincial Division) in the matter of Ex Parte the National Director of Public Prosecutions (applicant) In Re: An Application for Issue of Search Warrants in Terms of Section 29(5) and 29(6) of the National Prosecuting Authority Act, No. 32 of 1998, as amended, 2008.

6Ibid.

7Ibid.

8Ibid.

9‘Statement of Offence’ in the Matter of the United States v. BAE Systems PLC, Violation: Title 18, United States Code, Section 371 (conspiracy), United States District Court for the District of Columbia.

10Ibid.

11“Proposed Charging Letter re: Investigation of BAE Systems plc Regarding Violations of the Arms Export Control Act and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations,” May 2011, accessed June 3, 2015, www.pmddtc.state.gov/compliance/consent_agreements/baes.html.

12Debevoise & Plimpton LLP, “Ferrostaal: Final Report, Compliance Investigation,” April 13, 2011, 2, accessed June 3, 2016, https://kassios.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/confidential-secret-report-findings-re-ferrostal-greek-gov-case-pribes1.pdf

13Ibid.

14Ibid.

15Roeber, “Hard Wired for Corruption.”

16The following discussion of the systemic cause of corruption in the arms trade is extrapolated from Andrew Feinstein, Paul Holden, and Barnaby Pace, “Corruption in the Arms Trade: Sins of Commission,” in SIPRI Yearbook 2011 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).

17World Trade Organization, Agreement on Public Procurement: Article XXIII (Uruguay Round Agreement), 2014, http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/gpr-94_02_e.htm.

18BryanBender, “From the Pentagon to the Private Sector,” Boston Globe, December 26, 2010.

19United States House of Representatives, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, Public Law 110-181, 110th Congress, January 28, 2008.

20Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW), “Military Contractors Open the Revolving Door for Former Pentagon Officials,” CREW Blog, October 24, 2013, accessed June 1, 2015, http://www.citizensforethics.org/military-contractors-open-the-revolving-door-for-former-pentagon-official/

21Ibid.

22Nick Hopkins, Rob Evans and Richard Norton-Taylor, “MoD staff and Thousands of Military Officers Join Arms Firms,”The Guardian, October 15, 2012, accessed June 1, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/oct/15/mod-military-arms-firms.

23CAAT, “Revolving Door Log,” last updated December 4, 2014, http://www.caat.org.uk/issues/influence/revolving-door.php.

24Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW), Strategic Manoeuvres: The Revolving Door from the Pentagon to the Private Sector (Washington, DC: Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, 2011), 2, https://www.scribd.com/document/113134688/CREW-Strategic-Maneuvers-The-Revolving-Door-from-the-Pentagon-to-the-Private-Sector.

25Lawrence S. Wittner, “The Greed of Lockheed Martin,” Consortium News, March 23, 2013, accessed June 3, 2016, http://consortiumnews.com/2013/03/23/the-greed-of-lockheed-martin/.

26Marc Lifsher, “California Grants $420m tax break to Lockheed Martin Corp,” Los Angeles Times, July 3, 2014, accessed June 3, 2016, http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-bomber-tax-break-20140704-story.html.

27Ibid.

28The internationalization of production in the arms trade is discussed in depth in Schofield, Making Arms, Wasting Skills.

29Inspector General, Department of Defense, Semi-Annual Report to the Congress, 1 October 1998–31 March 1999 (Darby, PA: DIANE Publishing, 1999), ii.

30Commission on Wartime Contracting In Iraq and Afghanistan,“Wartime Contracting Commission Releases Final Report to Congress,” Commission Press Statement, CWC-NR-49, August 31, 2011, accessed June 3, 2016, http://cybercemetery.unt.edu/archive/cwc/20110929231427/http://www.wartimecontracting.gov/index.php/pressroom/pressreleases/203-cwc-nr-49.

31Ibid, 2.

32AdamWeinstein, “The All-Time 10 Worst Military Contracting Boondoggles,” Mother Jones, September 2, 2011, accessed June 1, 2015, http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2011/09/contractor-waste-iraq-KBR.

33Ibid.

34William D. Hartung, Prophets of War: Lockheed Martin and the Making of the Military Industrial Complex (New York: Nation Books, 2011), 154‒155.

