The First Political Order: How Sex Shapes Governance and National Security Worldwide

Afghanistan: birth rates, 169; brideprice and wedding costs, 60–63, 158–59, 163–64; child marriage, 78; corruption, 132–33; empowerment of women, 1; patrilineal/fraternal kinship networks, 3, 50; son preference, 71; Soviet invasion of, 367–68; violence in, 137; women’s property rights, 356–57

Africa, Sub-Saharan: brideprice, 58, 163; clan governance, 25; customary law, 85–86; food security, 171; polygyny, 44–45, 65, 67, 156; sex ratios, 149; Syndrome societies, 54. See also East Africa; West Africa; specific countries

African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, 350

Agacinski, Sylviane, 14–15

age of marriage: birth rates and, 168–70; brideprice and, 63–64, 163; democracy and, 324–26; devaluation of daughters and, 43; effects on women and girls, 76–78; exigency and, 141–42; laws on, 83, 85–86; low, 74–79, 119; map of, 75; neolocal marriage and, 174, 322–23; power differentials and, 171; as Syndrome variable, 4, 52. See also child marriage

Aggregated Civilization Identification, 185–86

agnatic kinship groups, 3–4, 28, 40, 62, 80, 315, 502n77

agricultural sector, 171–72, 506n115, 506n118, 517n145

Ahmed, Akbar, 137, 556n69

Ahram, Ariel, 99, 120, 139, 522n236

Air Pollution Factor, 296, 299–301, 470, 472

Albania: democracy and, 82; masculinized sex ratio, 72, 74; Syndrome scale score, 344

al-Dawsari, Nadwa, 131

Alesina, Alberto, 81, 506n118

Alexander, Richard D., 14, 66, 116, 155

Alfred, King of England, 533n190

Algeria: family law, 87; male dominance in, 367; mass marriages, 162; violence against women, 102

Al Lily, Abdul, 80, 84, 100, 168, 519n181

al-Muslimi, Farea, 62, 162, 512n57

alt-right movement, 500n75

Anderson, Sulome, 113

Anglo-Saxon tribe, 319

Arab Human Development Report, 131, 141, 502n77

Arbitration Act (U.K., 1996), 363

Armenia: masculinized sex ratio, 72, 74; Syndrome scale score, 344

Asal, Victor, 110, 115

Asfura-Heim, Patricio, 137, 500n66

Ashraf, Nava, 538n75

Asia: masculinized sex ratio, 72–74; property rights, 92. See also Central Asia; South Asia; Southeast Asia; West Asia; specific countries

Athenian city-state, 315

Atuobi, Samuel Mondays, 129

Australia: immigrants, 362–63; sex ratios, 535n23; violence against women, 112; violence in, 151

authoritarianism, 14–15, 107; clan-based corruption and, 132; marriage market obstruction and, 165; polygyny and, 155; structural control of women and, 117–18; violence and, 151–52

autocracy, 99, 103; as preferred regime type, 119–23

Average Years of Schooling, 264, 265–68, 452

Azerbaijan: democracy and, 82; masculinized sex ratio, 72, 74; Syndrome scale score, 344

al-Azmeh, Aziz, 529n116

Bangladesh, 82, 88, 173

Baradaran, Shima, 95–96

Barash, David, 27, 30–31, 57, 67, 153, 370

Barfield, Thomas, 65, 125

Barth, Fredrik, 534n7

Bau, Natalie, 538n75

Beck, Lois, 24, 495n8, 497n12

Becker, Jo, 123, 158

Bedouin, 35, 41, 136

Belize, Syndrome scale score, 344

Benstead, Lindsay, 51

Betzig, Laura, 122, 136, 145, 149, 155, 157, 507n129

Bhat, P. N. Mari, 60–61

Bhutan, Syndrome scale score, 344

bin Laden, Osama, 511n55, 515n120

Biodiversity and Pest Regulation Factor, 296, 301–2, 470, 473

birth rates, 167–70

Bjarnegard, Elin, 110, 114, 295

Black September, 538n76

Blake, Khandis, 309, 374

Blaydes, Lisa, 531n161

Bolivia: child marriage, 74; Syndrome scale score, 344

Bondarenko, Dmitri, 155, 546n18

Boone, James, 38–39, 116, 152, 163

Bose, Christine, 309

Bosnia-Herzegovina, Syndrome scale score, 344

Bourguiba, Habib, 366

Braunstein, Elissa, 124, 127–28

Brazil, Syndrome scale score, 344

brideprice: bans on, 330–31; child marriage and, 75–76; cousin marriage and, 79; education and, 538n75; limits on, 359; masculinized sex ratios and, 73; neglect of girls and, 513n82; patrilineality and, 60, 62; patrilocality and, 69; polygyny and, 44–45, 60, 64–65, 164, 181; rape and, 96; rise in costs, 164

brideprice/dowry/wedding costs, 57–64; effects on men, 60–63; effects on women, 59–64; histogram, 58; incidence of, 57–59; map of, 57; marriage market obstruction and, 146, 157–16; mixed countries, 509n23; as Syndrome variable, 4, 52. See also brideprice; dowry; wedding costs

British Columbia, Canada, 86

British Empire, 535n23; family law, 88, 518n160

Brunei, Syndrome scale score, 344

Burma, 122, 129–30; Syndrome scale score, 344

Bush, George W., 557n98

Butler, Christopher, 128

Byzantine Empire, 328–29

Campbell, Anne, 41, 506n115

Canada: immigrants, 363; polygyny, 67, 86; religious minorities in, 519n176; sex ratios, 74; women in politics, 543n2

capitalism, 323–24, 354. See also property rights

Caribbean region, 173

Castillejo, Clare, 108, 176

Catholic Church, 80–81, 333, 335, 339, 369, 517n150

Catt, Carrie Chapman, 506n125

Caucasus, clan governance in, 25, 49

Caughey, Devin, 533n191

causal inference, 180

CEDAW. See Convention on the Elimination on All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

celibacy, 532n161, 547n26

Central Asia: clan governance, 25; corruption, 130–31; exigency, 141; family law, 87; legal reforms, 329–31; polygyny, 65, 87; Wahhabi missionaries in, 550n88. See also specific countries

Central Intelligence Agency, 169

Chakraborty, Tankia, 39–40, 81, 533n202

Chaney, Eric, 531n161

change, possibility of, 8, 313–40

Chapais, Bernard, 79–80

Charrad, Mounira M., 28, 145, 365–66, 368

Chayes, Sarah, 132–33

Chechnya, 366, 500n65

Chiang, Louisa, 76, 182

childbirth, 536n32; one-child policy, 333, 349. See also infant mortality; reproduction

child marriage, 4, 74–79, 119, 515n117; direct action against, 349–51; nation-state outcomes and, 178; patrilineality and, 75. See also age of marriage

children: custody after divorce, 32, 69; effects of polygyny on, 67; trafficking of, 176; violence against women and, 521n215. See also girls

