Contents

Cover

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1: What Is Project Financing?

What is Project Financing?

A Historical Perspective

Requirements for Project Financing

Appropriateness of Project Financing

An Example

Conclusion

Chapter 2: The Rationale for Project Financing

Prior Studies' Explanations

The Need for Contracts

The Advantages of Separate Incorporation

Countering the Underinvestment Problem

Reallocating Free Cash Flow

Reducing Asymmetric Information and Signaling Costs

More Efficient Structuring of Debt Contracts

More Effective Corporate Organization and Management Compensation

Project Financing versus Direct Financing

Advantages of Project Financing

Disadvantages of Project Financing

Conclusion

Chapter 3: What Is Special about Large Projects?

How Large Are “Large” Projects?

Length of Project Contracts

Initial Project Capital Structure

Why Studying Project Finance Is Useful

Why Study How Large Projects Are Financed?

Conclusion

Chapter 4: Who Finances Large Projects?

Sources of Funds for Large Projects

Project Bonds' Default Risk

Lead Arrangers, Managing Underwriters, and Advisors

Conclusion

Chapter 5: Analyzing Project Viability

Technical Feasibility

Economic Viability

Creditworthiness

Conclusion as to Viability

Assessing Project Risks

Completion Risk

Technological Risk

Raw Material Supply Risk

Economic Risk

Operating Risk

Financial Risk

Currency Risk

Political Risk

Environmental Risk

Force Majeure Risk

Implications for Project Financing

The Cogeneration Project

Conclusion

Chapter 6: Analysis and Financing of Renewable Energy Projects

What Is Special About Renewable Energy Projects?

International Standards for Promoting Environmentally and Socially Responsible Investing

Evaluating the Viability of a Renewable Energy Project

Example: The La Confluencia Hydroelectric Power Project

The La Confluencia Hydroelectric Power Project and Responsible Investing

Operating Risk

Conclusion

Chapter 7: Designing Security Arrangements

Purpose of Security Arrangements

Direct Security Interest in Project Facilities

Security Arrangements Covering Completion

Security Arrangements Covering Debt Service

Types of Purchase and Sale Contracts

Raw Material Supply Agreements

Supplemental Credit Support

Insurance

The Cogeneration Project

Conclusion

Chapter 8: Structuring the Project

Undivided Joint Interest

Corporation

Partnership

Limited Liability Company

The Cogeneration Project

Conclusion

Chapter 9: Preparing the Project Financing Plan

General Considerations

Construction Financing

Long-Term Financing

Withholding Tax Considerations

Estimating the Borrowing Capacity of a Project

Loan Repayment Parameters

Borrowing Capacity, Assuming Full Drawdown Immediately Prior to Project Completion

Borrowing Capacity, Assuming Periodic Loan Drawdowns

Application to a Hypothetical High-Speed Rail Project

Annual Coverage Tests

Conclusion

Chapter 10: Discounted Cash Flow Analysis

Incremental After-Tax Cash Flows

The Hurdle Rate

Estimating the Cost of Capital for a Project

Net Present Value Analysis

Internal Rate of Return Analysis

Comparing IRR and NPV Analyses

Conclusion

Chapter 11: Financial Modeling and Project Evaluation

Preparing Cash Flow Projections

Preparing Projected Financial Statements

Evaluating a Project's Debt Capacity

Measuring Expected Rates of Return

Sensitivity Analysis

Conclusion

Chapter 12: Using Real-Options Analysis to Evaluate a Project

Description of the Oil Field Project

Project's Real Options

Evaluating the Project

Traditional DCF Analysis

Sensitivity of Option Value to Oil Price Volatility and to Reserve Dispersion

Conclusion

Chapter 13: Sources of Project Funds

Equity

Long-Term Debt Market

Commercial Bank Loans

Fixed-Rate Debt Market

International Capital Market

Supplier Credits

Governmental Assistance

World Bank Loans

Inter-American Development Bank

Local Sources of Capital

Conclusion

Chapter 14: Managing Project Risks

Interest-Rate Swaps

Credit Default Swaps

Options

Forwards and Futures

Hedging

Hedging with Options

Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk

Conclusion

Chapter 15: Sharia-Compliant Project Financing

What Is Islamic Finance?

Islamic Financial Instruments

Islamic Derivatives

Example: The Saudi Chevron Petrochemical Project

The Future of Islamic Project Finance

Conclusion

Chapter 16: Issues for the Host Government

Contribution to the Host Jurisdiction's Economic Development

Host Jurisdiction's Expected Economic Return

Impact on the Availability of Hard Currency

Exposure of the Host Government to the Project's Obligation to Repay Project Debt

Avoiding Undesirable Precedents

Hibernia Oil Field Project

Public–Private Infrastructure Partnerships

Public–Private Financing Structures

Legislative Provisions that Can Affect Public–Private Partnerships

Conclusion

Chapter 17: Case Study: The Indiantown Cogeneration Project

Project Description

The Partnership and the Sponsors of the Project

Principal Project Contracts

Projected Operating Results

Project Financing

Conclusion

Chapter 18: Case Study: The Tribasa Toll Road Project

The Mexican Government's Toll Road Program

Infrastructure Financing Alternatives

Risk Considerations in Foreign Infrastructure Projects

Tribasa Toll Road Trust 1 Financing

Credit Analysis

Risk Minimization Features

Conclusion

Chapter 19: Case Study: The Euro Disneyland Project

Introduction

Project Description

Disney

Project Ownership Structure

Master Agreement with the French Government

Project Financing

Interests of the Participants in the Project

Financial Projections

Valuation

Corporate Governance Issues

Operating Results

Subsequent Developments

Conclusion

Chapter 20: Case Study: The Eurotunnel Project

Historical Background

The Eurotunnel System

Project Ownership Structure

Construction

Project Financing

Economic Risk

Projected Financial Results

Project Debt Financing

Project Equity Financing

Sensitivity Analysis

Subsequent Developments

Conclusion

Chapter 21: Conclusion

Reaping the Benefits of Project Financing

Recognizing When Project Financing Can Be Beneficial

Potential Future Applications of Project Financing

Organizational (Re)Form

Financial Engineering

Appendix A: Comparative Terms of Selected Projects

Appendix B: Other Examples of Project Financings

Appendix C: Legal Investment Requirements Governing New York Life Insurance Companies

Notes

Bibliography

Websites

Index