35Feinstein, The Shadow World, 305‒318.

36Ibid.

37R.J. Hillhouse, “Outsourcing Intelligence,” The Nation, July 24, 2007, accessed June 3, 2016, http://www.thenation.com/article/outsourcing-intelligence/.

38Ibid.

39Simon Chesterman, “‘We Can’t Spy … If We Can’t Buy!’: The Privatization of Intelligence and the Limits of Outsourcing ‘Inherently Government Functions’,” The European Journal of International Law 19, no. 5 (2008): 1057.

40For further detail on the Arms Deal and the controversy that has surrounded it, see: Paul Holden and Hennie Van Vuuren, The Devil in the Detail: How the Arms Deal Changed Everything (Jeppestown: Jonathan Ball Publishers, 2011).

41Nicoli Nattrass, The Moral Economy of Aids in South Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 66.

42Government of South Africa, “Full Report of the Joint Health and Treasury Task Team Charged with Examining Treatment Options to Supplement Comprehensive Care for HIV/Aids in the Public Health Sector,” August 8, 2003,56 (paragraph 4.4), accessed June 3, 2016, http://www.gov.za/sites/www.gov.za/files/treatment_0.pdf.

43Holden and Van Vuuren, The Devil in the Detail.

44Ibid.

MYTH 6

1Transparency International (TI), “Government Defense Anti-Corruption Index,” TI, International Defense and Security Programme, 2015, accessed June 18, 2015, http://government.defenseindex.org/.

2Ibid.

3Ibid.

4Susan Willett, “Defense Expenditures, Arms Procurement and Corruption in Sub-Saharan Africa,”Review of African Political Economy 36, no. 121 (2009): 335‒351.

5Ibid, 340–341.

6Obiamaka Egbo, Ifeoma Nwakoby, Josaphat Onwumere and Chibuike Uche, “Legitimizing Corruption in Government: Security Votes in Nigeria,” African Studies Centre Working Paper 91/2010, 2010, accessed August 8, 2014, https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16186/ASC-075287668-2788-01.pdf?sequence=2.

7Turaki A. Hassan and Ibrahim Kabiru Sule, “Nigeria: Security Retains Top Spot in 2014 National Budget,”All Africa, December 20, 2013, accessed June 3, 2016, http://allafrica.com/stories/201312200587.html.

8WilliamWallis, “Pillar of West African Security Struggles to Keep Peace at Home in Nigeria,”Financial Times, May 21, 2014, accessed June 3, 2016, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/3a0d25f0-e0f0-11e3-a934-00144feabdc0.html.

9Charlotte Alfred, “Nigeria Struggles to Protect Citizens as Boko Haram Death Toll Climbs,” Huffington Post, February 11, 2016, accessed June 3, 2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/boko-haram-massacre-nigeria_us_56bbb8d8e4b0b40245c5446a.

10Kevin Uhrmacher and Mary Beth Sheridan, “The Brutal Toll of Boko Haram’s Attacks on Civilians,” Washington Post, April 3, 2016, accessed June 3, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/world/nigeria-boko-haram/.

11International Crisis Group, “Curbing Violence in Nigeria (II): the Boko Haram Insurgency,” Africa Report No. 216, April 3, 2014, I, accessed August 4, 2014, http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/west-africa/nigeria/216-curbing-violence-in-nigeria-ii-the-boko-haram-insurgency.pdf.

12Kingsley Ighomwenghian, Sola Alabadan, Sylvester Enoghase, Philip Oladunjoye, Joe Nwankwo, Gbenga Faturoti and Daniel Abia, “Insurgency: Nigerians Seek Probe of Security Budgets,”Daily Independent, June 30, 2014, accessed June 18, 2015, http://allafrica.com/stories/201406300047.html.

13Project on Government Oversight (POGO), “Pentagon Slush Fund Must Be Drawn Down,” POGO Blog, February 6, 2014, accessed June 18, 2015, http://www.pogo.org/blog/2014/02/pentagon-slush-fund-must-be-drawn-down.html.

14Friends Committee on National Legislation, “End the Wars—End the War Funding,” 2014, accessed June 18, 2015, http://fcnl.org/issues/budget/End_the_Wars_End_the_War_Funding.pdf.