China: agnatic kinship groups, 3; authoritarianism, 121–22; brideprice, 57, 62, 64; corruption, 130; labor force participation, 339; legal reforms, 332–33; masculinized sex ratio, 72–74, 76, 149–50; mass media, 183; matrilineality in, 505n107; one-child policy, 333, 349; rule of law and, 532n172; secularized norms, 182; Syndrome scale score, 344; violence in, 150–51

Choson dynasty, 528n91

Christianity, 369–71; ban on polygyny, 317–19, 324, 546n18; brideprice and, 58; celibacy and, 532n161, 547n26; divorce and, 547n23; in northwestern Europe, 316–20, 326, 333. See also Catholic Church; Eastern Orthodox Church

Cigarette Consumption, 241, 254

Cincotta, Richard, 366, 526n56

Citizens for the Abolition of the Head-of-Family System, 336

Civil Liberties Index, 191

clan-based governance: chronic fissioning of group, 136–40; corruption and, 128–34; instability and, 123; nation-state and, 107–10; security provision mechanisms, 23–51, 365–69. See also Patrilineal/Fraternal Syndrome

clan governance scale, 55

clans and tribes, 3; definitions of, 39–40, 496n9; exclusivity of, 28; kinship, 35–36; state and, 496nn11–12, 531n147, 556n69. See also clan-based governance; kinship groups

clerical marriage, 532n161, 547n26

clientelism, 23, 25, 529n116

Cockburn, Patrick, 144–45

coercion, 25; male-on-female (see violence against women); physical, 30–32; sanctioned, 94. See also violence

Cohen, Dara Kay, 112

Collard, Mark, 140, 154

Collins, Kathleen, 23–24, 123, 126–29, 131, 138, 315–16, 496n9, 524n15

Colonial Heritage Status, 186, 389–97

Comoros, Syndrome scale score, 344

competition, male-male, 37–38. See also male dominance hierarchy

conflict resolution: in context of difference, 13; use of force in, 110–18. See also warfare

Confucius, 27, 528n91

Constantine, Elizabeth, 331

contextual variables, 181–84

Contraceptive Prevalence, 256, 261–62, 448

contract societies, 4, 17–20, 316

control, 109. See also structural control

control variables, 184–87

Convention on the Elimination on All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), 87, 277, 335, 338, 353, 552n8

Convention on the Rights of the Child, 353

Coontz, Stephanie, 155, 319, 323, 374, 504n102, 505n109, 547n26

corporations, rise of, 318

corruption, 103, 128–34

Cote d’Ivoire, 47–48

cousin marriage, 79–82; aggression and, 118; bans on, 317; effects on women, 80–82; map of, 79; patrilineality and, 39; as Syndrome variable, 4, 52; violence and, 516n128

Cowden, Jonathan, 64, 66–67, 155, 157, 347

Crone, Patricia, 497n14

cultural and religious integrity, 88–90

cultural differences, 82–83, 85

cultural imperialism, 347–49, 552n8

customary law, 84, 85–86, 518n160. See also personal status and family law, inequity in

Das Gupta, Monica, 41, 62, 71–72, 92, 121–22, 149, 181–83, 332, 334, 337, 338, 513n82, 528n91

daughters: devaluation of, 42–44, 70, 75 (see also son preference and sex ratios); neglect of, 148–49; preference for, 505n107. See also age of marriage; child marriage; female infanticide

Dear, Robert Lewis, 361

debt, child marriage and, 76

decision making, in context of difference, 12

dehumanization, 113, 502n78

Deliberative Component Index, 192, 404

democracy: egalitarianism and, 119; inequality and, 19; Muslim countries and, 82; polygyny and, 153, 156; rise in Europe, 318; security provision mechanisms and, 25; status of women and, 16; women’s empowerment and, 376

Democratic Political Culture Index, 191

Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), 372

Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), 99–100

Demographic Pressure, 255, 258–59, 446

Demographic Security, 7, 179, 188, 255–64, 444–49, 478–79

demography, 167–71

Den Boer, Andrea, 72, 334

Deshpande, Varsha, 143

devaluation of female life, 42–44, 74, 113, 146, 147–52, 170. See also femicide, societal sanction for

diarchic societies, 94–95, 556n79

dictators, long-term, 366, 556n76

difference, 20. See also sexual difference

Discrimination and Violence Against Minorities, 278, 290–91, 467

disenfranchisement, 176

Divale, William T., 39, 42, 44, 139–40, 492n2, 535n19

divorce: Christian ban on, 547n23; custody of children and, 32, 69; devaluation of wives and, 43–44; gender-based laws on, 83, 90; property rights and, 92, 319

domestic violence, 83, 94–96, 99–102; economic and social costs of, 173–74; mass killings and, 360–61; men’s attitudes on, 101; national outcomes and, 111–13. See also violence against women

dower, 509n18; definition of, 507n127

dowry, 44–45, 60–61, 181; cousin marriage and, 79; culling of girls and, 147–48, 513n82; inheritance and, 92. See also brideprice/dowry/wedding costs

Dresch, Paul, 531n147

dress codes, gender-based, 84

droit de seigneur, 83

Dyble, Mark, 504n102

Eastern Orthodox Church, 329. See also Christianity

Ebenstein, Avraham, 42, 68, 71–72, 339

Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights Convention, 335

economic dependency, 32–33. See also inheritance; property rights

economic growth, 167, 172–73, 323–24; polygyny and, 157; rule of law and, 321

Economic Inequality Factor, 222, 232–33, 423, 430

Economic Performance, 7, 179, 188, 220–35, 420–31, 477

Economic Rentierism, 7, 179, 188, 235–38, 432–33, 477

Ecuador, Syndrome scale score, 344

Edgar, Adrienne, 41, 329–31, 348, 518n160

education, 171, 174, 338. See also female literacy

Education of the Population, 7, 179, 188, 264–76, 450–57, 479

Egypt: birth rates, 170; child marriage, 515n117; cousin marriage, 80; democracy and, 82; marriage market obstruction, 158, 163, 164; masculinized sex ratio, 74; polygyny, 354

elder care, 551n119, 551n122. See also son preference and sex ratios

Eleanor of Aquitaine, 319

El Salvador, Syndrome scale score, 344

empirical analysis, 7–8, 187–310

endogamy, 39, 81; aggression and, 118; marriage of sisters, 515n120; property and, 317

