ADB |
Australian Dictionary of Biography |
CCB |
Central Correspondence Bureau (Victoria Police) |
NSWGG |
New South Wales Government Gazette |
PRO |
Public Record Office of Victoria |
VGG |
Victoria Government Gazette |
VGP |
Victorian Government Printer |
V & P |
Votes and Proceedings |
VPA |
Victoria Police Archives |
VPAJ |
Victoria Police Association Journal |
VPAR |
Victoria Police Annual Report |
VPD |
Victorian Parliamentary Debates1 |
VPG |
Victoria Police Gazette |
VPRS |
Victorian Public Record Series |
1 John McQuilton, The Kelly Outbreak, 1878–1880; John Molony, I Am Ned Kelly; John Meredith and Bill Scott, Ned Kelly After a Century of Acrimony, for bibliography; Les Blake, Young Ned, for school days; Doug Morrissey, ‘Ned Kelly’s Sympathizers’, Historical Studies, vol. 18, no. 71 (October 1978), pp. 288–96.
2 Niall Brennan, John Wren: Gambler—His Life and Times; Hugh Buggy, The Real John Wren; Frank J. Hardy, Power Without Glory; Hugh Anderson, Larrikin Crook: The Rise and Fall of Squizzy Taylor; Mitchell Library, Dictionary Catalogue of Printed Books, for police bibliography.
3 For twenty years the only published reference on the police was G. M. O’Brien, The Australian Police Forces. It lacks notes and bibliography, the style is journalese and the author was a serving member of the Victoria Police public relations staff. John O’Sullivan, Mounted Police of Victoria and Tasmania, is a light work, without proper notes or bibliography, and is restricted to its narrow subject. Victoria Police, Police in Victoria, 1836–1980, is a booklet of 125 pages prepared by members of the force. A. J. O’Meara’s thesis was written for La Trobe University, in 1977. The honours theses were written by J. McCahon, University of Melbourne, 1962; Gregory Coish, La Trobe University, 1971; R. K. Haldane, La Trobe University, 1981.
4 D. Chappell and P. R. Wilson, The Police and the Public in Australia and New Zealand, p. 35.
1 NSWGG, 9 September 1835, p. 627, for proclamation re trespassing; letter from John Batman to Sir George Arthur, 23 October 1835, Mitchell Library, Papers of Sir George Arthur, vol. 33, manuscript A2193, pp. 40–7.
2 A. K. Jackman, Development of Police Administration in Tasmania 1804–1960, for Tasmanian experience; Leon Radzinowicz, A History of English Criminal Law and Its Administration from 1750, Vol. 2: The Enforcement of the Law, for English experience. The ‘hue and cry’ was the old common-law process where all members of a community had an obligation to join in the pursuit of a felon—with a view to apprehension—and alerted each other to the pursuit by raising a hue and cry with horns and voices.
3 Correspondence from H. C. Wilson to Colonial Secretary, 4 May 1836, quoted in Pauline Jones (ed.), Historical Records of Victoria, vol. 1: Beginnings of Permanent Government, pp. 19–20, for appointment of Stewart; pp. 39–43, for Stewart’s report.
4 NSWGG, 14 September 1836, pp. 180 and 182, for appointments; Ernest Scott, ‘Captain Lonsdale and the Foundation of Melbourne’, pp. 97–116, for Lonsdale’s background; civil instructions from the Colonial Secretary to William Lonsdale, 14 September 1836, Mitchell Library, despatches from the Governor of NSW to the Secretary of State, 1836, A1267–14, pp. 1687–93.
5 VPRS 4, unit 1, item 36/1, for military instructions; Charles Reith, A New Study of Police History, pp. 121–287, for English principles.
6 Thomas O’Callaghan, ‘Police in Port Phillip and Victoria, 1836–1913’, Victorian Historical Magazine, vol. 12, no. 4, 1928, p. 181, and Victoria Police Force, Police in Victoria 1836–1980, p. 3, for claims of former Sydney Police service and dismissal for drunkenness. Considerable misinformation about Day, Dwyer and Hooson is in print and is the subject of oral tradition. The primary and most inaccurate source of much of this false data is Edmund Finn, Chronicles of Early Melbourne, which among other things credits Hooson with being the first and only police official in Melbourne. The above material is drawn from an unpublished study by Linda Barraclough, who has undertaken research on the three men in Victoria, New South Wales and Tasmania. A copy of her work is held by the writer.
7 VPRS 1, vol. A, p. l, no. 1, for Lonsdale’s report of Rattlesnake arrival; Jones, p. 79, for Steel’s appointment and salary; VPRS 51, vol. 1, pp. 35–168, for details of punishments.
8 VPRS 1, vol. A, p. 5, for appointment of Buckley; John Morgan, The Life and Adventures of William Buckley, for Buckley’s story; Port Phillip Police Court Register, VPRS 51, vol. 1, pp. 2–6, for Steel’s case.
9 Correspondence from William Lonsdale to Colonial Secretary, 13 March 1837, VPRS 1, vol. A, pp. 48–52, for cases to Sydney.
10 Correspondence from Francis Fisher to Colonial Secretary, 12 December 1836, quoted in Jones, pp. 185–6, for oath.
11 VPRS 1, vol. A, for dismissal of Dwyer (p. 19), Day (p. 22) and Hooson (p. 136).
12 Age, 16 August 1980, p. 5, for first police being drunks T. A. Critchley, A History of Police in England and Wales, pp. 51–5, for account of New Police; correspondence from Colonial Secretary to William Lonsdale, 15 September 1836, Mitchell Library, A 1267–14, pp. 1686–7, for wage rates.
13 Correspondence from H. C. Wilson to Colonial Secretary, 17 February 1837, quoted in Jones, p. 187, for Tomkin’s appointment; correspondence from William Lonsdale to Colonial Secretary, 8 January 1838, VPRS 1, vol. A, item 38/1, p. 161, for Tomkin’s death; ibid., 8 July 1837, VPRS 1, vol. A, item 37/59, p. 88, for Batman’s appointment; ibid., 5 August 1838, VPRS 1, vol. A, item 38/100, p. 263, for Batman’s suspension.
14 Ibid., 23 May 1837, VPRS 1, vol. A, p. 115, for Rogers and Allsworth.
15 See Edmund J. B. Foxcroft, Australian Native Policy: Its History, Especially in Victoria; Barry Bridges, ‘The Native Police Corps, Port Phillip District and Victoria, 1837–53’, Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, vol. 57, no. 2, 1971, pp. 113–42; Les Blake, Captain Dana and the Native Police.
16 Correspondence from William Lonsdale to Colonial Secretary, 24 August 1836, VPRS 1, vol. A, item 38/115, p. 277, for uniforms; ibid., correspondence, 23 February 1839, for rules.
17 Petition from Western District settlers to Sir Richard Bourke, 8 June 1837, quoted in Jones, pp. 219–21; petition from Goulburn River settlers to Colonial Secretary, 21 August 1838, quoted in Jones, pp. 270–1; petition from Ovens River settlers to C. J. La Trobe, 20 November 1839, quoted in Jones, pp. 271–2; Mitchell Library, A 1267–14, pp. 1871–4, for pledge to defray costs.
18 NSWGG, 13 September 1837, p. 625, for Geelong appointments; correspondence from Foster Fyans to Colonial Secretary, 24 May 1839, NSW State Archives 39/6957, for extraneous appointment; Report of the Committee on Police and Gaols, Sydney, T. Trood, 1839 (hereafter cited as the 1839 Police Report), p. 35, for recommendation.
19 Police in Victoria, p. 5, for number of police; correspondence from William Lonsdale to Colonial Secretary, 5 August 1838, VPRS 1, vol. A, item 38/100, p. 263, for appointment of Wright; W. A. Sanderson, ‘Mr John Waugh’s Reminiscences of Early Melbourne’, Victorian Historical Magazine, vol. 15, no. 1, 1933, pp. 1–18, for ‘Tulip’.
20 Correspondence from William Lonsdale to Colonial Secretary, 5 August 1838, VPRS 1, vol. A, item 38/100, p. 263, for mark of improvement; O’Callaghan (1928), pp. 186–7, for quotation and efficiency; Finn, pp. 51–5, for reputation as thief-taker.
21 Correspondence from William Lonsdale to Colonial Secretary, 13 December 1838, VPRS 1, vol. A, item 38/169, p. 326, for new gaol; ibid., 12 June 1838, VPRS 1, vol. A, item 38/73, p. 240, for powers and manual; NSWGG, 28 November 1838, for proclamation.
22 1839 Police Report, pp. 16, 34–5, for details of mounted police; John O’Sullivan, Mounted Police of Victoria and Tasmania, p. 13, for police at Broken River.
23 N. M. O’Donnell, ‘The Australian Career of Henry Fysche Gisborne’, Victorian Historical Magazine, vol. 5, no. 3, 1917, pp. 112–36, for Gisborne’s work; 1839 Police Report, pp. 17 and 37, for Border Police; Edward M. Curr, Recollections of Squatting in Victoria, p. 92, for killing; O’Sullivan, pp. 22–35, for an account of Border Police work, including murders.
24 Thomas O’Callaghan, List of Chief Constables, District Constables, Police Cadets, and Police Officers in Victoria 1836 to 1907, pp. 5–6, for Falkiner, Brodie and Sugden.
25 Report from the Select Committee on Police, 1852 (hereafter cited as 1852 Select Committee on Police), Evidence, p. 56 (Sugden), for appointment of detectives and their work; ibid., (Ashley), for ideal type; David Ascoli, The Queen’s Peace: The Origins and Development of the Metropolitan Police 1829–1979, pp. 118–21, for English detectives.
26 1852 Select Committee on Police, Evidence, p. 8 (Sturt), for enlistment of emancipists.
27 O’Callaghan (1907), p. 5, for police service dates of Bloomfield; ibid., p. 24, for police service dates of Sturt; Argus, 11 May 1853, for assault and Merrijig Hotel; VPA, O’Callaghan Papers (unpublished manuscript), for Sturt’s early days with police; ADB, vol. 6, pp. 215–16, for Sturt biography.
28 D. R. G. Packer, ‘Victorian Population Data, 1851–61: A Preliminary Analysis’, Historical Studies Australia and New Zealand, vol. 5, no. 20, 1953, pp. 307–23, for population data; Geoffrey Serle, The Golden Age, pp. 9–36, for the early gold rushes; J. Sadleir, ‘The Early Days of the Victorian Police Force’, Victorian Historical Magazine, vol. 1, no. 3, 1911, pp. 73–9, for quotation.
29 Argus, 14 August 1852, for quotation; Serle, p. 382, for population doubling; Packer, pp. 322–3, for V.D.L. immigrants; correspondence from Superintendent E. P. S. Sturt to Colonial Secretary, 15 January 1852, VPRS 1189, unit 16, folio 2, file 52/180, for police to goldfields. From the available police archives it has not been possible to determine precisely the nature and rate of the growth in police numbers from the mid-1840s up to the early 1850s.
30 VPA, O’Callaghan Papers, for uniform details and quotations.
31 Serle, p. 97, for majority of ex-convicts; Argus, 14 April 1852, for pay rates; correspondence from Superintendent E. P. S. Sturt to Colonial Secretary, 15 January 1852, VPRS 1189, unit 16, folio 2, file 52/180, for police as day labourers.
32 VPA, O’Callaghan Papers, for police drunks and gaolings; W. R. Morrison, ‘The North-West Mounted Police and the Klondike Gold Rush’, Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 9, no. 2, 1974, pp. 93–105; Western Australia Police Department (author Andrew Gill), ‘Some Aspects of the Western Australian Police Force 1887–1905’, p. 29; J. P. Martin and G. Wilson, The Police: A Study in Manpower—The Evolution of The Service in England, pp. 23–4, for nineteenth-century police drunkenness in Canada, England and Western Australia; Argus, 20 January 1852, for police robbers; ibid., 21 January 1852, for dog rewards.
33 VPRS 1189, Box 16, for Sturt’s despatches; legislation providing moieties of fines for police included: 15 Vic, No. 12 (1852), an Act to Restrain the Practice of Gambling and the Use of Obscene Language, section 2; 15 Vic, No. 15 (1852), an Act to Restrain by Summary Proceeding Unauthorised Mining on Waste Lands of the Crown, section 7; 15 Vic, No. 14 (1852), an Act to Consolidate and Amend the Laws relating to the Licensing of Public-houses, and to Regulate the Sale of Fermented and Spirituous Liquors in New South Wales, section 1.
34 15 Vic, No. 12, section 1, for penalty of up to £5 for persons convicted of using obscene language; Argus, 5 June 1852, for conspiracy case and criticism of incentive system; ibid., 12 April, 3 and 8 May 1852, for criticisms; ibid., 17 February 1852, for price of gold; 1852 Select Committee on Police, Evidence, pp. 2–3 (Sturt), for comments on moiety system, including difficulty deploying men and jealousy; ibid., p. 41 (Templeton), for Mounted Police Corps experience and quotation; VPRS, vol. 1, item 161, p. 512, for La Trobe letter; C. Rudston Read, What I Heard, Saw, and Did at the Australian Goldfields, pp. 85–6, for £1000 in six months.
35 The amended vagrancy legislation, 16 Vic, No. 22 (1853), An Act for the Better Prevention of Vagrancy and Other Offences, section 20, was one act that provided for payment of half-shares of fines into the Police Reward Fund; VPRS 1189, unit 16, folio 2, file 52/214, for disbursements from fund, including payments for injuries and excessive hours; 1852 Select Committee on Police, Evidence, passim, for lack of support for fund.
36 1852 Select Committee on Police, Evidence, p. 9 (Sturt), for quotation; VPA, O’Callaghan Papers, for active men shunning the service; Argus, 2, 18 February, 4 June, 16 August, 9, 30 October 1852, for vigilante groups. The term ‘bluebottle’ was used derisively to describe those men who did join the constabulary during the gold rushes.
37 Correspondence from La Trobe to Colonial Secretary, 22 February 1852, VPRS 1084, vol. 1, item 33, pp. 226–8, for arrival of pensioners; Argus, 8 January 1852, for Barrow’s work; ibid., 20 February 1852, for ‘half-horse half-alligator’; 1852 Select Committee on Police, Evidence, p. 8 (Sturt), for drunken set of men.
38 Correspondence from La Trobe to Secretary of State, 3 December 1851, VPRS 1084, vol. 1, for request for soldiers and warships; VPA, O’Callaghan Papers, for arrival of Valiant and his men; Argus, 19 February 1852, for ‘we want thief-catchers’.
39 VPA, O’Callaghan Papers, and Argus, 3–20 April 1852, for account of Nelson robbery. Vandemonians were generally regarded as being responsible for much of the crime committed in Victoria. See VPA, O’Callaghan Papers.
40 Sadleir, ‘The Early Days of the Victorian Police Force’, pp. 77–8, for formation of cadet corps and former occupations; J. Sadleir, Recollections of a Victorian Police Officer, pp. 24–8 and 298–308, for cadets, including location of camp and personnel listings; VPRS 1189, unit 16, folio 1, file 52/3459, for cadet duties; ibid., unit 145, for Mitchell quotation; Police Life, December 1980, p. 16, for Chomley’s career; L. E. Hoban, New South Wales Police Force, 1862–1962, pp. 22–3, for Fosbery’s career; Argus, 19 February 1852, for ‘Brains, brains, brains’.
41 VPRS, despatches from the Secretary of State, 1852, vol. 2, pp. 1047–72, 1187–1205, for correspondence relating to police from United Kingdom and the London Fifty; VPA, O’Callaghan Papers, for additional material; MS. material from Superintendent Jack Scully, Curator Royal Ulster Constabulary Museum, dated 11 July 1983, for account of Irish Constabulary formation and uniforms; Hilary Idzikowski, Internal Colonialism and the Emergence of the Irish Police, for workings of Irish Constabulary; Sadleir (1911), pp. 78–9, for quotation.
42 1852 Select Committee on Police, Report, p. ii, for Snodgrass motion; ibid., p. iii, for state of policing in Victoria; ibid., Evidence, passim, for matters considered. Robin Walker, ‘The New South Wales Police Force, 1862–1900’, Journal of Australian Studies, no. 15, 1984, pp. 25–7, for New South Wales system; R. M. Lawrence, Police Review 1829–1979, pp. 9–15, for Western Australian system; Jackman, pp. 1–101, for Tasmanian system; Queensland Police, The Queensland Police Force, pp. 9–13, for Queensland system; Critchley, passim, for English system.
43 1852 Select Committee on Police, Evidence, p. 4 (Question 70), for showy uniform; Critchley, pp. 168–71, for English police pensions.
44 1852 Select Committee on Police, Report, p. iii, for criticism; ibid., p. v, for recommended inducements; ibid., p. vi, for hope; Walker, pp. 25–7, for consolidation in New South Wales.
45 Argus, 11 November 1852, for debate and speculation; 16 Vic, No. 24 (1853), An Act for the Regulation of the Police Force, sections 2–4, for Victorian legislation; 10 Geo. IV, c. 44 (1829), for London Metropolitan Police Act; S. W. Horrall, ‘Sir John A. MacDonald and the Mounted Police Force for the Northwest Territories’, Canadian Historical Review, vol. 53, no. 2, 1972, pp. 179–200, for RCMP formation and Irish military influence.
46 14 Vic, No. 38, for New South Wales legislation; 16 Vic, No. 24, section 5, for ranks and appointments; ibid., section 7, for quotation; ibid., sections 15 and 19, for discipline matters; ibid., sections 21–5, for pension provisions; 17 Vic, No. 24, section 7, for repeal of scheme; VPA, 1853 oath sheets, for unqualified men; Critchley, p. 52, for Peel’s standards; Argus, 8 March 1853, for objections.
47 VGG, 12 January 1853, p. 20, for provisional appointment of Mitchell; ibid., 24 August 1853, p. 1246, for confirmation; ADB, vol. 5, pp. 262–3, for Mitchell biography; Report from the Select Committee on Captain MacMahon’s Case (hereafter cited as Captain MacMahon’s Case), Evidence, p. iii (Mitchell), for conditions under which Mitchell took up appointment.
48 VGG, 2 February 1853, for list of officer appointments; Captain MacMahon’s Case, Evidence, pp. 13–14 (Mair), for Mair’s background; ibid., pp. 2–12 (Mitchell) and pp. 108–11 (MacMahon) for MacMahon’s background; 1852 Select Committee on Police, Evidence, pp. 10–12 (Dana), and Report from the Select Committee on the Police Force, 1863 (hereafter cited as 1863 Select Committee on Police), Appendix G, Evidence 1861–2, p. 78 (Dana), for Dana’s background.
49 VPRS 1189, unit 145, file C53/10.442, for Mitchell’s manpower figures and comments; Serle, p. 382, for population figure; Commonwealth Year Book, 1910, p. 894, for twentieth-century figures.
50 VPRS 1189, unit 145, file C53/10.442, for 2000 men in 1854 and Mitchell’s complaints; Packer, p. 323, for migration data; Serle, p. 390, for downturn in gold production; Argus, 1 April 1853, for ‘Falstaff’s troop’.
51 Argus, 12, 18 February, 8 March, 30 April, 25 May, 9 June, 2 July, 24 December 1853, for letters and concern about pay delays.
52 VPRS 1189, unit 145, file C5 3/10.442, for arrival of the London Fifty and Mitchell’s comments; Argus, 10 May 1853, for letter; ibid., 23 May 1853, for twenty-one men in a room; ibid., 10–11 August 1853, for wood-choppers’ case, including Sturt’s comment.
53 Argus, 20 July 1853, for work of detectives; ibid., 10 October 1853, for mounted city patrol; VPRS 1189, unit 145, file C53/10.442, for Mitchell’s opinion of detectives.
54 VPA, 1853 oath sheets, for details of 168 recruits. The birthplaces of those born in the United Kingdom were Ireland 65%, England 26%, Scotland 8%.
55 Argus, 11 February 1853, for illiteracy; Critchley, p. 209, for English police gazette.
56 VGG, 31 May 1853, for Mitchell’s proclamation; ibid., 21 February 1854, p. 502, for appointment of MacMahon as acting chief commissioner; Argus, 25 November 1853, for quotation. Mitchell was honorary minister and leader of the Legislative Council in the first Haines Ministry (November 1855–March 1857); Minister of Railways and Roads in the O’Shanassy ministry (December 1861–June 1863); Chairman of Committees, Legislative Council (1869–1870); President of the Legislative Council (1870–24 November 1884). He was knighted (KB) in 1875.
1 Report from the Select Committee on Captain MacMahon’s Case (hereafter cited as Captain MacMahon’s Case), Evidence, pp. 2–4 (Mitchell); and Report from the Select Committee on the Police Force, 1863 (hereafter cited as 1863 Select Committee on Police), Evidence 1862–3, p. 174 (MacMahon), for MacMahon’s military background. In ADB, vol. 5, p. 189, Suzanne G. Mellor claims that MacMahon ‘joined the Royal Irish Constabulary in 1851’. However, the Irish Constabulary was not given the prefix Royal until 1867, and in the 1863 Select Committee on Police, Evidence 1862–3, Q.4226, p. 174, MacMahon stated that his only personal knowledge of the Irish police was ‘merely from casual contact with some of them’. In Ireland he was a soldier—never a policeman, an important distinction in light of the models adopted by the force under his command; Argus, 1 July 1854, for objection by the public; Report of the Commission Appointed to Enquire into the State of the Police (Melbourne Police), 1855 (hereafter cited as 1855 Police Commission Report), p. 4, for quotation.
2 1855 Police Commission Report, p. 14, for military titles; 16 Vic, No. 24, for police legislation; VPRS 1189, unit 150, file F54/1368, for details of men and weapons.
3 G. Serle, The Golden Age, ch. 4, for government attitude to miners; Census of Victoria—1854, p. vii, for population data; VPRS 1189, unit 150, file E54/5132, for figures on police strength and firearms.
4 Report of the Commission Appointed to Enquire into the Conditions of the Gold Fields of Victoria, 1855 (hereafter cited as 1855 Gold Fields Commission), p. xiii, and Evidence, p. 343 (MacMahon), for policy and practice of police deployment on goldfields; Returns of Committals, Trials from 1 July to 31 December 1853, and 1 January to 30 June 1854, for committal figures; Serle, p. 81, for Valiant and Clarke quotations; Argus, 13 November 1854, for ‘unlitigious’ place.
5 1855 Gold Fields Commission, Evidence, pp. 90–2 (Johnstone) and p. 343 (MacMahon), for police administration on goldfields.
6 Ibid., Report, pp. xii, xiii, xxvi, for Commission’s view of the camps, and quotations; Argus, 4 November 1854, for ‘real enemy’s country’; Ballarat Historical Park Association, Sovereign Hill, for Plan of Camp Defences; VPRS 1189, unit 16, folio 1, file 52/1215, for police residing among community; ibid., unit 150, file E54/3941, for police on Yarra banks; 1855 Police Commission Report, pp. 8–13, for police system of working in Melbourne.
7 1855 Gold Fields Commission, Report, p. xii, for prudence and good temper; ibid., p. xxvi, for Hotham’s order; ibid., Evidence, p. 92 (Johnstone), for lucrativeness; 17 Vic. No. 4, section 24, for half-share; Report of the Board Appointed to Enquire into Circumstances Connected with the Late Disturbances at Ballarat, 1854 (hereafter cited as the 1854 Ballarat Riots Report), p. xiii; Henry Gyles Turner, Our Own Little Rebellion, ch. 1, for contemporary accounts; Francis Augustus Hare, The Last of the Bushrangers, p. 14, for iniquitous law.
8 1854 Ballarat Riots Report, p. xiii.
9 1855 Gold Fields Commission, Report, pp. xxii–xxiii, for Scobie murder, Eureka Hotel riot, final digger hunt and reading of Riot Act; ibid., pp. xxiv–xxv, for Eureka Stockade; ibid., Evidence, p. 346 (MacMahon), for halving of police; VPRS 1189, unit 153, file K54/2592, for wagon request; Turner, p. 70, for account of events at Stockade; Dr H. V. Evatt, quoted in R. D. Walshe, ‘The Significance of Eureka in Australian History’, Historical Studies Eureka Supplement, 1965, pp. 103–27, for ‘Australian democracy was born at Eureka’.
10 1855 Gold Fields Commission, Report, p. xxiv, for first quotation; ibid., p. xi, for other causes of events at Ballarat; Turner, p. 74, for second quotation.
11 1855 Police Commission Report, loc. cit.; Report of the Chief Commissioner for the Year 1859 (hereafter cited as VPAR, 1859), for lessons of Eureka and impetus to reform; Austin McCallum, The Eureka Flag, for King and the Eureka flag; Hume Dow, ‘Eureka and the Creative Writer’, Historical Studies Eureka Supplement, 1965, pp. 87–102, for Eureka writers and for Daley’s ballad that follows.
12 VGG, 3 January 1954, p. 16. Burke was appointed to the Victoria Police Force on 1 April 1853 with the rank of acting inspector. In 1860, when he took leave to lead an expedition to the Gulf of Carpentaria, he was superintendent at Castlemaine.
13 State Library of Victoria, La Trobe Collection MS. 8718, Order Book for B Division of City Police (hereafter cited as La Trobe Collection MS. 8718), entry dated 24 January 1854, for hand trucks; 1855 Police Commission Report, p. 9, for labouring classes; ibid., pp. 10–11, for lightness of the labour, and hours of duty; Manual of Police Regulations for the Guidance of the Constabulary of Victoria, 1856 (hereafter cited as Police Regulations, 1856), p. 36, for hours of duty.