15Ibid.

16Korb, Hoffman and Blakeley, A User’s Guide to the Fiscal Year 2015 Defense Budget.

17POGO, “An Open Letter to Appropriators in Congress: End the Budget Gimmicks and Cut the Pentagon’s Slush Fund,” POGO, February 6, 2014, accessed June 3, 2016, http://www.pogo.org/our-work/letters/2014/an-open-letter-to-congress-end-the-budget-gimmicks.html.

18Information Security Oversight Office, Report to the President 2014 (Washington, DC: ISOO, 2014), 1, accessed June 3, 2016, http://www.archives.gov/isoo/reports/2014-annual-report.pdf.

19Ibid, 6.

20Ibid, 24.

21Information Security Oversight Office, Report to the President 2013 (Washington, DC: ISOO, 2013), 21, accessed June 3, 2016, http://www.archives.gov/isoo/reports/2013-annual-report.pdf.

22Scott Shane, “Cost to Protect U.S. Secrets Doubles to Over $11 Billion,” New York Times, June 2, 2012, accessed June 18, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/03/us/politics/cost-to-protect-us-secrets-doubles-in-decade-to-11-billion.html?_r=0.

23Ibid.

24Public Interest Declassification Board, Transforming the Security Classification System (Washington, DC: ISOO, 2012), 15, accessed June 18, 2015, http://www.archives.gov/declassification/pidb/recommendations/transforming-classification.pdf.

25Dion Nissenbaum, “How Many People Hold Security Clearance?” The Wall Street Journal, September 17, 2013, accessed June 3, 2016, http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2013/09/17/how-many-people-hold-secret-security-clearance/.

26Brian Fung, “5.1 million Americans Have Security Clearances. That’s More Than The Entire Population of Norway,” Washington Post, 24 March, 2014, accessed June 3, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2014/03/24/5-1-million-americans-have-security-clearances-thats-more-than-the-entire-population-of-norway/.

27Transparency International, “Government Defense Anti-Corruption Index.”

28Cora Currier, “Charting Obama’s Crackdown on National Security Leaks,” Pro Publica, July 30, 2013, accessed June 18, 2015, http://www.propublica.org/special/sealing-loose-lips-charting-obamas-crackdown-on-national-security-leaks.

29United States Congress, ‘Title 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE.’ In United States Code, 2006 edition, Supplement 5 (Washington, DC: GPO, 2011), 171.

30Currier, “Charting Obama’s Crackdown on National Security Leaks.”

31Government Accountability Project, “National Security & Human Rights: 2014 Fact Base,” accessed August 4, 2014, https://www.whistleblower.org/bio-william-binney-and-j-kirk-wiebe.

32Government Accountability Project, “National Security and Human Rights,” accessed 4 August 2014, https://www.whistleblower.org/national-security-human-rights-0.

33Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law, “National Security Whistleblowing: A Gap in the Law,” accessed August 4, 2014, http://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/analysis/Factsheet%20-%20National%20Security%20Whistleblowing.pdf.

34US Securities and Exchange Commission, “SEC Enforcement Actions: FCPA Cases,” accessed May 20, 2015, http://www.sec.gov/spotlight/fcpa/fcpa-cases.shtml.

35US Department of Justice, “FCPA and Related Enforcement Actions—In Re Armor Holdings,” accessed August 4, 2014, http://www.justice.gov/criminal/fraud/fcpa/cases/armor-holdings.html.

36Public Interest Declassification Board, Transforming the Security Classification System, 9.

37Daniel Ellsberg, “Secrecy and National Security Whistleblowing,” Daniel Ellsberg Website, January 8, 2013, accessed June 18, 2015, http://www.ellsberg.net/archive/secrecy-national-security-whistleblowing.

38Quoted in Elizabeth Goitein and David M. Shapiro, Reducing Overclassification Through Accountability (New York: Brennan Center For Justice at New York University School of Law, 2011), 26, accessed June 3, 2015, http://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/Justice/LNS/Brennan_Overclassification_Final.pdf.

39Ibid, 22.

40Ibid.

41Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Secrecy: The American Experience (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), 73.

42Goitein and Shapiro, Reducing Overclassification Through Accountability, 25.