Engels, Friedrich, 15, 16–17, 40, 504n100

England, 322, 533n190, 548n42

entrepreneurship, 173, 322

Environmental Protection, 7, 167, 175, 179, 188, 295–303, 468–73, 480

Equal Protection Index, 191

Erlanger, Steven, 183–84

Ermakoff, Ivan, 34–35, 131

Ethelbert, King, 319

Ethiopia: age of marriage, 85–86; child marriage, 141; violence against women, 499n53; women’s property rights, 356

Ethnic Fractionalization, 186–87, 309, 544n23

Europe: age of marriage, 174, 321–26, 548n42; change in, 316–28; cousin marriage, 80–81; income losses, 173; lineages and government positions, 530n128; marriage and inheritance laws, 316–28; polygyny, 155; poor relief, 547n32; urbanization, 182. See also specific countries

evolutionary theories, 113–14, 503n83, 517n145

exigency, 141–43, 368

exogamy, 36–37, 39–40, 68, 75, 504nn100–102

exploitation, 25, 103

External Conflicts, 208, 219–20

al-Fadhli, Tariq, 512n57

family law. See personal status and family law, inequity in

FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia—People's Army), 539n76

father-right, 494n35

Feldman, Marcus W., 22

female agency, 328; male humiliation and, 47–48

female genital cutting, 119

Female Genital Cutting/Mutilation (FGM), 241, 252–54, 443

female infanticide, 43, 71–74; dowry and, 45, 60; exogamy and, 504n101; masculinized sex ratios and, 146–49, 151; one-child policy and, 333; polygyny and, 140; sanctioned, 83

Female Labor Force Participation, 222, 233–34, 431

female literacy, 157, 174, 323

Female Literacy Rate Ages Fifteen to Twenty-Four, 265, 273–74, 456

female resistance, 41, 374–75

female sexual autonomy, 47, 506n115, 515n114

female solidarity, 373–75

female subordination. See first political order

femicide, societal sanction for: honor killings, 96, 100; map of, 97; as Syndrome variable, 4, 52

feminism. See women’s rights movement

feminization, 14–15, 113, 138–39

fictive kin, 36, 495n8

Fiji: masculinized sex ratio, 74; Syndrome scale score, 344

First Amendment, 191

first political order: dimensions of, 12–14; implications of research on, 375–77; major works on, 15–20; political order and, 11–20, 22, 26, 26–29, 27, 377–78, 557n98; practices related to, 4, 52; sexual difference and, 17–20; sexual political order as, 1–10; women and (see women). See also Patrilineal/Fraternal Syndrome

Fish, Steven, 120, 122

food security, 167, 171

Food Security Index, 221, 224–25, 424

force. See violence

Foreman-Peck, James, 174, 323

Foucault, Michel, 14

Fragile States Index, 190, 192–96, 405

France: age of marriage, 548n42; immigrants, 363

fraternity: loyalty and, 502n78; male security and, 33–42; Mannerbund and, 500n75; non-kin-based, 36, 314–15, 524n19; patrilineality and, 28, 37–42; violence against women and, 96–99. See also Patrilineal/Fraternal Syndrome

Freedom House Index of Political Rights, 191

Freedom of Religion and Deliberative Component Factor, 192, 404

Freedom to Establish Religion, 192, 202–3, 410

Fukuyama, Francis, 11, 32, 36, 40, 91, 121, 130, 131, 134, 136, 145, 316, 319–22, 326, 329, 338, 378, 532n161, 532n172

Functioning of Government Index, 191

Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS), 67, 157

Galton’s Problem, 185

Gambia, 119–20, 376

Gaza Strip, 183–84

GDP per Capita PPP, 221, 227–28, 426

Gellner, Ernest, 130, 138

gender equality, attitudes on: mass media and, 183; in medieval Europe, 325; violence and, 114–16. See also women’s empowerment

Gender Gap Index, 278, 289–90, 466

Gender Inequality Index, 51, 55, 277, 282–83, 461

gender inequality indicators, 51

general linear models (GLM), 187, 189, 399–401

genetic diversity, male, 22–23

Georgia: masculinized sex ratio, 72, 74; Syndrome scale score, 344

girls: education of, 171, 174, 338, 538n75 (see also female literacy); sexual relationships and, 515n114. See also age of marriage; child marriage; children

“Girls Not Brides” initiative, 349

Global Climate Risk Index, 296, 302

Global Competitiveness Index, 222, 231–32, 429

Global Gender Gap Index, 55, 508n12

Global Hunger Index, 240–41, 251–52, 442

Global Inequality Index, 55

Global Peace Index, 190

Global Terrorism Index, 207–8, 216–18, 419

Goodkind, Daniel, 334

goods. See rents (goods and services)

Goodwin, Jeff, 538n76

Goody, Jack, 41, 44–45, 57, 60, 63–65, 79, 81, 91, 93, 124, 154–55, 163, 174, 316–21, 326, 328, 338–39, 512n73, 517n150, 520n195, 547n32

Gottschall, Jonathan, 35, 140, 150, 154

governance: marriage contract and, 27. See also clan-based governance; nation-state-level outcomes

Government Expenditure as Percentage of GDP and Unemployment Rate, 222, 234–35

Government Expenditures per Student in Secondary School as Percentage of GDP per Capita, 265, 276

Government Participation of Women, 192

Government System and Effectiveness Factor, 190–91, 196–98, 403–4, 406

Gowaty, Patricia Adair, 13–14, 30–31, 108, 341–42, 498n44

great power politics, tragedy of, 6, 48

Gregory I, Pope, 316–17, 319, 369

Greif, Avner, 318, 323

Grogan, Louise, 68–70

gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, 185

Grund, Brigid, 499n60

Guatemala, Syndrome scale score, 344

Gulf states, 126, 157, 530n128. See also specific countries

Guyana, Syndrome scale score, 344

Haiti, Syndrome scale score, 344

Hajnal, John, 316, 321, 338, 351

Halli, Shiva, 60–61

Hammurabi, Code of, 84, 516n142

Hannagan, Rebecca, 506n115

Happiness Index, 277–78, 283–84, 462

Harari, Yuval Noah, 1, 12, 102

Harris, Cameron, 115

Harris, Marvin, 36, 39, 42, 44, 114, 139–40, 492n2, 535n19

Hartman, Mary, 182, 313, 316, 321–26, 327, 338, 351, 548n42

Hasselbroeck, Johannes, 502n78

Hayden, Thomas, 31, 109, 113, 117–18, 169, 313, 318, 378, 502n78

health, 167–71, 549n78

Health and Well-Being, 7, 179, 188, 239–55, 433–43, 477–78

Healthcare Access Factor, 239, 241–45, 436, 437

Health Expenditure Per Capita, 239, 245–46, 438

hegemonic masculinity, 20, 26

Henrich, Joseph, 67, 152, 156

Henshaw, Alexis, 538n76

hierarchy of sex, 1–2. See also first political order; male dominance hierarchy

High-Syndrome-Encoding countries: good national outcomes and, 481–89. See also Syndrome societies

