Abd al-Rahman Khan, 113–114, 121, 363, 364, 472
Abd al-Rahman, Umar, 73, 80, 86
Abdali, Ahmad Khan, 347. See also Durrani, Ahmad Shah
Abduh, Muhammad, 75
Abdul Latif, Hajji, 121–122
Abdul Salam, Mullah, 392
Abdullah, Abdullah
as minister of foreign affairs, 141, 219, 275, 301–302
Rubin and, 458
Abdullah Shah, 136, 140, 144, 146
Abizaid, John, 354
Action Plan on Transitional Justice, 243
Aerostar Company, 50n1
Afghan Assistance Coordination Agency (AACA), 315–316
Afghan Donor Assistance Database, 316
Afghan Militia Forces (AMF), 288–289, 291, 308, 309, 312
Afghan National Army (ANA)
cost and funding of, 241–242, 257, 292, 445–446
deployment of, 291–292
ethnic imbalance and, 286, 291
foreign assistance and, 288–289, 312
ISAF and, 199–200
SCN and, 143
United States and, 173, 186, 204–205, 206, 239, 241–242, 312, 428, 438, 443, 445–446
Afghan National Police (ANP), 241–242, 289, 292–293, 443
Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF), 438–439, 445–446. See also Afghan National Army (ANA); Afghan National Police (ANP)
Afghan NGO Security Office (ANSO), 263
Afghan Transit Trade Agreement (ATTA), 56, 61, 65, 68, 125–126, 375
Afghanistan (Leslie and Johnson), 331n4
Afghanistan Compact
counternarcotics policy and, 386, 389–390, 412
government institutions and, 243–247
judicial system and, 242–243
overview, 226–228
security and, 178, 206, 228–242
Afghanistan Development Forum, 314, 317
Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC)
Bonn Agreement and, 137, 295, 307
CFC-A and, 332–333n36
mujahidin and, 286
property rights and, 274
Taliban and, 324–325
transitional justice and, 140–142, 145, 307, 312
Afghanistan Investment Support Agency, 273
Afghanistan National Development Strategy (ANDS), 226, 325
Afghanistan Opium Survey 2007 (UNODC), 386–389
Afghanistan Reconstruction and Development Services (ARDS), 316, 325
Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund (ARTF), 170, 224, 228, 316–317, 325–326, 330
Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU), 297–298
Afghanistan Stabilization Program (ASP), 293, 323
Afghanistan’s New Beginnings Program (ANBP), 276, 291
Afzal, Mawlawi Muhammad, 87, 115
Aga Khan, Sadruddin, 40
Agreement on Provisional Arrangements in Afghanistan Pending the Reestablishment of Permanent Government Institutions. See Bonn Agreement (2001)
agriculture, 273, 280, 328. See also opium (Afghanistan)
Ahmad, Qazi Husain, 91
Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 237
Ahmadzai, Abdul Ghani Khan, 470
Ahmadzai, Ashraf Ghani. See Ghani, Ashraf
Ahmadzai, Shahpur, 462
air transportation, 69, 223, 271–272
Akhundzada, Mullah Nasim, 178, 401
Akhundzada, Sher Muhammad, 178, 401
alaqadaris (subdistricts), 109
Albania, 50n1
Albright, Madeleine, 38
alternative dispute resolution (ADR), 293
Alternative Livelihoods Program (ALP), 319, 352, 391–392, 403–411, 416
Amanullah Khan
British Empire and, 365–366
Constitution and, 149, 467–468
decentralization of power and, 114
Ismail Khan and, 124
loya jirga and, 151
Amin-Arsala, Hedayat, 172–173, 297
amnesty, 327
Amnesty International, 146
Anas, Abdullah, 96n72
Anglo-Afghan Pact (1905), 367
Anglo-Afghan Treaty (1921), 367
Anglo-Afghan Wars, 347, 364, 435
Anglo-Russian Convention (1907), 435
anticoalition forces (ACF), 299. See also al-Qaeda; Taliban
Arab News (newspaper), 4
Arbour, Louise, 469
Armed Islamic Group (Algeria), 90, 91
Armenia, 93n2
Asia Society, 458
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
reconstruction and, 452
regional cooperation and, 220–221, 224, 320, 329–330
Tokyo donor conference and, 314
Trans-Afghan Pipeline and, 221, 284, 328
Ata Muhammad, 123–124
Atmar, Haneef, 301
Attorney-General (Loy Saranwal), 294
Atwah, Muhsin Matwalli (Abdul Rahman), 361
auxiliary police, 356
Awami National Party (Pakistan), 368, 377, 378, 381–382
Azerbaijan Airlines, 271
al-Azhar University (Cairo, Egypt), 75–76
Azzam, Abdullah, 81–82, 86, 90, 371
Babur, Zahiruddin Muhammad, 111, 464–465, 475
Baburnama (Babur), 111
Bagh-i Babur, 464–465, 474–475
Baluch (language), 161
Baluchistan, 362, 363, 368, 378
Bamiyan Buddhas, 135
Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI), 95n39
Bank-i Milli (Afghan development bank), 115
banking system, 168–169, 268, 296. See also Da Afghanistan Bank (DAB)
Basic Package of Health Services (BPHS), 173, 270
Beg, Mirza Aslam, 89
Berlin conference (2004), 177, 258, 314–315, 317, 320. See also Securing Afghanistan’s Future (SAF)
Bhutto, Murtaza, 368
bilingualism, 325
Bin Laden, Usama
Afghanistan and, 119
battle of Jalalabad and, 4
death of, 454
Islamic Salvation Foundation and, 81
al-Qaeda and, 371
Russia and, 37
Saudi Arabia and, 33–34, 59, 63, 81, 89, 90
United States and, 299
Bishkek conference (2004), 320, 329
Blair, Tony, 226
Blood on the Doorstep (Rubin), 1–2
Blum, Susan, 1
Bonn Agreement (2001)
banking system and, 296
Brahimi and, 138, 151, 460–461
Constitution and, 149–151
counternarcotics policy and, 396
Da Afghanistan Bank and, 268
legitimacy and, 262
Northern Alliance and, 137–138, 150, 275, 301, 460–461
public administration and, 169–170
Rabbani and, 300
reconstruction effort and, 314–317
security and, 185, 204, 206, 288, 307, 308–309
stabilization and, 238–239
transitional government institutions and, 105–108, 109, 122, 243, 256–257, 275, 313–314
transitional justice and, 136–140, 312
Zahir Shah and, 105, 138, 150, 460–461
See also Interim Administration of Afghanistan
Boraine, Alexander, 141
Bosnia, 40, 141–142, 192, 197, 323
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 40
Brahimi, Lakhdar
Ashqabat talks and, 45–46
Bonn Agreement and, 138, 151, 460–461
constitutional process and, 154
on crowding out, 200
Dostum and, 141
Interim Administration of Afghanistan and, 137
public administration and, 170
Six plus Two Group on Afghanistan and, 14
on spoilers, 192
on state building, 208–209
Taliban and, 36
on transitional administrations, 212n25
on withdrawal from Afghanistan, 42–43
Brahui, Abdul Karim, 275, 378–379
British East India Company, 363–364
British Empire
Afghanistan and, 165, 346–347, 363–366, 435, 442, 470
