Allgemeene Bank of the Netherlands (ABN) 31
abundance, society of 10, 41, 82, 88
academia 15, 24, 32, 36, 43, 80
accountability: collective 53, 64; corporate 89; individual 53
Airbus 68
Alexandria 88
Anderson, Ray 92
Antarctica 36
antique dealers 31
Apple 50
Aristotle 68
asset management 6
atoms 38
authorship 75
Autolib 73
B52 57
backcasting 19
backpack 46
Bailey bridges 33
banknotes 33
Barcelona 33
Bayer 71
bearings 56
behaviour 21, 36, 90; herd 6; user 73
benefits; business 83; environmental 30; incremental 77; for society 25, 65, 89; social 23
bicycles 35, 73, 83; e-bikes 83
BIG DATA 73
bioeconomy 5, 6; Knowledge Centre 8
Biosphere 5
bituminous mix 44
black swans 89
Blue Horizon 30
Borders; cultural 88; national 24
Boreal 83
Bosch, Robert 13
Buildings As Material Banks (BaMB) 45, 85
buildings 6, 14, 26. 31, 45, 56; high-rise 43, 85; transformation of 21, 35
business benefits 83; contacts 23; models 4, 13, 61, 66, 78, 85; opportunities 41, 57; schools 22; techno-commercial 24
Business to Business (B2B) 69
butterfly diagram 5
Canada 88
cannibalising 82
capital: cultural 12, 16, 59, 63; gains 67; human 14, 72; intensive 59; manufactured 33, 46; natural 6, 12, 57
carbon; Capture 84; chemistry 84; credits 53, 59; footprint 35; for Utilization 84;
caring 2, 11, 22, 30, 36, 59, 72; attitude 7, 9, 50, 71; lack of 73
Carlowitz, Hans Carl von 11
carpenters 36
cement 14, 61, 90; asbestos 54
certainty 77; limits to 64, 78
chains: distribution 56; supply 7
challenges 77, 87; engineering 35; innovation 24; policy 35
change; authority to 60; structural 5, 87; wealth of nations 63
Charlie Brown 88
chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) 87
circular; industrial activities 70; menagerie 89; society 1, 9, 16, 26, 38
circular economy: context 1; history 1 mature industrial 16–23, 62, 80; of necessity 11, 82; realm 4; roots 1
circularity 1, 5, 9, 75, 92; in nature 16, 45, 75
citizens 22, 82; fashion-conscious 91
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) 59, 89
cleaner production 5
climate change 60, 89, 91; health impacts 89; International Panel on 89
clothing 3, 33; second hand 91
clusters of economic activities 61
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) 35
CO2 89; anthropogenic 87; compensation 22, 60, 89; emissions 30, 35, 57, 84; pellets 43
coldzymes 35
collect-and-dispose option 40
collection 5; costs 42; non-destructive 30, 38, 42–44; unmixed 38, 45
command-and-control legislation 21
Commission of the European Communities 15, 37, 86
commodities 64
common utilisation 72
Commons 2–3, 74–5, 91: Tragedy of the 57; urban 74
competition 1, 32, 41; between systems 62; international 84
components 2, 11, 18–23, 31–5; critical 28; innovative 27, 80; low-maintenance 83; outdated 35; standardised 23, 31, 68
Conference of Parties (COP) 19, 22, 28
constructions 24, 45: monolithic43
consumables 72
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) 49
costs; compliance 29, 42, 71; transaction 33, 78; of repairs 60, 80; of risk 67, 72; of spare parts 29, 33, 47, 50, 80
countries; industrialised 10, 21, 60, 67, 82, 87, 92; less developed 7, 53; with saturated markets 34
Cradle-to-Grave 85
culture 2, 7, 72, 9; heritage 22, 91; innovation 3
Czech Republic 19
Dame Ellen see Ellen MacArthur Foundation
dash-cams 83
decentralisation: intelligent 14, 29, 62, 77, 90
decision takers 26, 28, 40, 67
decoupling; indicators 60–5; wealth creation from resource consumption 14
default option 7, 28, 62, 66, 88; of a sustainable society 19, 21, 92
demand side 67
design 31, 35, 72, 82–3; eco 51; for environment 78; industrial 51, 55; molecules 57; redesign 30; for reuse 44; system 77
desirability of access 67
desire: individuals’ 28
de-vulcanise 39
diesel engines 28, 35–6, 52, 83; -gate 51