14 La Trobe Collection MS. 8718, for cases of police drunkenness, special instructions and church parades; 17 Vic, No. 25, section 12, for permitting any constable to become intoxicated; Argus, 7 July 1854, for eating an oyster; ibid., 7 October 1854, for trouble for publicans; VGG, 29 August 1854, p. 1943, for Police Prison; ibid., 12 September 1854, p. 2034, for visiting justice.
15 F. T. West Ford, ‘The Vital Statistics of the Police Force of the Colony of Victoria for the Last Ten Years’, Australian Medical Journal, vol. 2, 1866, pp. 193–6, for sickness and injury among police; Maryborough and Dunolly Advertiser, 5 February 1858, for Barnett’s murder; Police Regulations, 1856, passim, for transfers and duties; La Trobe Collection MS. 8718, for parades and wives willing to cook and wash.
16 17 Vic, No. 25, section 14, for disenfranchisement; VGG, 18 July 1854, p. 1599, for appointment of MacMahon to Legislative Council.
17 1855 Police Commission Report, p. 7, for need of a code; Police Regulations, 1856, p. 5, for quotation.
18 Victorian Hansard, 1858, vol. 3, p. 305, for murder accusation; Captain MacMahon’s Case, Report, p. iii, for committee’s exoneration; ibid., Evidence, p. 12 (Mitchell); ibid., p. 73 (Roche), for coroner’s comments; ibid., p. 111 (MacMahon), for right to pursue private business; Police Regulations, 1856, pp. 9–13, for controls governing activities of constables.
19 Papers Relating to the Retirement of Captain MacMahon from the Government Service, pp. 1–15.
20 In 1861 MacMahon was elected to the seat of West Bourke in the Legislative Assembly and during the next three decades served almost continuously as a member of parliament. He was twice elected Speaker of the Assembly and was knighted in 1875. In 1862 MacMahon was a member of the Select Committee that inquired into the police force, in 1870 he was instrumental in changing police recruiting procedures, and in the 1880s he was one of those who inquired into the Kelly outbreak.
21 1855 Police Commission Report, p. 7 and Police Regulations, 1856, p. 13, for conditions of police service and promotion opportunities.
22 State Library of Victoria, La Trobe Collection MS. 9502, Private Diary of Frederick Charles Standish (hereafter cited as Standish Diary), for opening quotation, hedonism and gambling; VGG, 3 September 1858, p. 1701, for appointment of Standish as acting chief commissioner; and ibid., 10 December 1858, p. 2488, for appointment as chief commissioner; ADB, vol. 6, pp. 172–3, for Standish biography; 1863 Select Committee on Police, Evidence 1862–3, p. 185 (MacMahon), for humble office; ibid., Appendix G, Evidence 1861–2, pp. 137–8 (Standish), for Standish’s account of Selwyn incident.
23 John Sadleir, Recollections of a Victorian Police Officer, p. 267, for quotation; Royal Commission on the Police of Victoria, Ad Interim Report (hereafter cited as 1881 Police Commission, Ad Interim Report), p. iv, for details of Winch’s transfer; ibid., p. ix, for details of his discharge; 1863 Select Committee on Police, Report, pp. ii–vi, for recommendation that Standish be replaced by a board; ibid., p. v, for Police Hospital as grog shop; ibid., passim, for account of Winch’s offences; ibid., Evidence 1862–3, p. 94 (Mair), for Freeman suicide; ibid., Appendix G, Evidence 1861–2, p. 102 (Smith), for fighting cocks; VPAR, 1859, p. 17, for flagrant evil; Standish Diary, for dinner parties.
24 Sadleir (1913), p. 267, for ‘a strange mixture’; VPAR, 1858, Appendix A, for strength and distribution of force; 1863 Select Committee on Police, Appendix G, Evidence 1860–1, pp. 1–7 (Standish), for evidence of charges; VPAR, 1859, pp. 6–19, for innovations by Standish; ibid., for quotation re electric telegraph.
25 VPAR, 1858, p. 3, for police districts; ibid., 1859, pp. 5–6, for separation of powers; ibid., pp. 13–15, for demeaning work and quotation re servant-of-all-work; 1863 Select Committee on Police, Appendix G, Evidence 1860–1, pp. 4–5 (Standish); ibid., Evidence 1861–2, p. 30 (Standish); and ibid., Appendix J, for extraneous duties.
26 VPAR, 1858, pp. 5–6, for HMCSS Victoria.
27 VPAR, 1859, p. 8; Progress Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Consider the Best Mode of Carrying Out the Recommendations of the Defences Commission of 1858, p. 5; and 1863 Select Committee on Police, Evidence, 1862–3, p. 106 (Standish), for militarism in police force and Standish’s comments.
28 Age, 10 February 1862, p. 5, for ‘A Melbourne Constable’.
29 Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Inquire into and Report upon the Civil Service of the Colony, 1859 (hereafter cited as the 1859 Civil Service Commission Report), pp. 48–55, for proposed cuts in police numbers and wages; VPAR, 1859, p. 5, for annual wastage. Population figures obtained from Victorian population censuses conducted in 1854 and 1861. Police strength figures obtained from 1855 Police Commission Report; VPAR, 1858; ibid., 1859; and 1861 Return showing the distribution of the police force.
30 1859 Civil Service Commission Report, pp. 48–9 and 55, for amended pay scales and reasons; VPAR, 1859, p. 5, for incomplete, anomalous and unadvisable; 1863 Select Committee on Police, Evidence 1862–3, pp. 22–4 (Standish), for account of pay cuts; ibid., Appendix G, Evidence 1861–2, p. 54 (Standish), for hand to mouth; VGG, 5 April 1855, p. 898, for good-conduct pay.
31 1863 Select Committee on Police, Appendix G, Evidence 1861–2, pp. 66–72 (Mair), for figure of one-quarter; Age, 14 February 1862, p. 5, for telegrams and refusals; ibid., 24 February 1862, p. 5, and Ovens and Murray Advertiser, 13 February 1862, for editorial comment.
32 1863 Select Committee on Police, Evidence 1862–3, p. 137 (Standish), for dangers and exposure; ibid., p. 41 (West Ford); and ibid., Appendix G, Evidence 1861–2, p. 19 (Standish), for opinions on police pay position; ibid., p. 71 (Mair), for hours of work and leave; Age, 11 February 1862, p. 7, for police and railway labourers; Victorian Hansard, 1862, vol. 8, p. 585, for O’Shanassy and p. 577, for Woods; Argus, 11 February 1862, for police being paid more; ADB, vol. 6, pp. 434–5, for Woods biography.
33 1863 Select Committee on Police, Evidence 1862–3, pp. 192–3 (O’Shanassy), for O’Shanassy’s comments; ibid., Appendix H, for hospital statistics; ibid., Appendix G, Evidence 1861–2, p. 58 (MacMahon), for level of police pay.
34 1863 Select Committee on Police, Appendix G, Evidence 1861–2, p. 42 (Standish), for comments on police training.
35 1863 Select Committee on Police, Report, pp. iii–vi, for Kelly and Browne case, including finding that Standish be replaced by a board; ibid., Appendix F, p. 217, for O’Shanassy minute; Appendix G, Evidence 1861–2, p. 145 (Standish), for beard petition; Petition to the Legislative Assembly for the Colony of Victoria Signed by 440 Inhabitants of Richmond, for appeal by Richmond residents.
36 1863 Select Committee on Police, Report, p. iv, for committee’s criticism of special list; ibid., Evidence 1862–3, pp. 2–5 (Bookey), for working of special list; ibid., Appendix E (No. 2), for record of 1862 special list appointments; ibid., Appendix G, Evidence 1861–2, p. 22 (Standish), for his part in scheme. See ADB, vol. 5, pp. 378–82, for background on O’Shanassy, who was prominent in Victorian politics from the 1850s to the 1880s. A native of County Tipperary, Ireland, he was leader of the Catholic interest in the Victorian parliament and in 1866 the Pope appointed him a Knight of the Order of St Gregory.
37 1863 Select Committee on Police, Evidence 1862–3, pp. 4–5 (Bookey), for comments on Irishmen; ibid., p. 175 (MacMahon), for recruitment of Englishmen and Scotsmen; ibid., Appendix G, Evidence 1861–2, p. 71 (Mair), for men from Irish Constabulary; Argus, 12 February 1862, for 99 per cent Irish.
38 O’Callaghan, List of Chief Constables, pp. 10–26, for service dates of pioneer officers.
39 G. R. Vazenry, Military Forces of Victoria 1854–1967, pp. 1.15–1.16, for departure of Second Battalion.
40 Report of Colonel Anderson, Dated 4 July 1870, on the Defences of the Colony, for Anderson plan; VPRS 3991, unit 504, file 71/Z10797; and Report from the Select Committee upon the Artillery Corps, 1871 (hereafter cited as 1871 Select Committee on the Artillery Corps), for formation of artillery corps.
41 VGG, 21 October 1870, p. 1553; VPG, 25 October 1870, p. 250; VPD, 1870, vol. II, p. 241, for conditional recruitment and standing army.
42 1871 Select Committee on the Artillery Corps, Evidence, pp. 6–16 (Standish, MacMahon, Stubbs, Anderson); Police Regulation Statute 1865, section 7; VPRS 3991, unit 504, file 71/Z10797; Vazenry, p. 19.5, for formation and operation of artillery corps. (A number of married men and men aged over thirty did enter the force after September 1870 in an apparent relaxation of the original guidelines.)
43 Royal Commission on the Police of Victoria, Evidence 1882–3 (hereafter cited as 1881 Police Commission—Evidence 1882–3), p. 53 (Mulcare), for ‘a nursery for the police’; ibid., General Report, p. x, for effect of barrack life on morals; 1871 Select Committee on the Artillery Corps, Evidence, p. 2 (Anderson), for benefits of scheme; ibid., p. 5 (Standish), for fifty police candidates agreeing to join the artillery and thirty-three not agreeing; VPD, 1870, vol. II, pp. 239 and 245, for parliamentary comment. An examination of records in the VPA for the six-year period 1 May 1868 to 30 April 1874—the last three years of the open recruiting system and the first three years of the artillery corps system—shows that 140 men joined under the open system and 175 via the artillery corps. An analysis based on their ages, previous occupations, nationalities and marital status disclosed no significant variation between the two groups.
44 1871 Select Committee on the Artillery Corps, Evidence, p. 8 (Standish), for warning; ibid., p. 10 (MacMahon), for army concept; 1881 Police Commission, General Report, p. xi, for police failings during Kelly hunt.
45 VPD, 1873, vol. 16, pp. 873–8, for Electoral Act Amendment debates; ibid., vol. 17, pp. 2127–44, for superannuation debates; ibid., for plaudits, p. 873 (Cope), p. 2134 (Jones), p. 2135 (Kerferd), p. 2135 (Richardson), p. 2133 (Patterson); Police Regulation Statute 1873, Part 3, for police superannuation details.
46 VPD, 1873, vol. 16, p. 874 (Francis), p. 875 (Curtain), p. 875 (Smith), p. 877 (MacMahon), for four quotations.
47 Ibid., p. 875, for police political activities; William H. F. Mitchell (MLC North Western Province) was president in the Legislative Council and Captain MacMahon (MLA West Melbourne) was speaker in the Legislative Assembly. Both were elected to these positions during 1871; Report of the Royal Commission Appointed to Enquire into the State of the Public Service and Working of the Civil Service Act, re police submissions. A police superannuation scheme was created in 1873, a new manual of police regulations was published in 1877, promotional examinations were introduced in 1883 and a non-monetary merit award was introduced in 1899.
48 On 8 January 1878, ‘Black Wednesday’, the radical-liberal-protectionist government of Graham Berry dismissed large numbers of senior public servants from the civil service in Victoria. The list numbered hundreds and included all the County Court judges, coroners and police magistrates. Not one policeman was dismissed and the force was the only government department untouched by ‘Berry Blight’. The good fortunes of the police have since been attributed to their knowledge of the indiscretions of one of Berry’s men. See Sadleir (1913), pp. 179–81; Alfred Deakin, The Crisis in Victorian Politics 1879–1881, pp. 16–20; Second Supplement to the VGG, 8 January 1878, pp. 71–2, and VPRS 3995, unit 1.
49 The account of the Lothair mine dispute is drawn from the following sources: Ballarat Star, 10 December 1873, pp. 2–3, 12 December 1873, pp. 2–3, 13 December 1873, p. 2, 15 December 1873, p. 2, 17 December 1873, pp. 2–3; Age, 10 December 1873, p. 3, 11 December 1873, pp. 2–3, 12 December 1873, pp. 2–3, 15 December 1873, p. 3. VPRS 3991, unit 716, file 73/D16598, for official papers, including correspondence between Francis, Standish and Superintendent Hill; Standish Diary, entry dated 20 February 1874, for comments about Francis.
1 Ned Kelly, ‘Jerilderie Letter’, quoted in Bill Wannan (ed.), The Wearing of the Green, p. 197.
2 J. F. Hogan, The Irish in Australia; P. S. Cleary, Australia’s Debt to Irish Nation Builders; C. H. Currey, The Irish at Eureka, for Irish–Australian writings. For anecdotes, see Geary, pp. 193–4; Wannan, pp. 142–4; J. B. Castieau, The Reminiscences of Detective-Inspector Christie, p. 23; John Sadleir, Recollections of a Victorian Police Officer, pp. 278–9. Sadleir is one who credits Dalton with larrikin.
3 Neil Coughlan, ‘The Coming of the Irish to Victoria’, pp. 84–5, for quotation and evidence of Irish–Australian outlawry; Niall Brennan, John Wren: Gambler—His Life and Times, pp. xi–xii, is one example of the use of Coughlan’s material in myth-making; VPA, oath sheets: 1874 Re-sworn Series, for Irish-born police; Oliver MacDonagh, ‘The Irish in Victoria, 1851–91: A Demographic Essay’, Historical Studies, 1971, for Irish-born attorneys-general and solicitors-general. The numbers of Irish prisoners and police are based on a comparison of criminal statistics published in Victorian V & P, 1871, v. 3, p. 12, and the figures in Table 2.
4 For misleading comments, see Garry Disher, Wretches and Rebels, p. 69; John McQuilton, The Kelly Outbreak, 1878–1880, p. 67. For the public statements, see Report from the Select Committee on The Police Force, 1863 (hereafter cited as 1863 Select Committee on Police), Evidence 1862–3, p. 3 (Bookey); Appendix G, Evidence 1861–2, p. 71 (Mair); and Victorian Hansard, 1862, vol. 8, p. 577; T’othersider, 10 April 1897, p. 15, quoted in Western Australia Police (author, Andrew Gill), ‘Some Aspects of the Western Australian Police Force, 1887–1905’, p. 29.
5 R. B. Walker, ‘Bushranging in Fact and Legend’, Historical Studies, vol. 11, no. 42 (April 1964), p. 211, and R. B. Walker, ‘The New South Wales Police Force, 1862–1900’, Journal of Australian Studies, no. 15 (November 1984), pp. 30–1, for New South Wales figures; ‘Some Aspects of the Western Australian Police’, pp. 43–64, for Western Australian research.
6 Seamus Breathnach, The Irish Police from Earliest Times to the Present Day, pp. 60–2; Sir Charles Jeffries, The Colonial Police, pp. 29–32; Theodore N. Ferdinand, ‘Politics, the Police and Arresting Policies in Salem, Massachusetts since the Civil War’, Social Problems, vol. 19, no. 14, 1972, pp. 572–88; Wilbur R. Miller, Cops and Bobbies; James Q. Wilson, ‘Generational and Ethnic Differences among Career Police Officers’, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 69, 1964, pp. 522–8; Arthur Niederhoffer, Behind the Shield: The Police in Urban Society, pp. 141–4; Nathan Glazer and Daniel P. Moynihan, Beyond the Melting Pot, pp. 219–74, for comparative readings on Irish police.
7 Hilary Idzikowski, Internal Colonialism and the Emergence of the Irish Police, pp. 104–21; and Robert Curtis, History of The Royal Irish Constabulary, pp. 136–7, for events in Ireland and closing quotation.
8 MS. letter from Superintendent Jack Scully, Curator Royal Ulster Constabulary Museum, to writer, 11 July 1983, for marriage theory.
9 E. J. Hobsbawm, Primitive Rebels, p. 13; Kelly, quoted in Wannan, p. 197, for rogues at heart. See note 3 above, for prison and police figures.
10 MacDonagh, pp. 67–92; Coughlan, pp. 68–86; David Fitzpatrick, ‘Irish Emigration in the Later Nineteenth Century’, Irish Historical Studies, vol. 22, no. 86, 1980, pp. 126–43.
11 Russel Ward, The Australian Legend, pp. 46–68, for Currency ethos; Walker (1964), p. 211, for ill-repute; Age, 21 September 1888, p. 7, for downturn in Irish applications; R. K. Haldane, Victoria Police Strike, 1923, p. 93, for ethnic composition of police strikers in 1923.
12 Idzikowski, pp. 104–54, for criticisms; Michael Davitt, quoted in Breathnach, pp. 59–60, for Imperial political force; Breathnach, p. 60, for style of policing; Jeffries, p. 31, for quotation.
13 Members of the RIC were given formal classroom instruction as well as firearms instruction and drill. In 1883, after the Kelly outbreak, a royal commission reported that Victorian police were still not given any preparatory training in their duties or instructed how to use the firearms issued to them. Royal Commission on the Police of Victoria, General Report (hereafter cited as 1881 Police Commission, General Report), pp. i–xxx, for English model, Irish appearance and reviled.
14 McQuilton, pp. 48–68, for samples of ‘Irish’ policing in Victoria; Minutes of Evidence Taken before Royal Commission on the Police Force of Victoria, 1881, Pioneer Facsimile Edition (hereafter cited as 1881 Police Commission, Evidence, Pioneer Edition), Appendix I, p. 681, Q.52 (Montfort), for ‘an army of occupation’.
15 1881 Police Commission, General Report, passim; and McQuilton, pp. 94 and 145, for shortcomings in limelight; 1863 Select Committee on Police, Evidence 1862–3, p. 4 (Bookey), for quotation; 1881 Police Commission, Evidence, Pioneer Edition, Q.1282 (Hare), for Aaron Sherritt’s description.
16 Details of the Kelly outbreak and those police and criminals involved in the saga were obtained from the following sources: VPRS 4965–4969, Kelly Historical Collection, Parts 1–5; The Kelly Papers, VPA; 1881 Police Commission, Evidence, Pioneer Edition; Second Progress Report of the Royal Commission of Enquiry into the Circumstances of the Kelly Outbreak (hereafter cited as 1881 Police Commission, Second Progress Report), p. xi, for ‘cruel, wanton’; p. x, for no evidence of persecution. Details about the Kelly family as farmers, their selection and their place in the selector community were obtained from Doug Morrissey, ‘Pioneer Community Life, Land Selection and the Kelly Outbreak’; Doug Morrissey, ‘Selection in the Kelly Country: Success or Failure?’; Doug Morrissey, ‘Ned Kelly’s World’, Royal Historical Society of Victoria Journal, vol. 55, no. 2, 1984, pp. 29–34.
17 Metropolitan and rural newspapers covered the Kelly hunt in detail and the Ovens and Murray Advertiser, 14 December 1878, echoed a common sentiment in suggesting ‘four bush boys have outwitted the whole police force’; VPD, 1879–80, vol. 32, pp. 2337–9, and 1880–81, vol. 34, pp. 869–73, 911–17, contain debates about the Kelly outbreak and the ‘disgrace to Victoria’ caused by police inability to capture them; 1881 Police Commission, Second Progress Report, pp. xv–xxiv, describes police bickering during the hunt; Argus, 30 October and 1 November 1880, for Kelly trial details, including ‘I will see you’.
18 VPRS 3991, unit 1175, file 80/R.9165, for appointment of Nicolson; VPRS 3991, unit 1173, file R. 8866, for details of Standish retirement.
19 VPRS 4967, unit 2, for inquiry requests by Standish, Nicolson and O’Connor; Progress Report of the Royal Commission of Enquiry into the Circumstances of the Kelly Outbreak (hereafter cited as 1881 Police Commission, Progress Report), p. 3, for terms of reference.
20 VPRS 1187, vols 56 and 57, and VPRS 3993, vols 41–3, for details of royal commission; ADB, vol. 5, p. 101, for Longmore biography; Alfred Deakin, The Crisis in Victorian Politics 1879–1881, p. 15, for Deakin’s assessment of Longmore. The eight royal commissioners were Longmore, W. Anderson, G. R. Fincham, J. Gibb, J. H. Graves, G. W. Hall, E. J. Dixon and G. C. Levey. Apart from Longmore the most prominent were: Anderson, a Scotsman, farmer, ardent Presbyterian and MLA for Villiers and Heytesbury; Graves, Irish Protestant, MLA for Delatite (Kelly country), who knew the Kellys personally and was noted as the most sinuous and uncertain of fence-sitters; and Hall, a trade unionist and journalist from England, who was proprietor of the Mansfield Guardian at the time of the Stringybark Creek killings and who, in 1879, wrote a pro-Kelly pamphlet entitled Outlaws of the Wombat Ranges. Hall had agitated for an inquiry into the police force, and was elected MLA for Moira in July 1880.
21 1881 Police Commission, Evidence, Pioneer Edition, p. 706, and 1881 Police Commission, General Report, p. vii, for details of commission’s operation; VPA for police figures.
22 1881 Police Commission, Second Progress Report, pp. iv–vi, for findings and recommendations of commission; VPA, for careers of Nicolson and Hare.
23 1881 Police Commission, General Report, p. v, for quotation re disgrace; 1881 Police Commission—Charges Against Members of the Police Force (Sir Charles MacMahon), for police replies; John Sadleir, Recollections of a Victorian Police Officer, pp. 240–2, for his opinion of Longmore.
24 1881 Police Commission, Second Progress Report, p. ix., for causes of the outbreak; Benalla Standard, 21 October 1881, for press queries of commission’s findings; VPRS Kelly Historical Collection, for Kelly Reward Board papers; 1881 Police Commission, General Report, pp. v–vii, for details of government actions and reluctance of police to give evidence; Studies of the Kelly outbreak include: Max Brown, Ned Kelly: Australian Son; Colin Cave (ed.), Ned Kelly: Man and Myth; McQuilton, The Kelly Outbreak; and E. J. Hobsbawm, Bandits, ch. 9.
25 ADB, vol. 5, pp. 364–6, for O’Loghlen biography; 1881 Police Commission, General Report, p. vi, for details of Chomley’s appointment; VPA, for details of Chomley’s career; 1881 Police Commission, Evidence, Pioneer Edition, p. 704, for letter from Standish; The Cyclopedia of Victoria, vol. I, p. 189, for additional details about Chomley, including ‘in Brisbane’.
26 Sadleir (1913), pp. 268–70, for descriptions of Chomley; Royal Commission on Police, the Proceedings, Minutes of Evidence, Appendices, etc. (hereafter cited as 1881 Police Commission, Proceedings), pp. 399–401, for Chomley’s report; 1881 Police Commission, General Report, p. vi, for ‘sanguine anticipation’.
27 1881 Police Commission, Ad Interim Report, for Winch and Lamer.
28 Royal Commission on Police Special Report on the Detective Branch (hereafter cited as 1881 Police Commission, Special Report), pp. iii–v, for descriptions of force and Secretan. T. A. Critchley, A History of Police in England and Wales, p. 161, for London model; Sir Robert Mark, In the Office of Constable, pp. 110–37, for changes made in London during the 1970s.
29 1881 Police Commission, Special Report, pp. ix–x, for account of ‘fiz-gig’ system; ibid., Second Progress Report, p. xxiii–xxiv, for Sherritt slaying.
30 VPA, Kelly Papers, for references to secret service money and ‘Diseased Stock’; Philip Stead (ed.), Pioneers in Policing, for nineteenth-century developments in criminal detection; Critchley, pp. 160–1, for notes on London detectives.
31 1881 Police Commission, General Report, Part xxviii—Summary of Recommendations.
32 Sadleir (1913), pp. 269–70, re examinations; 1881 Police Commission, Proceedings, evidence of police delegates, passim, re suggested changes; ibid., Second Progress Report, p. iv, for quotation re Standish.
33 From the 1850s onwards oral tradition suggested that Victoria’s police were the best in Australasia and their general reputation resulted in requests for their services in other colonies, particularly New Zealand. Former Victorian police attained such positions as Inspector-General of Police (NSW), Royal Commissioner on Police Inquiry (Queensland), Commissioners of Police (New Zealand), and Superintendent of Territorial Police (Tasmania).
34 Sadleir (1913), p. 248.
35 VGG, 12May 1882, p. 1059, for police recruiting details; 1881 Police Commission, General Report, p. xi, for recruiting philosophy; ibid., Proceedings, Evidence, p. 23 (Moors), re police literacy, p. 52 (McConville), re disbandment of artillery corps on 31 December 1880, p. 95 (Mayes), re raw recruits, p. 160 (West Ford), re spirometer test; Census of Victoria, 1881. General Report, p. 255, for absence of graduates; VPA and McQuilton, pp. 63, 177 and 183 for Graham details.
36 1881 Police Commission, Proceedings, Evidence, p. 2 (Chomley), p. 42 (Rogerson), p. 48 (McEvoy), p. 56 (Hall), p. 57 (Hillard), p. 65 (Perry), p. 66 (Acton), p. 70 (Thomas), re uniform costs and complaints, and McEvoy quotation; Regulations for the Guidance of the Constabulary of Victoria (hereafter cited as Police Regulations, 1877), 1877, pp. 47–8, for dress regulations.