India and, 347, 363–364, 366, 435
Pakistan and, 366
Buddhas of Bamiyan, 135
Bush Administration
Afghanistan and: Afghan National Army and, 428
Berlin conference and, 317
government and, 150
incompetence of, 454
nation building and, 373
presidential debate and, 20–21
reconstruction and, 250
SSR and, 311–312
strategic priorities and, 358–359, 443, 447
Taliban and, 16–17
terrorism and, 343–344
Iraq and, 189
preventive war and, 181
United Nations and, 200
visit to South Asia and, 227, 231, 232–233, 361
See also war on terror
Byrd, William, 407
capital, 182–183, 194–195, 196
Carcassonne, Guy, 163n2
CARE, 319
Center on International Cooperation (CIC), 263
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 270
Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation program (CAREC), 224
Central Poppy Eradication Force (CPEF), 412
centralization
Constitution (1923) and, 114
Constitution (1964) and, 109–110
Constitution (2004) and, 154–155, 159–160
vs. decentralization, 69–70, 440
ethnic politics and, 154–155, 160, 300–301
vs. federalism, 121–122, 127–131
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan and, 120–121
public administration and, 175–177
revenue system and, 125–127
China
Afghanistan and, 37–38, 80–81, 83, 120, 214, 445, 450–451, 452–453
CAREC and, 224
Pakistan and, 452–453
Sen on, 102–103
Tibet and, 365
United States and, 237
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)
CFC-A and, 306
humanitarian efforts and, 119
Rome group and, 15
al-Zawahiri and, 360
Civil Service Commission, 297, 307
Civil Society Forum, 224
civil wars
constitutions and, 162
peace process and, 27, 67, 198
Clark, Kate, 331n10
Clingendael Institute (The Hague), 258
Clinton administration, 38, 348–349
coercion, 182–186, 194–195, 196
Cold War
Afghanistan and, 25, 165–167, 348, 424, 436
security and, 182–183
state building and, 194
U.S. foreign policy and, 74
Combined Forces Command-Afghanistan (CFC-A)
AIHRC and, 332–333n36
counternarcotics policy and, 249, 395–396, 418
human rights and, 274
ISAF and, 322–323
Ministry of the Interior and, 356
mujahidin and, 89
Operation Enduring Freedom and, 305
overview, 306
Pakistan and, 354–355
regional competition and, 284
security sector reform and, 229–230, 240–241, 323
stabilization and, 258
Community Development Councils (CDCs), 245–246, 440–441
Congo. See Democratic Republic of Congo
Constitution (1923), 114, 149, 467–468
Constitution (1964), 109–110, 152, 158–159, 160
Constitution (2004)
Bonn Agreement and, 149–151
centralization and, 154–155, 159–160
diversity and, 160–162, 175, 302, 303, 325
drafting of, 153–154
fight against terrorism, drugs and organized crime in, 396
governance and, 313–314
human rights and, 158–159
implementation of, 324–325, 456
judicial system and, 161–162, 294
parliament and, 298
presidentialism and, 155–157, 175
promulgation of, 149
revision of, 162–163
role of Islam and, 157–160
Zahir Shah and, 151–152
Constitutional Loya Jirga (CLJ, 1923), 151
Constitutional Loya Jirga (CLJ, 1964), 151
Constitutional Loya Jirga (CLJ, 2004)
chief of intelligence and, 205
delegates and, 149
draft constitution and, 154
dual citizenship and, 172
ethnic divide and, 262, 301–302
NDS and, 289
presidentialism and, 155–157
corruption
aid agencies and, 439
counternarcotics efforts and, 352
electricity and, 174
judiciary and, 161–162, 293, 294, 356–357, 411–412
legitimacy and, 440
Ministry of the Interior and, 174, 356
opium trade and, 214, 284, 411–412
public administration and, 170–171, 244, 245, 273
transport and, 272
Costa, Antonio Maria, 277
cotton, 114–115
Council of the Ulama, 246–247
Counter-Narcotics Police Force (CNPF), 289, 293, 327, 412
counternarcotics policy
Afghanistan Compact and, 386, 389–390, 412
ALP and, 319, 352, 391–392, 403–411, 416
Bonn Agreement and, 396
corruption and, 352
crop eradication and, 190, 249, 319, 358, 388–389, 389, 391–393, 399–401, 406, 417
crop substitution and, 220
economic development and, 247–249
economic retrogression and, 276
interdiction and, 411–413
judicial system and, 295
reconstruction and, 326–327
regional cooperation and, 220
security and, 391–392
state building and, 413–419
tools for, 398–404
UNDCP on, 69
United Kingdom and, 200–201, 312
United States and, 295, 318–319, 412
Counter-Narcotics Trust Fund for Afghanistan, 228, 249, 316–317
crowding in, 195
Curzon of Kedleston, George Nathaniel Curzon, 364, 381
customs revenues, 125–126, 296, 320, 328
Cyprus process, 47, 151, 460–461
Da Afghanistan Bank (DAB), 63, 126, 209, 268, 296
Dadfar, Muhammad Azam, 146, 271
Damadola, 360
Daoud Khan, 10, 115, 152, 367–368, 468
Dari (Afghan Persian), 160–161
Daud, Mohammad (Governor of Helmand), 178
Daud, Muhammad (Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs for Counternarcotics), 275
Dawlat-i Inqilabi-yi Islami-yi Nuristan (Islamic Revolutionary State of Nuristan), 87
Declaration of Strategic Partnership (2005), 428
Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), 230
Delta (Saudi oil company), 30, 58
demobilization, disarmament, and reintegration (DDR), 184, 185–186, 195, 202–203
demobilization, disarmament, and reintegration (DDR) (Afghanistan)
Afghanistan Compact and, 240
Bonn Agreement and, 307
CFC-A and, 258–259
insecurity and, 263
justice and, 143–144
Northern Alliance and, 286
overview, 289–292
democratic peace building, 201–202, 208
Democratic Republic of Congo, 57, 120, 183, 203, 208
Deobandi movement, 59, 64–65, 120, 370
Din Muhammad, Hajji, 123, 124, 128–129, 401–402
disbanding illegal armed groups (DIAG), 240, 276, 291
districts (wuluswalis)
commanders and, 266
corruption and, 244
council elections and, 256, 257
Ministry of the Interior and, 176–177
Dostum, Abdul Rashid
afghani and, 57–58
capitation fee and, 268
federalism and, 127
governors and, 125
Karzai and, 287
massacres and, 141
Massoud and, 10
as military general, 123
NIMA and, 119
as regional commander, 117
Russia and, 36
Tajikistan conflict and, 90–91
Taliban and, 12
transit trade and, 217
Turkey and, 217
Turkic languages and, 161
United States and, 121
war crimes and, 42
Doyle, Michael W., 198–199, 211n6
Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), 411
dual legitimacy, 183, 187–189, 195–197
Dubai
Pashtuns in, 65
transit trade and, 53, 57, 60–61, 103–104, 215, 217, 388
Duffield, Mark, 189
Durand, Henry Mortimer, 363
Durand Line
Awami National Party and, 378
border conflict and, 347–348, 362–368
British Empire and, 363–366, 462
development and, 235
recognition of, 362–363, 376, 378–380, 447, 451
United States and, 355
Durand Line Agreement (1893), 367, 380
Durrani, Ahmad Shah, 112, 347, 425–426, 435
Durrani empire, 112–113, 164–165, 435
Economic Cooperation Organization, 320
Economic Empowerment in Strategic Regions (EESR), 409
economies of scale, 53
economy
Iran and, 216
peacemaking and, 52
state building and, 188–189
economy (Afghanistan)
Afghanistan Compact and, 247–253, 250, 251
mujahidin and, 56–58
peacemaking and, 67–70
socioeconomic conflicts and, 66–67
Soviet occupation and, 53–56
Taliban and, 58–60, 67–68, 438
transnational networks and, 64–66
See also opium (Afghanistan)
education
in Federally Administered Tribal Agencies, 375
in Pakistan, 269, 269
in Thailand, 269, 269
education (Afghanistan)
Cold War and, 166
overview, 269, 269
refugees and, 81
Taliban and, 64
teacher training and, 326
ulama and, 75
women and, 166, 222, 247, 278–279
electricity and energy, 173–174, 271, 272, 350
Emmanuel, Rahm, 454
Bonn Agreement and, 262
districts and, 109–110
Ghani and, 144
Ministry of the Interior and, 205
Northern Alliance and, 151, 461
transitional justice and, 139–140
Zahir Shah and, 151
Eritrea, 199
Ermacora, Felix, 39
Eshaq, Muhammad, 6, 118–119, 121
ethnic cleansing, 281–282
Fahim, Muhammad Qasim
Afghan National Army and, 204–205, 292
ISAF and, 122
land grabbing and, 274
as minister of defense, 143, 217, 289, 310–311
Northern Alliance and, 172–173
presidentialism and, 156
Qanuni and, 301
Russia and, 217
SCN and, 117
United States and, 121
Farhang, M. Amin, 130
Fazlur Rahman, Maulana, 450
federalism, 112, 118–119, 121–122, 127–131, 159–160, 175
Federally Administered Tribal Agencies (FATA)
Awami National Party and, 381–382
border conflict and, 436, 447–448
Durand Line and, 363
Frontier Crimes Regulations and, 364, 374–375, 381
integration of, 430–431
United States and, 455
war on terror and, 444
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 258
formal equilibrium, 260, 260
The Fragmentation of Afghanistan (Rubin), 2–3, 4–5
Frontier Crimes Regulations (FCR), 364, 374–375, 381
Fukuyama, Francis, 208, 212n24
Gandamak, Treaty of (1879), 364, 367, 435
Gankovsky, Yuri, 473
gem trade, 57, 60, 63, 68, 215
General Intelligence Presidency (Riyasat al-Istakhbarah al-Ammah), 81
Geneva Accords (1998), 39–40, 43–44, 197, 348, 369, 471
Georgia, 451
Germany
Afghanistan and, 228, 229, 252, 292, 308, 312
security printing and, 72n44
Ghaffar Khan, Khan Abdul, 366
Ghaffurzai, Abdul Rahim, 14
Ghai, Yash Pal, 163n2
Ghani, Ashraf
Afghan politics and, 463
centralization and, 128
on counternarcotics policy, 318
dual citizenship and, 157
on dual public sector, 187
Hamid Karzai and, 461
reconstruction and, 315–316, 317
reforms and, 177, 266–267, 296, 474
on resources for state building, 306
Rubin and, 459, 460, 461, 463–464
SAF and, 408–409
SCN and, 143
on taxes, 126
ghulam bachas (slave sons), 165
Ghulam Ishaq Khan, 90
Giddens, Anthony, 184
Gossman, Patricia, 142
Goulding, Marrack, 40
Gouttierre, Thomas, 17
Grossman, Marc, 21
Guatemala, 199
Gul, Hamid, 91
gunlordism (tufangsalari). See warlordism (jangsalari, tufangsalari)
Haass, Richard, 17–18, 20–21, 430
Hamilton, Alexander, 157
Hazaras
centralization and, 155, 159–160
Constitution and, 158
economy and, 66
Northern Alliance and, 150, 301
Pashtuns and, 136
poverty and, 278
presidentialism and, 175
Taliban and, 282
health
Basic Package of Health Services and, 173, 270
in Federally Administered Tribal Agencies, 375
Pashtuns and, 222
regional cooperation and, 328–329
stabilization and, 270–271, 270
vaccination programs and, 177
Hersh, Seymour M., 284
Hikmatyar, Gulbuddin
Hizb-i Wahdat and, 89
Jamiat-i Islami and, 76
Massoud and, 119
Pakistan and, 10, 32–33, 353–354, 368
Rabbani and, 86
al-Rahman and, 89
Reagan and, 83
Takhar incident and, 86
terrorism and, 73–74
violence and, 134
Hizb-i Islami (Islamic Party, Afghanistan)
Azzam and, 81–82
education and, 81
Islamabad Accords and, 45
Pakistan and, 32–33
Saudi Arabia and, 74
terrorism and, 73–74
Hizb-i Wahdat
customs duties and, 126
federalism and, 127
Hikmatyar and, 89
Iran and, 34–35
ISA and, 119
See also Khalili, Abdul Karim; Muhaqqiq, Muhammad
Holbrooke, Richard, 21, 420n11
de Hoop Scheffer, Jaap, 254n16
Horton, Scott R., 72n44
Hosseini, Khaled, 460
human rights
Bonn Agreement and, 307
Constitution (2004) and, 158–159
Najibullah regime and, 146
religion and, 201
security and, 142–144
stabilization and, 273–274
state building and, 195
transitional justice and, 147–148, 469
See also Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC); torture
Hussein, Abida, 84
Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad, 75, 77
Idara-yi Umur (Department of Administration), 287
Ignatieff, Michael, 7
illegal armed groups (IAGs), 240, 276, 291
Imam, Col. (Sultan Amin Tharar), 58
impunity, 239
Independent Administrative Reform and Civil Service Commission (IARCSC), 172–173
Independent Directorate for Local Governance (IDLG), 410
India
Afghanistan and: border conflict and, 362–363
Karzai government and, 377
NATO and, 445
Research and Analysis Wing and, 452
smuggling and, 215
weapons and, 214
British Empire and, 347, 363–364, 366, 435
Cold War and, 424
Kashmir and, 366–367
Pakistan and, 26, 32, 58, 283, 320–321, 352, 355, 369, 377, 424, 437, 439, 445, 447
Pashtuns and, 367
Sen on, 102–103
Trans-Afghan Pipeline and, 321
weapons and, 80
Indian Border Roads Organization, 377
inflation, 30–31, 56–58, 104, 168, 277, 295
informal equilibrium, 259–260, 259
information, 103
infrastructure
in Afghanistan, 220, 271, 271, 284
in Pakistan, 271, 271
in Thailand, 271
Interim Administration of Afghanistan
Bonn Agreement and, 105, 107, 137, 152–153
government workers and, 104
Karzai and, 106, 107, 152, 204, 286–287