digitalisation of the economy 50, 56, 75; of technology 68
disassembly 37; ease of 45; value preserving 72
diseconomy of risk 77
dismantle 1, 23, 38–41, 56, 66, 72, 84
disposability 67
diversity of activities 22, 28, 33; bio- 1, 57, 75; material 56,
Dow Chemical 69
drink containers 38
Eastpak 33
easy to repair 48
eBay 33
economics 7, 20–3, 80–7; as if people mattered 14; manufacturing 29
economy 76, 82–5; analogue 73; barter 91; circular 3; circular industrial 16; intelligent decentralised 90; linear industrial 71; performance 66; of scale 77; rental 67; service 78–9; sharing 74; sustainable 92; zero-carbon 83
education 6, 14, 33, 59, 62, 86, 91
eDumper 90
efficiency 4–6, 63, 66, 92; energy 51; engineering 76; material 65; resource 45, 63
Eiffage 68
electric motors 9, 35, 70, 83, 90
Elizabeth Line 5
Ellen MacArthur Foundation xii, 5, 31
Empire State Building 31
end-of-pipe sectors 4; technologies 10; waste 10, 13, 19, 85; recycling 56; resource recovery 44
end-of service-life objects 7, 11, 22, 32, 36, 40, 53; materials 22, 53; waste costs 44, 56
energy 29–31; bio- 6; consumption 35, 58; embodied 23, 43; efficiency 51, 71; intensive activities 9, 14; recovery 43, 90; self-sufficiency 90
engines 32–6, 51–2; combustion 9, 64, 82–3; jet 69, 82; marine diesel 28, 83; performance during flight 82; steam 75; truck 19
engineering challenge 30–2, 82; efficiency 76
environment; benefits 30, 64; hazards 38–45; impairment liability 29; losses into 69; objectives 85; protection 5; work 15; zones 32
era of ‘D’ 11, 16, 19–22, 38–47, 56–64, 80–4
era of ‘R’ 11, 16, 18–37, 40, 53–64, 80–4
European Remanufacturing Network (ERN) 34, 36
EU: Circular Economy Package 63, 88; Charter of Fundamental Rights 89; Joint Research Centre 8; Lisbon strategy 60; Member States 24, 50, 60; Waste Directive 24; eco-design directive 51
European: Circular Economy Stakeholder Platform 32; Commission 8, 15, 37, 60, 64, 88; Convention on Human Rights 89; Environment Agency 5.
events 34, 58, 91; catastrophic 75, 77
exchange value 16
exponential growth 77
Extended Producer: Liability (EPL) 7, 11, 23, 51–7, 64; Responsibility (EPR) 40, 55
externality, negative 40
factor 4, 6, 91; cost 58; external 21; of production 14, 57–60; Ten 82, 85; Time 7, 21, 66, 75, 91
factory 14, 15, 70, 75, 77; cement 90; gate 6, 47; share 57; workers 58
farming: fish 5, 84; urban 14, 29; organic 62, 90; precision 71
fashion 14, 21, 30, 49, 68, 81, 91
Fastnet rock 88
Fauchard, Pierre 34
Federer, Roger 88
ferries 83
Finland 19
fire brigades 13
fleet 14, 26, 66; managers 2, 19, 22, 28, 32–4, 49–51, 57, 66, 72–4, 82; solution services 72
flexibility in use 68
Flixborough 75
Florida 59
flows: fast-moving 63; income 68; managing 6, 21, 87; manufacturing 80; processes 16; production 29; resource 13, 21; used material 18
fractions: clean material 23, 41, 63, 84; pure material 44; separate material 41, 84; waste 43
framework conditions 60; appropriate 84
France 19
franchises: regional 68
function 11, 49, 68, 80; catalytic 69; guarantees 28, 51, 66–9, 77; lighthouse 88; over fashion x; pull 85
gambling industry 54
gate 83; commissioning 49; diesel 51; factory 6, 47; posts 91; slide 69
German 82; 85; Democratic Republic 13; law 91; manufacturer 52; railways 15, 30, 33; unification 13
Gilead 71
global economy 18; warming 19, 22, 92
goods 26–9; as a service 28, 49–51; autonomous 50, 75; consumer 49, 52–3; investment 49, 51, 60; mass-produced 22, 29; service-life extension of 28; smart 51, 56, 61, 75; stock of 22, 28
goods: broken 28, 33, 45, 91; catalytic 35, 69; long-life 68; mobile 28, 49; multifunctional 68; new 34, 52; new relationship with 72; rental 73; returning 54; re-using 26; used 30, 34, 38, 46; unwanted 36; use-life of 51; zero-life 49
Gotthard rail tunnel 5