37 1881 Police Commission, Proceedings, Appendices F–L, for police pay rates; Evidence, p. 70 (Thomas), re relative pay position, p. 62 (McElroy), re marriage prohibition, p. 42 (Rogerson), re police petitions, pp. 67–8 (Acton), re civil service comparisons; Argus, 7 February 1881, p. 7, for prices of consumer items.
38 Police Regulations, 1877, pp. 26–7, for hours of duty, pp. 44–6, for leave regulations; Employees in Shops Commission, Second Progress Report (hereafter cited as Shops Commission), pp. 1–143, for details of work conditions outside police force; Report of the Royal Commission Appointed to Inquire into the State of the Public Service and Working of the Civil Service Act, and the Civil Service Act, 47 Vic, No. 773, 1883, for civil service conditions of work.
39 1881 Police Commission, Proceedings, Evidence, p. 16 (Chomley) re married and single men, p. 42 (Rogerson), re petitions and allowances; p. 70 (Thomas), re rental rates; p. 78 (Smythe), re fuel allowance and kettle boiling.
40 VPG, 8 January 1879, p. 3, for number and locations of police stations; Police Regulations, 1877, pp. 3, 34 for transfer policy and rules; 1881 Police Commission, Proceedings, Evidence, pp. 5–6 (Chomley), re transfers and allowances; ibid., Evidence, Pioneer Edition, p. 4 (Standish), and p. 139 (Sadleir), re transfers in north-east and travelling allowances.
41 Police Regulations, 1877, pp. 3, 17–29, 59–61, for regulations governing conduct of constables; 1881 Police Commission, Proceedings, Evidence, pp. 7–8 (Chomley), and pp. 161–2 (West Ford), for policy on hospital attendance; p. 40 (Bourke), re animosity to police hospital system.
42 Police Regulations, 1877, pp. 17–29, for beat duty regulations; 1881 Police Commission, Proceedings, Appendix E, for extraneous police duties.
43 Police Regulations, 1877, pp. 13–17, for duties of officers and sub-officers; VPA, 1881 Police Records of Conduct, for details of discipline offences.
44 Police Regulations, 1877, pp. 17–29, 59–61, 95–6, for duties of mounted constables; John O’Sullivan, Mounted Police of Victoria and Tasmania, p. 101, for Fane case; A. L. Haydon, The Trooper Police of Australia, p. 244.
45 VPRS 844, vol. 1, ref. 38/4/2, for Diary of Duty and Occurrences at Mount Moriac; VPA for biographical details of Hagger.
46 1863 Select Committee on Police, Appendix H, for illnesses treated at police hospital; Australian Medical Journal, vol. 10 (July 1866), pp. 193–6, vol. 15 (January 1870), pp. 1–4, vol. 17 (May 1872), pp. 143–7, for details of police ailments; 1881 Police Commission, Proceedings, Evidence, p. 4 (Chomley), p. 160 (West Ford), for details of ailments in 1881; Shops Commission, Evidence, p. 31 (Fletcher) (Peel), re medical aspects of shop and factory work; 1881 Police Commission, General Report, p. xviii, for retirement recommendation.
47 Critchley, pp. 150–9, for police pay and conditions in England; Haydon, p. 245, for pay comparison with Canada; Sadleir (1913), pp. 291–2 and passim, for love of work; 1881 Police Commission, Proceedings, Appendices F–L, for pay and conditions in other Australian colonies; Age, 21 September 1888, p. 7, for some 1880s recruiting figures.
48 Haydon, pp. 244, 406.
49 Royal Commission on the Victorian Police Force, 1906 (hereafter cited as the 1905 Police Commission), Evidence, pp. 1–13 (Chomley); VPD, 1888, vol. 58, pp. 1599–1601, for comments re police suffrage; VPD, 1899–1900, vol. 93, p. 2721, for description of Chomley, and O’Sullivan, p. 162, for ‘darling of the State’.
50 VPG, 13 June 1883, and VPD, 1895, vol. 79, p. 4201, for merger details.
51 1881 Police Commission, Report, pp. xi–xii, for Longmore findings; Critchley, p. 156, for English experience; VPG, 4 July 1883, pp. 176–7, 19 December 1883, p. 326, 20 February 1884, pp. 51–2, 26 March 1884, p. 85, 9 April 1884, p. 97, 28 May 1884, pp. 144–5, for first examination details; VPA for career details of Philip Commons, who was dux, and Alfred Sainsbury, who became Chief Commissioner in 1913.
52 John Barry, Victorian Police Guide; VPA for career details; VPD, 1888, vol. 58, p. 1702, for discussion of Barry’s Guide; 1881 Police Commission, Report, p. xi, re Longmore suggestion.
53 An Act to Extend the Franchise to Members of the Police Force (26 November 1888); VPD, 1888, vol. 58, pp. 1599–1601, for police franchise debates.
54 VPRS 937, unit 513, for police papers on Maritime Strike; Sadleir (1913), pp. 259–64, for comments; Argus, 30 August 1890, p. 9, and 1 September 1890, pp. 5–6; and Age, 29 August 1890, pp. 4–5, for criticism of police; William Guthrie Spence, Australia’s Awakening, pp. 132–44 (especially p. 142), for account of strike and Price’s order; T. A. Coghlan, Labour and Industry in Australia, vol. 3, ch. 7; J. E. Isaac and G. W. Ford (eds), Australian Labour Relations Readings, ch. 4; VGG, 29 August 1890, pp. 3513–14, for proclamation; Percival Serle, Dictionary of Australian Biography, vol. 1, pp. 347–8, for Gillies biography.
55 VPRS 937, unit 357, for police papers on unemployed and vagrancy figures; Police Offences Statute 1865, No. 265, part 3, for vagrancy law; Barry, pp. 57–72, re warrant execution; 1881 Police Commission, Evidence, p. 40 (Bourke), re warrants; Age, 17 June 1892, p. 5, for account of fray at Carlton.
56 VPRS 6763, vol. 39, for approval to form band; Argus, 2 July 1891, p. 10, for football match; VPAJ, January 1932, pp. 110–12, for early band history.
57 Police Regulation Statute 1873, section 51, for retirement clause; 1881 Police Commission, Report, p. xvii, for recommendation; 1905 Police Commission, Evidence, p. 12 (Chomley), for his opinion; VPD, 1891, vol. 67, pp. 1233–4, for 1889 Memo; p. 1233 (O’Loghlen); p. 1235 (Taylor), p. 354 (McLean), for recruiting applications; Argus, 21 August 1891, p. 6, 3 September 1891, p. 10, for commentary; VPG, 10 February 1892, p. 41, for original retirement scheme. Amended by Order-in-Council, VPG, 18 December 1895, p. 387.
58 VPRS 677, unit 83, and VPRS 3992, unit 1105, for introduction of bravery award; VPG, 28 December 1899, p. 411, for notice of first three recipients; VPA for details of recipients.
59 1905 Police Commission, Evidence, p. 1 (Chomley), retirement details; p. 2, recruit application figures.
60 Frank J. Hardy, Power Without Glory, pp. 152–5, for Callinan; Frank J. Hardy, The Hard Way, p. 9, for Wren, and pp. 49–50 for O’Donnell; VPA for service details of O’Callaghan; VGG, 26 March 1902, p. 1187, and 16 July 1902, p. 3053, for appointment as chief commissioner; J. E. Menadue, A Centenary History of the Australian Natives’ Association, passim, for O’Callaghan’s ANA record.
61 Melbourne Punch, 18 April 1907, p. 532, for ‘O’Cally-ghin’; Hardy (1950), p. 153, for enjoying power; VPD, 1903, vol. 106, pp. 2247–8, for want of capacity; 1905 Police Commission, Report, p. xvi, for character; VPA for service record; 1881 Police Commission, Special Report, pp. xii and xiv, for comments re O’Callaghan.
62 Police Regulation Act 1902, No. 1798, for abolition of pensions; VGG, 31 December 1902, pp. 5060–1, for insurance scheme; VPG, 27 November 1902, p. 409, for retirement-age order-in-council; VPD, 1902, vol. 101, pp. 118–20, for pension debates; VPA for police strength and pension details; 1905 Police Commission, Evidence, p. 12 (Chomley), for warning; Royal Commission on the Victoria Police Force (hereafter cited as 1924 Police Commission), pp. 6–11, for link between pension abolition and strike.
63 VPD, 1903, vol. 102, pp. 2049–58; vol. 105, pp. 452, 1078–9; vol. 107, pp. 1504–27, 2238–49, for retiring-age debates; Argus, 20 March 1903, p. 6, and Age, 20 March 1903, p. 5, for press comment; pamphlets dated 8 April 1903 and 8 August 1904, seeking support for proposed association and opposing new retirement age, held by the writer.
64 VPRS 3992, unit 1327, file T 5475, for Police Association papers; VPA for service records of Costelloe and Strickland; 1905 Police Commission, Evidence, p. 642 (Strickland), for his comments; Robert Reiner, The Blue-coated Worker, pp. 19–54, and Allen Z. Gammage and Stanley L. Sachs, ‘Development of Public Employee/Police Unions’, in Richard M. Ayres and Thomas L. Wheelen (eds), Collective Bargaining in the Public Sector, pp. 71–92, for some comparative reading re police union development.
65 VPD, 1906, vol. 114, pp. 2259–60, for barracks deputation; 1905 Police Commission, Report, p. vii, for details of deputation.
66 VPD, 1903, vol. 106, pp. 2238–65, and 1905, vol. 100, pp. 91, 136, 746, and Age, 4 July 1905, p. 4, for debate preceding appointment of commission; 1905 Police Commission, Report, pp. v–vi for hearing details, pp. xiii–xv for report on gambling and Wren, and Appendix, pp. xxiv–xxv, for recommended law reforms; Lotteries Gaming and Betting Act 1906, No. 2205, for new gaming laws; Niall Brennan, John Wren: Gambler, and Hugh Buggy, The Real John Wren, for different but inadequate accounts of John Wren’s life and times; Bob Bottom, The Godfather in Australia, pp. 9–26, and Alfred W. McCoy, Drug Traffic, Narcotics and Organised Crime in Australia, pp. 11–159, for discussion of history and definition of organised crime in Australia; John M. Marzorini, Memoir of the Life and Deeds of the Late Senior Constable Waldron, the Hercules of the Victorian Police Force, and J. B. Castieau, The Reminiscences of Detective-Inspector Christie; MSS. private papers and memorabilia of David G. O’Donnell (nine volumes), held by his great-granddaughter Kerry Cue, East Ivanhoe, Victoria.
67 1905 Police Commission, Report, pp. vi–xxi, for findings and recommendations; Evidence, pp. 64–5 (O’Callaghan), for fingerprints; Thomas O’Callaghan, Victorian Police Code; VPA for service record of Potter; VPRS 3992, unit 1893, file P3368, for Potter’s report on fingerprints; David Ascoli, The Queen’s Peace, pp. 181–2, for Henry and fingerprints; G. M. O’Brien, The Australian Police Forces, pp. 124–5, and Victoria Police Force, Police in Victoria 1836–1980, ch. 9, for additional details re fingerprint development; R. v. Parker (1912) 28 ALR 150.
68 1905 Police Commission, Evidence, pp. 64–5 (O’Callaghan), for anthrometrics; VPD, 1906, vol. 114, p. 1683, for motor-car debate.
1 National Trust of Australia (Victoria), Research into Victoria Mounted Police Stables, St Kilda Road, MS. notes, 29 March 1976, Ref. No. 3824, prepared by Dr C. Kellaway, and Argus, 25 January 1912, p. 9, and 27 July 1912, p. 21, for stable details; H. H. Paynting (ed.), The James Flood Book of Early Motoring, pp. 39–143; John Goode, Smoke, Smell and Clatter; and MS. notes from Susan Priestley, 11 October 1983, for history of early motoring in Victoria.
2 VPD, 1905, vol. 110, pp. 1268–74, 1292–1309, and vol. 111, pp. 1344–61, for debates on Motor Car Bill; A Bill to Regulate the Use of Motor Cars, 1905; Goode, p. 37, for chauffeurs; Police Offences Act 1890, No. 1241, Section 5 (xvii), for furious riding; Motor Car Act 1903, ch. 36 3 Edw. 7, for English legislation.
3 VPD, 1908, vol. 119, pp. 1206–19, 1325–34, 1549–55, 1909, vol. 121, Second Session, pp. 1085–7, 1151–63, and vol. 122, pp. 1954–63, for debates on Motor Car Act; Motor Car Act 1909, No. 2237; VGG, 23 February 1910, pp. 1518–21, for Motor Car Act 1909 Regulations; Report of the Royal Commission on Motor Cars, London, HMSO, Command 3080, 1906 (hereafter cited as Command Paper 3080); A Report on the Victoria Police Force Following an Inspection by Colonel Sir Eric St Johnston, p. 160.
4 Argus, 12 July 1910, p. 6, for first registration figures; Victorian Year Book spanning years 1910–19, for police to population ratios, accident statistics, registration figures and horse numbers; Victoria Police, Police in Victoria 1836–1980, ch. 8, for brief history of Motor Police; VPRS 3992, unit 2426, file W5221, for proposed transfer of registration responsibility.
5 Royal Commission on the Victorian Police Force (hereafter cited as 1905 Police Commission), Report, p. xi, for traffic duty comments and Evidence, p. 71 (O’Callaghan), for evidence of stopping horses; personal interview with former traffic constable Thomas Street, for details of sand and shovel duty; VPA award records for details of Valour Badge recipients; Argus, 25 January, and 4 October 1910, for prosecutions at Prahran, 17 November 1910, p. 10, for O’Callaghan’s comments, 8 February 1911, p. 4, 3 March 1911, p. 10, 18 August 1911, p. 8, and 31 January 1912, p. 10, for police methods; T. A. Critchley, A History of Police in England and Wales, pp. 220–1, for English experience.
6 Argus, 15 October 1913, p. 12, re safeguarding cars; Hugh Anderson, Larrikin Crook: The Rise and Fall of Squizzy Taylor, pp. 25–34, re use of motor car for crime; Argus, 3 August (p. 12), 26 October (p. 14), 28 November (p. 8) 1914, for use of motor cars by post office, ambulance and military authorities; VPRS 3992, unit 1314, file T3344, for 1904 offer of car to police; ibid., unit 2426, file W5221, for new form of criminal activity; Command Paper 3080, p. 55, for Paris police experience; Goode, p. 28, for one account of police pursuit and Argus, 31 January 1912, p. 10, for checking speed on bicycles; Argus, 19 December 1911, p. 7, re deaths of bandsmen; VPRS 807, 14 November 1910, re first request by police ‘for authority to purchase a 24-horsepower Star motor prison van instead of an ordinary horse van’; Police in Victoria, chs 6 and 8, for brief account of growth in use of motor vehicles by police; personal interview with Clifford Allison, for first patrol death.
7 VPRS 3992, unit 1910, file P7926, for Sainsbury’s Town Hall address; VPRS 3992, unit 2229, file G6243, for statistics of police enlistment and awards; VPRS 807, unit 527, file PI 0783, for details of first police volunteers. A scheme similar to Sainsbury’s was implemented in Canada in 1918 and more than seven hundred police transferred to the armed services, many of them serving in cavalry squadrons commanded by their own officers. See S. W. Horrall, The Pictorial History of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, p. 91. Victoria Police, Anzac Centenary Order of Service, 7 August 2015, for Honour Roll of 138 members who left the force to serve in WW1.
8 VPRS 807, unit 526, file P11007, and VPRS 3992, unit 1915, file P9372, for assurance policy premiums; VPRS 807, unit 526, file P10225, for loss of wages, insurance premiums, reinstatement policy and reference to Boer War as a precedent; VPRS 807, unit 557, file S8263, for final government decision re rights of police who enlisted; VPRS 10257, vol. 16, entry Ul 3422, re refusal to reinstate (file missing); VPRS 3992, unit 2229, file G6243, for details of returned servicemen employed and Gellibrand’s comments; Brian Lewis, Sunday at Kooyong Road, pp. 115–16, for Irish police quotation; VPA for ethnic composition of police force; Ernest Scott, Australia During the War.
9 VGG, 1 April 1913, p. 1453, for appointment of Sainsbury; Argus, 21 May 1912, p. 6, 29 May 1912, p. 14, 31 May 1912, p. 15, 18 July 1912, p. 12, 2 September 1912, p. 12, 23 January 1913, p. 6, 11 February 1913, p. 6, for campaign re O’Callaghan’s removal and discontent; VPRS 3992, unit 2475, file Y12157, re moves to form an association; VPRS 3992, unit 1893, file P3368, for O’Callaghan’s overseas tour report; Evening Sun, 9 November 1923, p. 7, for comments on strike; L. J. Blake, ‘Past Presidents of the Society’, p. 11, for RHSV presidency; O’Callaghan’s history work includes: ‘Scraps of Early Melbourne History, 1835–1839’, Victorian Historical Magazine, vol. 3, no. 4, 1914, pp. 145–67; ‘Police in Port Phillip and Victoria, 1836–1913’, Victorian Historical Magazine, vol. 12, no. 4, 1928, pp. 181–203; and an unpublished work titled ‘Police and Other People’. In 1921 he advertised for 1000 people to subscribe 10s 6d to publish this manuscript as a book but failed to attract sufficient sponsors and the interesting work, with over sixty illustrations, was never published.
10 Police in Victoria, p. 16, John O’Sullivan, Mounted Police of Victoria and Tasmania, p. 169, and G. M. O’Brien, The Australian Police Forces, p. 63, for treatment of Sainsbury; VPA for career details; VPRS 3992, unit 1833, file N4721, for list of applicants; Argus, 22 July 1912, p. 12, for outside appointment, 7 August 1912, p. 12, and 7 January 1913, p. 6, for police meetings and resolution, 16 January 1913, p. 14, for discussion of merits of applicants for chief commissioner’s position, 8 March 1913, p. 18, for police approval of Sainsbury’s appointment and baby case details; Alan Dower, Crime Chemist, p. 12, for battered hat and spurned cars.
11 VPRS 807, unit 543, files R2020, R2001 and S1893, for motorcycles; VPRS 807, unit 526, file P10109, re motor prison van; VPRS 3992, unit 1906, file P6923, re bicycles for horses (file missing); VPRS 3994, vol. 64, p. 429, entry dated 15 September 1914, for ju-jitsu classes; VPRS 10257, vol. 15, entry R6837, for swimming and lifesaving; VPRS 3992, unit 2475, file Y12157, for police association formation; VPRS 10257, vol. 17, entry W7583, re appointment of women; VPRS 3992, unit 1869, file 010425, re Sunday leave; VPRS 807, unit 555, file S6894, and VPAJ, vol. 1, no. 1 (July 1918), p. 10, for defective laws; VPRS 807, unit 555, file S6894, re policy of ‘hasten slowly’; VPRS 3992, unit 1893, file P3368, for decisions not to use dogs or patrol boxes; Argus, 29 May 1913, p. 5, for relaxation of physical standards; A. J. O’Meara, The Establishment and Development of the Role of Women Police in Victoria, for women police and welfare.
12 A token force of Commonwealth police was not formed until 1917, after Prime Minister W. M. Hughes was struck on the hat by an egg thrown during an anti-conscription campaign at Warwick, Queensland. Kerry Milte in Police in Australia, pp. 28–9, claims that the Warwick incident did not prompt the formation of a federal force. There is little doubt, however, that Hughes’s dissatisfaction with the inaction of Queensland state police at Warwick promoted the untimely and unwarranted formation of a small, personal force of Commonwealth officers; Scott, p. 108, for ‘useful police allies’; VPRS 807, unit 628, file W12786, for intelligence and interpreting work; VPRS 1172, unit 8, Premier’s Secret Papers, 1917, for counter-espionage work, and letters from prime minister for aerials of enemy agents and aircraft.
13 Commonwealth of Australia Gazette, 10 August 1914, p. 1381, for proclamation; VPRS 1172, unit 8, Premier’s Secret Papers, 1914, for directions to police re German residents; Final Report of the Royal Commission on the State Public Service (hereafter cited as 1917 Public Service Commission Report), p. 49, for number of alien registrations and comments re workload; Scott, pp. 108 and 116, for comment re police and aliens on parole.
14 VPRS 807, unit 628, file W12786, and VPA for Sickerdick; VPRS 1172, unit 8, Premier’s Secret Papers, 1917, and VPA for Brennan; VPRS 3992, unit 2087, ‘sealed papers’; and VPRS 1172, unit 8, Premier’s Secret Papers, 1917, for activities and formation of CEB including Hughes correspondence; Richard Hall, The Secret State, and Frank Cain, The Origins of Political Surveillance in Australia, for CEB formation and operation, and growth into Australian Security Intelligence Organisation; ibid., pp. 143 and 185, for Cain quotation. Hall’s book does not contain a bibliography or footnotes and needs to be treated with caution. Throughout the text and index Hall refers to Steward as Stewart, a not insignificant error in a work claiming to be ‘a sustained critical analysis’ and ‘the result of over ten years’ investigation’. Also, at p. 20, his very brief account of the police strike is wrong.
15 1917 Public Service Commission Report, p. 49, and VPRS 3992, unit 2229, file G6243, for range of Commonwealth duties; Cain, p. 184, for £l bounty; VPRS 3992, unit 1985, file T2694, for men who will not enlist; VPRS 807, unit 558, file R8425, for lightning strike; Argus, 28 August 1916, p. 8, and 30 August 1916, p. 7, for police retiring age and war effort; VPRS 3992, unit 2229, file G6243, for accrued leave; VPRS 3994, vol. 66, p. 499, entry R10235, dated 5 November 1915, for refusal of harvest leave; VPRS 1172, unit 8, Premier’s Secret Papers, 1914, for use of police pensioners; ibid., 1919, for secret shortage of police.
16 The premier’s, chief secretary’s and chief commissioner’s files spanning the war years are now held at the PRO, Laverton. A systematic search of these archives failed to locate many files relevant to the police war effort. References appeared in indexes and registers but the files were not found in the storage area. Archivists at the state and Commonwealth archives are unable to determine the whereabouts of such files, and neither are officers of the originating departments. Reference to a return of police of enemy birth is found at VPRS 10257, vol. 16, entry T2534 but the return cannot be located. Samples of references to other missing files include: VPRS 10257, vol. 14, entry P11369 ‘police to furnish reports on Germans, Austrians and Hungarians’; VPRS 10257, vol. 14, entry P16214 ‘police to work for Defence Department’; VPRS 10257, vol. 15, entry R11461 ‘members killed in action’; VPRS 10257, vol. 16, entry T9567 ‘ranks and units of police enlisted’; VPRS 10257, vol. 18, entry Y4813 ‘list of police aged between 18–44 years’; entry Z14069 ‘return of police wounded, etc. at war’; entry Z6788 ‘list of police killed in war’.
17 The twentieth-century deterioration of police work conditions included the loss of pension privileges, the extension of the retirement age and a drop in real wages from a level between tradesmen and labourers to one about equal to labourers. Argus, 8 July 1912, p. 10, for quote re straw, 2 September 1912, p. 12, for O’Callaghan’s attitude, 31 May 1912, p. 15, for ‘newspaper tripe’; Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1916, pp. 831–3, for comparative statistics of police budgets and strengths in Australia.
18 VPD, 1912, vol. 130, pp. 712–23, and vol. 132, pp. 3957–79, for debates and statistics on police wages and work conditions, p. 718 for education standards, p. 722 for ‘bottom of ladder’, p. 3961 for Farthing quote, p. 3967 for boast of Watt, and p. 3978 for community expectations; Argus, 18 April 1912, p. 6, 29 May 1912, p. 14, 17 July 1912, p. 14, 28 August 1912, p. 15, 19 September 1912, p. 10, 4 December 1912, p. 16, 12 April 1913, p. 19, 27 May 1913, p. 11, and 15 October 1913, p. 7, for police wages and work conditions; 21 May 1912, p. 6, for qualities in demand; 31 May 1912, p. 15, for ‘dumping ground’; VPA for figures on previous occupations of police recruits.
19 VPD, 1912, vol. 132, p. 3962, for ‘younger and more impetuous’ and pay rises to teachers and railway workers, p. 3967, for loyal stand; Argus, 3 September 1912, p. 4, for letter. The teachers and public servants in Victoria formed unions in 1885; see R. M. Martin, Whitecollar Unions in Australia, p. 3.
20 VPD, 1913, vol. 132, p. 3967, for ‘dissension and revolt’; VPRS 3992, unit 2475, file Y12157, and unit 1854, file 07788, for O’Loughlin reports and papers relevant to formation of Victoria Police Association. O’Loughlin was born at Yackandandah, Victoria, on 3 August 1859. Roman Catholic and a labourer by occupation, he joined the force on 1 May 1883 and served thirty-five years, until superannuated at the rank of inspector on 3 August 1919. He worked at stations in both metropolitan and country areas and his service record was excellent. Details obtained from VPA; VPD, 1914, vol. 135, p. 3831, for questions by Lemmon; Bruce Swanton, ‘Origins and Development of Police Unions in Australia’, Australia and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 1976, pp. 207–19, for comparative material relevant to SA and WA.