Northern Alliance and, 152
political parties and, 300
public administration and, 170–171
Supervisory Council of the North and, 123, 300
Interim Afghanistan National Development Strategy (I-ANDS), 167–169, 226–227, 248, 250, 407
Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (I-PRSP), 325
internally displaced persons (IDPs), 49, 218, 280, 281–282, 438
International Air Transport Authority (IATA), 69
International Center for Transitional Justice, 141
International Committee of the Red Cross, 7, 39, 42, 134
International Criminal Court (ICC), 141
International Development Law Organization, 294
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 243–244, 247–248, 262, 267, 276, 296
International Narcotics Control Board (INBC), 398
International Organization for Migration (IOM), 171–172
international organizations
corruption and, 439
humanitarian efforts and, 30, 39–43, 57, 119–120
public administration and, 173
transitional justice and, 140–142
international organized crime, 65–66
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)
Afghan National Army and, 199–200
Bonn Agreement and, 122, 138, 206, 308
border conflict and, 372
CFC-A and, 322–323
Ministry of Defense and, 209
NATO and, 206, 229, 258, 305, 308, 322–323, 349
SSR and, 229–230, 240–241, 323
United States and, 349
Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)
border conflict and, 436
Jamaat-i Islami and, 83
Kashmir and, 33
mujahidin and, 25, 55, 74, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86
RAW and, 452
Taliban and, 65, 216–217, 283, 344, 353
United States and, 443
interstate war, 52
Iran
Afghanistan and: Constitution and, 158
mujahidin and, 80, 89, 120, 424
Northern Alliance and, 10, 35, 36, 214
opium trade and, 66
Pakistan and, 214
peace efforts and, 45
post–Cold War conflict and, 34–36
refugees and, 280
strategic partnership and, 428–429
Taliban and, 425
transport and, 284
United States and, 237
water and, 222
weapons and, 120
drug industry and, 394
economy and, 216
pipeline routes and, 26, 29, 35, 221
Russia and, 36
Saudi Arabia and, 437
Shia restoration and, 447
United States and, 38, 283, 284, 321, 330, 359, 425, 437, 439, 445, 452
Iranian revolution, 77
Iraq
military presence in, 250
state building and, 192
terrorism and, 230–231
United States and, 189, 199, 200
Islamabad Accords (1993), 45
al-Islambouli, Khalid, 86
Islamic Coordination Council, 81, 91, 92
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (IEA)
centralization and, 120–121
economy and, 53
Islamic Interim Government of Afghanistan (IIGA), 85, 118
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU), 214, 215, 217, 394
Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP), 90
Islamic Salvation Foundation, 81
Islamic State of Afghanistan (ISA), 57, 119–120
Islamic State of Nuristan, 115
Islamic taxes, 246. See also ushr (Islamic tithe); zakat (Islamic taxes)
Islamic Transitional State of Afghanistan, 139–140, 153
Islamic United Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan (UF or Northern Alliance)
Bonn Agreement and, 137–138, 150, 275, 301, 460–461
DDR and, 286
Emergency Loya Jirga and, 151, 461
Fahim and, 172–173
Interim Administration of Afghanistan and, 152
opium and, 214
Pakistan and, 352–353
public administration and, 172–173, 174
Russia and, 214
Taliban and, 348
United States and, 99–100, 123, 206, 349
Uzbekistan and, 214
Islamic University (Islamabad), 82
Islamism, 74–79
Ismail Khan
Bonn Agreement and, 275
federalism and, 127
land grabbing and, 274
mujahidin revolts and, 116
as regional commander, 10–11, 117, 119
transit trade and, 217
United States and, 121
Israel, 83
Italy, 294, 312. See also Rome process
Ivanov, Sergei, 283
jahiliyyah (pre-Islamic ignorance or barbarism), 76
Jalali, Ali Ahmad
on DIAG, 240
on districts, 109–110
dual citizenship and, 157
governors and, 125
Jamaat al-Dawa ila al-Quran wa Ahl al-Hadith, 85, 87–89
Jamaat-i Islami (Pakistan), 76, 78–79, 82–83, 84, 89, 90
Jamiat-i Islami (Islamic Society)
Arab aid to, 83
customs duties and, 126
Iran and, 35
Islamabad Accords and, 45
origins of, 76
SCN and, 117
Tajikistan conflict and, 90
Japan
exports and, 327
trust funds and, 228, 252, 325
Jaramillo, Sergio, 413
jirgas, 112. See also loya jirgas (great councils)
Johnson, Chris, 331n4
Joint Coordination and Monitoring Board (JCMB), 386
Joint Declaration of Strategic Partnership (2005), 231–232, 236
joint regional teams (JRTs), 176
Jones, James, 353
Jordan, 304
Judicial Reform Commission, 294
judicial system
Afghanistan Compact and, 242–243
Bonn Agreement and, 307
Constitution (2004) and, 161–162, 294
corruption and incompetence of, 161–162, 293, 294, 356–357, 411–412
counternarcotics policy and, 295
international community and, 323
opium trade and, 411–412
overview, 293–295
ulama and, 164
Junbish-i Milli-yi Islami-yi Afghanistan (National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan), 35
Jurat, Din Muhammad, 351
Kabul Declaration of good neighborly relations (2002), 320
Kabul process, 330–331
Kajaki Dam project, 174
Kalakani, Habibullah, 114, 366, 470–471
Karzai, Abdul Ahad, 14
Karzai, Ahmad Wali, 114
Karzai, Hamid
Afghan politics and, 462–463
Afghanistan Compact and, 226
at Asia Society, 458
Bonn Agreement and, 122
as chairman of the Interim Administration, 106, 107, 152, 204, 286–287
counternarcotics policy and, 318
Dostum and, 287
Emergency Loya Jirga and, 153
émigrés and, 280
India and, 362–363
Iran and, 428–429
Hekmat Karzai and, 339
Ministry of the Interior and, 356
Qanuni and, 305
riots (2006) and, 351
Rubin and, 472
Shinwari and, 242
Strengthening Peace program and, 299–300
Supreme Court and, 161
Taliban and, 233–234
United States and, 14, 190, 236–237, 251, 354
warlords and, 203
zonal system and, 128
Karzai, Hekmat, 339
Karzai, Qayum, 15, 460, 461, 462–463, 474
Kazemi, Sayyid Mustafa, 126, 220
Khalid, Asadullah, 114
Khalili, Abdul Karim, 123, 127, 156
Khalilzad, Zalmay, 251, 287, 312, 401, 462–463, 472
Khashoggi, Jamal, 4, 88, 96n72
Khatami, Muhammad, 38
Khudai Khidmatgars (servants of God), 366
Al-Kifah Refugee Center (Brooklyn), 81
Kipling, Rudyard, 472