government liability 22, 87, 89
greening of industry 4
hardware 50, 71, 77, 83; IT 34, 83
Harvard Business School 70
hazard 77, 80, 88; environmental 38
Health Safety Environment (HSE) 15
historic airplanes 92
holistic: approaches 87; nature 24; policy 44, 59; solutions 90, strategy 77; understanding 33
human capital 12
ICE1 30
identity: cultural 87; material 36, 45; of pro-user 75; personal 91
iFixit.com 50
improvements : material 34; permanent 15
incentives 28, 40, 49, 55–9, 64
increase in value over time 32, 67
indicators: absolute economic 60–4
indigenous people 16
individuals 2, 7, 22–8, 33, 40–9, 56, 63–7, 71, 88, 91
Industrial: ecology 4, 37; metabolism 5; symbioses 4, 5, 13
industry 4.0 90
Input/Output models 63
Insurance 57; companies 68; contracts 60; premiums 13
intellectual property rights 45, 75
intelligent decentralisation 14, 29, 62, 77, 90
Interface 92
Internet of Things (IoT) 50, 73–5, 84
investments 13, 44: upfront42, 80
invisible liability loop 11, 20, 53–65
ISO 85; shipping containers 69
IT server farms 71
Italy 82
Jaguar E-type conversion 83
job creation potential 89
jobs 19, 25, 32, 58–65; local 28
Jobs for Tomorrow 15
junctions 6
labour 5, 9–14, 53; child 29, 42; cost 57, 60, 80; input per weight 60–1; intensive 14, 23, 30, 34, 42, 72; local 58; of love 7; productive 24; qualified 42; skilled input 14, 30, 71; taxation 58, 63
land 8; fill 21, 23, 40; mark 31; owner 11; plots 33, 56
law 40, 56; German versus Roman 91; of reverse compound interests 29; of thermodynamics 29
Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA) 85; of cars and trucks 65
leased equipment 69; metal 69, 78; textiles 22, 68
legal gateposts 91
legislation 24, 38, 50, 69, 88; command-and-control 21: conflicting 45; top-down 91; waste 40
LEGO 1
lever 52; key 88; for change 87, 91
Liability 9, 10, 16, 21, 47, 50, 73–6; environmental impairment 13, 29; Extended Producer 7, 11, 23, 51–7; government 22, 87–9; loop 20, 53–4; producer 11, 48, 51, 60, 78; retained 41, 67; somebody else’s 10; third party 60
life 3: average 31; cycle costs 7; insurance companies 68; long 18, 47, 57, 60, 68, 72, 83, 90; multiple 23, 31; product- 37, 50, 58, 65, 76; -sciences 61; Second 36; use 51; zero 10, 49
Limits to Growth 81
Lisbon 60
logging companies 16
longing for the sea xiii, 21, 88–92
loops 5–15, 29, 75; efficient return logistics 66; local 17, 70; of objects 26; of molecules 38; regional 17, 70; speed 29; invisible liability 53; water 4
luthiers sans frontières 7
Macklowe Properties 31
maintaining: existing wealth 28, 33; forest capital 11; ownership of objects 67; purity of molecules 38, 42; quality and quantity of stocks 11, 16, 21; value 2, 10, 22, 25, 38; utility of objects 25
maintenance 2; contracts 69; costs 68; intensive; low 72, 82–3, 90; minimal 33; motorcycle 11; preventive 4, 72, 77; service contracts 28
maintenance-free 83; pumps 69; car distributors 83
managers 4; estate 49; facility 36; fleet 2, 19, 33, 51, 66, 82; of last resort 56; resource 23, 56; used resource 44; “waste” 40, 55
Manhattan 31
market 40–2; commodity 41; control 83; exchange 91; failures 38; functioning 40, 46; labour 38; local 90; needs 13, 45; saturated 10, 21; second-hand 33; value 23
material 38–46; complexity 9; diversity 42; efficiency 35, fractions 41; banks 45; identity36; value 44
Material Economics 10, 40, 57, 64
materials 56; basic 14, 61; bio- 5; biodegradable 14; de-link 23; embodied 41–5: fugitive 23; innovative 21, 81; mixed 43; natural 38; secondary 40, 64; recovered 7; smart 69; standardised 45; used 18, 38, 53, 85; wasted 3; without positive value 57
mature circular industrial economy 16–23, 62, 80
megatrends 89
mercury agreement 69
micro-: bakeries 14, 29; breweries 14, 90; chips 35; motors 35, 83; plastics 1, 38