21 VPD, 1911 Second Session, vol. 129, pp. 253–63, for debate on Sunday rest day, p. 261, for Murray’s comment; VPD, 1913, vol. 133, p. 625 and pp. 671–7, for renewed discussion; Argus, 8 January 1912, p. 6, for statement by Murray re Sundays off duty, 12 September 1912, p. 5, for letter supporting Sunday leave for police, 6 September 1913, p. 19, for Murray’s announcement of rest-day scheme, 6 February 1914, p. 11, for pay-rise announcement; VPRS 3992, unit 1869, file 010425, for Sainsbury’s report on the introduction of the scheme and its cost. The complete official file on the subject of Sunday leave for policemen was not found. The archives searched without success were VPRS 3992, units 1725, 1806 and 1851, and the missing files sought were numbered L1139, N728, N7350; Critchley, p. 171, for English weekly rest day.
22 VPRS 3992, unit 2475, file Y12157, for all correspondence relating to the formation of association; Argus, 15 April 1914, p. 9, for Political Labor Council moves, 14 July 1916, for report of Guild Hall meeting; VPD, 1914, vol. 136, p. 1240, for prohibited meeting; VPAJ, vol. 1, no. 1 (July 1918), pp. 7–8, for first annual report, including details of meeting on 10 May 1917 and elections on 27 June 1917 and the activities and successes of the association in its first year, especially the pay rise, continuous shifts and objects; G. I. Westcott, ‘The Police Force, 1907–1944’, Police Journal, vol. 14, no. 14, 1946, p. 1552, for secret meetings; Section 2 of the Constitution Act Amendment Act 1916, No. 2866, and VPD, 1916, vol. 144, pp. 2147–54, for amendments to Section 423(1) of the Constitution Act Amendment Act 1915, No. 2632, generally termed the ‘Political Rights Bill amendments’; VPRS 3992, unit 2046, file X3029, for Burke case; Argus, 1 December 1917, p. 8, and 5 January 1918, p. 16, for continuous eight-hour shifts, and 22 May 1918, p. 10, for pay rise; Police Pensions Act, No. 3316, Sections 29–31, for ban on union affiliation.
23 VPAJ, vol. 1, no. 2 (August 1918), pp. 3–4, for letters from Sainsbury, Rawlings and others, an ‘optimistic outlook’ and details of membership. (The VPAJ has been published monthly by the Police Association since the first issue, vol. 1, no. 1 ([July 1918].) The force itself did not begin to publish an equivalent official news magazine until 1955.) VPRS 937, unit 513, for Police Ages Commission of Inquiry, 1918. Anthony J. O’Meara, The Establishment and Development of The Role of Women Police in Victoria, p. 9, for THC support of women police. This thesis is the only comprehensive work covering the subject of women police in Victoria and is generally regarded as the authoritative source.
24 VPRS 807, unit 555, file S6894, for Sainsbury quotations; Argus, 30 July 1917, p. 8, and 1 August 1917, p. 6, for appointment of Beers and Connor. O’Brien, p. 173, and Police Life, December 1959, p. 5, both state incorrectly that Madge Connor and Nell Davidson were appointed as Victoria’s first two women police. This error has probably occurred because Davidson replaced Beers on 3 June 1918 and almost nothing is known of Beers’s background or record, whereas Davidson served from 1918 to 1941. At the time of appointment Connor, an Irishwoman, was aged thirty-seven. A widow with four children, she had previously undertaken special work for the force in connection with the investigation of fortune-tellers and bookmakers. Ellen Frances ‘Nell’ Davidson was single, aged thirty-two, and a native of South Australia. She was a member of the Salvation Army and gave her occupation as laundress.
25 Other groups who pressed for the appointment of women police were the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, the Ballarat League of Honour, the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children and the Sex Hygiene and Morality Council; VPRS 807, unit 555, file S6894, for Sainsbury’s views; VPRS 3992, unit 1951, file S5727, for views of Inspector O’Sullivan, Inspecting Superintendent Gleeson and Superintendent-in-Charge CIB; Argus, 30 December 1916, p. 10, for McLeod’s view. In fairness to Sainsbury it should be said that the women’s movement in Victoria was identified with radical politics and it was a radicalism that troubled not only him; see Norman MacKenzie, Women in Australia, pp. 45–52.
26 Sol Encel et al., Women and Society, pp. 23–39; Ian Turner, ‘Prisoners in Petticoats: A Shocking History of Female Emancipation in Australia’, in Julie Rigg (ed.), In Her Own Right, pp. 3–23, and MacKenzie, passim, for early entry of Australian women into such fields as the arts, education etc.; O’Meara, pp. 1–27, for early women’s agitation in Victoria and mention of overseas developments; Edith S. Abbott, Everybody’s Friend: The Inspiring Career of Miss Kate Cocks, MBE, for South Australian experience; Vince Kelly, Rugged Angel, for NSW experience; Argus, 30 December 1916, p. 10, for ninety applicants; O’Meara, p. 30, for qualities expected; VPRS 3992, unit 2226, file H4925, for assessment of women police and details of their duties.
27 VPAJ, vol. 1, no. 9 (March 1919), p. 10, for Sainsbury’s extended time; VPRS 3992, unit 2145, file D6601, for Sainsbury’s retirement, and notification of his death on 27 February 1920; Bernard Cohen, ‘Leadership Styles of Commanders in the New York City Police Department’, Journal of Police Science and Administration, vol. 8, no. 2, 1980, p. 131, for tradition-oriented leaders; Gene E. Carte and Elaine H. Carte, Police Reform in the United States: The Era of August Vollmer, for Vollmer’s work; David Ascoli, The Queen’s Peace, ch. 8, for Henry and Macready, and General Sir Nevil Macready, Annals of an Active Life, for Macready’s work; L. E. Hoban, New South Wales Police Force, 1862–1962, p. 24, for Mitchell’s work, including a police study tour abroad, and the introduction of special instructional classes and qualifying examinations for promotion.
28 Lieutenant Colonel Sir George Charles Thomas Steward, KBE, CMG, JP, was born in Scotland on 17 March 1866. For record of previous service as a civil servant, see VPAJ, vol. 1, no. 9 (March 1919), p. 10, and Argus, 14 February 1919, p. 4; VGG, 26 February 1919, p. 669, for appointment of Steward; Argus, 18 February 1919, p. 5, for Labor protest; VPAJ, vol. 1, no. 9 (March 1919), p. 3, for police view; VPRS 3992, unit 2087, file B1940 and ‘sealed papers’, for Steward’s application, including a letter from the prime minister, W. M. Hughes (14 January 1916), and the premier of Tasmania, J. W. Evans (13 March 1905).
29 Argus, 27 March 1919, p. 4, for superintendents’ conference and 28 November 1919, p. 6, for abreast of times; VPAJ, vol. 2, no. 3 (September 1919), p. 5, for motto, vol. 2 no. 6 (December 1919), p. 4, for initiative in forming clubs, vol. 2 no. 7 (January 1920), p. 5, for debt of gratitude re hospital, vol. 2, no. 9 (March 1920), p. 4, for country tour and pp. 17–18, for Steward’s admonishment.
30 Steward’s plans for reorganising the force are embodied in three reports. The first is dated 30 April 1919 and deals with the Criminal Investigation Branch (including the formation of a Finger Print Bureau). The second report is dated 15 May 1919 and deals with the Mounted Police, Plain Clothes Police and Foot Police. The third and final report is dated 11 June 1919 and deals with the administration of the force. All these reports are located together at VPRS 807, unit 698, file A6842; see also Argus, 30 May 1919, p. 7; 25 July 1919, p. 6; 1 October 1919, p. 14.
31 VPRS 807, unit 695, file B5197; unit 2141, file B13087; unit 698, file A6842; VPAJ, vol. 2, no. 5 (November 1919), p. 3; vol. 3, no. 11 (May 1921), p. 9, and vol. 4, no. 1 (July 1921), p. 19; Argus, 15 June 1921, p. 8, and 31 December 1921, p. 5; and Annual Report of the Chief Commissioner of Police for the Year 1946, p. 10, for Steward and police training; VPRS 3992, unit 2142, file C5339; VPAJ vol. 2, no. 12 (June 1920), pp. 3–7, and Argus, 12 May 1920, p. 10, for death of Steward.
32 VGG, 20 May 1920, p. 1934, and VPRS 3992, unit 2142, file C5339, for appointment of Heathershaw. The government in office at this time was the conservative Nationalist administration headed by Premier Harry Lawson. Along with him, the principal obstacles to police reform were the chief secretary, Major Matthew Baird, a conservative country lawyer, and the treasurer, Sir William McPherson, who was described as ‘a thinker in threepences’. The thrift and conservatism that characterised these three would prove a bane to Gellibrand.
33 Major General Sir John Gellibrand, KCB, DSO, was born at Ouse, Tasmania, on 5 December 1872, and educated at King’s School, Canterbury, and Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He served in the South African War, 1900, with the 1st South Lancashire Regiment and in World War I rose to become major general commanding the AIF 3rd Division. From July 1919 until appointed chief commissioner he was public service commissioner of Tasmania; C. E. W. Bean, The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918, vol. 1: The Story of Anzac, pp. 79–81, for comments; VGG, 8 September 1920, p. 2848, for appointment; Argus, 1 August 1920, p. 20, for sketch of his career.
34 VPRS 3992, unit 2226, file H4925, and unit 2229, file G6243, for Gellibrand’s proposals and Lawson ministry comments; VPAJ, vol. 3, no. 12 (June 1921), p. 3, for association view; VPRS 807, unit 698, file A6842, for quote re pay and pensions; Argus, 20 December 1921, p. 7; 21 December 1921, p. 10; 28 December 1921, p. 6; 16 January 1922, p. 6; 30 January 1922, p. 6, for Gellibrand’s frustration and return to Tasmania; VPRS 3992, unit 2218, file H964, for resignation papers.
35 Argus, 2 February 1922, p. 7, for public concern; 14 March 1922, p. 6; 23 March 1922, p. 7; 29 March 1922, p. 10; 7 April 1922, p. 6, and 11 April 1922, p. 6, for speculation on appointments of military men. The complete list of applicants from which Nicholson was chosen is not known. At the PRO it is listed as VPRS 3992, unit 2226, file G4834A, but the documents cannot be located. Given the serious failings of Nicholson’s administration it is not unreasonable to suggest that this file was ‘lost’, stolen or destroyed at the time of the police strike, to conceal the identities of all those men over whom Nicholson was given the appointment, and the reasons why, in order to protect the reputations of those men who appointed him. VGG, 26 April 1922, p. 1096, for appointment of Nicholson. Nicholson was born at Raglan, Victoria, on 25 July 1862. He received a primary school education (incomplete) and worked as a farm labourer before joining the Victoria Police Force on 20 March 1883.
36 VPAJ, vol. 4, no. 11 (May 1922), p. 218, for head and heart; Argus, 9 February 1922, p. 8, for baton in knapsack; 12 April 1922, p. 99, for Nicholson’s advantage; VPRS 3992, unit 2229, file G6243, p. 3, for Gellibrand’s criticism of promotion system; VEA and telephone interview with Mr A. M. Nicholson, and personal interview with Mr J. N. Nicholson, for biographical details of Nicholson, who received the Valour Award in 1899 for arresting an armed ‘lunatic’ and was one of the first three recipients of the award. Saturday Evening Herald, 30 October 1925, for Nicholson’s account of this incident.
37 VPAJ, vol. 4, no. 12 (June 1922), p. 230, for presentation of umbrella; VPRS 3992, unit 2226, file H4925, for Nicholson’s recommendation and statement of confidence; Royal Commission on the Victorian Police Force (hereafter cited as 1924 Police Commission), Report, p. 8, for abandonment of conferences, Evidence, p. 2119 (Nicholson), for supervision ratios, and p. 2388, for abandonment of conferences. Evidence given before the commission was not published. Typed copies of the transcript are held at the PRO and in the VPA, and microfiche copies are held in the libraries of all Victorian universities and at the State Library of Victoria. Police Dispute: Case for the Men, and The Victorian Police Mutiny: The Facts, for summaries of police pay and conditions and comparative statistics; R. K. Haldane, Victoria Police Strike, 1923, pp. 38, 43, 69, for police pension numbers.
38 1924 Police Commission, Report, pp. 8–9, for barrack conditions; Thomas O’Callaghan, Victorian Police Code, pp. 37–8, for barrack regulations. Personal interviews with Fred Midgley and Lindsay Macphail, for accounts of barrack life in 1923, including inedible food and no showers. Both men were former constables and police strikers.
39 1924 Police Commission, Report, pp. 9–10, and Evidence, pp. 2114–18 (Nicholson), for special supervisors; VPD, 1922, vol. 163, p. 3380, and 1923, vol. 165, p. 1807, for pimps and secret watching; Haldane, pp. 18–21, for full details of special supervisors and their work.
40 1924 Police Commission, Report, p. 10, for licensing purge and petition, and Evidence, p. 2385 (Nicholson), for account of purge; Argus, 19April 1923, p. 12, for talk of strike, text of petition and ‘moonshine’; Truth, 4 August 1923, p. 7, for Nicholson’s popularity; MS. Nicholson family papers in possession of J. N. Nicholson, Box Hill, for account of Delaney mercy flight and letter from NSW; personal interview with Isabella Hutchings (née Brooks), and VPA, for biographical and career details of Brooks. Brooks was born at Port Melbourne on 28 April 1889. A gas stoker by occupation, he joined the force in 1913 and served at Russell Street, Seymour, Prahran and South Yarra, before transferring to the Licensing Branch in 1921. He never publicly claimed membership of any political party or trade union, and no such organisation claimed Brooks as a member or representative.
41 General details of the strike have been pieced together from personal interviews with more than twenty people who witnessed it, including ten former constables who were strikers and eight former constables who remained on duty. One striker interviewed was Fred Midgley, who was one of Brooks’s ‘original twenty-nine’ and who struck on 31 October and 1 November. Other general information was obtained from VPRS 1163, units 559, 563, 566—Police Strike Papers; 1924 Police Commission Report, p. 11, for surprising dénouement and Brooks’s efforts to rally support, p. 12, for men wanting to do the right thing; Evidence, p. 2872 (Shelton), for conspiracy of silence; personal interview with James R. Golding, for account of unjust discharge and admission into South Australian Police. Those men discharged were eligible for re-employment in the police force, those men dismissed were not.
42 VPA, Melbourne Town Hall Archives and VPRS 1226, unit 123, for Special Constabulary Force papers. The most accurate summary of the activities of the SCF is Warren Perry, ‘The Police Strike in Melbourne’, Victorian Historical Magazine, vol. 43, no. 3, 1972, pp. 896–935.
43 John C. Meyer, Jr, ‘Police Strikes: A Model to Study Underlying Factors’, Australia and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, September–December 1975, p. 195, for overseas police strikes 1918–1921; Gerald W. Reynolds and Anthony Judge, The Night the Police Went on Strike, and A. V. Sellwood, Police Strike, 1919, for accounts of English police strike, including at p. 2 of Sellwood the figure of 2300 dismissed; Francis Russell, A City in Terror: 1919, the Boston Police Strike, for one account of that strike and at p. 113, the figure of 1117; Robert Reiner, The Blue-coated Worker, pp. 19–29, for early history and structure of police federation, including at p. 26, ‘the goose club’; Sterling D. Spero, ‘The Boston Police Strike’, in Richard M. Ayres and Thomas L. Wheelen (eds), Collective Bargaining in the Public Sector, p. 400, for ‘the complete destruction’.
44 1924 Police Commission, Report, pp. 1–6, for creation and terms of reference; and pp. 6–12 for findings.
1 Warren Perry, ‘The Police Strike in Melbourne in 1923’, pp. 922–3, for brief biography of McCay; VPD, 1923–4, vol. 165, p. 2229, for opening quote and Nicholson’s displacement; VPA (Police Strike Papers), VPRS 3992, unit 2301, file N2652, and Argus, 13–17 November 1923, for all details of SCF, including formation, activities, pay, uniforms, conditions and politics; Andrew Moore, ‘Guns Across the Yarra’, in Sydney Labour History Group, What Rough Beast?, pp. 220–33; Raelene Frances et al., ‘What Rough Beast?’, Journal of Australian Studies, no. 15, 1984, pp. 72–9, for review; personal interview with Lionel Woodford, for account of SCF formation, lack of equipment and unprepared state. Woodford was on the headquarters staff of the SCF. Those former military officers who assisted McCay to form the SCF included lieutenant-colonels D. H. Moors and R. J. Wallace; majors F. O. Rogers, W. Perrin, J. O’Neill, G. V. Dudley; and captains A. M. Kemsley, E. J. Ryan, R. Glen, L. T. Jackson, A. E. Wallace, F. P. D. Strickland, J. R. Henderson.
2 VPRS 3992, unit 2301, file N2652, and R. K. Haldane, Victoria Police Strike, 1923, pp. 71–6, for service of strikers; Royal Commission on the Victorian Police Force, 1925 (hereafter cited as 1924 Police Commission), Report, pp. 11–12, for physical standards; Argus, 16 March 1925, p. 13, and 17 March 1925, p. 10, for jockey-size and higher education, and 4 April 1925, p. 38, for minimum height.
3 Police Dispute Case for the Men, for pension agitation history; Police Pensions Act 1923, No. 3316, for pension scheme; Argus, 5 December 1923, pp. 21–2, for new benefits; VPRS 3992, unit 2425, file W4414, for good conduct scheme; VPG, 20 December 1923, p. 767, and 13 March 1924, pp. 210–11, for pay increments, 17 January 1924, p. 29, for promotion regulations, 22 May 1924, p. 389, for special leave, 6 August 1925, p. 523, for twenty-one days; VPRS 1411, vol. 80, entries dated 14 and 23 December, for twenty-eight days; VPRS 3992, units 2300 and 2329, files 02142 and Q1772, for capital expenditure.
4 Argus, 2 December 1922, p. 10; 9 March 1923, p. 11; 4 April 1923, p. 10; 7 July 1924, p. 19; 9 July 1924, p. 17; 2 August 1924, p. 30, for police dogs.
5 VPRS 3992, unit 2425, file W4414, for equality claims by policewomen; VPRS 3992, unit 2301, file N2652, for signed letter dated 6 December 1923, from Nicholson to under-secretary; Argus, 13 December 1923, p. 11, and 14 December 1923, p. 11, for Nicholson’s press statement, lack of support and Labor support of women; Anthony J. O’Meara, The Establishment and Development of the Role of Women Police in Victoria, pp. 65–7, for his bluff theory. In fairness to O’Meara it should be stated that the vital document, containing Nicholson’s denunciation of women police, is so filed at the PRO that a researcher looking only at the question of women police would be unlikely to find it.
6 Personal interview with Mr J. N. Nicholson, for Nicholson and Wireless Patrol. Mr Nicholson is the son of Chief Commissioner Alexander Nicholson. Personal interview with Harry Downie, for work of F. W. Downie. Mr Downie is a former member of the Victoria Police Force and the son of Frederick ‘Pop’ Downie. Personal interviews with Clifford Allison and Frederick Canning, for Wireless Patrol history. Both men were wireless telegraphists, and worked with Downie as foundation members of the patrol. Canning designed and built the first truly successful equipment; Herald, 15 July 1924, for journalistic eulogy. Background for this section has also come from Downie’s scrap book, which contains 100 pages of newspaper cuttings from the Age, Argus, Herald Sun and Smith’s Weekly, together with original letters and photographs owned by F. W. Downie.
7 Argus, 19 May 1925, p. 10, and 30 May 1925, p. 36, for Nicholson’s hospitalisation; 1924 Police Commission, Report, p. 7, for pay increase; John Hetherington, Blamey: Controversial Soldier, p. 51, for tempestuous years.
8 Sir John Monash, The Australian Victories in France, p. 296; David McNicoll, ‘Blamey: Controversial but Born Leader’, Bulletin, 17 January 1984, p. 24.
9 Age, 29 January 1984, for unrecognised hero, and 4 February 1984, p. 12, for greatest soldier; Bulletin, 17 January 1984, p. 25, for vilification; Hetherington, pp. 48–50, for pre-police army postings, and p. 64, for edge of volcano. A clearer indication of Blamey’s political preferences emerged after he left the police force, when he tried unsuccessfully to enter federal parliament under the banner of the conservative United Australia Party. He is alleged to have later headed a secret ‘White Army’, formed to combat communism. See Richard Hall, The Secret State, p. 4, and Hetherington, pp. 389–92.
10 VPD, 1925, vol. 169, pp. 313–28, 452–64, 656–63, for Smith’s allegations; VPRS, unit 2314, file 90533, for official file on Smith’s claims, including police reports; Argus, 14 March 1922, p. 6, for talk of Blamey being chief commissioner; Hetherington, pp. 56–7, for Blamey and liquor, and p. 55, for indivisibility of lives.
11 VPRS 3992, unit 2324, file N14503, for ‘badge 80’ police reports, including anonymous letter; VPD, 1925, vol. 170, pp. 2845–62, for ‘badge 80’ debates; Argus, 18 November to 10 December 1925, passim, for press accounts; Hetherington, pp. 53–5, for Blamey’s defence.
12 VPRS 3992, unit 2566, file L5532, for Blamey’s reforms; ibid., unit 2405, file T8257, for training curriculum; ibid., unit 2419, file VI577, for first constable scheme.
13 VPA (Provident Fund Papers); VPD, 1927, vol. 173, p. 580, and 1929, vol. 180, pp. 1733–4; and Argus, 20 July to 27 August 1927, for Wallace donation and provident fund. Telephone interview with Bill King, for Blamey lending money and common sentiment. King served as a constable under Blamey and for a time performed relieving duty as his personal secretary.
14 VPRS 3992, unit2475, file Y12157, correspondence dated 1925, for legality of association; Hetherington, p. 59, for Blamey on unions; VPRS 3992, units 2402 and 2407, files T7075 and U9481, for Police Conference, including affront to Labor Party; Robert Reiner, The Blue-Coated Worker, pp. 19–29, for structure of Police Federation.
15 VPRS 3992, units 2419 and 2466, files V1577 and X8729, for promotion scheme, including Blamey’s reasons; VPRS 3992, unit 2475, file Y1157, for all papers relevant to end of old association; VPRS 3992, unit 2566, file L5532, for Blamey’s new contract; VPAJ, vol. 12, no. 6 (December 1929), pp. 215–16, for claims of ability; Argus, 15 January 1930, p. 10, for faithful service; 4–10 October 1930, passim, for new association; 10 July 1931, p. 7, for Siberia transfers; VPG, 4 September 1930, p. 1092, and 13 November 1930, pp. 1305–6, for illegally constituted.
16 Hetherington, p. 63, for Blamey and violence; Hall, pp. 21–2, for hysteria; VPD, 1928, vol. 178, pp. 3011, 3191, 3299, 3370–80, for shooting debates; Argus, 3 November 1928, pp. 19–20, for account of shootings, including Blamey’s defence, and 13 December 1928, p. 7, for Mossop’s command. In addition to these two Argus references, from which quotations have been taken, background material has come from the very extensive newspaper coverage of the shootings. Although all the official papers relevant to the shootings are registered at the PRO as VPRS 3992, unit 2414, file T12827, it cannot be found. References to police violence and harassment are far too numerous to list here, but can be found in VPRS 1411, vols 80–90. The actual files relevant to Blamey’s campaign against communists cannot be found, but these references too can be found in VPRS 1411, vols 84–6.
17 Argus 3 May, p. 10; 4 May, p. 7; 5 May, p. 5; 6 May, p. 9; 20 May, p. 7; 21 May, p. 21; 23 May, p. 8; and 10 June 1932, p. 8, for all details of unemployed march and Kelley Inquiry. The official papers relevant to this incident, including Kelley’s report, are registered as VPRS 3992, unit 2517, file C5198, but the file cannot be located. Joanna Monie, Victorian History and Politics, vol. 2, p. 598, says of the 1932 Kelley Inquiry, ‘that no report can be traced’.
18 Report of the Board of Inquiry Appointed to Inquire into Certain Allegations and Complaints Made Against Certain Members of the Police Force, Including the Chief Commissioner of Police, 1933, for Kelley Inquiry; VPD, 1933, vol. 191, pp. 1232–51, for corruption allegations. All the newspapers of the period contain general coverage of the allegations and the inquiry.
19 Hetherington, pp. 64–8, for Blamey and newspapers; VPD, 1935, vol. 198, pp. 4933–43, 5001–5, for debates re Blamey and press; Argus, 4 December 1935, p. 6, for ‘Atten-Shon!’ and ‘Modern Moloch’; VPRS 3992, unit 2554, file L3341, for Star libel action; VPRS 3992, unit 2566, file L5532, for Blamey’s security of tenure; VPRS 1411, vol. 82, 2 April 1928, and VPRS 3992, unit 2407, file U9481, agenda item 89, for Blamey’s early moves to control press; the official papers relevant to the banning of journalists from police headquarters are indexed as VPRS 1411, vol. 88, but the file cannot be found; Douglas Gillison, A Reporter Looks at his Trade, pp. 9–12, for Blamey and press, including Bonaparte quote. In addition, all the newspapers of the period contain extensive coverage of the press war with Blamey, labelled colloquially as ‘Herald phobia v. Blamey phobia’. Ralph Stavley, ‘The Victoria Police Shrine Guard 1935–1960’, Journal of Police History, June–September 1995, pp. 5–13; Australian Police Journal, December 2005, pp. 176–8.
20 Argus, 1936, passim, for ‘King of the Royal Mounted’; S. W. Horrall, The Pictorial History of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, pp. 118–27, for Hollywood image; VPD, 1936, vol. 199, pp. 248, 291–2, 310–11, 566–7, for football rewards; Age, 23 May 1936, p. 22, for suicide.