43Ibid, 23.

44US Department of Defense, Office of the Inspector General, Audit Report: The Timber Wind Special Access Program (Report No. 93-033) (Arlington, VA: Office of the Inspector General, 1992), 14, accessed June 18, 2015, https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/dod/tw.pdf.

45Ibid, 23.

46Thomas H. Kean, and Lee Hamilton, The 9/11 Commission Report (Washington, DC: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, 2004), 417.

47Open Society Justice Initiative, “Understanding the Tshwane Principles,” accessed June 20, 2015, http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/briefing-papers/understanding-tshwane-principles.

48Open Society Justice Initiative, “The Tshwane Principles on National Security and the Right to Information: An Overview in 15 Points,” accessed June 20, 2015, http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/fact-sheets/tshwane-principles-national-security-and-right-information-overview-15-points.

MYTH 7

1Rachel Sylvester and Alice Thomson, “William Hague: ‘The World is Becoming More Dangerous’,” The Times, January 26, 2013.

2Micah Zenko, “Is the World More Dangerous than Ever?” CNN, Global Public Square, April 12, 2012, accessed August 15, 2014, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/12/is-the-world-more-dangerous-than-ever/.

3Stephen Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (New York: Viking Penguin, 2011).

4Melander, Erik, Magnus Öberg and Jonathon Hall, “Are ‘New Wars’ More Atrocious? Battle Severity, Civilians Killed and Forced Migration Before and After the End of the Cold War,” European Journal of International Relations 15, no. 3 (2009): 505‒536; Benjamin Valentino, “Why We Kill: The Political Science of Political Violence against Civilians,” Annual Review of Political Science 17(2014):89–103.

5Joshua S. Goldstein, Winning the War on War: The Decline of Armed Conflict Worldwide (New York: Penguin Group, 2011).

6Klaus von Grebmer, Jill Bernstein, Alex de Waal, Nilam Prasai, Sandra Yinand Yisehac Yohannes, 2015 Global Hunger Index: Armed Conflict and the Challenge of Hunger (Bonn, Washington, DC and Dublin: Welthungerhilfe, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Concern Worldwide, 2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896299641.

7Human Security Report Project, Human Security Report 2013, 23. This figure does not include military conflicts that have not been properly declared or acknowledged, such as the deployment of Russian troops in Ukraine.

8Ibid.

9Human Security Report Project, Human Security Report 2009/2010: The Causes of Peace and the Shrinking Costs of War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).

10Alex de Waal, “The Wars of Destabilization in the Horn of Africa, 1989‒2001,” in Islamism and Its Enemies in the Horn of Africa, ed. Alex de Waal (London: Hurst, 2004).

11Africa Watch, “‘Mengistu has Decided to Burn Us Like Wood’: Bombing of Civilians and Civilian Targets by the Ethiopian Air Force,” News from Africa Watch, July 24, 1990, accessed June 18, 2015, http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia907.pdf.

12Lotta Themnér and Peter Wallensteen, “Armed Conflicts, 1946–2013,” Journal of Peace Research 51, no. 4 (2014): 541‒554.

13Erik Melander, Organized Violence in the World 2015: An Assessment of the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (Uppsala: Uppsala Universiteitand Uppsala Conflict Data Program, 2014), 8, accessed June 18, 2015, http://www.pcr.uu.se/digitalAssets/66/66310_1ucdp-paper-9.pdf.

14Ibid, Figure 7 (p. 7).

15Klaus von Grebmer, et al., 2015 Global Hunger Index: Armed Conflict and the Challenge of Hunger.

16Joseph Carroll, “Public: World Is More Dangerous Today Than at Most Other Times,”Gallup, July 28, 2006.

17“Terrorism in the United States,” Gallup Polling, 2013, http://www.gallup.com/poll/4909/terrorism-united-states.aspx.

18United States Department of State, “Terrorism Deaths, Injuries, and Kidnappings of Private US Citizens Overseas in 2013,” accessed June 3, 2014, http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2013/224833.htm.

19Global Research Centre for Research on Globalization, “The Terrorism Statistics Every American Needs to Hear,” accessed May 19, 2014, http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-terrorism-statistics-every-american-needs-to-hear/5382818.