Hillary Doctrine, The (Hudson and Leidl), 47, 367

Hofstede Individualism Score, 278, 287–88, 465

Homeric society, 140

Homicide and Violent Crime Factor, 414

Honduras: Syndrome scale score, 344; women’s property rights, 356

honor, 366–67, 502n79, 533n191; child marriage and, 75–76; codes of, 108; female sexuality and, 500n66; male security dilemma and, 33, 500n65; masculinized sex ratios and, 151; violence and, 96, 100, 138

Htun, Mala, 84, 87, 90, 518n160

Huk Rebellion, 538n76

human capital accumulation, 174, 318, 323

human capital investment in women, 359–60

Human Development Index (HDI), 175, 277, 279–81, 460

human/economic/environmental security, 167–78

Human Rights Committee (United Nations General Assembly), 78–79

human rights law, 87–90

Human Rights Reports (U.S. State Department), 351

Human Rights Watch, 86, 161

humiliation, 47–48

hunter-gatherer societies, 499n60, 506n115

Huntington, Samuel, 82–83, 185–86, 205, 544n26

Hussin, Iza, 521n202

hypergyny, 45, 148, 513n73

hypermasculinity, 139

identity reproduction, 28–29

IMAGES (International Men and Gender Equality Survey), 372

impunity, 134–36, 319–20

incel movement, 373–74

India: agnatic kinship groups, 3; brideprice, 509n23; child marriage, 77; crime rates, 150; divorce, 518n165; dowry, 60–61, 148; exogamy, 39–40, 504n101; family law, 85, 87, 88; jatis, clannism and, 132; masculinized sex ratio, 74; mass marriages, 162; mass media, 183; polygyny, 143, 352; son preference and sex ratio alteration, 43, 148, 149, 533n202

individual rights, 4, 320, 324

Indonesia: agnatic kinship groups, 3; democracy and, 82; marriage market obstruction, 162; Syndrome societies, 54

Industrial Revolution, 174, 321, 323

Inequity in Family Law/Practice (IFL) scale, 558n2 (appen.1)

infant mortality, 170–71

Inglehart, Ronald, 82–84

Ingram, Christopher, 115

inheritance, 318–19; laws on, 83, 91–93; patrilineality and, 40–41; urbanization and, 181. See also property rights

insecurity and instability, 3, 20, 21, 48, 315. See also violence; warfare

international community, 368–69

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 88, 353

International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, 354

International Criminal Court, 359

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 359

international relations, 180

International Women’s Rights Action Watch, 335

intimate partner violence (IPV). See domestic violence

Iran: birth rates, 170; clans in, 534n7, 556n69; dissidents in, 375; marriage market obstruction, 162, 163–64; mehrieh, 510n38

Iraq: al-Qaeda in, 511n55; clans, 365, 368; exogamy, 504n101; family law, 86; impunity, 135; marriage market obstruction, 144–45; violence in, 139

ISIS: attitudes toward women, 113; exogamy, 504n101, 511n55; marriage market obstruction and, 144–45, 160–63, 538n76, 539n81; sexual violence, 139, 523n236

Islamic law, 315, 370, 518nn165–66; British Empire and, 518n160; devaluation of women, 113; inheritance rights, 41; personal status law, 82–84, 87–90; polygyny, 65; tribal elements and, 546n21. See also religious law

Israel, Syndrome scale score, 344

James VI of Scotland, 120

Johnson, David, 34, 37–38

Johnson, Dominic, 118

Jordan, 76, 80, 102, 309

judicial system, 359

Kanazawa, Satoshi, 66, 116

Kandiyoti, Deniz, 371

Kasumovic, Michael, 38

Kasymov, Kenesary, 138

Kazakhstan: corruption, 130; kin-based supporters, 168; Syndrome scale score, 344; violence in, 138

Keenan, Jillian, 116–17

Kemper, Theodore, 14, 98, 111, 340, 498n43, 521n215, 552n127

Kenya: brideprice, 62–63; corruption, 129

Kilcullen, David, 511n55

Kim, Sukkoo, 39–40, 81, 533n202

“King’s Peace,” 533n190

kinship groups: agnatic, 3–4, 28, 40, 62, 80, 315, 502n77; fictive, 36, 495n8; male security and, 34–37, 99; security provision mechanisms, 22–29. See also clan-based governance; clans; cousin marriage; fraternity; marriage; Patrilineal/Fraternal Syndrome

Kirkpatrick, David, 126

Klausen, Jytte, 89–90

Ko-Eun, Kwang-soon, 336

Korea: authoritarianism, 121–22; brideprice, 62; Confucianization, 528n91; crime rates, 150. See also North Korea; South Korea

Korotayev, Andrey, 155, 504n102, 546n18

Kosovo: masculinized sex ratio, 74; Syndrome scale score, 344; women’s property rights, 356

Kostiner, Joseph, 126, 529n116

Kuznekoff, Jeffrey, 38

Kyrgyzstan: clans, 524n15; corruption, 128–29; Syndrome scale score, 344

Lack of Freedom Factor, 191, 201–2, 404, 409

Lack of Security, Stability, and Legitimacy Factor, 404

Land Policy Initiative, 357

Land Reform in Afghanistan (LARA), 357

land rights, 171–73, 356–57

Laos, Syndrome scale score, 344

Lashkar-e-Taiba, 161

Latin America: child marriage, 78, 515n117; female sexuality, 515n114; income losses, 173; violence against women, 51. See also specific countries

law: accountability under, 134–36; pluralism in, 88–90, 518n166. See also impunity; Islamic law; personal status and family law, inequity in; property rights; rapists, legal exemption for; religious law

Lebanon: birth rates, 170; family law, 86; marriage market obstruction, 164; masculinized sex ratio, 74; mass marriages, 162; rape laws, 102

Lee, Sung Yong, 337–38

Legal Declaration of Gender Equality, 279, 291–93, 468

Leidl, Patricia, 367

Lerner, Gerda, 14, 15, 17, 19–20, 22, 28–29, 74, 81–82, 84, 120, 127, 341, 371, 493n33, 505n107, 516n142, 536n32