21 This account of the Brophy case is drawn from extensive reports in the Age, Argus, Herald and Sun, June–July 1936, and from the royal commission file, which includes an unpublished, typed transcript of all the evidence, located at VPRS 2570. Written police reports relevant to the Brophy case are listed at the PRO as VPRS 3992, unit 2561, file M4589, but this file is missing. These sources, together with Hetherington, p. 63, also provided material relevant to the political background behind the appointment of the royal commission.
22 John Hetherington, Blamey, p. 63, for Macindoe on Blamey; pp. 66–8, for Blamey’s activities during 1936–39; Report of the Royal Commission on the Alleged Shooting at and Wounding of John O’Connell Brophy, 1936, pp. 7–8, for finding re Blamey; VPRS 3992, unit 2567, file L5774, for Blamey resignation papers; VGG, 15 July 1936, p. 1780, for Mooney appointment.
23 VPRS 3992, unit 2590, file L9916, for official papers re third degree, including a newspaper file; Argus, 19 June 1936, p. 11, for Mann’s comments; 22 June 1936, p. 8, for editorial. Works that attribute Blamey’s forced resignation solely to the Brophy incident include, Hetherington (1954), pp. 62–4; G. M. O’Brien, The Australian Police Forces, pp. 67–8; Victoria Police Force, Police in Victoria 1836–1980, pp. 18–19. The force was publicly accused of using third degree tactics in 1913 and again in 1930, but these accusations did not have the judicial weight of Mann’s claims and were quickly ‘forgotten’.
24 Telephone interview with Fred Hobley, for forensic science history. Hobley was the foundation member of the photographic and scientific sections and the first detective training instructor; J. W. Cecil Turner (ed.), Kenny’s Outlines of Criminal Law, pp. 533–4, for Judges’ Rules; T. A. Critchley, A History of Police in England and Wales, pp. 209–15, for English experience and quotations; Argus, 22 June 1936, p. 8, for report of English police commission on police interrogation; Alan Dower, Crime Chemist, for a journalistic account of early forensic science work in Victoria; C. R. M. Cuthbert, Science and the Detection of Crime, pp. 13–27, and H. J. Walls, Forensic Science, pp. 1–5, for overseas developments.
25 Police Review, 21 August 1936, p. 164; Argus, 13 October 1936, p. 8; and MS. letter, from Commissioner New Scotland Yard to Chief Commissioner Victoria Police, 16 July 1984, for Duncan’s career details; Interim Report of Alexander M. Duncan on the Police Force of Victoria, 1936, for report and recommendations regarding criminal investigation.
26 Final Report of Alexander M. Duncan on the Police Force of Victoria, 1937, for final report and general recommendations; VGG, 10 February 1937, p. 556, for Duncan appointment; VPRS 3992, unit 2576, file M7510; VPD, 1936, vol. 199, pp. 568, 1431, 1446–7; Argus, 24 July 1936, p. 11, and 24 December 1936, p. 11, for Labor opposition. Charlie Chan, a Chinese-American detective, was the creation of Earl Derr Biggers and was well known through novels and films.
27 VPG, 8 July 1937, pp. 512–14, for Duncan’s instructions; Argus, 23 August 1937, p. 11; 24 March 1938, p. 1; 17 October 1938, p. 10; 18 October 1938, p. 10, for detective training school; 22 July 1938, p. 10, for purchase of scientific equipment; 24 August 1939, p. 2, for Duncan boast; 11 May 1940, Weekend Magazine, p. 1, for unimpeachable witness. Telephone interview with Fred Hobley, for foundation of scientific section and detective training school.
28 Norman D. Carlyon, I Remember Blamey, for a detailed account of Blamey’s military career during World War II.
29 VPG, 25 December 1941, p. 671, for Christmas message; Paul Hasluck, The Government and the People, 1939–1941, pp. 6–8, for war mood; VPRS 1172, unit 11, file 1942/20, for policy re hostilities; VPRS 3992, unit 3002, file V5748, for discouragement from enlisting; ibid., unit 2988, file V4027, for official enlistment policy, resignation requirement and false occupations; VPRS 5538, unit 1, file 39/6, for provost corps; Victoria Police, Annual Report of the Chief Commissioner … for the Year 1946 (hereafter cited as VPAR, 1946), p. 13, for police enlistment figures.
30 VPRS 3992, unit 3310, file F5845, and unit 2921, file T6403, for lists and descriptions of police wartime duties; the National Security Regulations are too extensive to list here but those of particular relevance to the police were published in the VPG. Examples of these include VPG, 20 June 1940, pp. 470–3, for firearms and explosives regulations, and subversive associations regulations; 25 July 1940, pp. 557–61, for lighting restrictions; 11 June 1941, pp. 320–1, for control of photography; 18 December 1941, pp. 652–5, for blackouts; 8 January 1942, pp. 3–4, for charcoal gas-producers; 11 June 1942, pp. 390–1, for unexploded bombs order; 30 September 1943, p. 572, for issue of emergency liquid fuel.
31 VPRS 3992, unit 3107, file Y783, for farm work on leave. Personal interview with James Chester Draper, for account of his wartime police work. Heyfield was a rural service town with a population of about 700. Industry centred on two large cattle yards and the town served a surrounding rural population of 500, mainly in the outlying area north along the Macalister Valley from Glenmaggie to Glencairn, and the Great Dividing Range. Personal interview with Lionel Woodford, for account of police wartime role. During World War II Woodford was a first constable stationed in the city area. He was then secretary of the Victoria Police Association. A veteran of World War I, he was also then on the state executive of the Returned Sailor’s and Soldier’s Imperial League and was branch secretary of the state public service sub-branch.
32 VPRS 1411, vol. 88, entry G7401, for political squad; VPRS 3992, unit 2921, file T6403, for Special Branch wartime work; VPRS 1172, unit 10, ref. 1941/42, for Duncan’s secret investigation; VPAR, 1946, p. 48, for Special Branch work 1931–46. News release by minister for police and emergency services, 5 July 1983, for disbandment.
33 VPAR, 1946, p. 28, for brief summary of PAF formation; VPRS 3992, unit 3295, file E4281, for PAF strength figures; ibid., unit 3031, file W9949, for copy of Menzies telegram and related papers; Argus, 10 August 1940, Weekend Magazine, p. 3, for PAF occupations; VPG, 12 October 1939, pp. 774–6, for PAF regulations; VPAJ, August 1942, p. 980, for tower of strength; ibid., March 1943, p. 1096, for PAF view of regular police; Critchley, pp. 232–6, for British auxiliary police work.
34 VPAR, 1946, p. 27, for development and work of women police; and p. 28 for brief summary of WPAF formation; VPAJ, February 1943, p. 1082, for WPAF graduation; VPRS 3992, unit 3408, file J812, for glamour force; O’Meara, ch. 6, for women police and war years; ibid., p. 118, for retarded development, p. 121, for uniform as recruiting aid; VPG, 11 February 1943, p. 96; 27 May 1943, p. 307; and 24 June 1943, pp. 365–6, for women police promotion examinations and promotion of Mackay; Police in Victoria, pp. 51–3, for summary of women police wartime developments.
35 The title D.24 was coined in 1939 when the police communications control room was established. Considerable debate surrounds the origin of this title and although there is no documentary evidence to support or refute the theory, oral tradition is that the control room was first meant to be established in room 24, corridor D, of the old Russell Street police buildings. The location was suitable for a broadcasting studio, and the title of D.24 seemed appropriate, for at that time a similar control room at Scotland Yard was called D.4. However, room 24 had to be partly demolished during the course of construction of the new headquarters and room 23 was used instead. Nevertheless, the title D.24 was retained. Many letters, cards and personal messages were received at D.24 from sick, lonely and interested listeners. Every Christmas one elderly woman baked a cake for the D.24 staff.
36 VPAR, 1946, pp. 21–6, Argus, 11 May 1940, Weekend Magazine, p. 1; 29 May 1943, w.m. p. 1; 9 October 1943, w.m. p. 3; VPG, 7 September 1939, p. 669, and 25 April 1940, p. 319. Personal interviews with Robert ‘Reg’ Thomson and Clifford Allison. When D.24 was started in 1939, the staff comprised four senior constables and four wireless operators.
37 VPAR, 1946, p. 50, for police youth welfare work; Australian Police Journal, vol. 1, no. 3 (April–June 1947), pp. 159–61, for shift in police–community relations, including readiness to stand aside, and civilian in uniform; VPAJ, February 1943, p. 1082, for ‘give them a chance’; December 1944, pp. 1339, for ‘every man was once a boy’; January 1945, pp. 1350–1, February 1945, pp. 1365–6, and April 1945, pp. 1394–5, for examples of ‘Boys Club Notes’. Every former member of the force interviewed agreed that World War II was not only a turning point in technological terms, but also in police–community relations.
38 VPAR, 1946, p. 14, for deaths on active war service; ibid., 1953, p. 14, for unattractive career; ibid., 1955, p. 8, for 75 per cent unsuitable; Argus, 17 January 1946, p. 6, and 27 February 1946 (editorial), for police returning home; 17 October 1946, p. 4, for six-day week.
39 Commonwealth Year Book, 1951, p. 291, for police strength figures and ratios; VPAJ, June 1940, pp. 488–9, and November 1941, pp. 826–7, for rates of police pay and work conditions in Australia and New Zealand; Argus, 5 April 1941, p. 4, for ‘first place but lowest paid’, and wartime gesture; ibid., 27 February 1946, p. 4, for resignations; ibid., 15 February 1946, p. 3, for post-war police work conditions; VPD, 1941, vol. 211, pp. 722, 743–4, 773, for pre-war police wages, including cost of living increase and Depression pay cuts; ibid., 1942–43, vol. 213, pp. 50–3, for comparison of police pay and conditions in NSW, Queensland and Victoria; VPRS 3992, unit 3342, file G398, for comparative statement of Australian police force strengths, pay and allowances at 9 January 1946.
40 VPRS 3992, unit 3429, file K8723, for only workers, ACTU affiliate and old order; VPAJ, December 1945, pp. 1527–8, for table of plenty and big business; ibid., June 1946, pp. 1615–16, for list of Labor reforms and ‘thank Slater’.
41 VPRS 3992, unit 2845, file S9533, and VPAJ, December 1939, pp. 316–18, for moves in 1939 to secure police a weekly rest day; ibid., December 1945, pp. 1527–31, for post-war agitation; ibid., August 1948, p. 2069, for true conception of police duty; Argus, 17 October 1946, p. 4, for weekly rest-day decision; VPAR, 1946, p. 10, for extra 380 men; ibid., 1947, p. 11, and ibid., 1948, pp. 5 and 13, for effect of forty-hour week including failure to help recruiting and three-year leeway; ibid., 1949, p. 5, for increase of 299 men and revised classification; Police Service Board records, Determination no. 7, 16 March 1948, for forty-hour week decision and reasons; Satyansku K. Mukherjee, Crime Trends in Twentieth-century Australia, pp. 27–39.
42 Police Regulation Act 1946, No. 5126, part 1, for Classification Board legislation; VPRS 3992, unit 3370, file G4130, for Classification Board regulations; VPD, 1945–46, vol. 220, pp. 625–34, and ibid., vol. 221, pp. 1005–22, 1099–1127, 1423–44, 1477–1516, 1522–4, 1656–62, 1754–66, for debates on Police Regulation Bill and creation of a Police Classification Board; VPAJ, December 1946, pp. 1714–19, and Police Service Board records, Determination no. 1, 13 November 1946, for first determination of the Police Classification Board, including claims and reasons; ibid., Determination no. 2, 13 November 1946, for decision re new uniform, including approval to remove tunic in summer; personal interview with Robert ‘Reg’ Thomson, for importance of independent board to policemen. Thomson joined the force in 1924 and served until 1963, when he retired as superintendent commanding the Melbourne police district. At different times during the years 1946–63 he served on the executive of the Police Association, gave evidence at several Police Classification Board hearings and acted as liaison officer between the Board and the police department. The three original members of the Classification Board were Judge G. L. Dethridge of the County Court, Mr C. Turnbull, government representative, and First Constable Delmenico, who was also a member of the Police Association executive.
43 Police recruiting problems and efforts are chronicled in the VPAR, published each year 1946–60, under the heading ‘Recruiting and Training’. Argus, 11 May 1949, p. 6, for wheat harvesting. VPAJ, November 1945, pp. 1508–9, June 1946, p. 1618, August 1946, p. 1647, July 1948, p. 2034, October 1948, pp. 2093 and 2096, November 1948, pp. 2106, 2110, 2114, for association and police recruiting, including ‘approach the prospective recruit’. VPRS 3992, unit 3469, file 2176, for decision not to reduce height limit; unit 3458, file M9110, for Duncan’s recruiting work in Great Britain. Personal interview with Assistant Commissioner P. N. D. Ball, for ‘ship jumpers’; Ball was one of those men recruited in England in 1949. VPD, 1947–48, vol. 226, pp. 1415–16, for potato peelers.
44 VPAR, 1946, p. 30, for introduction of new uniform and badge; VPG, 21 September 1944, p. 470, for suggested changes to uniform; Argus, 19 September 1944, p. 3, for khaki; 20 September 1944, p. 3, for throttling; 21 September 1944, p. 3, for changes wanted; 6 February 1947, p. 6, and 13 February 1947, p. 7, for new uniform details and illustration; VPAJ, October 1944, pp. 1295–7, and October 1946, pp. 1688–90, for association on new uniform; ibid., November 1946, pp. 1700–4, and February 1947, pp. 1753–5, for Classification Board hearing and determination re uniform change; VPD, 1946–47, vol. 223, pp. 3592–5, for throttling; personal interview with Robert ‘Reg’ Thomson, for braces; Age, 25 May 1946, p. 2, for only force in Empire; B. Storer, ‘Symbol of Authority: Head-dress Badge’, Police Life, March–April 1975, p. 5, for history of Victoria Police badge, including a detailed explanation of each of its components and its basic design.
45 Duncan retired in 1954 and died in a private hospital at Brighton, Victoria, on 1 September 1965, aged seventy-six years. VPA and VPRS 3992, unit 3510, file P4115, for Webster’s personal and career details, including assessment from Police College, Ryton-on-Dunsmore. Porter was born at Tintaldra, Victoria, on 23 February 1905, and educated at Wangaratta High School and Melbourne University. Police Life, March 1981, p. 15, and Police in Victoria, pp. 20–1, for Porter’s background and work. VPAJ, March 1953, p. 564, April 1953, p. 575, July 1954, pp. 735–6, August 1954, p. 745, for association views, including choice of Webster, bombshell, censure and pledge of loyalty; VPRS 3992, unit 3816, file D5325, for papers re vote of no confidence; VPRS 4723, unit 57, file J6192, for pay request.
46 VPRS 3992, unit 3754, file C12493, for Porter’s appraisal of force in 1955; VPAR, 1955, pp. 7–47, for ‘pushbike age’, strength figures and innovations; Police Life, vol. 1 (May–June 1955), p. 1, for introduction of new magazine; Police in Victoria, pp. 20–1, for overview of Porter’s work.
47 VPAR, 1955, p. 8, for height reduction; p. 22, for ages extension; pp. 12 and 23, for introduction of junior police trainees; VPRS 3992, unit 3617, file 6832, for government papers re junior police training corps; VPRS 1411, vol. 89, entry J4917, dated 28 May 1935, for Blamey’s cadet proposal; Argus, 4 March 1949, p. 1, for Duncan and police cadets; VPAJ, June 1948, p. 2023, for opposition to cadets; Police Association Victoria, June 1982, p. 11, and Police Life, August 1982, p. 15, for brief history and details re end of cadet scheme.
48 VPRS 3992, unit 3650, file B11361, and unit 3509, file P3834, for police reserve papers, including Duncan’s ideas, Porter’s statement of aims and association opposition; Argus, 25 November 1948, p. 3, and 26 November 1948, p. 7, for strike-breaking body; VPAJ, March 1946, p. 1566; July 1946, pp. 1643–4; April 1950, pp. 60, 71–2; May 1950, pp. 79–80, for examples of association opposition to auxiliary police in peacetime; VPAR, 1957, p. 19, for retired police reserve figures during first year.
49 VPAR, 1946 to 1954, under heading ‘Traffic’, for chronicle of Duncan’s traffic work; ibid., 1955 to 1959, for Porter’s innovations; Police in Victoria, pp. 81–5, for overview of traffic control work under Duncan and Porter.
50 VPRS 3992, unit 3780, file D849, for Executive Instruction No. 27, establishing a police college, including aims and course outline; Victoria Police Orders, 6 February 1958, p. 48; 13 March 1958, p. 89; 8 May 1958, p. 141; 15 May 1958, p. 146; 12 June 1958, p. 166; 30 October 1958, p. 298, for details of Porter’s training courses; VPAR, 1955, p. 10, for ‘P.C. 49’; ibid., 1957, pp. 9–10, for tiered training scheme; ibid., 1958, pp. 8, 10–11, for Airlie; ibid., 1959, p. 9, for first course.
51 VPAR, 1959, pp. 8–9, for staff shortage, strength of force and eastern suburbs; ibid., 1960, pp. 10–11, for aggressive behaviour and roaming the streets. The examples of changing police idiom were drawn from a range of official police documents spanning the years 1950–59.
1 Richard Broome, Tony Dingle and Susan Priestley, The Victorians (3 vols), for the most recent and comprehensive published social history of Victoria, including discussion of immigration, multiculturalism, urbanisation, unemployment and social change; Victoria Police, Statistical Review of Crime, 1983, for crime figures, 1945–83; Gavin P. Brown et al., Police Patrol in Victoria, for patrol-preventable crime; Robert Bayley, Optimizing Investigative Resources, for crime screening; A. S. Rees (ed.), Policing and Private Security, for growth of private security industry; Police Life, August 1983, pp. 16–17, for Safety House; March 1984, pp. 27–30, for Neighbourhood Watch.
2 Police Life, February 1974, pp. 10–11, for any call, any time; Glenn Withers, ‘Police Manpower Adequacy in Victoria’, for decline in ability; Paul R. Wilson and John S. Western, The Policeman’s Position Today and Tomorrow, p. 117, for quotation from retired policeman; MS. report, 6 July 1983, from force statistician to chief commissioner, for major crime offences clearance rates 1945–83; Victorian Year Book and VPAR, annually 1945–83, for population, motor-vehicle registration, police ratio and traffic-offence figures.
3 Victorian Year Book, 1969, p. 614, for 70 per cent; Wilson and Western, pp. 38–65, for 22 per cent; Colonel Sir Eric St Johnston, A Report on the Victoria Police Force, pp. 159–64, for motor registration duties; Annual Report of the Chief Commissioner Victoria (hereafter cited as VPAR), 1946, pp. 39–44, for 1946 traffic operations; 1983, pp. 17–21, for 1983 traffic operations and fleet figures; 1946–83, passim, for public servants and police reserve.
4 D. Chappell and P. R. Wilson, The Police and the Public in Australia and New Zealand, pp. 120–8, for police and motorists; VPAR, 1982, pp. 36–42, for traffic figures; Christopher Pulling, Mr Punch and the Police, p. 19, for Punch cartoon.
5 Police Life, January–February 1984, p. 3, for Miller quote and crime figures.
6 Telephone interviews with Bill Cherry and Jack Ashby, both former security executives, for account of private security activities in Victoria 1930–84; Rees, pp. 6–7, for ‘took up the slack’ and estimate of industry growth; Registrar of Private Agents, Ministry for Police and Emergency Services, for licensed private agent figures; Robert H. Smith, ‘Private Police Forces’, Police Association Victoria, vol. 47, no. 15, 1977, pp. 21–5; ‘The Growth of Private Security’, Reporter, vol. 3, no. 4 (June 1982), pp. 3–6; and Report of the Working Party to Review the Operation of the Private Agents Act 1966, for additional readings relevant to the Victorian situation.
7 Quote from the then deputy commissioner (administration), J. R. G. Salisbury, during keynote address at the inaugural annual dinner of the Inspectorate and Future Plans Division. See Victoria Police, Police in Victoria 1836–1980, for account of police reforms 1970–84.
8 T. A. Critchley, A History of Police in England and Wales, p. 52, for force of the people; Manual of Police Regulations, 1856, p. 4, for MacMahon’s view, Police Life, March 1984, p. 27, for turning clock back; pp. 28–30, for Neighbourhood Watch.
9 VPAR, 1968, p. 6, for events on 4 July 1968; Police Life, July 1968, p. 2, and October 1968, pp. 2 and 10, for Arnold’s comments. Barry York, ‘Police, Students and Dissent: Melbourne, 1966–1972’, Journal of Australian Studies, no. 14, 1984, p. 65, incorrectly attributes the statements of Arnold to Chief Commissioner Noel Wilby, who was not appointed to that position until 1 February 1969.
10 VGG, 16 October 1963, p. 3211, for appointment of Arnold; VPA, for Arnold’s service record; Police Life, November 1963, p. 1, and December 1963, p. 3, for promotions of Arnold, Clugston, Jackson and Wilby, and concomitant organisational changes; ibid., p. 2, for Arnold’s message; ibid., April 1981, p. 14, for short biography of Arnold; York, p. 65, for ‘radical Right milieu’.
11 VPAJ, November 1970, p. 161, for ‘home in bed’.
12 VPAR, 1958, p. 13, for summary justice; 1959, p. 10, for social disorder; 1960, p. 10, for truculent youths; 1961, p. 10, 1962, p. 7, 1963, pp. 9–10, 1964, p. 13, and 1965, p. 8, for mention of misconduct by teenagers, hooliganism and visit of the Beatles; James Murray, Larrikins, p. 31, for larrikin names; Victoria Police, Office of the Police Statistician, for post-war demographic distribution; York, p. 61, for anti-youth campaign; personal interview with Inspector Robert O’Loughlin, for ‘bodgie squad’ activities; VPAR, 1965, p. 8, for drive of 1000 police; Chappell and Wilson, p. 40, for police anti-intellectual response, and p. 104, for people under twenty-five and teenage conflict; Patrick Morgan and Warren Osmond, ‘The State of Student Protest’, Current Affairs Bulletin, vol. 46, no. 8, 1970, pp. 114–28, for radicalisation.
13 Details of Australia’s escalating involvement in the Vietnam War have been drawn from Peter King (ed.), Australia’s Vietnam. Additional details relating to street demonstrations and the police response have been drawn from VPAR(s) for the corresponding period; VPAJ, August 1968, p. 53, for Crowley’s plea.
14 J. F. Cairns, Silence Kills, for a general account of the moratorium on 8 May 1970; Herald, 7 May 1970, p. 3, for political bikies; Victoria Police CCB file no. 86-1-228, for official police papers relating to the moratorium, including at folio 14 the opinion that it was an anticlimax. Estimates of the size of the march on 8 May 1970 have varied widely from 15 000 to 100 000, with the police eventually settling on a figure of 70 000. Oral tradition now generally accepts the figure of 100 000, which is found in Cairns, p. 21.
15 Victoria Police CCB file no. 86-1-228, for official police papers relating to moratorium marches in September 1970 and June 1971, including account of splinter group activity and papers labelling Cairns a ‘peace phoney’.
16 York, pp. 66–70, and Michael E. Hamel-Green, ‘The Resisters: A History of the Anti-conscription Movement 1964–1972’, in King, p. 109, for effect of police violence on protests. Victoria Police CCB file no. 86-1-543, for official police papers relating to marches on 11, 16 and 30 September 1970, including police accounts, witnesses’ statements, complaint letters and internal investigation report; Age, 22 September 1970, p. 9, for first Parsons letter; 2 October 1970, p. 9, for second letter; and 7 October 1970, p. 9, for Ward’s endorsement; Repression, 24 September 1970, p. 2, for Ward’s initial criticisms of police violence. Additional material was obtained in a telephone interview with the Rev. Dr Ian Parsons, and from student broadsheets and other papers held in the archives, Borchardt Library, La Trobe University. York, one of the leading protesters, in his article ‘Police, Students and Dissent’, discusses the march on 16 September and quotes a section of the first Parsons letter in support of his case. However, in his paragraph about the ‘final defiant procession’ (incorrectly giving the date as 1 October), he does not mention Parsons’ second letter or Ward’s endorsement of it.
17 VPAJ, November 1970, p. 161, for weakness and indecision, and last bastion.
18 Stewart Harris, Political Football: The Springbok Tour of Australia, 1971, pp. 78–90, for account of anti-apartheid violence at Olympic Park, including number of arrests, and ‘sickening’ violence; Victoria Police CCB file no. 86-1-228, folio 251, for following disturbances; personal interview with Senior Sergeant Ian Miller, for police account of events on 3 July 1971. Miller was the constable downed by a firecracker; he is not to be confused with Chief Commissioner S. I. Miller, who is mentioned in the following note.
19 Personal interview with S. I. Miller, chief commissioner of police, for details of overseas experience and application of low-key approach to demonstrations; personal interview with Sir John Dillon, former under-secretary; and Police Education Scheme training notes, ‘Unlawful Assemblies, Demonstrations and Industrial Disputes’, pp. 1–2, for demonstration guidelines established 21 October 1971; York, p. 71, for ‘gimmicky’; Royal Commission on the September Moratorium Demonstration (South Australia), 1970, typescript of evidence, Superintendent Gerald Hickey, pp. 3932–84, and copy of letter from James Cairns (both unpublished), for police policy of non-consultation with demonstration organisers and ‘unofficial’ contact before 8 May 1970.
20 VPAR, 1973, p. 12, for less numerous and not significant; Police Life, May 1972, p. 2, for Jackson’s address, ‘lunatic fringe’, and pyrotechnic incident; Donald Horne, Time of Hope: Australia 1966–72, p. 60, for the lack of big crowds.