The Kite Runner (Hosseini), 460
languages, 160–161, 175, 302, 325
Lavrov, Sergei, 459
Law and Order Trust Fund for Afghanistan (LOTFA), 228, 316–317, 325–326
legitimacy
in Afghanistan, 257, 261–263, 440
state building and, 182–183, 189–190, 192–193, 194–195, 196
United Nations and, 189–190, 200
Leslie, Jolyon, 331n4, 474–475
loya jirgas (great councils), 14–15, 47, 151, 278, 367. See also Emergency Loya Jirga (2002); specific loya jirgas
Lynch, Thomas, 423–433
madrasas (Islamic academies)
Ahl-i Hadith, 79
in Federally Administered Tribal Agencies, 375
Pashtuns and, 64
Taliban and, 54, 59, 64–65, 120, 216, 344
Mahan Airlines, 223
Majrooh, Said Bahauddin, 339, 471
Majrooh, Sayyid Naim, 471–472
malaria, 328
Malikyar, Helena, 109, 463, 464–465, 466–468
Mansfield, David, 403, 405, 410–411, 422n54
Mansfield, Edward, 208
Martin, Edouard, 248
Massoud, Ahmad Shah
Ghaffurzai and, 14
Hizb-i Wahdat and, 35
inflation and, 30–31
Iran and, 10
KGB and, 465
Pakistan and, 368
al-Qaeda and, 152
Takhar incident and, 86
volunteers and, 89
Zahir Shah and, 122
Massoud, Ahmad Zia, 172–173, 287, 475
Mawdudi, Abul Ala, 76
McCaffrey, Barry, 445
measles, 270
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), 92
Meiselas, Susan, 11
Meshrano Jirga (upper house of the National Assembly), 256, 298, 313
Mestiri, Mahmoud, 45
MI6, 306
military (Afghanistan), 289–292. See also Afghan National Army (ANA); demobilization, disarmament, and reintegration (DDR); Ministry of Defense (Afghanistan)
Ministry of Commerce (Afghanistan), 273
Ministry of Defense (Afghanistan)
Fahim and, 143, 217, 289, 310–311
ISAF and, 209
reforms and, 289–292, 312, 356
SCN and, 143
security forces and, 288
Ministry of Energy, Power, and Water (Afghanistan), 173
Ministry of Finance (Afghanistan), 209–210, 244, 297, 357
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan), 152, 300, 461. See also Abdullah, Abdullah
Ministry of Hajj, Awqaf and Irshad (Religions Affairs), 176–177, 246
Ministry of Health (Afghanistan), 173, 270
Ministry of Justice (Afghanistan), 294
Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development (MRRD, Afghanistan), 173, 176–177, 441
Ministry of the Interior (Afghanistan)
CFC-A and, 356
corruption and incompetence of, 174, 356
districts and, 176–177
Emergency Loya Jirga and, 205
Northern Alliance and, 173
security and, 275
United States and, 240
Ministry of Women’s Affairs (Afghanistan), 472
Mojaddedi, Sebghatullah, 95n43, 300
monetary policy
Bonn Agreement and, 106
inflation and, 30–31, 56–58, 104, 168, 277, 295
ISA and, 119
security printing and, 72n44
money laundering, 412
Mubarak, Hosni, 73
Muhaqqiq, Muhammad, 116, 126, 127, 302
mujahidin (Islamic resistance)
AIHRC and, 286
Arab aid to, 79–86
China and, 37–38, 80–81, 83, 120
economy and, 56–58
ISI and, 25, 55, 74, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86
Northern Alliance and, 150
Pakistan and, 25, 79, 84, 89–90, 120, 348
public administration and, 116–117, 169
Saudi Arabia and, 25, 74, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88–90, 120, 348
Tajikistan conflict and, 90–92
United States and, 25, 74, 79–81, 85, 89, 120, 121, 123, 217, 348
USAID and, 39
violence and, 134–135
volunteers and, 86–92
See also Hizb-i Islami (Islamic Party, Afghanistan)
munshis (secretaries), 164
Musharraf, Pervez
Afghan Transit Trade Agreement and, 65, 68
attack on Damadola and, 360
Baluchistan and, 362
Bush Administration and, 231, 344, 430
controlled democracy and, 216
Durand Line and, 380
economy and, 68
United States and, 9, 352–353, 355, 448
Muslim Brotherhood, 75–76, 78–79, 81
Muslim World League (Rabitat al-Alam al-Islami), 76, 77–79, 81, 82
Muslim Youth Organization (Sazman-i Javanan-i Musulman), 76
mustufiat (finance office), 126
Mutawakkil, Wakil Ahmad, 121
Nader Shah, 347
Nadir Shah, Muhammed, 114, 120, 347, 366, 470–471
Najibullah regime
failed coup against, 291
human rights and, 146
inflation and, 56
intergroup conflict and, 282
provinces and, 116
Naqvi, Zareen F., 61
Nasser, Gamal Abdul, 77
National Assembly, 256, 298–299, 302–304, 324
national commanders’ shura (NCS), 118
National Democratic Institute (NDI), 304
National Development Framework (NDF), 218–219
National Development Program, 272, 312
National Directorate of Security (NDS), 288, 289, 411–412
National Drug Control Strategy, 249, 393, 399, 417
National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan (Junbish, NIMA), 119
National Priority Programs (NPPs), 317
national reconciliation, 300
National Security Council (NSC), 154, 156, 287
National Solidarity Program (NSP), 173, 175, 245–246, 268, 410, 440–441
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
counternarcotics policy and, 249, 415, 418
ISAF and, 206, 229, 258, 305, 308, 322–323, 349
Pakistan and, 354–355, 382–383
Russia and, 437
stabilization and, 238
United States and, 437
Nazir Mohammed, 274
network war, 373
New Democracy, 10, 115, 298, 467
New Zealand, 311
Nicaragua, 28
Niger, 314
Northern Alliance. See Islamic United Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan (UF or Northern Alliance)
Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP), 361, 363, 368
Norway, 317
Nuristan, 363
Nuristani (language), 161
Oakley, Robert, 178
Obama Administration, 454
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), 141–142, 307, 324
Official Gazette (Rasmi Jarida), 324
Olson, Eric, 331n9
Omar, Mullah Muhammed
Ashqabat talks and, 49
opium and, 401
Pakistan and, 13
al-Qaeda and, 466
women and, 41
Open Society Institute, 171–172
Operation Enduring Freedom, 305
Operation Salaam, 40
opium
corruption and, 214, 284, 411–412
income and, 276–277, 276, 277, 278, 316, 319, 390
prices, 72n40, 319, 395, 397, 401
production, 29–30, 52–53, 56–57, 60, 61–63, 61, 65–66, 103, 119, 121, 214, 280, 351–352, 386–387, 390–391
al-Qaeda and, 214
salaam contracts and, 402–403
stabilization and, 276–277
Taliban and, 59, 62–63, 65–66, 121, 214, 386–390, 394–395, 401
trade, 59, 60, 65–66, 103, 217, 284, 285, 394–395
See also counternarcotics policy
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, 320