20Brad Plumer, “Eight Facts about Terrorism in the United States,”Washington Post, Wonkblog, April 16, 2013, accessed June 14, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/04/16/eight-facts-about-terrorism-in-the-united-states/.

21J.J. Goldberg, “More Killed by Toddlers than Terrorists in the US,” Forward, May 5, 2013, http://forward.com/opinion/176043/more-killed-by-toddlers-than-terrorists-in-us/.

22Todd Sandler, “The Analytical Study of Terrorism: Taking Stock,” Journal of Peace Research 51, no. 2 (2014): 259‒260.

23Trevor Thrall and Jane Cramer, “Introduction: Understanding Threat Inflation,” in American Foreign Policy and the Politics of Fear: Threat Inflation Since 9/11, ed. Trevor Thrall and Jane Cramer (London: Routledge, 2009), 1.

24Lydia Saad, “Most Americans Believe Crime in the U.S. Is Worsening,” Gallup, October 31, 2011.

25Inimai M. Chettiar, “The Many Causes of America’s Decline in Crime,” The Atlantic, February 11, 2015, accessed June 3, 2016, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/02/the-many-causes-of-americas-decline-in-crime/385364/. Also see “Table 1: Crime in the United States by Volume and Rate per 100,000 Inhabitants, 1992‒2001,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/crime-in-the-u.s.-2011/tables/table-1.

26Stephen Van Evera, “Foreword,” in American Foreign Policy and the Politics of Fear: Threat Inflation Since 9/11, ed. Trevor Thrall and Jane Cramer (London: Routledge, 2011), xii.

27William Astore, “Pentagon Threat Inflation,” Huffington Post, April 15, 2013, accessed June 3, 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/william-astore/pentagon-threat-inflation_b_3084602.html.

28Thrall and Kramer, in their introduction to the volume cited above, provide a useful summary of the different theoretical approaches to understanding threat inflation.

29Bruce Schneier, “Worst-Case Thinking,” Schneier on Security, May 10, 2010, accessed June 3, 2014, https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2010/05/worst-case_thin.html.

30See, for example, American Foreign Policy and the Politics of Fear: Threat Inflation Since 9/11, ed. Trevor Thrall and Jane Cramer (London: Routledge, 2009).

31For a full discussion of this, see: Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine (London: Allen Lane, 2007), 289‒291.

32Chaim Kaufmann, “Threat Inflation and the Failure of Marketplace of Ideas,” in American Foreign Policy and the Politics of Fear: Threat Inflation Since 9/11, ed. Trevor Thrall and Jane Cramer (London: Routledge, 2011).

33Ibid.

34“CIA Report: No WMD Found in Iraq,” NBC News, April 25, 2005, accessed June 3, 2016, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7634313/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/t/cias-final-report-no-wmd-found-iraq/.

35Mike Mount, “Hussein’s Iraq and al Qaeda Not Linked, Pentagon Says,”CNN, March 13, 2008, accessed June 3, 2016, http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/03/13/alqaeda.saddam/.

36Robert Dreyfus and Jason Vest, “The Lie Factory,” Mother Jones, January/February 2004, accessed June 3, 2016, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2004/01/lie-factory.

37Seymour Hersh, “Selective Intelligence,” The New Yorker, May 12, 2003, accessed June 3, 2016, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2003/05/12/selective-intelligence.

38Kaufmann, “Threat Inflation.”

39Donald Rumsfeld, in a famous 2003 memo, was interpreted to be a proponent of this view when he queried whether or not the US was ‘capturing, killing or deterring and dissuading more terrorists every day than the madrassas and radical clerics are recruiting, training and deploying against us.’ “Memo from Donald Rumsfeld to General Dick Myers, Paul Wolfowitz, General Pete Pace and Doug Feith,” October 16, 2003, accessed June 3, 2016, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/executive/rumsfeld-memo.htm.

40Andrew Cockburn, Kill Chain: The Rise of the High-tech Assassins (New York: Henry Holt, 2015), 157.

41Gabriel Kolko, Century of War: Politics, Conflicts, and Society since 1914 (New York: The New Press, 1994), 8.

42Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War: Explaining World War One (London: Basic Books, 2000), 462.