21 Operations Department, Victoria Police, for figures of street demonstrations in Melbourne 1973–83 and an account of their nature and scale; Victoria Police CCB file no. 36-1-532, for formation of Independent Patrol Group; VPAR, 1980, p. 9, for 825 hours. In addition the VPAR for each year, 1973–83, includes details of the number, nature and scale of demonstrations and industrial disputes attended by police.
22 In addition to the specific sources cited above, general material for this section has been obtained from: each issue of Police Life and the VPAJ, published monthly during the years 1963 to 1973; relevant issues of the Age, Herald, Sun, Australian, Repression, Farrago and Moratorium News, published after the major demonstrations from 1968 to 1972;P. T. Findlay, Protest Politics and Psychological Warfare; Paul Ward and Greg Woods, Law and Order in Australia; B. York, ‘Sources of Student Dissent: La Trobe University, 1967–72’, Vestes, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 21–31; Beginnings: ‘A Documentary Account of Student Dissent on the La Trobe University Campus, and a Stylistic Coverage of the Moratoriums’, filmed in Melbourne during June and July 1970; interviews with Dr J. F. Cairns, chairman of the Vietnam Moratorium Committee in Victoria; Reginald Jackson, former chief commissioner of police; Gerald Hickey, former superintendent of police commanding the Melbourne Police District and the officer with overall responsibility for police operations at all the major street demonstrations in Melbourne from 1968 to 1972. The writer was also one of those constables on duty in Bourke Street, Melbourne, during the moratorium marches of 1970–71.
23 VPAJ, March 1970, p. 241, for Crowley quote; ibid., April 1970, p. 270, for ‘rubbish … own employees’; p. 273, for popular sport of the day; and p. 295, for talk of libel; VPAR, 1970, p. v, for summary of year’s activities; R. W. Harding, Police Killings in Australia, p. 9, for systematic abuse; York, p. 73, for people reeling; D. Chappell and P. R. Wilson, The Police and the Public in Australia and New Zealand.
24 Victoria Police CCB file no. 3-6-1958, for official papers on Corry case, including coroner’s comments; VPAJ, May 1970, pp. 309–10, for legal support, publicity and defence of member on criminal charge. Background details and newspaper accounts of the case were obtained from a personal inspection of files maintained at the Herald-Sun Library, Melbourne. Fatal accidents involving police vehicles or drivers are not uncommon and the one discussed above was not the worst. Its significance in the context of this work is its timing and place in a trilogy of tragedies, amplified by a high degree of publicity and the suggestion that the Monaro was mythical.
25 Victoria Police CCB file no. 26-2-883, for official papers on Collingburn case, including copies of broadsheets and other published items; Age, 30 March 1971, p. 9, for editorial. Background details and comprehensive newspaper accounts of the Collingburn case were obtained from a personal inspection of files maintained at the Herald-Sun Library. York, p. 73, for ‘assumed a certain vogue’.
26 Bertram Wainer, It Isn’t Nice, passim, for Wainer’s background details and his personal account of the events surrounding the abortion inquiry. Peggy Berman with Kevin Childs, Why Isn’t She Dead!; Berman was a key witness at the abortion inquiry and this is her published version of the events. Report of the Board of Inquiry into Allegations of Corruption in the Police Force in Connection with Illegal Abortion Practices in the State of Victoria, 1971, p. 7, for copy of order-in-council; p. 8, for background to inquiry; and p. 152, for summary of findings. Herald, 15 April 1971, p. 1, for comments of Mr Justice Starke; Age, 2 September 1971, p. 9, for sensational and controversial inquiry, and quote re ‘naive’. General facts and background material were obtained from a personal inspection of a five-volume newspaper file maintained at the Herald-Sun Library, Melbourne. For Latch’s allegations and how they were dealt with, see Brian Latch with Bill Hitchings, Mr X: Police Informer.
27 VPA; Police Life, December 1963, p. 3, and April 1981, p. 14, for details of Wilby’s career; Police in Victoria, pp. 21 and 64–5, for Wilby and crime cars.
28 VPAR, 1970, pp. 3–10, for police strengths, organisation and rank structure.
29 VPAJ, March 1970, lift-out supplement, for police pay scales and allowances; p. 255, for pay of a tram conductor; ibid., May 1970, lift-out supplement, for lost relativity; ibid., August 1970, p. 57, for overtime policy and figures; Wilson and Western, pp. 116–17, for share of cake and Hawke’s opinion; St Johnston, Report, p. 61, for all but forty-two; p. 66, for deadening mediocrity, wait twenty years and age of sergeants; Determinations of the Police Service Board, kept at the Office of the Service Board, Spring Street, Melbourne, for uniform, allowances and leave entitlements.
30 VPAJ, January 1970, p. 203, for qualifications required of candidates and outline of training, including list of disabilities and reports on families; St Johnston, Report, pp. 47–52; Chappell and Wilson, pp. 155–6, for comprehensive description of police training in Victoria, including highest entrance standards and ‘most extensive and highly developed’; personal recollections of the writer, who was a police cadet and trainee at the depot, 1968–70, for fatigues, haircuts and regimen of barrack life.
31 Wilson and Western, pp. 38–54, for analysis of the nature of police work; St Johnston, Report, p. 49, for work performed at Russell Street; and p. 95, for 126 men in barracks; Victoria Police, Standing Orders, for barrack rules; VPAJ, November 1970, p. 147, for ‘speaking for myself’; personal recollections of the writer, who graduated as a constable in April 1970 and was then stationed at Russell Street, Fitzroy and Preston, for description of general duties.
32 VPAR, 1960–69, passim, for failure to recruit; ibid., 1970, p. 8, for shortfall of fifty-three; and p. 9, for 168 resignations; St Johnston, Report, p. 38, for ratio of 1:732 and worst in Australia; pp. 40–1, for 2000 below strength; p. 45, for education levels of recruits; p. 46, for 325 resignations; p. 56, for two university graduates; Victoria Police CCB file no. 78-1-128, for Newell’s overseas recruiting tour, including figures; VPAJ, September 1970, p. 99, for cheap labour and association view; and p. 102, for recruiting committee; Wilson and Western, p. 36, for the first battle; p. 20, for above blue-collar groups; p. 21, for occupational ranking; p. 34, for not one university graduate applying.
33 VPAJ, May 1970, p. 297, for editorial re Wilson and Western study; and p. 299, for ALP wanting a royal commission; ibid., June 1970, p. 9, for DLP wanting a royal commission; and p. 11, for explanation of Wilson and Western study; Wilson and Western, pp. ix–xi, for background to their study including original commission, scope and outcome; Eric St Johnston, One Policeman’s Story, for autobiography, including his visit to Melbourne; St Johnston, Report, p. 9, for background of recommendations. Personal interview with Sir John Dillon, former under-secretary, for Country Party wanting a royal commission, ‘enough dirty linen’ and general background to St Johnston’s visit. It was Dillon who arranged it. Personal interview with D. J. McPherson, former director of administration, Victoria Police Force, for details of St Johnston’s work, report and outcome. McPherson was a member of St Johnston’s personal staff during his tour of inspection.
34 Alvin Toffler, Future Shock, pp. 1–6, for explanation of term; pp. 12, 17–18, for quotations.
35 VPA; Police Life, December 1963, p. 3, and April 1981, p. 14, and telephone interview with Reginald Jackson, for biographical details; VPAJ, November 1971, p. 141, for ‘come up the hard way’. Personal interview with S. I. Miller, for his biographical details. Updated 8 January 2016, via email and telephone interviews for appointment to assistant commissioner and Catholic Mafia. Denis Ryan and Peter Hoysted, Unholy Trinity, 2013, passim.
36 VPAR, 1971, p. 5, for ‘did not produce answers’ and watershed year; and passim, for reforms undertaken in 1971 including district reorganisation, computer trials and new rank structure.
37 Inspectorate and Future Plans Divisions, Position in Regard to Recommendations in Report by Colonel Sir Eric St Johnston Following his Inspection of the Victoria Police Force, for implementation of his recommendations; Police Life, April 1979, p. 8, for brief history of Inspectorate and Future Plans; Toffler, pp. 128–41, for organisational upheaval and ‘ad-hocracy’. Personal recollections of the writer who was a member of the Inspectorate and Future Plans Division, Management Services Bureau and Research and Development Department from 1979 to 1983.
38 VPAR, 1972, p. 6, for purchase of Wellington Street store and Corpus Christi College; 1973, p. 5, for vacation of St Kilda Road Depot; 1974, p. 7, for purchase of Savoy Plaza Hotel; 1975, p. 11, for purchase of 380 William Street; Police Life, 1972 to 1983, passim, for openings of new police stations and buildings; April 1973, p. 5, for ‘futuristically designed’; May 1983, p. 10, for Police Hospital. Details of all new police stations, renovations and extensions for the period 1970–84 were obtained from the Victoria Police Services Department, Police Headquarters.
39 Police Life, May 1973, pp. 10–12, for Nichol’s warning. Details of technological changes during the years 1973–83 were obtained from the Victoria Police Services Department, Police Headquarters.
40 Police Life and VPG, 1971 to 1983, passim, for organisational changes, including details of new squads and equipment; Victoria Police Force, Manual and Standing Orders (2 vols); Victoria Police Force, Job Description Manual. Details of in-service training courses, police tertiary students and overseas study tours, obtained from Victoria Police Personnel Department, December 1984.
41 VPG, 7 December 1978, p. 628, for impact of Equal Opportunity Act and integration of seniority lists; ibid., 11 February 1982, pp. 86–7, for establishment of Community Policing Squads; Police in Victoria, p. 56, for individual achievements of women police; Police Life, October 1984, pp. 172–3, for growth in numbers and percentages; St Johnston, Report, pp. 111–13, for his recommendation; Peter J. Mericka, ‘Keeping a Good Man Down’, Victoria Police Association Journal, April 1985, pp. 37–9, for women of 162.5 cm; C. M. McVeigh and V. E. Werner, ‘The Comparative Situations of Policemen and Policewomen in the Victoria Police Force in the Context of Career Prospects and Maintenance of Efficiency of the Force’, p. 13, for 64 per cent.
42 Personal recollections of the writer based on seventeen years’ police service for mess-room tales and passive resistance to change. Personal interview with R. W. Stewart, assistant commissioner (research and development), for history of Industrial Liaison Office, joint working parties and meetings. Stewart was the principal industrial liaison officer.
43 Report of the Board of Inquiry into Allegations against Members of the Victoria Police Force (3 vols), 1976, pp. 7–16, for appointment of the board and introduction; pp. 50–8, for findings against individual police; pp. 59–116, for procedural recommendations; Police Association Victoria, November 1976, p. 7, for Blogg’s statement; pp. 9–49, for minutes of meeting on 18 October 1976; Report of the Committee Appointed to Examine and Advise in Relation to the Recommendations Made in Chapter 8 of Volume 1 of the Report of the Board of Inquiry Appointed for the Purpose of Inquiring into and Reporting upon Certain Allegations against Members of the Victoria Police Force, Part 1—Police Procedures Relating to the Investigation of Crime, 1978 (the Norris Committee Report); Peter Sallmann, ‘The Beach Report Resurrected: Reason for Hope or Despair?’, in John Basten et al. (eds), The Criminal Injustice System, p. 262, for ‘steady as she goes’, and p. 267, for retention of the status quo. Sallmann provides an accurate and succinct summary of the events surrounding the Beach Inquiry, and his is the only published scholarly analysis of it; Age, 19 October 1976, p. 9, for comments and closing quotation.
44 Police Association Victoria, 1916–19, passim, for post-Beach activities and disputation; ibid., August 1979, pp. 62–5, for no-confidence resolution including Splatt’s motion and specific instances; VPG, 11 August 1977, p. 378, for Executive Instruction No. 94; 22 September 1977, p. 498, for Executive Instruction No. 97; 29 September 1977, p. 507, for temporary deferral of no. 97; 11 February 1982, p. 85, for cancellation of no. 94; Victoria Police CCB file, nos 5-1-1415, 68-8-1, 24-15-21, for lack of support and quotation from Miller; VPG, 24 January 1980, p. 70; 14 February 1980, p. 99; 13 November 1980, p. 606; 16 April 1981, p. 211; Interview with S. I. Miller, 8 January 2016; Macievic, ‘A Short History of the Victoria Police Legacy’, passim, for formation of Victoria Police Legacy.
45 Toffler, pp. 20–1, for discussion of change and its measurement.
46 Police Life, January–February 1984, p. 3, for opening quote and chief commissioner’s warning; ibid., May 1982, pp. 8–9, for Community Policing Squads; ibid., June–July 1982, p. 3, and March 1983, p. 5, for Police Community Involvement Programme; ibid., March 1984, pp. 27–30; June 2008, p. 25; for Neighbourhood Watch. Details of Neighbourhood Watch at the end of 1984 were obtained from Victoria Police, Neighbourhood Watch Project Team, Police Headquarters, Melbourne; Telephone interview with S. I. Miller, 26 July 2015; VPAR, 1980, p. 61; Police Life, September 1984, p. 148–9, for Whitrod, April 1985, p. 63 and October 1985, pp. 176–7; NPRU Review, 1985, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 45–6, for VOCAL.
47 Police Life, August 1983, p. 16, for Safety House; ibid., June–July 1982, p. 3, for Crime Beat; ibid., June–July 1981, p. 3, and August 1981, p. 3, for formation of liaison committees; ibid., November–December 1982, pp. 3 and 16, and March 1983, p. 7, for Operation Ethos; ibid., May 1982, p. 3, for Blue Light Discos; ibid., August 1983, p. 3, for Operation Olympus; ibid., May 1983, pp. 4–5, for ‘did a good job’; Police Life, July–August 1987, pp. 128–9 and October 2002, pp. 18–19; VPG, 5 November 2012, p. 2; telephone interview with Geoff Wilkinson, 24 July 2015, for Crime Stoppers; ibid., May 1982, p. 3, for Parents Without Partners award; ibid., September 1983, p. 11, for Father of the Year; Gallup poll details were obtained by the writer direct from the Roy Morgan Research Centre, Melbourne.
48 VPAR, 1984, passim, for organisational breakdown of force and relevant statistics; Office of the Victoria Police Statistician, for age statistics.
49 VPAR, 1984, p. ix, for shortfall of 2383; ibid., p. 36, for one-third female applicants; Police Life, April 1984, p. 3, for recruiting data, including languages and qualifications, and p. 71, for sporting clubs; Police Careers Office, Appointment Requirements, Melbourne, Victoria Police, n.d., passim, for recruiting criteria, outline of entrance examinations, pay scales, conditions of service and promotion rates; mimeographed notes, Chief Inspector M. E. W. Stafferton, ‘Probationary Constables Extended Training Scheme’, n.d., for details of training scheme; Office of the Victoria Police Statistician, for education statistics.
50 VPAR, 1984, pp. 8–9, for police station hours of opening; Police in Victoria, p. 33, for last country troop horse.
51 VPAR, 1984, pp. 47, 84–7, for complaints against police; ibid., p. 41, for Freedom of Information requests; ibid., passim, for police–citizen contacts.
52 VPAR, 1984, p. 2, for chief commissioner’s comments on ill-health retirements, and p. 68, for relevant figures; Victoria Police Association Journal, September 1984, pp. 11 and 19, for Personal Assistance Programme; ibid., December 1984, pp. 23–9 and 41, for association articles on police stress and ill health; Police Life, January–February 1984, pp. 7–8, for Personal Assistance Programme; Victoria Police surgeon, Dr J. Peter Bush, for additional details and statistics re police road deaths and blood alcohol concentrations.
53 Based on figures from the 1981 Census, there were in Victoria more than 6000 Aborigines and more than 50 000 people born in Asia. The appointment of an ethnic liaison officer, the planned appointment of an Aboriginal liaison officer and the formation of related liaison committees all resulted from recognition that special problems existed between police and members of Aboriginal and ethnic communities. (Police figures drawn from Computer Systems Division print-out of 1 July 1984. Victorian population figures obtained from Australian Bureau of Statistics: Victorian Office, Census 81—Characteristics of Persons and Dwellings.)
54 VPAR, 1984, p. 19, for task forces; Police Life, December 1984, pp. 224–5, for National Crime Authority.
55 News release by the minister for police and emergency services, C. R. T. Mathews, dated 9 September 1982, and including an eleven-page ‘Ministerial Statement’, for formation of committee of inquiry, terms of reference, details of members and Labor Party policy, pledge; Police Life, June–July 1983, pp. 4–5, for committee’s activities; VPAR, 30 June 1986, pp. 4–9, for Neesham Report.
1 As CEO of the CFA, Lucinda Nolan found herself caught up in a political minefield of competing interests. She resigned just six months after taking up the position after her board was terminated by the government.
2 Roman author Petronius Arbiter is frequently and erroneously attributed with the quotation in his work Satyricon (1st century AD). The most likely source is in fact an article titled ‘Merrill’s Marauders’ by American journalist Charlton Ogburn, Jnr in Harper’s Magazine, January 1957; Media Director’s Newsletter, no. 6, 5 March 1990, pp. 3–5, for Glare comments.
3 For accounts of Mr Cruel: John Silvester and Andrew Rule, ‘Who is Mr Cruel?’ in Underbelly 5, pp. 151–64; Geoff Wilkinson and Keith Moor, Mugshots, pp. 95–110; Silvester and Rule, Where the Bodies are Buried, pp. 21–8.
4 VPAR, 1987, p. 4, for Miller comments; 1988, p. 16, for Hoddle and Queen Street shootings; 1990–91, pp. 17–18, for aggravated burglary and Spectrum; Police Life, September 1983, pp. 8–10, and June 1985, pp. 99–101, for enabling powers; Victoria Police, ‘A Search for Sanity: A Request for Operational Powers to Enable the Victoria Police Force to Carry Out Its Tasks’, n.d. [1980s], monograph, pp. 1–255; Age, Australian, Herald Sun, August 1987–November 1988, passim, for extensive coverage of Hoddle Street and Queen Street shootings and debate over police powers and gun control.
5 Victoria Police Honour Roll 1800–2014, for police who died on duty; Victoria Police Fleet Safety Strategy, May 2002, p. 6 and Police Life, August 2006, pp. 28–9, for divisional van safety; interview with S. I. Miller, 2 September 2014 and briefing paper ‘Police Solo Motorcycle Fatalities’, for motorcycle deaths; Police Life, April 2005, pp. 4–5 and Herald Sun newspaper cuttings, 2000–05, for deaths of Robinson and Bateman, and divisional van safety.
6 Herald Sun, 12 February 2004, pp. 1–3 and 25 July 2004, pp. 16, 17, for Stephen Henry. Police Life, July–August 1985, pp. 123, 137, for Beaumaris, Cheltenham and Noble Park shootings and Miller’s comments, and May 1986, pp. 78–9, for Russell Street bombing and Bush–Miller comments. Tom Noble, Walsh Street, for detailed account of Tynan–Eyre murders; p. 12 for quotation. Detailed reference to murders of Taylor, Moore, Tynan and Eyre, ‘Mad Max’ shootings and other attacks on police is contained in Gavin Brown et al., In the Performance of Duty. Police Life, April 1986, p. 51 November, 1986, pp. 196–7, for death of Moore; December 2006, pp. 12, 13, for Turkish Consulate bombing; Noble, passim, for Jensen shooting.
7 Police Life, September 1995, p. 7 and VPAJ, August 2001, p. 7, for John Hill. Media Director’s Newsletter, no. 15, 30 June 1992, p. 7, for police shootings capital. Victoria State Coroner’s Office, Investigation into the Death of Graeme Russell Jensen, 1994, case no. 4364/88 (Houghton), case no. 2060/89 (Abdallah) and case no. 695/88 (Sader); pp. 330–3, for quotations re force policy and culture.
8 VPAR, 1988–89, p. 20, for long batons. Victoria Police, Statistical Review, 1988–89, pp. 89, 99, 166, for assaults on police and firearms incidents; interview with Bruce Swanton, Australian Institute of Criminology, Victor Task Force, 5 August 1994, for incidence of deadly force. VPAR, 1989–90, p. 10; Media Director’s Newsletter, 1989–90, p. 10; Monthly Bulletin, May 1990, pp. 160, 161, for FOSTU. VPAG, 12 June 1989, p. 346, for Executive Instruction No. 228 and formation of FOSTU. Police Life, June–July 1996, p. 11, for Safety First. Victoria Police Annual Report, 1997, pp. 59–60, for formation of Project Beacon; Victoria Police, Project Beacon general material issued October–December 1994, for details of Project Beacon.
9 Personal interview with retired Assistant Commissioner Bob Stewart, 22 July 1994; Bob Bottom et al., Inside Victoria, ch. 12; the author was one of the police investigated, Sun, 5 June 1986, p. 1.
10 VPA (personnel records), for service details of Miller; Age, 24 January 1987, pp. 3, 5, February 1987, p. 11, for Miller retirement; Robert Haldane, VPAJ, vol. 75, issue 10, October 2009, pp. 14–15; issue 11, November 2009, pp. 12–13; issue 12, December 2009, pp. 13–15, for Miller biography.
11 Tertiary-educated senior officers fostered by Miller include E. A. Mudge BA, R. C. Knight B Juris, N. R. Newnham BA, K. Glare LLB, W. J. Horman LLB, J. Frame BA, G. P. Brown MA, W. H. Robertson BA.
12 VPAR, 1985–86, p. 1, for thirty-eight-hour week; 1986–87, p. 5, for brain drain and resilience; 1989–90, p. 37, for Glare comments; Victoria Police Journal, September 1985, pp. 11 and 17, and October 1985, p. 35, for thirty-eight-hour week; ESSS Annual Report, 1986–87, pp. 2–3, for scheme; personal interview with Wally Sendecky, Victoria Police Personnel Department, 22 July 1994, and examination of collated data, for retirement figures.
13 Report of the Committee of Inquiry: Victoria Police Force (Neesham Report), 2 vols with Executive Summary, 1985, and VPAR, 1985–86, pp. 4–9.
14 Interview with Assistant Commissioner W. H. Robertson, 2 August 1994, for Arbiter background—Robertson chose the project title; Media Director’s Newsletter, no. 6, 5 March 1990, pp. 2–5, for Glare’s comments re rumours and communication; VPAR, 1988–89, p. 48, and 1989–90, pp. 13–14, for Arbiter, and p. 37, for watershed. The author was one of the officers affected by the Arbiter restructure.
15 Robert Haldane et al., Police in Victoria 1836–1980, pp. 117–18 and Victoria Police Museum, Record of Service and Conduct, for Beggs. VPAR, 1973, pp. 21–2; 1975, pp. 11, 21; VPG, 13 September 1973, p. 411; 25 October 1973, p. 508, for Computer Systems Division and PATROL. VPG, 24 August 1992, p. 226; Police Life, April–May 1991, p. 16; April 2003, p. 23; 27 January 2003, no. 2, p. 1; 3 November 2003, no. 22, p. 1; 17 January 2011, no. 2, p. 5, for Office of Police Integrity. Investigation into Victoria Police’s Management of the Law Enforcement Assistance Program, March 2005, for LEAP.
16 The director of personnel was Jean Gordon (appointed 8 October 1990; resigned 26 February 1993), the media director was Jane Munday (appointed deputy director 4 November 1985; resigned as director 15 January 1994) and the assistant commissioner was Bernice Masterson (appointed 5 November 1989; resigned 3 January 1993); Victoria Police EEO Unit, ‘Changes in the Victoria Police: Equal Employment Opportunities’, n.d., pp. 1–3, and Media Director’s Newsletter, no. 11, 17 March 1991, pp. 5–6, and no. 15, 30 June 1992, p. 1, for EEO data, including quotation; VPAR, 1989–90, p. 10, 1991–92, pp. 13–14, and Media Director’s Newsletter, no. 15, 30 June 1992, p. 5, for civilianisation and Integrated Workforce Project; Colleen Woolley, Arresting Women, p. 156, for Masterson and Australian first.
17 Media Director’s Newsletter, no. 7, 6 June 1990, p. 2, for figures and comments by Green; no. 11, 17 March 1991, pp. 1–2, for nightclubs; no. 12, 12 September 1991, pp. 1–2, for comments by Frame; p. 11, for comment by Glare; no. 13, 5 February 1992, pp. 3–4, for public contacts and force reputation. Victoria Police Traffic Camera Office, information obtained 3 August 1994, for speed-camera data. VPAJ, August 1991, pp. 10–13, for ethics article by Frame. Victoria Police, Ethics and Professional Standards, n.d. Victoria Police Internal Investigations Department, VPAR, 1992–93, pp. 1–45, for complaint data.
18 Media Director’s Newsletter, no. 8, 10 August 1990, p. 6, for sponsorship; no. 10, 14 January 1991, p. 4, for crime screening and p. 5, for wandering cows; no. 12, 12 September 1991, p. 2, for revenue raisers; no. 14, 30 June 1992, p. 5, for competition; Police Life, February 1974, pp. 10–11, for any call for help; July–August 1987, p. 123, for qualitative; Force Circular Memo, no. 83-5, no. 90-10-5 and 92-2-22, for crime screening; no. 92-13-1, for policy for payment of police services; no. 92-13-2, for sponsorship. Miscellaneous collection of promotional material, booklets and articles held by the author, for Neighbourhood Watch, PSIP, PCCCs, VicSafe and Integrated Anti-Crime Strategy: also VPAR and Police Life, 1984–93, passim. Interview with Superintendent John Bodinnar, Traffic Camera Office, 1 August 1994, for TCO data; VPAR, 1991–92, p. 30, for camera success; Michael Bourne and Ronald B. Cooke, ‘Traffic Cameras: The Victorian Experience’, in Julia Vernon (ed.), Police Technology, pp. 41–3, Glenn Sullivan et al., An Overview of Speed Camera Operations in Victoria 1990–1991, p. 82; Police Life, November 1995, p. 9, for civilian operators. Kel Glare, The Angry Ant, pp. 374–5 and pp. 443–4, for PSIP, PCCC and VicSafe, and comments about Nixon.