milk powder 53
Millau 68
Miller, Henry 52
mini-mills 42
mining 40; companies 69; industry 11, 17; urban 45; waste 5, 30, 42
MIPS (Material Input Per unit of Service) 85
Mobike 73
molecules 1, 2, 18–23, 38; as a service 69, 78; de-bonding 84; recovering 11, 39, 80; renting 17; spent 42; used 70
moral obligation 1
motivation 1, 87–8, 91; concerted human 75; economic 50; personal 7, 21, 26
multifunctional 18
natural capitalism 86
necessity 1–3, 11, 16, 77, 82–4
needs: clients 68; priority 91; environmental, economic and social 9, market 13, 45
NEST project 31
Nestlé 53
New: Economy 87, 90; relationship with goods 72; York City 31
NOAA 89
non-destruction: collection 30, 38, 42, 72; degree of 52
Novartis 71
Oberhuber, Sabine 45
objectives 6, 10, 21, 60; contradicting 47, 62, environmental 85
objects 26, 55; caring for 72; disposable 40, dual-use 50; durable 66; fail-safe and fool-proof 72; free float 74–5; maintaining the utility of 82; rental 68, 71; single-use 30, 66; used 70–2
obligations : contractual 44, 55, 69
obsolete 21, 33; technically or fashion-wise 21
oceans 1, 9, 57, 75; plastics in 9, 23, 38, 56
One Wall Street 31
operation and maintenance (O&M) 50, 67–8, minimising costs 82
opportunities 3, 13, 16–20, 26, 40–50, 62, 66–8, 84–9; business 57, 73–5
original equipment manufacturers (OEM) 19, 56, 67
overconsumption 90
overhaul 57
ownership fork 44; retained 67; to user-ship 67
Oxford 73
ozone layer 87
Packard, Vance 52
people 31, 42; need for highly qualified 83; Republic of China 85, 89
Papanek, Victor 82
pay: per mile 69, 72; per page 70; per use 73
Performance Economy 66
Personal Computer 83
Plasto 84
point of end-of-service-life 20; sale 17, 18; sale or service 20; user service 51
Poland 19
policy: approach 45, 63; challenges 35; European 55; framework 51, 55; instruments 53; options 62; public procurement 60, 63; role of 53, 64; taxation 58, 60
policymaker 29, 32, 45, 53; role of 62, 85
Polyethylene 85
Potočnik, Janez 88
power by the hour 69, 82; power stations 32, 49; nuclear 44, 85; coal-fired 4; waste from 5
Prince Harry 83
principle; circular industrial economy 20–1, 92; commonality 68; eco-design 51; free float 73; inertia 29–30; linear industrial economy 50, 84; no sharing without caring 75; Polluter Pays (PPP) 55, 64; reversed compound 64
Private Finance Initiative (PFI) 68
product: design 38, 45; durability and life extension 37; life factor 37; liability periods 60, 78; obsolescence 22; use 27, 48; value 23
Product-Life Institute i
production: cleaner 5; costs 4, 21; efficiency 4; factors 14, 57–9; flows 29; globalised 10, 47, 62; line 15; of basic materials 14; process 4, 76; regional 90; scrap 19; sustainable 15; unit costs 77; volumes 21, 43, 51; waste 13
productivity 28, 92; labour 59; resource 17, 25, 59; of prevention 77
products:longer-lasting 82; easily repairable 82; single-use 30, 66
Product-Service Systems 78
professions: new ‘R’ 15, 27, 32
profitability 30, 36, 38, 41–5, 71
profit maximisation 7, 30–6, 40, 44, 50–52, 66–71, 82
propulsive rocket landing 14
pro-sumer 75
public: authorities 75; ground 74–5; libraries 2, 45, 69; procurement 24, 32, 51, 60–3, 71, 83; toilets 69; transport 51, 69, 72; swimming pools 69
punitive fines 54
quality 34–5, 39; as good as new 11; better than new 19; new definition 76; inspection 41; of life 5; long-term 7; loss of 64; monitoring 18; O&M 50; and quantity of stocks 13, 21
quest for: holistic solutions 87, 90; permanent improvement 15
railways 15, 19, 22, 30, 33–4, 57
rates: recycling 57, 63; retained value 57
Rau, Thomas 31
recovery of molecules and atoms 7, 19, 41–6; 56, 63, 80
regenerative agriculture 5
regional franchises 68
regions: industrially less developed 1, 16, 69, 91; mining 69; reindustrialisation of 14, 63; urban 21