Libya: authoritarianism, 123; gender inequality indicators, 51; marriage market obstruction, 158, 160

Lindholm, Charles, 43

lineages, 23; government positions and, 530n128. See also clans and tribes; kinship groups; Patrilineal/Fraternal Syndrome

Lockhart, Clare, 109

logistic regression analysis, 187, 399–401; dichotomization cutpoints for, 475–80

Lopez, Anthony, 116, 163

love: polygyny and, 520n195; romantic, 548n71

MacDonald, Gabrielle, 359

Macedonia, 74; Syndrome scale score, 344

Mackinder, Sir Halford, 186

Madagascar, Syndrome scale score, 344

Mahama, John Dramani, 171

Maine, Henry Sumner, 4

Maisel, Sebastian, 114

Maldives, Syndrome scale score, 344

male dominance hierarchy, 20, 37–39; autocracy and, 119–23; contests, 151; damage caused by, 341–42; hunter-gatherer societies and, 506n115; marriage and, 144–46; rape and, 96–99; sexual dimorphism and, 31. See also first political order

male genetic diversity, 22–23

Malnutrition and Illness Factor, 436

Manson, Joseph, 45, 125, 503n83

Mansuri, Ghazala, 80

marriage: asymmetrical support relationship in, 32; changes in medieval Europe, 316–28; economic value of wives, 64; female subordination in, 1–2, 4–5, 42–44, 316, 342, 552n127; male access to (see marriage market obstruction); male alliances and, 511n57 (see also polygyny); traditional and aberrant patterns, 327. See also adultery; age of marriage; brideprice/dowry/wedding costs; cousin marriage; divorce; domestic violence; family; inheritance; kinship groups; marriage contract; neolocal marriage; patrilocal marriage; personal status and family law, inequity in; polyandry; polygyny; widows

marriage contract: as political institution, 17–18, 27–28; rule of law and, 135–36. See also personal status and family law, inequity in

marriage market obstruction, 144–66; brideprice/dowry/wedding costs and, 146, 157–64; culling females and, 146–52; diagram of effects, 165; polygyny and, 146, 152–57; slavery and, 536n35; structural goads, 146; violence and, 116

Marshall, Monty, 115

masculinity: hegemonic, 20, 26; hypermasculinity, 139; violence against women and, 96–99. See also men

Massell, Gregory, 331

maternal mortality and morbidity, 170

Matfess, Hilary, 161

matrilineality, 39, 505n107, 507n2

matrilocal marriage, 41, 504n102

Max Planck Institute, 40

McDermott, Rose, 27, 37–38, 64, 66–67, 112, 116, 118, 155, 157, 179, 308, 347, 351–52, 363, 373, 377, 545n47

Mearscheimer, John, 48

Meintjes, Sheila, 142

Melander, Erik, 110, 114, 115, 295

men: brideprice and, 61–64; effects of Patrilineal/Fraternal Syndrome on, 46–48, 56–103; marriage market obstruction and, 144–66; personal rejection of Syndrome, 371–72; polygyny and, 67. See also fraternity; kinship groups; male dominance hierarchy; masculinity; Patrilineal/Fraternal Syndrome; young men

#MeToo movement, 372, 375

Mexico, Syndrome scale score, 344

Middle East: clan governance, 25; marriage market obstruction, 160, 162–64; Syndrome societies, 54. See also specific countries

Middle East and North Africa (MENA): birth rates, 170; cousin marriage, 80; gender inequality, 51; income losses, 173; property rights, 92–93. See also North Africa; specific countries

migration: brideprice and, 162–63; Syndrome components and, 362–64

Military Expenditure and Weapons Importation Factor, 207, 214–15, 414, 417

Mill, John Stuart, 15–16, 46–47, 119

Miller, Barbara D., 33

Miller, Derek, 548n71

Miller, Flagg, 495n8

Minangkabau, 520n202

Minerva Initiative, 5

Mir-Hosseini, Ziba, 179

misogyny, 44. See also devaluation of female life; femicide, societal sanction for

Mlambo-Ngcuka, Phumzile, 95

Moghadam, Valentine, 62, 510n38, 529n121

Moldova, Syndrome scale score, 344

Monopoly on the Use of Force, 207, 215–16, 418

Montenegro: masculinized sex ratio, 72, 74; Syndrome scale score, 344

Morocco: child marriage, 78; clans, 365–66; democracy and, 82; domestic violence, 99; family law, 87, 88; inheritance rights, 93; land rights, 171–72

mortality and morbidity, 173

Mother’s Mean Age at First Birth, 255, 256–58, 445

Mott, Lucretia, 498n22

Muhammad (Prophet), 315, 370, 546n21

multivariate models, 7–8, 184, 187, 399–401

Murdock, Heather, 158

Murray, Geoffrey, 333

Muslim Brotherhood, 162

Muslim law. See Islamic law

Muslim Marriage Act (India, 1939), 87

Myanmar, Syndrome scale score, 344

Nanda, Priya, 43, 111

Napoleonic Code, 84, 87

nation-state-level outcomes, 7–8, 49–51, 177, 343; causal inference and, 180; conclusion, 303–10; contextual variables, 181–84; control variables, 184–87; dimensions of, 188 (see also Demographic Security; Economic Performance; Economic Rentierism; Education of the Population; Environmental Protection; Health and Well-Being; Political Stability and Governance; Security and Conflict; Social Progress); empirical investigation, 187–310; measures of, 179–87; methods and extended results, 189–90, 399–473; operationalization of variables, 188–89; template for reporting results, 189

Natsios, Andrew, 557n98

Natural Resources as a Percentage of GDP, 236–38, 433

Nazi Germany, 502n78

neolocal marriage: age of marriage and, 174, 322–23; capitalism and, 323–24; land rights and, 93; prevalence of, 41; urbanization and, 70, 357–58

Netherlands, 322, 530n128

Nicaragua, Syndrome scale score, 344

Nielsen, Rebecca, 154

Nigeria, 161, 352–53

nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 335, 347, 356

Norris, Pippa, 82–84

North, Douglass, 130, 135

North Africa, 87. See also Middle East and North Africa (MENA); specific countries