19 VPAR, 1988–89 and 1989–90, passim, for interstate appointments of Horman, Newham, Mengler et al.; 1989–90, p. 37, for erosion of resource base; 1991–92, p. 4, for Glare’s final comments. Media Director’s Newsletter, no. 6, 5 March 1990, p. 4, and no. 8, 10 August 1990, p. 1, for budget constraints.
20 VPA and curriculum vitae, for service details of Glare. Glare studied law part time at the University of Melbourne 1972–76, graduating LLB. He was admitted to practise as a barrister and solicitor of the Supreme Court of Victoria on 2 November 1977; VPA (Personnel Records), for Glare retirement; Police Life, September 1986, p. 147, for Miller and people business.
21 Interview with Neil Comrie, Melbourne, 17 June 2014. Age, 20 July 1992, editorial, for appointment of an outsider; 3 December 1992, pp. 1, 13, for Comrie appointment; Sunday Age, 21 March 1993, p. 1, Agenda pp. 1–2, for Masterson details; Herald Sun, 29 March 1993, p. 19, and Sunday Age, 7 November 1992, Agenda, for articles re Comrie. Personal interview with Chief Commissioner M. N. Comrie and curriculum vitae/miscellaneous newspaper items for career details. The first Police Board comprised Sir John Young (chairman), Brian Blythe, Jim Dickson and Comrie; Police Life, March 1993, p. 22, for their personal details; Police Board of Victoria Annual Report, no. 1, 1993, for details of establishment and activities.
22 Interview with Neil Comrie, 17 June 2014; Police Life, August 1993, p. 3; VPAR, 1993, p. 17, for police discipline system. D. M. Walsh, ‘Sacked (and No Appeal Right)!’, VPAJ, April 1993, pp. 7, 9 and ‘Discipline System: A Ghost from the Past?’, August 1993, p. 8; Paul Mullett, ‘Working Within an Unsatisfactory System’, VPAJ, November 1996, pp. 4, 5; Judge Walsh, ‘Police Service Board’s Last Appeal: The Final Summing Up’, VPAJ, June 1995, p. 11; Colin Clark and David Corbett (eds), Reforming the Public Sector: Problems and Solutions, pp. 18, 19. Police Life, May 1996, pp. 10, 11, for Cliffe; May–June 1997, for Latta; August 1993, p. 16, for Breadmore; VPAJ, vol. 63, no. 8, August 1997, for Latta. Conservative ‘old-school’ deputy commissioners lacking tertiary qualifications included Graham Sinclair, Brian Church and Neil O’Loughlin.
23 Ombudsman Victoria and the Deputy Ombudsman (Police Complaints), Investigation into Alleged Excessive Force by the Victoria Police against Demonstrators at the Richmond Secondary College on Monday 13 December 1993 and Investigation into Crowd Control Methods Used by the Victoria Police against Demonstrators Outside the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources Headquarters Victoria Parade East Melbourne on Thursday 10 February1994, Melbourne, Government Printer, 1994; David Baker, Batons and Blockades, pp. 62–9; Shirley Rooney, ‘Demonstrating Who’s Boss’, Polemic, vol. 6, no. 2, 1995, pp. 69–72.
24 Deputy Ombudsman, Tasty Night Club, 1994; Victoria Police News, 5 August 2014, for Nolan apology.
25 Ombudsman, Operation BART Final Report, May 1998. ‘Project Guardian: A Case Study in Organizational Change’, Conference of Commissioners of Police of Australasia and the South West Pacific Region, Melbourne, 20–24 April 1998, for Comrie comments on Project Guardian.
26 St Johnston, Report, p. 169, for Complaints Section and recommendation for Internal Investigations Bureau; Victoria Police, Executive Instruction No. 77, 31 July 1975, for creation of BII. Victoria Police, Executive Instruction No. 165, effective 21 February 1985, for establishment of IID; VPAR, 1985, pp. 49, 50, and 1986, pp. 60, 61, for creation of IID and ISU; 1988, p. 44, for abolition of PCA; Executive Instruction No. 308, 2 September 1996, for creation of ESD. Police Complaints Authority, VPAR, 1987; VPAR, 1987, p. 36, for PCA effectiveness; 1997, p. 16, for ESD. Special Report to Parliament on the Success of the Police Complaints Authority, 16 March 1988; Final Report, May 1988; Deputy Ombudsman (Police Complaints) Act 1988, for abolition of PCA and creation of the office of Deputy Ombudsman (Police Complaints). Police Life, August 1996, pp. 4–6, for Project Guardian and replacement of IID with ESD on 2 September 1996.
27 Interview with Neil Comrie, 17 June 2014, and VPAR, 2000, p. 15, for LPP.
28 Police Life, April 1996, p. 3, and VPG, 10 June 1996, p. 4; 11 November 1996, p. 3; 3 February 1997, p. 1; 4 August 1997, p. 1, for Victoria Police Service Medal.
29 VPAR, 2000, pp. 15, 64, 65, for Victoria Police Centre. VPG, 4 September 1995, no. 17; Police Life, February 1996, pp. 16, 17; Shirley Hardy-Rix, ‘Revolutionary CAD System for Victoria’, Victoria Police Association Journal, March 1996, pp. 32–6, for CAD. VPG, 31 March 1997, no. 6, pp. 5, 6; 1 July 2002, pp. 1, 2, for Intergraph.
30 Interview with Neil Comrie, 17 June 2014; interview with Detective Superintendent Paul Sheridan, 8 September 2015; Victoria Police, ‘News Brief from Executive Command’, issue 76, 25 July 2000; Police Life, September 1998, pp. 4, 5; VPAJ, September 1998, p. 7; Silvester and Rule, Underbelly 2, pp. 203–20; Joe D’Alo with David Astle, One Down, One Missing; Wayne Howell, Eavesdropping on Evil, for Silk and Miller murders.
31 Police Life, June 2000, pp. 3, 11; December 2001, p. 30; August 2002, pp. 6–7, 24–5; Dedication Ceremony programme of service, 5 July 2002, for Victoria Police Memorial. Police Life, March 1996, pp. 6–9, for Casey’s comments. VPAJ, September 1999, pp. 14–17; Record of Proceedings, Conference of Commissioners of Police of Australasia and the South West Pacific Region, Sydney, July 1988, Item 18, and Melbourne, April 1989, Item 12; Alan Dew, ‘Police Remembrance Day’, Australian Police Journal, September 2001, pp. 147–9, for National Police Remembrance Day. Notes from Mick Miller to author, 11 January 2015, for origins of Requiescat. Victoria Police, ‘News Brief from Executive Command’, issue 80, 25 September 2000; Police Life, June 1999, pp. 4–5; September 1999, pp. 6–7, for Blue Ribbon Day. Police Life, September 2001, pp. 10–11 and July 2002, p. 27, for Blue Ribbon Foundation.
32 Notes from Ralph Stavely, 23 December 2013; VPG, 3 October 2005, no. 20, pp. 1–2; Police Life, October 2005, pp. 12–13, for Victoria Police Star.
33 Interview with Neil Comrie, 17 June 2014; Victoria Police, ‘News Brief from Executive Command’, issue: 83, 7 December 2000, for Comrie retirement announcement.
34 Interview with Neil Comrie, 17 June 2014; Victoria Police, ‘News Brief from Executive Command’, issue 20, 6 July 1998, for Cannabis Cautioning Program.
35 Interview with Neil Comrie, 17 June 2014; VPG, no. 19, 25 September 2000, pp. 1–2; VPAR, 2001, p. 21; ‘News Brief from Executive Command’, issue 78, 7 September 2000; issue 79, 13 September 2000; issue 87, 16 February 2001; Report of the Ombudsman, Investigation of Police Action at the World Economic Forum Demonstrations, Melbourne, June 2001; Australian, 5 March 2007; Adelaide Advertiser, 9 October 2002; Herald Sun, 20 September 2002, for WEF. ABC Radio, The World Today, 5 March 2007, for quote by Kieran Walshe. See also David Baker, ‘Paradoxes of Policing and Protest’, Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, vol. 3, no. 2, October 2008, p. 14.
36 Ian Freckelton, ‘DNA Profiling: Forensic Science under the Microscope’, in Julia Vernon and Ben Selinger (eds), DNA and Criminal Justice.
37 Interview with Neil Comrie, 17 June 2014; Dan Meagher, ‘The Quiet Revolution: A Brief History and Analysis of the Growth of Forensic Police Powers in Victoria’, Criminal Law Journal, vol. 24, April 2000, pp. 76–88; Freckelton, ‘Fingerprinting and DNA Profiling: The Ultimate Identifiers’, Legal Service Bulletin, vol. 15, no. 4, 1990, pp. 172–4; Police Life, November 1988, pp. 198, 199; September–October 1999, pp. 10, 11; June 2000, pp. 6–9; Autumn 2013, pp. 12, 13; VPAR, 1988, p. 20, for DNA. Victoria Police Monthly Bulletin, January 1990, p. 1, for Fingerprinting Act, and July 1990, p. 263, for Blood Samples Act. Taupin, Impact of DNA Profiling, pp. 6–7, 18–19, 55. In Vernon and Selinger, DNA and Criminal Justice, 1990: Freckelton, ‘DNA Profiling’, pp. 27–30; Tony Raymond, ‘DNA Profiling’, pp. 89–95; Gidley, ‘DNA Profiling’, pp. 97–100. Correspondence from Victoria Police Forensic Services Department, 21 October 2014, for 100 billion times. Correspondence from Roland A. H. Van Oorschot, 23 September 2015, for touched objects. Roland Van Oorschot and Maxwell Jones, Nature, ‘DNA Fingerprints from Fingerprints’, Nature, vol. 387, 1997, p. 767; Tim Blair, ‘Your Fingerprints are Everywhere’, Time, 14 July 1997, p. 61, for trace DNA discovery.
38 Interview with Neil Comrie, 17 June 2014; Woolley, Arresting Women, for history of women in the Victoria Police; Christine Nixon with Jo Chandler, Fair Cop, pp. 115–28; Police Life, March 1985, pp. 28, 29, for policewomen in Victoria; 1999, for Ettershank; Victoria Police, ‘News Brief from Executive Command’, issue 6, 22 December 1997, for equal opportunity; issue 40, 4 February 1999, for equity and diversity; interview with Kevin Scott, 25 October 2014, for recruiting women police. See also Stephen Leane and Jacqueline Durand, ‘Women and Discrimination’, pp. 1–16.
39 Comrie’s other post-retirement appointments included: inquiries for the Australian government into the detention (and in one case unlawful removal) of a number of persons by the Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, particularly the cases of Cornelia Rau and Vivien Alvarez in 2005; president of the Metropolitan Fire and Emergency Services Board (appointed 2010); chairperson of the Review of Victorian Flood Warnings and Response (2010–11); and monitor of the Hazelwood Mine Fire Inquiry Implementation (appointed 2014). Interview with Neil Comrie, 17 June 2014; Comrie curriculum vitae; correspondence from Comrie to author, 26 October 2014, for post-retirement appointments.
40 Police Life, March 2001, pp. 3, 10–12, for Comrie retirement report card and Herald Sun quotation; Herald Sun, 8 December 2000, for Comrie retirement; Victoria Police, ‘News Brief from Executive Command’, issue 77, 9 August 2000, for report card; issue 83, 7 December 2000, for Comrie retirement announcement; issue 85, 31 January 2001, for report card; issue 88, 9 March 2001, for Comrie farewell and ABS Population Survey Monitor; VPAR, 1995, p. 5, for lowest road toll; Johnson, Report of the Ministerial Administrative Review into Victoria Police Resourcing, Operational Independence, Human Resource Planning and Associated Issues, 2001, p. 2.
41 Nixon and Chandler, Fair Cop; Sue Williams, Peter Ryan: The Inside Story; ‘Curriculum Vitae Christine Nixon’, Police Down Under, October 2001, pp. 49–51; David Bradley and Christine Nixon, ‘Ending the “Dialogue of the Deaf”: Evidence and Policing Policies and Practices—An Australian Case Study’, Police Practice and Research, vol. 10, issue 5–6, 2009, pp. 423–35, for Nixon biography notes. Amanda Sinclair, ‘The Leadership of Christine Nixon’, Journal for Women and Policing, no. 24, 2009, pp. 7–11, for first female police chief. Mick Miller, letter to Nixon dated 26 March 2001, for history to judge (copy held by author). Barbara Etter, ‘The Importance of Christine Nixon as a Role Model’, Journal for Women and Policing, no. 24, 2009, pp. 12–17, for policewomen rejoicing. Alan Dew, ‘Introducing Chief Commissioner Christine Nixon’, Australian Police Journal, September 2001, pp. 132–4, for Nixon appointment. ‘Chief Commissioner Christine Nixon APM Parliament House, Melbourne, on 23 April 2001’, Journal for Women and Policing, no. 8, 2001, pp. 4–6, for Nixon swearing-in. Tim Prenzler, ‘Chief Commissioner Christine Nixon, Victoria: Australia’s First Female Police Chief’, Police Practice and Research, vol. 5, nos 4–5, 2004, p. 301, for misogynist. Police Life, July–August 1977, p. 4 and email from Miller to author, 17 November 2016, for Miller’s swearing-in. Glare, Angry Ant, pp. 328–30, for Glare’s swearing-in. VPG, 8 March 1993, and email from Comrie to author, 17 November 2016, for Comrie’s swearing-in.
42 Sunday Age, 18 March 2001, Sunday Forum 13, ‘Smashing the Glass Ceiling’, for Marilyn Lake and Kel Glare comments. Sunday Age, p. 7 and VPG, Andrew Rule, ‘Top of the Cops’, p. 4, for Team Nixon; p. 7, for Nixon’s exile. Nixon and Chandler, Fair Cop, pp. 52–3 and 133–4; VPG, 3 December 2001, no. 24, p. 6, for Pride March 2002.
43 Nixon and Chandler, Fair Cop, p. 124, for ‘Call me Christine’ and blue V8; Police Life, December 1992, p. 11; 1 October 2005, p. 18 and VPG, 18 July 2011, p. 1, for Gavin McGraw; email from McGraw to author, 4 July 2015.
44 Nixon and Chandler, Fair Cop, pp. 138–41, for roadshow; VPJ, vol. 2, no. 9, March 1920, p. 4, for Steward’s tour of stations; Nixon, ‘Reforming Policing in Victoria, Australia’, in Gary Cordner et al., Urbanization, Policing, and Security, p. 206, for revolutionary.
45 Nixon and Chandler, Fair Cop, p. 143, for alcohol ban. A copy of the memo referred to by Nixon could not be found at the VPC Library or the force’s Policy and Legislation Division as at 15 July 2015.
46 Nixon and Chandler, Fair Cop, p. 129, for drinks every Friday; pp 143–4, for liquor ban on police premises and alcohol and drug testing. John Birrell, Twenty Years as a Police Surgeon, p. 56, for policemen drunk on duty. Victoria Police, Force Issues Project: Alcohol, 31 December 2001, pp. 1–3; Victoria Police Manual, VPM Instruction 201–2, originally issued 11 July 2003, Clause 5.1, for watering-down of Nixon’s alcohol edict. Chief Commissioner’s Instruction 1/96, for banning alcohol on operational police premises; 06/08, paragraphs 15–18, for possession and consumption of alcohol on police premises. VPG, no. 6, 21 March 2005, p. 1, for staff drug and alcohol testing; 18 August 2008, no. 17, p. 1, for alcohol and drug test policy launch, and pp. 12–20, for Chief Commissioner’s Instruction 08/08. Notes on banning alcohol on police premises from VPC Library and Greg Locke, Policy and Legislation Division.
47 Nixon and Chandler, Fair Cop, 141, for culture war; Colleen Woolley, Arresting Women, p. 144, for female uniforms; Gordon Maulday, ‘Uniforms Worn by Victoria Police 1853–1985’, Journal of Police History, no. 2, 2009, pp. 13–17, for uniform changes; Ralph Stavely, ‘Why the 1979 Uniform was Introduced’, Journal of Police History, no. 2, 2009, pp. 18–19; Police Life, July–August 1980, pp. 14–15, for uniform design and development; VPG, 27 August 2001, no. 17, pp. 1–2, for Nixon’s first changes; 24 September 2001, no. 19, p. 3, for beards policy; 8 October 2001, no. 20, pp. 8–9, for interim standards; 3 December 2001, no. 24, p. 8, for Instruction 19/01; 20 May 2002, no. 10, p. 1, for improved garments; 9 September 2002, no. 18, p. 5, for clothing allocation policy; 6 October 2003, no. 20, p. 3, for females in male uniforms; 17 June 2013, no. 12, p. 1 for eighty different ways.
48 Nixon and Chandler, Fair Cop, pp. 142–3, for worrying crime categories and crime figures review; Michael Cohen, et al., ‘A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice’, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 17, no. 1, 1972, pp. 1–25; Kevin Scott, email to author, 27 October 2015, for Nixon’s management style; Victoria Police global email, Nixon, ‘Senior Victoria Police Appointments Announced’, 30 October 2002; Victoria Police email, Nixon, ‘Thanks for Your Hard Work’, 18 December 2002, p. 1, for key issues. Victoria Police Violence against Women Strategy: ‘A Way Forward’, March 2002; Carlos Carcach and Toni Makkai, ‘Review of Victoria Police Crime Statistics’, AIC, 2002; Uma Rao and Craig Darragh, ‘Reducing Theft of and Theft from Motor Vehicle Offences: The Victoria Police Experience’, AIC, 2005; Don Weatherburn and Jessie Holmes, ‘The Decline in Robbery and Theft: Interstate Comparisons’, NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, 2013, pp. 1–7; VPG, 10 September 2001, no. 18, p. 6, for strategies to reduce crime.
49 Nixon and Chandler, Fair Cop, p. 136, for in-sync team; Nixon, ‘Reforming Policing in Victoria’, p. 205, for strategic leader; Nixon’s inherited corporate management group was: deputy commissioners Neil O’Loughlin and Peter Nancarrow; assistant commissioners George Davis, Graeme McDonald, Noel Perry, Ray Shuey, Bill Kelly, Noel Ashby and Bill Severino (Samoa Project). Police Life, April 1996, pp. 6–9, and Victoria Police News Brief, 5 May 2000, issue 70, for O’Loughlin; email from Christine Nixon to staff, 30 October 2002, announcing senior appointments; email, 25 August 2015, Neil O’Loughlin to author, for family history and assessment of Nixon.
50 Herald Sun, 8 December 2001, p. 3, for Davis. Nixon and Chandler, Fair Cop, pp. 156–7, 227–8, for Ceja. Office of Police Integrity, Ceja Task Force Drug Related Corruption: Final Report (hereafter OPI Ceja Report No. 3), VGP, 2007, p. 3, and OPI Report, Past Patterns, Future Directions: The Problems of Corruption and Serious Misconduct, VGP, Melbourne, 2007, pp. 88–93, for misconduct and mismanagement at Drug Squad; the latter publication also counselled police supervisors and leaders to pay adequate attention to ‘high flyers’ whose good results and reputation camouflage corrupt conduct. VPG, 14 January 2002, no. 1, p. 2, for Major Drug Investigation Division. OPI Ceja Report No. 3, p. 4, for Operation Hemi, and pp. 24–5, for arrest and penalties.
51 Nixon and Chandler, Fair Cop, pp. 156, 227–8, for Operation Clarendon. The secret Operation Clarendon, involving Milte and initiated by Nixon, had nothing to do with Project Clarendon—some confusion arises because Commander Rod Lambert was a leading participant in both. VPG, 21 April 2003, no. 8, p. 1–2, for Project Clarendon.
52 VPG, 17 May 2004, p. 2; Police Life, September 1998, p. 33, December 2004, p. 29 and August 2008, p. 9, for Langlands. VPG, 28 November 2005, p. 7; Victoria Police News Brief, Autumn 2015, p. 29, for Nicholson. Age, 2 November 2002, p. 7, for Sanjib Roy swearing false affidavit.
53 When contacted by Ken Lay on behalf of the author, seeking a meeting, Overland replied by email on 18 June 2014: ‘I have no interest in discussing any aspect of my time with the Victoria Police’. General email from Nixon on 30 October 2002, ‘Senior Victoria Police Appointments Announced’, p. 3, for Overland; Age, 2 November 2002, p. 7, for Sanjib Roy, and 8 November 2006, p. 4, for insular and inbred; VPAR, 2000–10, for Boston Consulting Group.
54 Gangland war victims in chronological order: (1) Gregory John Workman, 07/02/1995; (2) Alphonse Gangitano, 16/01/1998; (3) John Furlan, 3/08/1998; (4) Charles ‘Mad Charlie’ Hegyalji, 23/11/1998; (5) Vince Mannella, 9/01/1999; (6) Joseph Quadara, 28/05/1999; (7) Dimitrios Belias, 9/09/1999; (8) Gerardo Mannella, 20/10/1999; (9) Francesco Benvenuto, 8/05/2000; (10) Richard Mladenich, 16/05/2000; (11) Mark Moran, 15/06/2000; (12) Dino Dibra, 14/10/2000; (13) George Germanos, 22/03/2000; (14) Victor George Peirce, 1/05/2002; (15) Paul Kallipolitis, 15/10/2002; (16) Nikolai Radev, aka Nik ‘The Bulgarian’, 15/04/2003; (17) Shane Chartres-Abbott, 04/06/2003; (18) Jason Moran, 21/06/2003; (19) Pasquale Barbaro, 21/06/2003; (20) Willie Thompson, 21/07/2003; (21) Mark Mallia, 18/08/2003; (22) Housam ‘Sam’ Zayat, 09/09/2003; (23) Steve Gulyas, 20/10/2003; (24) Tina ‘Bing’ Nhonthachith, 20 October 2003; (25) Michael Ronald Marshall, 25/10/2003; (26) Graham ‘The Munster’ Kinniburgh, 13/12/2003; (27) Andrew ‘Benji’ Veniamin, 23/03/2004; (28) Lewis Moran, 31/03/2004; (29) Lewis Caine, aka Sean Vincent, 8/05/2004; (30) Terrence Hodson, 15/05/2004; (31) Christine Hodson, 15/05/2004; (32) Mario Rocco Condello, 6/02/2006; (33) Desmond ‘Tuppence’ Moran, 15/06/2009; (34) Carl Williams, 19 April 2010. Sources: Paul Anderson, Shotgun City, 2004, p. vi; Adam Shand, Big Shots, 2007, pp. 401–3; Silvester and Rule, Underbelly: The Gangland War, 2008, pp. 421–3. Silvester and Rule, Underbelly 10, pp. 1–15, for Condello death and Underbelly 11, p. 187, for dropped the ball (Overland).
55 Silvester and Rule, Underbelly 11, p. 187, for no intelligence (Swindells); Underbelly: The Gangland War, pp. 94–115, for Gangitano homicide. Herald Sun, 21 July 2009, p. 4 and AAP National News Wire, 9 April 2010, for Des Moran murder. James Morton and Susanna Lobez, Gangland Australia, p. 336, for Nixon hostage to fortune; Australian, 8 February 2006, p. 1 and ABC, The World Today, 7 February 2006, for Nixon and ‘gangland issue under control’.
56 Interview with Assistant Commissioner Stephen Fontana and Superintendent Andrew Allen, 3 February 2015, and email correspondence with Detective Inspector Andrew Gustke, 7 December 2015, and retired detective inspector Gavan Ryan, 8 December 2015, for Purana history, including origin of name: Bhagavad Gita, Book IV, Sutra 5.7.8; Age, 1 March 2007, p. 3, for Silvester on Carl Williams; Silvester and Rule, Underbelly 10, pp. 17–26 and Mick Gatto with Tom Noble, I, Mick Gatto, for Gatto.
57 John Silvester, Sydney Morning Herald, 23 June 2003, p. 3 and Age, 8 July 2003 p. 3; Paul Anderson, Herald Sun, 24 June 2003, p. 1 and 25 June 2003, p. 1; Shelley Hodgson, Sunday Herald Sun, p. 2; Geoff Wilkinson, Sunday Mail (Brisbane), 29 June 2003, p. 23; Gosia Kaszubska, Australian, 14 November 2003; Patrick Carlyon, Bulletin, 8 July 2003, pp. 18–19, for coverage of murders of Jason Moran and Pasquale Barbaro.
58 Email correspondence, 8 December 2015, from Gavan Ryan, for Operation Lemma.
59 Australian, 28 March 2004 and 2 March 2009, for Overland quotation.
60 Email correspondence, 8 December 2015, from Gavan Ryan, for Chief Examiner. Nixon and Chandler, Fair Cop, p. 172, for a new kind of detective hero.
61 Ceja Task Force Interim Report of the Ombudsman, May 2003, pp. 1–5 and 2nd Interim Report, June 2004, pp. 1–3, for Drug Squad corruption. OPI Ceja Report No. 3, passim; Christine Nixon, force-wide email, 28 May 2004, for twenty-three members awaiting trial.