renting 66; molecules 17, 69; objects 68, 71
repair 41, 47–50, 72; cafés 3, 7, 50, 91; ‘on-wing’ 83; services 82; spare-less 82; technicians 51; knowledge of 47, right to 50
replacement sales 51
reporting tools 63
resale 33
research 4, 6, 24, 35–46, 57, 84–5; & development 24, 42; economic 30; financial 35, 82; Global Challenge 31
resilience 77; of cities 77; national 89; lack of 13; of society 78
resource 1–7, 84; assets 38; boycotts 89; consumption 31, 61, 69, 82; efficiency 4, 21, 29, 63, 76; energy 5, 13, 23, 28, 59; extraction 40; flows 13, 21; imports 21; investment 13, 30; losses 4, 9, 13, 77; manager 38, 45, 56; policy 11; preservation 63; productivity 17, 59; scarcity xii; security 45, 64, 68, 78, 81, 89; stock losses 64; supply 24; utilisation 83, 90; value 40
resourceful 91
resources: embodied 30, 61, 67; natural 1–4, 9, 90; renewable 59, 63; used 62; virgin 11, 29, 35, 42, 84; with a qualitative edge 14
responsibility 44, 55, 74; attribution of 73; collective producer 89; Corporate Social 49; delegated 55; producer 64; shared 72–4
retaining value in the material system 15, 46, 65
Return On Investment (ROI) 35, 82
reuse 1–6, 9–17, 50–6, 59, 61–3, 80, 84, 90–2; of atoms and molecules 10, 40–46; of goods and components 9, 18–29, 31–3; or recycle 41
re-value components 54
reversible building design 31
right to destroy 45, 91; dispose 50; remarket 50; repair or upgrade 50, 84; reuse 22
Rio de Janeiro 12
risk 19, 64–8; of breakdown 77; management 13, 68, 75–6: reputational 77
road: construction 23; not taken 23; surfaces 44
Rockefeller Foundation 77
Rocky Mountain Institute 31
role of: governments 62; policy 53, 58, 85; labour 14; policymakers 62, 85
Safe-Chem 69
satellites 57
Schweizerhalle 13
science 3, 4, 11, 24, 34–8, 43, 61, 80–8
scientific : evidence 91¸ disciplines 8, 24
sectors: economic 61; end-of-pipe 4; industrial 24, 35
selling: customer satisfaction 19; for reuse 33; goods as a service 13, 18, 55, 69–82; objects 69; ores 69; performance 51, 61, 67–82; performance instead of goods 67, 91; performance instead of materials 17; quality monitoring instead of replacement products 18
service 18, 30, 47, 51, 69, 72; activities 9, 18, 70, 83; communication 67; companies 19, 28; decentralised 62; economy 18, 64, 65, 79; maintenance 28; operational 83; for owners 19; precision farming 71; repair 28, 34, 82; strategies 68; unit of 85
service-life; abortion 60; end of 20, 23; extension 20
sharing: economy 73–5; non-monetary 3; performance economy 73; schemes 2; society 3, 75, 91; without caring 66, 72–5
shipping 86; coastal 83; containers 69
shopping: addicts 92; centres 30, 48
silo 59; education 33; liabilities 21; organised in 24
skills 3, 30–2, 49–50, 67; acquired 16; manual 35
small; and local 29; and medium sized enterprises (SME) 19, 59; is beautiful 14; loops 29; scale processes 7, 42
Smith, Adam 6
social 12; benefits 23; capital i; challenges 77; cohesion 65; factors 4; innovation 3; learning 36; media 54; needs 9; opportunities 24; responsibility 49; schemes 50; shaming 75; sustainability 36, 45, 77; viability 26, 66, 72
society 12, 38, 90–1; benefits for 25, 65, 89; circular 1–3, 9, 16–7, 26; costs borne by 10, 72; of abundance 10, 91; resilience of 78; sharing 75, 91; sustainable 16, 19, 92; throwaway 15, 65
solution 11, 66–78, 82; design 31; holistic 87, 90; industrial 55; of last resort 10, 40, 42; patentable 24, 84; practical 87, 91; policy 55; political 19; preventive 44; reuse 14; sustainable 24; systems 18, 24, 90; technology 22, 34, 85; with highest value preservation 44
sorting 84; into clean fractions 41–4; processes 41; technologies 57, 84
sources 5; of innovative ideas 15; virgin 84
space 9, 32, 40, 57; parking 73; shuttle 34, 71; Space X 14, 30, 71; transport contracts 71