Organization of the Islamic Conference, 320
Ottaway, Marina, 208
Pahlawan, Abdul Malik, 12, 37, 42
Pahlawan, Abdul Rashid, 12
Pain, Adam, 422n54
Pakistan
Afghan Transit Trade Agreement and, 65, 68, 125–126
Afghanistan and: border conflict and, 235–236, 361–363, 366–373, 376–384, 430–431, 446–448
customs coordination and, 220–221
Hikmatyar and, 10, 32–33, 353–354, 368
humanitarian efforts and, 119–120
Lynch on, 429–431
mujahidin and, 25, 79, 84, 89–90, 120, 348
peace efforts and, 45
policy recommendations, 450–451
refugees and, 39, 218, 280–281, 471
as spoiler, 349
Taliban and, 9, 13–14, 15, 26, 29, 31, 59, 63, 65, 99, 214, 217, 232–236, 340, 348, 353–355, 370–371, 442
transit trade and, 53, 60–61, 215, 217, 388
weapons and, 64, 120. See also Durand Line; Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)
Baluchistan and, 362
British Empire and, 366
CFC-A and, 354–355
China and, 452–453
Cold War and, 424
drug industry and, 394
education in, 269, 269
end of Cold War and, 25–26
Federally Administered Tribal Agencies and, 347, 374, 451
fiscal capacity of, 267, 267
health in, 270
Hizb-i Islami and, 32–33
India and, 25–26, 32, 58, 283, 320–321, 352, 355, 369, 377, 424, 437, 439, 445, 447
infrastructure in, 271, 271
Kashmir and, 366–367
Northern Alliance and, 352–353
pipelines and, 29
al-Qaeda and, 217, 283, 344, 442, 455–457
United States and, 9, 78, 100, 231, 348, 352–353, 355, 369, 372, 382–383, 424–425, 432, 446–447, 448, 455
weapons and, 80
Pamiri (language), 161
Pashai (language), 161
Pashto (language), 160–161
Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party (Pakistan), 377
Pashtuns
centralization and, 154–155, 160, 300–301
current government and, 299
diaspora of, 215–216
in Dubai, 65
Durand Line and, 363
ethnic cleansing and, 281–282
Hazaras and, 136
health and, 222
India and, 367
nationalism and, 112–113, 366–368, 370–372, 377–379
Pakistan and, 84
poverty and, 278
Taliban and, 150
taxes and, 112–113
Uzbeks and, 136
women and, 222
peace process
structural obstacles to, 47–50
Peacebuilding Triangle, 198–199
People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), 461–462, 464–465, 469
Persia, 435
Peshawar Accord (1992), 44
Physicians for Human Rights (PHR), 141–142
pipelines
end of Cold War and, 25–26
Pakistan and, 29
Taliban and, 58–59
Turkmenistan and, 35, 37, 221, 284, 321
United States and, 58–59
See also Trans-Afghan Pipeline (TAP)
Pitcairn Islands, 304
Plan Colombia, 319
police
commanders and, 273–274
corruption and incompetence of, 134, 288, 351
cost and funding of, 445–446
international community and, 323
LOTFA and, 316–317
Minister of the Interior and, 288
overview, 292–293
torture and, 134, 136, 274, 293
United States and, 240, 292, 438
See also Afghan National Police (ANP)
post–Cold War conflict, 28–31
Priority Reform and Restructuring (PRR), 173, 297
property rights, 274
prostitution, 215
provinces (wilayat)
commanders and, 266
corruption and, 244
council elections and, 256, 257
government and, 109–110
Najibullah regime and, 116
Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs)
ASP and, 293
counternarcotics policy and, 249
development budgets and, 246
devolution and, 176
NATO and, 258
stabilization and, 238–239
public administration
centralization and, 175–177
corruption and, 170–171, 244, 245, 273
overview, 164–174
security and, 177–179
stabilization and, 273, 296–298
al-Qaeda
Bonn Agreement and, 185
border region and, 379
Massoud and, 152
opium and, 214
origins of, 371
Pakistan and, 217, 283, 344, 442, 455–457
Taliban and, 13–14, 104, 449, 455–456, 465–466
United States and, 206, 299, 439, 448–449
Qanuni, Muhammad Yunus
Bonn Agreement and, 138
on centralization, 129–130
Fahim and, 301
Karzai and, 305
presidentialism and, 156
Rubin and, 472
Wolesi Jirga and, 155
Qasimi, Enayatullah, 272
Rabbani, Burhanuddin
Bonn Agreement and, 138
economy and, 57
Hikmatyar and, 86
inflation and, 30–31
Reagan and, 83
Sayyaf and, 89
Rabia, Abu Hamza, 361
Rabitat al-Alam al-Islami (Muslim World League), 76, 77–79, 81, 82
Rahmani, Mawlawi Arsala, 86
Rahmatullah, Haji, 90
Rashid, Ahmed, 230
Rasmi Jarida (Official Gazette), 324
Rawalpindi, Treaty of (1919), 365, 367
reconstruction
Asian Development Bank (ADB) and, 452
counternarcotics policy and, 326–327
overview, 314–317, 315
policy recommendations, 223–225, 325–327
regional conflict and, 213–218
regional cooperation and, 218–225, 252–253
See also Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs)
refugees
education and, 81
international organizations and, 30
Pakistan and, 39, 218, 280–281, 471
regional cooperation
Asian Development Bank and, 220–221, 224, 329–330
counternarcotics policy and, 220
health and, 328–329
policy recommendations, 237–238, 440
reconstruction and, 218–225, 252–253
World Bank and, 220, 222, 329–330
regions or zones (hawza), 110–111, 117, 127–128
religious institutions, 246–247
Research and Analysis Wing (India), 452
Rice, Condoleezza, 237
Richardson, Bill, 38
Rieff, David, 11
Rome group, 9–10, 14–15, 17–18, 47, 100, 150
Roy, Olivier, 76, 78, 94n20, 94n36, 95n67
Rubin, Barnett
on centralization, 131
Ghani and, 459, 460, 461, 463–464
Majrooh and, 471–472
Malikyar and, 464–465, 466–468, 472–474
on NCS, 118
report on human rights violations and, 142
trips to Afghanistan, 2–4, 6–8, 11–13, 345–346, 460–469, 471–473
Rumsfeld, Donald, 122, 199, 241, 446, 463–464
Russia
Afghanistan and, 29–30, 36–37, 214, 217, 283, 365, 445, 452
Iran and, 36
NATO and, 437
Northern Alliance and, 214
opium and, 29–30
pipeline routes and, 26
Rubin on, 459
Six plus Two Group on Afghanistan and, 320
Taliban and, 425
Uzbekistan and, 214
Russian mafia, 65–66
Saadi, 1
Sajjan, Harjit, 413
salaam (futures contracts), 57, 72n39, 402–403
Salamé, Ghassan, 183
Saleh, Amrullah, 11, 275, 344, 466–467, 474
Salman bin Abd al-Aziz, 81, 88
Sambanis, Nicholas, 198–199, 211n6
al-Saud, Turki al-Faisal, 4, 7, 34, 81
Saudi Arabia
Afghanistan and: mujahidin and, 25, 74, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88–90, 120, 348
peace efforts and, 45
Bin Laden and, 33–34, 59, 63, 81, 89, 90
Hizb-i Islami and, 73
Iran and, 437
Islamism and, 77–79