North Korea, 369; Syndrome scale score, 344. See also Korea

Norway, 362, 529n121

Norwegian People’s aid report, 157

Nowak, Andrzej, 366, 500n65, 502n79

Number of Unique Land Neighbors, 186, 309

Nunn, Nathan, 538n75

Odio, Elizabeth, 359

Offen, Karen, 12, 15

Okin, Susan Moller, 107

one-child policy, 333, 349

O’Neill, Jacqueline, 543n2

Onyeabo, Modupe, 352

Open Defecation Factor, 241, 254, 436

operationalization of variables, 188–89

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, 55, 173

Orphan Foundation for Development, 162

Others, 328; dominance against, 38; feminized status of, 14–15, 113, 138–39; sexual aggression against, 96

Ottoman Empire, 88, 556n69

ouroboros metaphor, 4, 8, 30, 366, 371, 378, 491n5

out-groups: plunder of, 36, 38; threats from, 22, 108; violence against, 136–40; women as, 113

Overall Literacy Rate for Fifteen and Over of Population, 265, 271–73, 455

Pakistan, 3; cousin marriage, 80; democracy and, 82; devaluation of women, 43; son preference, 73; violence against women, 99; violence in, 139

Palestine Liberation Organization, 538n76

Palestinian Authority, 183–84

Palmstierna, Markel, 35

Panama, Syndrome scale score, 344

Papua New Guinea, 100

participatory government, 324–25

Paskeviciute, Aida, 115

Pateman, Carole, 15, 17–20, 375, 494n35

path dependencies, 375

patriarchy, 20, 26, 550n96. See also Patrilineal/Fraternal Syndrome

Patrilineal/Fraternal Syndrome: ancillary effects of, 168; components of, 4, 26–27, 29, 45–48, 46, 52, 103, 379–80 (see also individual components); dismantling weak points of, 342–43, 349–57; disrupting context of, 357–60; dysfunctional outcomes of, 25, 109, 118, 127, 141, 152, 313, 316, 342, 370–71 (see also violence); effects on governance and national security, 3, 48, 107–66; effects on human, economic, and environmental security, 167–78; exigency and, 141–43; female subordination and, 2–10, 21, 56–103; incidence in modern states, 49–56 (see also Post-Syndrome societies; Syndrome societies; Transition societies); nation-state outcomes (see nation-state-level outcomes); as security provision mechanism, 22–51, 70, 93, 99; shocks and, 183–84; state governance and, 363–75; structural control and, 83

Patrilineal/Fraternal Syndrome scale, 52–56; content validity, 55–56; histogram, 54; map of, 53; scores for 176 countries, 379–87; variables, 4, 52, 379–80

patrilocal marriage, 36–37, 68–70, 504n102; effects on women, 69–70; female resistance and, 41–42; map of, 68; polygyny and, 93; as Syndrome variable, 4, 52

patrimonialism, 25, 497n20

patronage, 23, 25, 529n116

Patterson, Gerald R., 111

peace, 3. See also state security and stability

pension systems, 182, 358–59

Percentage of Pensionable-Age Persons Receiving Social Security or Pensions, 278, 284–86, 463

Percent Arable Land, 186

Percent of Population with Access to Electricity, 278, 286–87, 464

Percent of Seats in Parliament Held by Women, 192, 204–5, 411

Percent Urban Population, 185

Perceptions of Criminality, 208, 218–19, 420

personal status and family law, inequity in, 51, 59, 82–90, 518n160; empowerment and, 333–34; map of, 82; reforms in, 313–40; religious/traditional systems and, 86–90; as Syndrome variable, 4, 52; women’s public life and, 176. See also inheritance; property rights

Peru, Syndrome scale score, 344

Peterson, Dale, 31, 35, 113, 117, 314, 517n145

Peterson, J. E., 126

Peterson, Michael, 116

Philippines: agnatic kinship groups, 3; masculinized sex ratio, 74; rape laws, 102; rebel groups in, 538n76; Syndrome scale score, 344

physical security: for individuals, 2, 108. See also security; security alliances, male; security provision mechanisms

physical security of women: map of, 97. See also violence against women

Plains Indians, 141–42

political freedoms, 375

Political Instability Index, 190

political order: female subordination and, 11–20, 22, 26–29. See also first political order

Political Stability and Governance, 7, 179, 188, 190–206, 402–11, 476

Political System Type, 191

Polity dataset, 545n38

polyandry, 64–65, 83

polygyny, 64–67; authoritarianism and, 122; bans on, 317–18, 331; brideprice and, 44–45, 60, 64–65, 164, 181; Christianity and, 317–19, 324, 546n18; direct action against, 351–54; effects on women and children, 66–67; effects on young men, 67; family law and, 83, 86, 87; female infanticide and, 140; findings on, 179; love and, 520n195; male-female relations and, 321; map of, 65; marriage market obstruction and, 146, 152–57; migrants and, 363; patrilocal marriage and, 93; sex ratios and, 74; slavery and, 536n35; status and, 507n129; succession fights and, 139; as Syndrome variable, 4, 52; warfare and, 116–17; wealth and, 529n107

Post-Syndrome societies, 8, 53–54, 344–47; building, 363; marriage in, 144; preventing regression in, 360–64; violence against women in, 314

Potts, Malcolm, 31, 109, 113, 117–18, 169, 313, 318, 378, 502n78

Pound, Nicholas, 121

Poverty and Economic Decline, 221, 228–29, 427

predation, 25; male kin networks and, 36, 38. See also rent-based economy

Press Freedom Index, 191

Prevalence of HIV Among Women Ages Fifteen and Over, 240, 250–51, 441

Preventable Death Factor, 239–40, 247–48, 436, 439

Princeton Project on National Security, 109

Private Property Rights, 191

Promundo, 372, 557n87

property rights, 32, 91–93; age of marriage and, 321; Christian Church and, 318–20, 326; direct action on, 354–57; empowerment and, 333–34; land rights, 171–73, 356–57; map of, 91; patrilineality and, 40–41; poverty and, 512n73; as Syndrome variable, 4, 52. See also inheritance

prostitution, 515n117

punishment of women, 32. See also structural control; violence against women

Putin, Vladimir, 366, 512n57

Ramirez, Mark, 116, 526n55

rape, 94–96; child marriage and, 78; domination and, 494n35; male dominance and, 96–99; marital, 83; as property crime (see rapists, legal exemption for); of Sabine women, 504n100; warfare and, 112, 359, 522n236; zina and, 557n82

rapists, legal exemption for, 83, 96, 102, 516n142; map of, 98; as Syndrome variable, 4, 52

al-Rasheed, Loulouwa, 66

al-Rasheed, Madawi, 66

rational interest systems, 367. See also Post-Syndrome societies

rebel groups: marriage market obstruction and, 538n76; polygyny and, 154

regression analyses, 179, 187, 399; assumptions, 185. See also logistic regression analysis

