[1] The term unpredictable is used in the sense that the signal cannot be perfectly determined at any point in space. As we will see, however, we can infer a great deal about a signal using statistical modeling. These models are a fundamental basis for system design.
[2] National Telecommunications and Information Administration. Source: www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.html, accessed August 8, 2006.
[1] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory, 3rd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2005), 167.
[2] Balanis, Antenna Theory, 92–94.
[3] H. T. Friis, "A Note on a Simple Transmission Formula," Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 34 (1946): 254–56.
[4] This is actually a mean-square voltage spectrum. It represents the power per unit frequency that would be delivered to a 1-ohm resistor. This is discussed later in connection with Equation (2.40).
[1] E. C. Jordan and K. G. Balmain, Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems, 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1968), 629.
[2] A good starting point is T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002), Chapter 4.
[3] Y. Okumura, E. Ohmori, T. Kawano, and K. Fukuda, "Field Strength and Its Variability in VHF and UHF Land Mobile Service," Review of the Electrical Communication Laboratory 16, no. 9–10 (September–October 1968): 825–73.
[4] Rappaport, Wireless Communications, 152.
[5] M. Hata, "Empirical Formula for Propagation Loss in Land Mobile Radio Services," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology VT-29, no. 3 (August 1980): 317–25.
[6] W. C. Y. Lee, Mobile Communications Engineering (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998).
[7] W. C. Y. Lee, "Studies of Base-Station Antenna Height Effects on Mobile Radio," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology VT-29, no. 2 (May 1980): 252–60.
[8] S. O. Rice, "Statistical Properties of a Sine Wave plus Random Noise," Bell System Technical Journal 27 (January 1948): 109–57.
[9] W. C. Jakes, Jr., ed., Microwave Mobile Communications (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1974), 50–52.
[10] Jakes, Jr., ed., Microwave Mobile Communications, 50–52.
[11] D.O. Reudink, "Properties of Mobile Radio Propagation above 400 MHz," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology VT-23, no. 4 (November 1974): 143–59.
[1] V. H. MacDonald, "The Cellular Concept," Bell Systems Technical Journal 58, no. 1 (January 1979): 15–41.
[2] T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002), 14.
[1] 2B1Q stands for "two binary, one quaternary" symbol.
[2] The analysis can be easily extended to include multilevel line codes such as 2B1Q.
[3] See, for example, R. E. Ziemer and R. L. Peterson, Introduction to Digital Communication (New York: Macmillan, 1992).
[4] Ziemer and Peterson, Introduction to Digital Communication, 155–58.
[5] C. E. Shannon, "A Mathematical Theory of Communication," Bell System Technical Journal 27 (July 1948): 379–423.
[6] Engineers use the term channel to refer to the part of the system that they cannot control.
[7] Some authors define the Nyquist equivalent spectrum as TsGeq(f).
[8] J. R. Carson, "Notes on the Theory of Modulation," Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 10 (1922): 57–64.
[9] For more detail see, for example, J. G. Proakis and M. Salehi, Communication System Engineering, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001), 708–11.
[1] www.fcc.gov/mb/audio/amclasses.html, accessed June 4, 2007.
[2] See, for example, T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002), 549–66; M. Schwartz, Mobile Wireless Communications (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 201–7.
[3] E. A. Geraniotis and M. B. Pursley, "Error Probabilities for Slow-Frequency-Hopped Spread-Spectrum Multiple-Access Communications over Fading Channels," IEEE Transactions on Communications COM-30, no. 5 (May 1982): 996–1009.
[4] K. S. Gilhousen, I. M. Jacobs, R. Padovani, A. J. Viterbi, L. A. Weaver, and C. E. Wheatley III, "On the Capacity of a Cellular CDMA System," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 40, no. 2 (May 1991): 303–12.
[5] See S. Haykin and M. Moher, Modern Wireless Communications (Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice Hall, 2005), 245–48.
[1] M. Anderson, "Virtual Jamming," IEEE Spectrum 44, no. 7 (July 2007): 53–55.
[2] The National Television System Committee color transmission standard was adopted for the United States in 1954.
[3] "Progressive" scanning, in contrast, scans all of the lines of the image in sequential order.
[4] The terms frame and packet have identical meanings. We use the two terms interchangeably.
[5] See J. G. Proakis and M. Salehi, Communication System Engineering, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002), 307–9, for details on how to choose the coefficients.
[6] T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002), 438.
[7] See M. Schwartz, Mobile Wireless Communications (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 251, for more detail.
[8] A. J. Viterbi, "Error Bounds for Convolutional Codes and an Asymptotically Optimum Decoding Algorithm," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory IT-13 (April 1967): 260–69.
[9] S. Lin and D. J. Costello Jr., Error Control Coding, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2004), 531.
[10] For example, Lin and Costello, Error Control Coding, 539, 540.
[11] Schwartz, Mobile Wireless Communications, 150.
[12] RAKE receivers are described briefly in Chapter 8. See also R. Price and P. E. Green, "A Communication Technique for Multipath Channels," Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 46 (March 1958): 555–70.
[1] R. Price and P. E. Green, "A Communication Technique for Multipath Channels," Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 46 (March 1958): 555–70.
[2] A Gold code is produced by adding two different PN codes together bit by bit, modulo-2. Families of "nearly orthogonal" Gold codes can be constructed that contain a larger number of codes than are available when ordinary PN codes are used.
[3] A. V. Oppenheim, R. W. Schafer, and J. R. Buck, Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1999), Chapter 9.
[4] M. Schwartz, Mobile Wireless Communications (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 129–34.