Jamaat-i Islami and, 78–79, 82–83
Rabbani and, 76
terrorism and, 73–74
United States and, 78–79
Saudi Red Crescent, 83
Sawyer, Amos, 207
Sayyaf, Ghulam Rasul (later Abd al-Rabb al-Rasul)
Arab aid to, 84–85
CIA and, 19
court system and, 286
Emergency Loya Jirga and, 153
Jamiat-i Islami and, 76
Kuwait and, 81
Northern Alliance and, 150
Rabbani and, 89
Saudi Arabia and, 85
volunteers and, 87
Schaffenburger, Arnold, 17
Schroen, Gary, 18–20
Securing Afghanistan’s Future (SAF), 258, 262, 267, 317, 408–409
security
coercion and, 184–186
definition of, 197–198
elections and, 201–202
global framework for, 182–183, 194
priorities and, 205–207
state building and, 207–210
transitional provision of, 198–201
security (Afghanistan)
Afghanistan Compact and, 178, 206, 227–242
Bonn Agreement and, 185, 204, 206, 288, 307, 308–309
border conflict and, 446–448
counternarcotics policy and, 391–392
human rights and, 142–144
international organizations and, 185, 263
LOTFA and, 316–317
overview, 263–266, 264–265
policy recommendations, 321–324, 444–446
PRTs and, 309
public administration and, 177–179
regional cooperation and, 219, 320–321
security forces and, 203–205, 275–276, 288–295, 290, 440, 443
United States and, 206–207, 309
violence and, 184–185 See also Afghan National Army (ANA); International Security Assistance Force (ISAF); judicial system; police; security sector reform (SSR)
security printing, 72n44
security sector reform (SSR)
Afghanistan Compact and, 239–242
CFC-A and, 240–241, 258–259, 323
ISAF and, 228–230, 240–241, 323
lead-donor system and, 206, 239–240
legitimacy and, 202
Ministry of Defense and, 205, 240
policy recommendations, 323–324
state building and, 185–186, 195
See also demobilization, disarmament, and reintegration (DDR)
self-governance, 245–246
Sen, Amartya, 102–103
September 11, 2001, attacks, 11, 2001, 1, 6, 194, 349, 372
sermons (khutbas), 246
Shah Jahan, 464
Shahrani, M. Nazif, 331n7
Shahrani, Nematullah, 158
Shanghai Cooperation Organization, 237, 428
Shinwari, Fazl Hadi, 242, 243, 304
Shirzai, Gul Agha, 121, 123, 124, 128, 274
Shura-yi Nazar. See Supervisory Council of the North (SCN)
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961), 398
Single Non-Transferable Vote (SNTV), 298–299, 304
Sipah-i Sahaba (anti-Shia Sunni extremist group), 35–36
Six plus Two Group on Afghanistan, 14, 320
Sliwinski, Marek, 101
smuggling network
customs revenues and, 125–126
Dostum and, 217
Federally Administered Tribal Agencies and, 375
Ismail Khan and, 217
overview, 52–53, 56–57, 103–104, 352
value of, 375
Snyder, Jack, 208
Söderbom, Måns, 60
South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), 223, 320
Soviet Union
end of Cold War and, 28
invasion and occupation of Afghanistan and, 25, 54–56, 80, 134–135, 166–168, 348, 368–369, 436
Massoud and, 465
Pashtuns and, 367
United States and, 85
Spain, 229
Spin Boldak, 360
spoilers, 48, 192, 197, 202, 349
Stability Assessment Framework
Afghanistan and: economic indicators and, 276–279, 276, 277, 278
governance indicators and, 261–276, 264–265, 267, 269, 270, 271
institutions and, 286–299
international environment and, 283–284
social indicators and, 279–282, 279
indicators and, 258–260, 259, 260, 261
stabilization
Bonn Agreement and, 238–239
health and, 270–271, 270
human rights and, 273–274
opium and, 276–277
public administration and, 273, 296–298
transport and, 271–272, 271
Stanikzai, Abbas, 147
state building
capital and, 182–183, 193–195, 196
coercion and, 182–183, 194–195, 196
counternarcotics policy and, 413–419
foreign assistance and, 257–258
humanitarian assistance and, 186–188
Islam and, 111
legitimacy and, 182–183, 189–190, 192–193, 194–195, 196
overview, 182–190, 193–197, 196
security and, 207–210
Taliban and, 11–12
See also security; Stability Assessment Framework
Stedman, Steve, 192
Strengthening Peace program, 299–300, 322
subdistricts (alaqadaris), 109
suicide attacks, 360
Sun Tzu, 433
Supervisory Council of the North (SCN)
Bonn Agreement and, 152–153, 204
Interim Administration of Afghanistan and, 123, 300
Iran and, 35
Ministry of Defense and, 143
overview, 117
Rumsfeld and, 122
Supreme Court
appointments and, 242–243, 294
judicial review and, 149, 159, 161–162, 295
overview, 294
reforms and, 357
Wolesi Jirga and, 313
al-Suri, Abu Marwan, 361
Swedish Committee for Afghanistan, 119
Swiss Peace Foundation, 224
Symansky, Steven, 248
Tajikistan
CAREC and, 224
ethnic diasporas and, 215
mujahidin and, 90–92, 93n2, 93n5
Northern Alliance and, 214
centralization and, 155
diaspora and, 215–216
economy and, 66–67
Northern Alliance and, 150
presidentialism and, 175
Talbott, Strobe, 38
Taliban
AIHRC and, 324–325
Bin Laden and, 65, 99, 104, 348
border region and, 379
economy and, 58–60, 67–68, 438
insurgency and, 230–232, 230, 345–346
Iran and, 425
ISI and, 65, 216–217, 283, 344, 353
Karzai and, 233–234
Northern Alliance and, 348
opium and, 59, 62–63, 65–66, 121, 214, 386–390, 394–395, 401
Pakistan and, 9, 13–14, 15, 26, 29, 31, 59, 63, 65, 99, 214, 217, 232–236, 340, 348, 353–355, 370–371, 442
al-Qaeda and, 13–14, 104, 449, 455–456, 465–466
Russia and, 425
state building and, 11–12
transit trade and, 30, 60–61, 388
United States and, 8–9, 13–14, 16–17, 26, 38–39, 299, 322, 449–450
war crimes and, 42
See also Deobandi movement; Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (IEA)
Taliban Movement of Pakistan, 442
Tatarstan, 50n1
Tawana, Sayyed Musa, 93n8, 94n14
taxes
base of, 110
centralization and, 125–127
cotton and, 114–115
customs revenues and, 125–126, 296, 328
domestic revenue, 243–244, 350
Pashtuns and, 112–113
stabilization and, 267–268, 295–296
transit trade and, 68, 215, 388
Taylor, Charles, 207
Tenet, George, 39
terrorism
Afghanistan and, 38–39, 73–74, 92, 104–105, 230–232, 343–344, 345, 346
Iraq and, 230–231
Thailand
education in, 269, 269
fiscal capacity of, 267, 267
health in, 270
infrastructure in, 271
Tharar, Sultan Amin (Col. Imam), 58
Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919), 347, 435
Tibet, 365
Tokyo donor conference (2002), 107, 239, 294, 311–312, 314
torture