spare parts 29, 33, 47, 50, 80–2
specifications; procurement 85; technical 52
speed 36, 51; as vital advantage 34; of resource flows 21; of the loops 29; up transformation 59, 60–3
stability: engine block 34; political 22
standard exchange 28
standardisation 86; component 36, 45; of materials 42
stand-by mode 77
state-of-the art 35
statistics 13
steel 14, 50, 84; blades 4; drums 82; economic value of 43; industry 69; mills 34; recycling rates 57
stewardship 44–5; 71–3; obligation 91; value 21
stock management 11–14, 16–23, 80; of assets 1; of atoms and molecules 38; manufactured 4; of physical objects 26; of resources 6
Stockholm 12
structure 43; load bearing 23, 31
subsidies 60
substituting manpower for energy 15, 37, 86
Superfund 55
supply 19, 24; chain 4, 7, 17, 21, 51; cores 34; labour 34; of cheap spare parts 33; side 67
surplus equipment
sustainability 4, 9, 11–3, 77; awards 15; management 76; of products 61; rating 62; of remanufacturing 36; science 24
sustainable 90–2; because 29, 41; business models 4, 13, 25, 66, 71; consumption 15; economy 13–15; forestry 11; future 83; production 8; society 16–21, 78; taxation 59; use 15
Sustainable Development 12, 24, 65, 82; Goals (SDG) 58, 90
Syndrome: bigger-better-faster-safer-greener 49; not invented here 43; pars pro toto 32
systems innovation 71
take-back 53: options 28, 42; logistics 47
tax: carbon 29, 42, 71; depreciation 49, 51, 60; evasion 55; income 59–60; on labour 9, 14, 58; payer 68; resources 59, 63; sustainable 59
taxis 72
technology 3–7, 19, 39, 42–3, 80–5; diffusion bonding 82; -driven 87, 90; end-of-pipe 10; jumps in 53, 80; long-life 57, 60, 90; management 76; nano- 61; of times gone by 30, 33; process 34, 42; recycling 40; separating 38; single-atom 44; solutions 22, 34; sorting 41, 57; upgrading 9, 18–9, 30, 35, 51–2, 63
Technosphere 5
Texas 59
thermodynamics: second law of 29
throughput 13
tilling at night 71
timber 11
timelessness 75
Titanic 38
Tokyo 43
Tongji University 24
trade wars 89
training 14, 68; institutions 24; hands-on vocational 32; opportunities 89
typewriters 32
tyres 34, 38, 43–4, 72–3, 84; by the mile 69; incinerating used 43
U.S.: administration 85, 92; Air Force 82; EPA 25; National Academy of Sciences 87; Navy 33–4
UK 69, 75, 82; 8, 33: Government Chief Scientific Advisors 17
Ulm 72
Ultimate Beneficial Owner (UBO) 55
Ultimate Liable Owner (ULO) 10, 53–7
UN 19; Conference 12; International Resource Panel 88, SDGs 90; UNESCO World Heritage 11; UNIDO 69
upgrading 11, 14, 30; technological 18, 34–5, 52, 63, 83; fashion 35; to better than new 19
use 10, 17–8, 27; cascading 13, 68; inefficiency 90; more intensive 71; optimisation 23, 28; over time 31; shared 69; value 12, 16, 23, 26, 29, 44, 60
user: behaviour 36, 73; liability 72; pro- 74
USM 33
Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP) 90
value: central economic 16, 60; fork 22; maintain highest 20; negative 44; per weight 74, 61; preserved 41–5; real 31; retained 46; use value
vehicle 32, 75, 90; restorers 32; vintage 32
Vetrum 41
violin makers 7
Volkswagen 19
warranty life-long 33
Wärtsilä 83
washing machines 35
waste 2–7; construction 21; dumps 57, 89; end-of-pipe 10, 21, 85; household 41, 84; management 7; owners 56; prevention 7; minimization 25
wealth 14, 61; changing wealth of nations 15; maintaining 28; national 13, 63; of opportunities 16, 85; real 67; societal 64; without resource consumption 79
weapon manufacturers 53
wellbeing 82
windmills 44
workers 33, 48, 54, 58; manual 63; ‘silver’ 30, 89; shop floor 15; skilled 28, 42
workshops 7, 26, 90; mobile 34, 72
World: Bank Group 15, 63; Business Council of Sustainable Development (WBCSD) 82; capital formation 93; IT 83; real 60; society 90; War Two 33
Yecla de Yeltes dam 85