Reich, Wilhelm, 493n29

Reliance on Agriculture and Lack of Prosperity Factor, 221, 225–27, 423, 425

religion, 369–71. See also Catholic Church; Christianity; religious law

Religious Fractionalization, 187

religious law: family law and, 517n150; migrants and, 363; personal status law and, 86–90. See also Islamic law

rent-based economy, 15, 124–28, 142, 175

rents (goods and services): access to, 32; natural, 529n105; oil, 529n121; security provision mechanism and, 22

Reporters without Borders, 191

reproduction: artificial techniques, 492n3; biological, 28–29; patrilineal imperative for, 144–45. See also childbirth; infant mortality

reproductive inequality, 157. See also polygyny

resilience, state, 3, 11, 20, 22, 27, 107, 150

resource curse, gendered, 127, 235

resource distribution, in context of difference, 13

Responsibility to Protect Women (R2PW), 368–69

Rice, William, 341–42

Rizvi, Narjis, 73, 99

Roman society, 317, 321

romantic love, 548n71

Rosen, Stephen, 34, 37, 117–18

Rosenberg, Tina, 92–93

Roudi, Farzaneh, 170

rule of law, 134–36, 315–16, 532n172; democracy and, 318; individualism and, 320. See also law

Russell, Catherine, 351

Russia, 361, 366, 546n3

Rwanda, 102, 137, 339, 360

Salime, Zakia, 171–72

Sanday, Peggy Reeves, 11, 14–15, 22, 33, 42–43, 94–96, 114, 141–43, 520n202

Santiago, Esteban, 361

Sanusi, Sanusi Lamido, 352–53

Saudi Arabia: brideprice, 359; clans in, 529n116; conflict in, 114; corruption, 130; cousin marriage, 80; education, 339; family law, 84; family trees in, 519n181; honor killings, 100; kin-based supporters, 168; marriage market obstruction, 162, 163; maternal mortality, 170; national outcomes, 309; polygyny, 66; wahabism, 368, 550n88; wedding costs, 62

Scandinavia, 95. See also specific countries

Schatz, Edward, 24–25, 28–29, 108, 123, 126, 130, 135, 138, 141, 168

Schlegel, Alice, 57, 60

security: fraternity and, 33–37; marriage contract and, 27; societal levels of, 22. See also security provision mechanisms; state security and stability

security alliances, male, 2, 6. See also Patrilineal/Fraternal Syndrome; security provision mechanisms

Security and Conflict, 7, 179, 188, 206–20, 412–20, 476–77

Security Apparatus, 190

security dilemma, male, 33–37

security provision mechanisms, 2–5; changing, 364–75; goods and services and, 22; human values and, 25; Patrilineal/Fraternal Syndrome as, 22–51 (see also Patrilineal/Fraternal Syndrome); state and, 23–25

security studies, 180

services. See rents (goods and services)

sex ratio alteration: authoritarianism and, 122; deaths of women and, 171; dowry and, 44–45, 181 (see also dowry); exogamy and, 504n100; insecurity and, 183; marriage market obstruction and, 146–49; prevalence of, 334, 535n19; violence and, 139–40, 535n23. See also abortion, sex-selective; female infanticide; son preference and sex ratios

sexual difference, 12; female subordination and, 17–20

sexual dimorphism, human, 30–33; violence and, 94, 314

sexual equality, 15. See also women’s empowerment

sexuality: female, 47, 506n115, 515n114; heterosexual intercourse, 14

sexually transmitted diseases, 170–71

sexual political order. See first political order

shame, 47–48, 135–36

Shane, Scott, 123, 158

Sharaunga, Stanley, 172

shari‘a law, 90. See also Islamic law

Shifman, Pamela, 112, 167, 361

Sierra Leone, 67, 154

Sinclair, Stephanie, 78

Singerman, Diane, 160, 164

Sisters in Islam, 347, 370

Slackman, Michael, 164

slavery, 17, 19–20, 74, 493n33, 531n161, 536n35

Smuts, Barbara, 31–34, 41, 121

social contracts, 17. See also marriage contract

Social Progress, 7, 167–79, 188, 277–95, 458–68, 479–80

Societal Violence Scale, 207, 213–14, 416

Solnit, Rebecca, 21, 44

son preference and sex ratios, 70–74; age of marriage for women and, 76; effect on women’s health, 71–73; map of, 70; matrilineality and, 505n107; in patrilineal societies, 43; patrilocality and, 71; pension systems and, 358–59; as Syndrome variable, 4, 52; women’s bargaining power and, 73. See also abortion, sex-selective; female infanticide; sex ratio alteration

South Africa: domestic violence, 119; rape, 95–96; Syndrome scale score, 344

South Asia: cousin marriage, 80; dowry, 57; income losses, 173; Syndrome societies, 54. See also specific countries

South Asian Initiative to End Violence Against Children (SAIEVAC), 350

Southeast Asia, 25. See also specific countries

South Korea: elder care, 551n119; legal reforms, 334–39; patrilineal hoju system, 51, 335–36; pension system, 182; sex ratios, 149, 334–38, 358; Syndrome scale score, 344. See also Korea

South Sudan: brideprice, 157–58, 164; masculinized sex ratio, 74; patrilineal/fraternal kinship networks, 3, 50; as Syndrome society, 53

Soviet Union, 348; invasion of Afghanistan, 367–68; legal reforms, 329–31

Spykman, Nicholas, 186

Sri Lanka, Syndrome scale score, 344

Stanford, Charlotte, 322

State Legitimacy, 190

state security and stability: clans and (see clan-based governance); defined, 109–10; marriage contract and, 27; patrilineal/fraternal kinship networks and, 3, 22, 110–43, 342, 343; resilience, 3, 11, 20, 22, 107, 150; security provision mechanisms and, 328. See also nation-state-level outcomes; security provision mechanisms

status: in context of difference, 12; male, 3; marriage and, 150; polygyny and, 65–66

status societies, 316; defined, 4. See also Patrilineal/Fraternal Syndrome

Steinem, Gloria, 119, 367–68

Steinem Rule, 367–68, 376–77

structural control, 2, 83; gender ideology and, 32; societal violence and, 117–18. See also personal status and family law, inequity in

structural goads, 107, 139, 146, 150

suicide, female, 102, 146–47, 176

Sumner, William, 148

Suriname, Syndrome scale score, 344

Survival Rate to the Last Year of Primary School for Females, 265, 274–76, 457

Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), 350

Syndrome societies, 8, 53–54, 344–47; change in, 313–40; High-Syndrome-Encoding countries with good national outcomes, 481–89; male-on-female violence, 95–100; status societies and, 4; wealth and, 309; women’s education, 174–75