police and, 134, 136, 274, 293
psychological disturbance and, 146
Trans-Afghan Pipeline (TAP), 221, 284, 321, 328
transitional justice
AIHRC and, 140–142, 145, 307, 312
Bonn Agreement and, 136–140, 312
definition of, 133
human rights and, 147–148, 469
United Nations and, 307
transnational war, 52
transport
infrastructure and, 220, 271, 271, 284
stabilization and, 271–272, 271
tuberculosis, 328
Turkey
Dostum and, 217
drug industry and, 394
Economic Cooperation Organization and, 320
ISAF and, 308
trade and, 223–224
weapons and, 214
Turkic tongues (Uzbek and Turkmen), 161
Turkmen (language), 161
Turkmenistan
CAREC and, 224
gas pipeline and, 35, 37, 221, 284, 321
transport routes and, 125–126
Uganda, 199
ulama
administration of justice and, 75, 164, 242–243, 246–247
politics and, 304
Umar, Mullah Muhammed. See Omar, Mullah Muhammed
UN Development Program (UNDP)
Afghan Donor Assistance Database and, 316
Afghan refugees and, 171–172
Counter-Narcotics Trust Fund and, 249, 316–317
Iran and, 223
regional cooperation and, 329–330
shuras and, 119–120
Soviet occupation and, 39
UN Drug Control Program (UNDCP), 62, 69
UN Habitat, 119–120
UN Human Rights Center (Geneva), 42
UN Human Rights Commission, 39, 42
UN Special Mission for Afghanistan (UNSMA), 40, 46
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 33, 65, 223–224
United Front (UF). See Islamic United Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan (UF or Northern Alliance)
United Kingdom
Afghanistan Compact and, 226
counternarcotics and, 200–201, 312, 317
ISAF and, 308
PRTs and, 311
weapons and, 214
United Nations (UN)
border conflict and, 372
Bush Administration and, 200
CFC-A and, 306
constitutional process and, 153–154
global juridical national sovereignty and, 181
humanitarian efforts and, 39–43, 57
state building and, 194
transitional justice and, 307
United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA)
AACA and, 316
Afghan National Army and, 204–205
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 39, 40–41, 90, 91, 280–281
United Nations Organization on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Afghanistan Opium Survey 2007 and, 386–389
Bishkek conference and, 320
on corruption, 174
on crop eradication, 403
INCB and, 398
on opium economy, 319
on opium poppy production, 351–352, 404, 417–418
United States
Afghanistan and: Afghan National Army and, 173, 186, 204–205, 206, 239, 241–242, 312, 428, 438, 443, 445–446
Afghanistan Compact and, 226
counternarcotics policy and, 295, 318–319, 412
counterterrorism policies and, 455–457
DDR and, 323
as donor, 228, 251–252, 251, 357
exports and, 327
Iran and, 237
Ismail Khan and, 121
Karzai and, 14, 190, 236–237, 251, 354
Lynch on, 423–433
mujahidin and, 25, 74, 79–81, 85, 89, 120, 121, 123, 217, 348
Northern Alliance and, 99–100, 123, 206, 349
reconstruction and, 224
Taliban and, 8–9, 13–14, 16–17, 26, 38–39, 299, 322, 449–450
trust funds and, 325
China and, 237
Iran and, 38, 283, 284, 321, 330, 359, 425, 437, 439, 445, 452
ISAF and, 349
ISI and, 443
NATO and, 437
Pakistan and, 9, 78, 100, 231, 348, 352–353, 355, 369, 372, 382–383, 424–425, 432, 446–447, 448, 455
pipelines routes and, 58–59
al-Qaeda and, 206, 299, 439, 448–449
Saudi Arabia and, 78–79
security printing and, 72n44
Six plus Two Group on Afghanistan and, 320
Soviet Union and, 85
transitional administrations and, 189–190
war on drugs and, 319
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 158
Unocal (Union Oil Company of California), 30, 58
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), 39, 119. See also Alternative Livelihoods Program (ALP)
U.S. Department of Defense, 173, 241, 306, 312, 320
U.S. Protection and Investigations, 351
ushr (Islamic tithe), 62–63, 176, 397
Uzbek (language), 161
Uzbekistan
CAREC and, 224
opium and, 29–30
Russia and, 214
See also Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)
centralization and, 155, 159–160
Northern Alliance and, 150, 301
Pashtuns and, 136
presidentialism and, 175
Taliban and, 282
vaccination programs, 177
Vanuatu, 304
Vessey, John W., 1
Wali, Abdul, 468
war crimes, 42, 135–136, 307, 324–325
war on drugs, 319
war on terror
Operation Enduring Freedom and, 305
Pakistan and, 232–236, 355, 377, 439
policy recommendations, 455
as struggle against “evil,” 443–444
warlord democratization, 185, 197
warlordism (jangsalari, tufangsalari)
centralization and, 123, 127–128
human rights and, 142–143, 273–274
transit trade and, 215
water, 221–222, 271, 272–273, 280, 326, 328
Waziristan, 233–234, 340, 353, 361, 365
Weinbaum, Marvin, 17
Witschi-Cestari, Alfredo, 41
Wolesi Jirga (lower house of parliament)
elections and, 155, 256, 257, 298, 304, 313
ministers and, 157
prime minister and, 155–156
women
education and, 166, 222, 247, 278–279
in Federally Administered Tribal Agencies, 375
Jamaat al-Dawa and, 87
Jamiat-i Islami and, 83
legal status of, 278–279
loya jirgas and, 158, 159, 278
Ministry of Women’s Affairs and, 472
modernization and, 54–55
National Solidarity Program and, 268
Pashtuns and, 222
politics and, 31
prostitution and, 215
Soviet occupation and, 55
UN and, 40–42
Zahir Shah and, 468–469
Wood, William, 420n13
World Bank
AACA and, 316
on Afghan National Army, 241
on corruption, 174
customs and border procedures coordination and, 320
donors and, 357
public finance and, 325
regional cooperation and, 220, 222, 329–330
on Taliban and opium, 388
on transit trade, 375
World Health Organization, 270
World Trade Organization, 375
wuluswalis. See districts (wuluswalis)
wuluswals (governors), 124–125
al-Yamani, Haitham, 361
Yaqub Khan, Muhammad, 364
Yousaf, Mohammed, 84
Yousef, Muhammad, 147
Yuldashev, Qari Tahir, 361
Yusuf, Ramzi Ahmad, 82
Zahir, Abdul, 467
Zahir Shah, Muhammad
Afghan refugees and, 471
Bonn Agreement and, 105, 138, 150, 460–461
Constitution and, 151–152
Daoud Khan and, 367–368
Geneva Accords and, 43
Malikyar and, 467–468
Massoud and, 122
Nadir Shah and, 114
Rome group and, 9–10, 14–15, 17–18, 47, 99–100, 150
United States and, 99–100
women and, 468–469
Zakaria, Fareed, 208
zakat (Islamic taxes), 62–63, 91, 176
Zakhilwal, Omar, 400