Illustrations

Table

1.1    Evolution of parallel phases of circularity

Figures

1.1    Situating the linear economy, the circular economy and the actors in control

2.1    The linear industrial economy: waste management is its final step, but somebody else’s liability

2.2    Sustainability and the circular industrial economy: two faces of the same coin

3.1    The characteristics of the linear industrial economy and the circular society and economy

3.2    Situating the linear industrial economy, the circular industrial economy and the Performance Economy.

3.3    A backcasting view of today’s opportunities, seen from a mature circular industrial economy

4.1    The era of ‘R’, optimising product use through reuse and service-life extension of goods and components

5.1    The era of ‘D’, recovering atoms and molecules – from end-of-life goods to as-pure-as-new resources

5.2    End-of-service-life business opportunities for value preservation: reuse or recycle?

6.1    The key position of the point of sale between production and product use

7.1    Extended Producer Liability: closing the immaterial and invisible liability loop

7.2    Analysis of the running costs of a car over a 30-year period

7.3    The two absolute decoupling indicators of the circular industrial economy monitoring more wealth and jobs from less resource consumption

7.4    Absolute decoupling indicators make the difference between the linear industrial economy and the circular industrial economy visible

8.1    Selling performance instead of selling goods: combining Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) and Operation and Maintenance (O&M) skills with retained ownership.

8.2    The Performance Economy

8.3    Singular ownership and shared responsibility in an analogue ‘sharing economy’

8.4    Confused ownership and responsibility in a digital ‘sharing economy’

8.5    The factor ‘Time’, introducing sustainability management into the economy

9.1    Radical innovation in materials, components, systems