Syria: brideprice, 160; child marriage, 141; violence in, 139

Tajikistan, 62, 70, 102

Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja, 45, 122, 129, 512n73

Tanzania, 59–60, 94

Tapper, Richard, 24, 137, 496n11, 556n69

al-Tayeb, Ahmed, 354

Temne of Sierra Leone, 67

Tenny, Alexandra, 158–59

terrorism: domestic violence as, 361. See also terrorist groups

Terrorism Incidents and Internal Conflict Factor, 414

Terrorism Injury and Violent Conflict Factor, 414

terrorist groups, 103; marriage market obstruction and, 144–45, 159–62, 164, 538n76; subordination of women and, 368

Tertilt, Michele, 156

Thailand, Syndrome scale score, 344

Thayer, Bradley, 34, 37–38, 118

Thompson, William, 16, 19

Tibi, Bassam, 24, 134

Tillet, Shalamishah, 361

Tillion, Germaine, 137

Total Alcohol Consumption per Capita, 240, 248–49, 440

Total Dependency Ratio, 545n43

Total Fertility Rate, 256, 260–61, 447

totalitarianism, 493n29

trafficking of women and children, 176

Transition societies, 8, 53–54, 344–47; preventing regression in, 360–64

Transparency International, 356

Tribal Patriarchy Index, 508n12

tribes. See clans and tribes; kinship groups; lineages; Patrilineal/Fraternal Syndrome

Trumbore, Peter, 115

Tsarnaev, Tamerlan, 361

Tucker, William, 152–53, 536n35

Tunisia: agnatic kinship groups, 3; birth rates, 170; clans, 365–66; family law, 87; inheritance rights, 93; rape laws, 102; Syndrome scale score, 344

Turkey: birth rates, 170; clans in, 556n69; democracy and, 82; family law, 87; Syndrome scale score, 344

Turkmenistan: brideprice, 330–31; inheritance rights, 41; Soviet Union and, 348; Syndrome scale score, 344

United Arab Emirates, 309; education, 175; marriage market obstruction, 164; polygyny, 64

United Kingdom, 80, 363. See also British Empire; England

United Nations, declaration on cultural and religious identity, 88

United Nations Children’s Fund, 77

United Nations Commission on Human Rights, 335

United Nations Commission on the Status of Women, 349

United Nations Development Fund for Women, 335

United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 141; on clan governance, 50–51; Gender Inequality Index, 51, 55, 277, 282–83, 461; “Total Dependency Ratio,” 559n9

United Nations Economic and Social Council, 89

United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization, 171

United Nations Human Development Index (HDI), 175, 277, 279–81, 460

United Nations Human Rights Committee, 78–79, 353

United Nations Population Fund, 74, 173

United Nations Secretary General, 349

United States: child marriage campaigns and, 351; female sexuality, 515n114; femicide, 100; foreign policy, 376–77; honor in, 533n191; polygyny, 67, 86, 157; violence against women, 314

urbanization, 181–83, 185, 308–9, 544n23; clan politics and, 24; disruption of Syndrome and, 357–58; patrilocality and, 70, 337–38

U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), 351, 356–57, 557n98

U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), 180

U.S. Institute of Peace, 157

Uzbekistan, 331; Syndrome scale score, 344

variables, operationalization of, 188–89

variance inflation factors (VIFs), 185

Velitchkova, Ana, 114

Venezuela, Syndrome scale score, 344

Vietnam, 74, 356; Syndrome scale score, 344

violence: in human history, 22–23, 25; mass killings, 360–61; as means of conflict resolution, 110–18; political order and, 107–9. See also coercion; insecurity and instability; warfare

violence against women, 94–103; in ancient rituals, 499n53; child marriage and, 77–78; children and, 521n215; cousin marriage and, 81; hierarchies and, 13–15; human sexual dimorphism and, 30–32; laws against, 102; male humiliation and, 47–48; map of, 97; masculinized sex ratios and, 146–49; national outcomes and, 51, 111–13; rate of reinforcement for, 111–13; sexual dimorphism and, 314; social ideologies and, 520n202; structural control and, 2, 117–18; as Syndrome variable, 4, 52. See also domestic violence; femicide, societal sanction for; rape

Violence and Instability Factor, 206–7, 211–12, 414, 415–16

Voena, Alessandra, 538n75

Vogelstein, Rachel, 76–78, 170, 174–75, 178

warfare, 142; kinship groups and, 36; male dominance hierarchy and, 38–39; male genetic diversity and, 22–23; polygyny and, 152–54; rape and, 112, 359, 522n236. See also conflict resolution; violence

Water and Environmental Well-Being Factor, 295–99, 470, 471

wealth accumulation, 124; brideprice and, 63–64; polygyny and, 66, 156. See also rent-based economy

Wealth Infrastructure and Economic Freedom Factor, 221–22, 229–31, 422–23, 428

Weatherford, Jack, 314

Weber, Hannes, 159–60

wedding costs, 61–62; limits on, 359. See also brideprice/dowry/wedding costs

Weiner, Mark S., 23, 25, 35, 39, 49–50, 55, 83, 128, 131–32, 135–37, 316, 318, 348, 362, 502n79, 504n101, 508n12, 533n190, 546n21, 548n71

Weiner, Scott, 107–8

Weldon, Laurel, 84, 87, 90, 518n160

West Africa: caretaking by women, 171; polygyny, 67, 152, 352–53, 375; sex ratios, 74. See also specific countries

West Asia: Syndrome societies, 54. See also specific countries

widows, 69, 317; property rights, 92; of rulers, 505n109

wife-beating. See domestic violence

Wilson, Robin Fretwell, 90

Wollstonecraft, Mary, 16

WomanStats Project, 5–6, 192

women: agency of, 47–48, 328; coercion of (see domestic violence; rape; violence against women); coyness and, 498n44; culling of, 147–52 (see also abortion, sex-selective; devaluation of female life; female infanticide; son preference and sex ratios); economic dependency, 32–33, 41 (see also inheritance; property rights); education of, 171, 174, 338 (see also female literacy); effects of Patrilineal/Fraternal Syndrome on, 56–103 (see also Patrilineal/Fraternal Syndrome); human capital investment in, 359–60; marriage and (see marriage); as peace-loving, 498n43; personal rejection of syndrome, 371–75; political representation, 176, 339; subordination of (see first political order)

women’s empowerment, 313–40; democracy and, 376; dismantling weak points of Syndrome and, 342–43, 349–57; disrupting context of Syndrome and, 357–60; stakes of, 377–78. See also women’s rights movement