62 State Coroner (Victoria), Court Reference: COR 2004 1710 and 1711, delivered 31 July 2015, Inquest into the Deaths of Terrence Hodson and Christine Hodson; John Silvester, Age, 18 March 2009, p. 3, for Hodson case; ABC Premium News, 31 July 2015, for Hodson inquest findings; Paul Dale, Disgraced?, for Dale’s version.
63 Liam Houlihan, Bigwig, passim; Police Life, Autumn 2014, pp. 24–5, for Mokbel arrest; R. v. Mokbel [2012] VSC (3 July 2012), for Mokbel sentence. Age, 5 November 2015, p. 8, for Asling arrest; 12 January 2016, p. 2, for Terrence Blewitt.
64 Report of the Board of Inquiry into Allegations against Members of the Victoria Police Force (Beach Report) (3 vols), 1976, pp. 7–16, for appointment of board and introduction; pp. 13–14, 60, for ARS. VPG, 7 June 1999, no. 11, p. 5, for AOS and ARS; VPAR, 1969–74, for armed hold-ups, consorting and ARS; AAP, Age, Australian, Herald Sun, for stories from media leaks. Ian McMinn. ‘The Frozen Moment’, Police Journal (South Australia), June 1992, p. 17, for jackals. OPI, Past Patterns, Future Directions, 2007, for ARS, AOS, MCS and Consorting Squad. OPI, The Victorian Armed Offenders Squad: A Case Study, October 2008, passim; Nixon and Chandler, Fair Cop, pp. 159–63, for AOS. VPG, 11 December 1980, p. 653, for Major Crime Squad, and 21 April 1988, p. 240; 19 May 1988, p. 298; 8 August 1988, p. 441, for audio recording of interviews; 30 November 1992, p. 313, for Crime Department restructure.
65 Correspondence from Danny Bodycoat, 21 January 2016; Herald Sun, 20 June 2001, p. 25, for wall; VPAR, 2000–15, for 25 per cent target, and 2012, p. 17, for agility course; VPG, no. 17, 18 August 2008, p. 3, for changes to fitness tests.
66 Johnson, Administrative Review, pp. 90–4; Victoria Police News Brief, issue 48, 2 May 1999, for police numbers. Victoria Police News Brief, issue 69, 31 March 2000, for review; Age, 1 May 2003, pp. 15–16, for 25 per cent and 50 per cent, and Mullett; Police Life, April 2003, p. 3, for Nixon message re recruitment and women; Christine Paterson, VPC Library, email 4 February 2016, for recruitment targets and percentages. Victoria Police, ‘The Impact of Equal Opportunity on Policing in Victoria: Final Report’, July 1990, passim; Victoria Police, News Brief, ‘Equity, Diversity and Respect: Strategy Launched’, issue 40, 4 February 1999; Victoria Police Equity and Diversity Corporate Five-year Plan, 2002, passim; Ann Sebire, ‘The Changing Face of Feminism’, Third Australasian Women and Policing Conference, AIC, 2002, pp. 12–13; VPG, 2 December 2002, no. 24, pp. 1, 2, for Equity and Diversity and Sonin. Glare, Angry Ant, p. 431; VPG, 6 January 1972, p. 12, for Police (Married Women) Regulation 1971. Leane and Durand, ‘Women and Discrimination’, pp. 3–16; VPAJ, ‘Harmony in the Workplace: Having Respect for Each Other’, August 2002, pp. 8–9; VPG, ‘Report on Workplace Diversity’, no. 22, 29 October 2007, p. 2.
67 Victoria Police, Force Circular Memo, ‘Dealing with Family Violence’, nos 91–5, 26 April 1991, and ‘Dealing with Family Violence’, nos 92–111, 28 September 1992; Police Life, ‘Family Violence: A Perspective’, November–December 1993, pp. 12–13; VPG, ‘Violence against Women’, 17 June 2002, p. 3; 21 February 2005, no. 4, p. 4, ‘Family Violence Code of Practice Update’ and ‘Violence against Women Update’, 16 June 2003, no. 12, pp. 1–2; Victoria Police Violence against Women Strategy, March 2002, passim; Police Life, ‘Breaking the Cycle’, October 2004, p. 4; Statewide Steering Committee to Reduce Family Violence, Reforming the Family Violence System in Victoria, 2005, passim; Fleming & Taylor, Reducing Family Violence in Victoria, pp. 20–3, for Nixon’s legacy.
68 VPAJ, ‘Insured on the Job? Can You Sue?’, October 1999, p. 29; ‘Bendigo Bravery Rewarded’, February 2002, pp. 16–17; Police Life, 5 December 1999, p. 5, ‘Courage at Kangaroo Flat’; December 2001, p. 25, ‘Enormous Courage and Bravery’; VPG, 3 December 2001, p. 3, for presentations; Nixon and Chandler, Fair Cop, p. 271, for quotation.
69 Nixon and Chandler, Fair Cop, pp. 263–6, for Clarke, Pilmer and Page; VPG, 16 May 2005, no. 10, p. 10, for Page. ‘Victoria Police Chaplaincy: A Brief History’, August 2012; VPG, 21 June 2010, p. 6, for coroner’s findings; 2 May 2005, no. 9, p. 5, for obituary; VPAJ, June 2005, pp. 10–11 and August 2010, pp. 8–11, for McCallum and Pilmer.
70 Nixon and Chandler, Fair Cop, pp. 221, 228–30, 286–7, for Qantas; OPI, Offers of Gifts and Benefits to Victoria Police Employees, VGP, June 2009, pp. 8–11, for Beverly Hills Cop, and pp. 19–20, for letter; Tim Prenzler et al., ‘Police Gifts and Benefits Scandals: Addressing Deficits in Policy, Leadership and Enforcement’, International Journal of Police Science and Management, vol. 15, no. 4, 2013, pp. 294–304, for police gifts and benefits scandals; media coverage, including Age, Herald Sun, Australian and ABC News—correspondents include Neil Mitchell, Peta Hellard, Keith Moor, Stuart Rintoul, Ashley Gardiner, Paul Anderson, Paul Austin, David Rood, Andrea Petrie and John Silvester; Knapp Commission, New York, 1972.
71 Nixon and Chandler, Fair Cop, pp. 286–7, for demands of job and contract extension. John Silvester, Age, 6 February 2006, p. 9 and passim, for contract score. News Brief, issue 70, 5 May 2000; issue 82, 13 November 2000; VPG, 25 July 2005, no. 15, p. 2; 3 April 2006, no. 7, p. 2; Police Life, August 2005, p. 14, for Nancarrow. Police Life, June 2002, pp. 10–11 and June 2005, pp. 18–19; VPG, 22 April 2002, no. 8, pp. 3–4 and 18 April 2005, no. 8, p. 4, for Kelly. VPG, no. 14, 10 July 2006, p. 3, and no. 13, 18 June 2012, pp. 1–2 for Walshe. News Brief, issue 70, 5 May 2000; Police Life, June 2000, pp. 26–8; John Silvester, Age, 13 February 2000, p. 4, for Sinclair.
72 Amanda Sinclair, ‘Cultural Revolution at Victoria Police’, Melbourne Business School Case Study, 2008, p. 2; Barbara Etter, ‘The Importance of Christine Nixon as a Role Model’, Journal for Women and Policing, no. 24, 2009, pp. 12–17 and p. 16 for ACWAP. ‘Chief Commissioner Draws Record Crowd’, Law Institute Journal, 2008, pp. 30–1; Age, 16 July 2001, p. 5 and Herald Sun, 5 April 2002, p. 9, for football, and 15 April 2006, p. 114, for guest list; Age, 9 July 2009, p. 3 and Sunday Age, 13 July 2003, p. 3, for Rumbalara. Australian, 5 July 2007, p. 3, for McGuire and Didak; 18 October 2008, p. 12, for McGuire, Nixon and Cousins. Sydney Morning Herald, 21 July 2008, p. 17, for Olympic dinner.
73 Email from Neil Comrie, 28 March 2016, for Ashby, Haermeyer and Mullett in coterie; Nixon and Chandler, Fair Cop, pp. 181–4, for Mullett.
74 Nixon and Chandler, Fair Cop, pp. 183–7, for Mitchell; VPAJ, November 2004, p. 2, for President’s Message; December 2004, p. 30, for minutes 5 October 2004; February 2005, pp. 8–9, for ‘Meet Janet Mitchell’; Police News (NSW), February 2005, pp. 9–10, for Mitchell profile.
75 Nixon and Chandler, Fair Cop, pp. 188–90, for Kit Walker, aka Peter Lalor; Weekly Times, 28 November 1990, p. 49, for Lalor history.
76 VPG, 26 May 2008, p. 2 and 23 June 2008, p. 1, and VPAJ, June 2007, pp. 14–17, for semi-automatics. Age, 20 February 2007, p. 1; 22 February 2007, p. 17; 1 March 2007, p. 19, for Bracks’s secret deal. VPG, 19 January 2009, pp. 1–2; 1 March 2010; 20 May 2013, p. 5; Police Life, January 2009; VPAJ, July 2008, p. 20, ‘What About Tasers?’, for CEDs. VPG, 22 January 1996, p. 1; News Brief, issue 7, 27 January 1998, p. 2; Police Life, November 1995, pp. 10–11, for OC. VPAJ, December 1994, pp. 13, 15, for OC spray. Nixon and Chandler, Fair Cop, p. 188, for pragmatist.
77 Nixon and Chandler, Fair Cop, p. 240, for 2006 Commonwealth Games.
78 Silvester and Rule, Underbelly: The Gangland War, pp. 303–30, for Chartres-Abbott. Briars, OPI, Exposing Corruption within Senior Levels of Victoria Police, 2008, passim; Age, 14 September 2007, pp. 1–2 and 15 September 2007, pp. 1–2 by Nick McKenzie, Age Investigative Unit; 17 November 2007, p. 37; April 2008, p. 4; 19 May 2008, p. 3; 4 July 2013, p. 1, for John Silvester on Briars; Stephen Linnell, Don’t Tell the Chief; email to author from Ralph Stavely, 5 May 2016, for Mullett exit through side gate.
79 AAP, 5 November 2008, for best chief commissioner; Nixon and Chandler, Fair Cop, passim; Age, 21 July 2011, p. 6; ABC News, 3 August 2011, for book launch.
80 Age, 2 April 2010, p. 20 and Australian, 21 August 2010, p. 2, for Fosters board.
81 VPG, 5 January 2009, no. 1, p. 1, and 19 January 2009, no. 2, for meet-the-troops.
82 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission 2009: Final Report and ‘Emergency and Incident Management’, passim; Victorian Bushfire Reconstruction and Recovery Authority, ‘100 Day Report’; ELWP, ‘Bushfire History’, 30 July 2015. Interview with Assistant Commissioner Stephen Fontana, 30 May 2016; emails received from Inspector Doug Hocking.
83 Overland was a conscientious scholar and was named AFP recruit of the year in 1984. He was an accomplished sportsman who was known as a talented fast bowler ‘with a mean streak’. Born at Murray Bridge in South Australia on 19 March 1962, he moved to Canberra as a child. Joining the AFP aged twenty-two in 1984, he proved himself to be assiduous on the cricket pitch; he also played 117 senior games of Australian Rules football for Eastlake Football Club in Canberra, winning the club best and fairest award in 1983 and the competition’s best and fairest award as a ruckman in 1985.
84 Letter from S. I. Miller to Simon Overland, 3 March 2009.
85 VPG, no. 15, 20 July 2009.
86 John Silvester, ‘Fractured force’, Age, 11 June 2011.
87 Victorian Ombudsman, Investigation into Allegations of Detrimental Action Involving Victorian Police, June 2012, on Sir Ken Jones.
88 John Silvester and Richard Willingham, ‘Guns and blitzes’, Age, 13 October 2010, p. 1.
89 Ibid.
90 ABC News, 8 May 2009.
91 Age, 8 August 2009.
92 Australian, 21 January 2010 for Overland view on targeted attacks. Police Life, August 2009, p. 14; June 2010, p. 10.
93 VPG, 31 August 2009, p. 2.
94 Police Life, Autumn 2012, p. 23 for ORU.
95 Silvester and Willingham, Age, 13 October 2010.
96 VPAR, 2009–10; VPG, no. 18, 31 August2009; p. 2, Michael Strong, OPI, Complaint Investigation Report (Overland), August 2010, on luggage incident.
97 Silvester and Willingham, Age, 13 October 2010.
98 ‘Thinner blue line’, New Zealand Police Association Police News, vol. 44, no. 5, June 2011 for physical fitness testing regime.
99 VPG, 24 May 2010, p. 1.
100 VPG, 8 June 2009, p. 1; 24 May 2010, p. 1; Silvester and Willingham, Age, 13 October 2010.
101 Satyanshu K. Mukherjee, Crime Trends in Twentieth-century Australia, p. 1.
102 Tim Prenzler, ‘Chief Commissioner Christine Nixon, Victoria’, p. 310, on police and criminologists.
103 VPG, 27 April 2009, p. 2.
104 VPG, no. 16, Special Edition, 9 August 2009.
105 Australian, 16 June 2011.
106 VPG, 27 April 2009, p. 2; Victorian Ombudsman, Investigation into an Allegation about Victoria Police Crime Statistics, June 2011, pp. 5–6, 28; ‘Police hail drop in Melbourne CBD crime stats’, ABC Premium News, 28 October 2010; Arie Freiberg, ‘Statistics, Crime and Politics’, Insight, no. 8, 2013, pp. 12–14.
107 Silvester and Willingham, Age, 13 October 2010.
108 John Silvester, ‘Now for the news behind the news: the police headline act who took the golden handshake’, Age, 22 May 2010, on Jamieson.
109 Victorian Ombudsman, Investigation into an Allegation about Victoria Police Crime Statistics.
110 Ibid., p. 11.
111 Ibid.
112 Age, 16 June 2011, p. 1 for Overland’s statement; OPI, Crossing the Line, October 2011, for Weston and Jones and p. 7 for Ryan’s statement; IBAC, Special Report Concerning Allegations about the Conduct of Sir Ken Jones QPM, February 2014, for allegations about the conduct of Sir Ken Jones and Victoria Police confidential information; Silvester, Age, 11 June 2011.
113 Australian Police Journal, March 2012, p. 4.
114 Sunraysia Daily, 18 June 2011, reported that some commentators thought Lay had only an outside chance of securing the chief’s job; for a more positive approach about what Lay thought was possible, Age, 15 November 2011 and Sunday Age, 20 November 2011.
115 Police Life, August 2009, p. 24; Australian Police Journal, March 2012, p. 4; Police Life, Summer 2012, p. 8; Sunday Age, 20 November 2011. Lay recalls that at Prahran he had to inform a man that his wife and daughter had been killed in a car crash: ‘I still remember the dad with tears running down his face, and me and my off-sider with tears down our faces. I don’t know whether that helped develop my passion for road policing—I sense it probably did’.
116 Internal email, 16 June 2011, for Lay quote; Australian, 15 November 2011, for Lay’s appointment: ‘Victoria’s new Chief Commissioner … has been a safe pair of hands acting in the role for the past five months and is ideally suited for the needs of his officers and his state … The appointment provides a chance to turn the page after a debilitating period for the state’s police. It must be said the previous two incumbents have not been wise choices … Christine Nixon … a stalwart of the NSW police force … was more a human resources bureaucrat than … law enforcer. Over a period of public concern about the gangland warfare that sparked more than 30 [sic] murders and alarming incidents of street crime, Ms Nixon drew attention for donning her uniform to join a gay pride march and accepting a free holiday from Qantas. Her deputy and eventual replacement, Simon Overland … [r]ight from the start was seen as being too close to the Labor government, a perception that never left.’
117 Australian, 15 November 2011, for Lay’s appointment; internal email, 16 June 2011, for Lay quote.
118 VPG, 12 September 2011, declared that 940 Protective Service Officers (PSOs) were to be recruited in light of the 2500 assaults that had occurred at train stations alone during 2010. Although the PSOs would not have the same powers as police, new legislation would provide them with special powers, effective only when on duty at train stations. At other locations these powers would be quiescent. The new powers enabled, inter alia, PSOs to arrest people who were drunk and disorderly or in breach of their bail, to ‘move’ people on and to detain people believed to have committed serious offences. VPG, 26 September 2011, advised that 125 new police positions had been allocated from the continuing roll-out of the 400 positions created across the state for 2011–12.
119 Age, 18 June 2011, for enterprise bargaining. Bendigo Advertiser, 18 June 2011; Warrnambool Standard, 18 June 2011, for soothing.
120 On 14 November 2011, Lay sent an internal email throughout the force stating, inter alia, ‘As your new Chief I am absolutely committed to providing you with strong leadership and doing my very best to support the frontline in delivering a modern policing service to the people of Victoria. I am under no illusion this will be easy. We, as an organisation, have been through a turbulent period with intense scrutiny and there are still outstanding reviews and enquiries into what we do and how we do it. I understand that you are looking to your Chief for strong leadership, support, focused decision-making and open management. These are all reasonable expectations of me and my command team’. Herald Sun, 15 November, 2011, saw Lay’s statement as a rebuttal of Nixon’s softly, softly style of policing, a perspective portrayed by their headline: ‘Top cop promises gloves coming off—new police chief to send in the cavalry’.
121 VPG, no. 24, 21 November 2011, p. 1; no. 25, 3 December 2012, p. 4, for family violence form.
122 Rosie Batty, interviewed at the time of Lay’s retirement, Age, 29 December 2014.
123 Australian Police Journal, March 2012 and March 2014, p. 4, for information about rate of assaults upon Australian women, World Health Organization’s perspective and a culture formed by misogyny, and for reported survey results showing that 50 per cent of Australia’s female GPs had suffered sexual assault; VPAJ, December, 2014, p. 12, for volume of domestic violence as a percentage of Victorian crime statistics; Age, 17 February 2015 and 4 March 2015 respectively, for impact of domestic violence upon young people and women in the country; VPG, no. 24, 1 December 2014, p. 1, for Taskforce Alexis; internal email, 5 December 2014, for comment about Family Violence Command. By March 2015 the Family Violence Command had become reality with the appointment of Dean McWhirter as Australia’s first Assistant Police Commissioner for Family Violence (Herald Sun, 18 March 2015). In a release of crime statistics soon after, a ‘leap in domestic violence reports’ was noted and attributed to a ‘strong link’ to better policing (Age, 20 March 2015).
124 VPG, no. 24, 21 November 2011, p. 1, for initial comment about family violence; email, 14 May 2012 and subsequent communiqués, for slips, trips, falls, glass gashes, sprains, strains, twisting, chemical handling and logging in locations before vehicle checks. VPG, no. 20, 24 September 2012, p. 2; no. 26, 31 December 2012, p. 2; no. 19, 23 September 2013, p. 2; no. 4, 24 February 2014, p. 3; no. 14, 14 July 2014, p. 2, for comparative tables. VPG, no. 16, 11 August 2014, p. 1 and no. 18, 8 September 2014, p. 2, for mental health as an issue. VPG, no. 14, 14 July 2014, p. 2, for reductions in injury rates and time lost.
125 Intranet communiqués, 14 February 2012, for announcement of Walshe’s retirement; 15 February 2012, for appointment of three new deputy commissioners; 20 June 2012, for appointment of new assistant commissioners and executive directors. Lay’s personal papers, in possession of the author, for reasons behind selecting particular members of executive team. VPG, no. 17, 13 August 2012, p. 1, for Road Policing Command.
126 Intranet communiqué, 6 July 2012, for ‘organisational re-alignment’; VPG, no. 1, 2 January 2012, p. 3, for Appearance Guidelines; Herald Sun, 9 October 2012, for appeal to VCAT.
127 VPG, no. 1, 2 January 2012, p. 3, for transfer of Mildura’s call-taking to Ballarat; no. 17, 13 August 2012, p. 6, for establishment of Road Policing Command; no. 24, 19 November 2012, p. 6, for change of title from department to command (this article also introduced State Emergencies and Security Command, Road Policing Command, Crime Command, People Development Command, Intelligence and Covert Support Command, Ethical Standards Command, and Transit and Public Safety Command).
128 Age, 13 December 2014, for establishment of sexual discrimination task force—in this article Lay points out that it is an ‘issue that has been ignored for years … [with] … 20 investigations ranging from indecent assault, groping, inappropriate text messages and threats that members will not be promoted’; the article also states that ‘Two members had been dismissed, two disciplined and seven investigations were ongoing’.
129 VPG, no. 5, 27 February 2012, p. 1, for PSO graduation; no. 6, 12 March 2012, p. 1, for selection of Geelong and Ballarat as first cities to receive CEDs (apart from trial locations of Bendigo and Morwell)—the latter article explains that analysis of police data revealed a high use of OC spray and use of weapons against police, and that the numbers of people suffering mental disorders warranted these devices.
130 Recommendations 2, 3, and 4 in Section 3.3, Workforce Planning, pages 20–7, for Rush’s views; Planning for a Capable Victoria Police Workforce, 2011, cited in Rush Report, p. 20, for auditor-general’s report; Report of the Committee of Inquiry, Victoria Police Force, vol. 1, Final Report, Ministry for Police and Emergency Services, June 1985, pp. 444–53, for Neesham. Specifically, Neesham commented, ‘the public service component of the Police Department has not developed as an effective arm for operational police’, p. 444, para. 9.2. Similar to the sentiment found by Rush, a retired assistant commissioner told Neesham, ‘many positions in the organisation do not require a trained policeman or woman … these have been made known to the Ministry … nevertheless … politically the appointment of additional police has been seen to be more rewarding than appointing additional public servants’, p. 445, para. 9.3.1. In summary, Neesham calculated that in 1982 the force was 700 public servants under strength, p. 447, para. 9.4. OPI, Enabling a Flexible Workforce for Policing in Victoria, cited in Rush Report, p. 21, for findings from OPI; Age, 13 December 2014, for Lay’s comments about political Dutch auction.
131 113 VPG, no. 14, 2 July 2012, p. 2. It is of note that the VPID is ‘light years’ from one of the early methods of Victoria Police intelligence gathering, the Collator System, introduced by the then Assistant Commissioner (Operations) S. I. Miller, circa 1974. Miller had seen the system at work in the UK when attending the Police Senior Command Course at Bramshill, where the system had the dual function of providing criminal intelligence to police officers and reinvigorating and retaining older or injured police officers. Usually ensconced within a division, the Collator System in Victoria tended to supply two or three police stations with basic criminal intelligence. After Miller became chief commissioner he established the Bureau of Criminal Intelligence within the Crime Department, a sophisticated expansion of the Collator System, which also remained. Much later, and after considerable effort and in the face of strong opposition, Miller and Chief Superintendent Fred Silvester persuaded Australia’s police commissioners to accept a concept for the establishment of an Australian Bureau of Criminal Intelligence (ABCI), to assist state forces with intelligence about organised crime at national and international levels. Silvester became the first commissioner of the ABCI. Housed within it was ACID, the Australian Criminal Intelligence Database, an evolution of the Australian Drug Database. In 1984 the National Crime Authority (NCA) was formed by federal legislation as a result of the Costigan Royal Commission, and in 2002, the Council of Australian Governments agreed to a new national framework to combat multi-jurisdictional crime. Named the Australian Crime Commission (ACC), this body absorbed the NCA, ABCI and Office of Strategic Crime Assessments. Information supplied by telephone conversation with Miller on 28 February 2015, and ACC History Sheet, https://www.crimecommission.gov.au/about-us/history.
132 VPG, no. 26, 31 December 2013, p. 2, for Lay’s vote of thanks to the force and its members; no. 7, 8 April 2013 and Age, 7 May 2013, for Andrew Tait. Herald Sun, 22 December 2012, Age, 7 May 2013 and Sunday Herald Sun, 20 May 2013, for four task forces.
133 Age, 18 February 2013, for claims of racial profiling and trouble with African men; Age, 26 February 2013 and Haile Michael & Ors v. Konstantinidis, the Chief Commissioner of Victoria Police, the State of Victoria & Ors, Federal Court proceeding No. VID 969 of 2010, 18 February 2013, for details of case settlement; ABC Premium News transcript, 5 March 2014, for disciplinary action against police; VPG, no. 18, 8 September 2014, p. 1, for New and Emerging Communities mentoring programme.
134 Age, 16 May 2012, for Lay’s independence; VPAJ, vol. 77, no. 12, p. 12, for ‘soother’. It is noteworthy that in Lay’s selection of wise people around him he might well have been informed by Machiavelli concerning a Prince’s personal staff: ‘The first opinion that is formed of a ruler’s intelligence is based on the quality of the men he has around him. When they are competent and loyal he can always be considered wise, because he has been able to recognise their competence and to keep them loyal’ (Machiavelli, The Prince, trans. George Bull, Penguin, Middlesex, UK, 1961, p. 125). Domestic Violence Resource Centre Victoria, edition 2, Spring/Summer 2014, pp. 31–2, for not wasting leadership opportunities; Age, 20 November 2011, for Steven Bradbury, accidental winter Olympics gold medallist, and beige.
135 Victoria Police Act 2013, Section 10, for legislated relationship between minister and chief commissioner; http://www,peo.gov.au/learning/factsheets/separation-of-powers. html, for entities empowered to examine and report upon Force; Section 10(4), for Police Registration and Services Board, Sections 201–24, and for a simple explanation of separation of powers doctrine.
136 Rush Report, recommendations 1 and 2, p. xv and Section 3, Future Capability, pp. 15–30; VPG, no. 15, 29 July 2013, no. 16; 12 August 2013, no. 13; 30 June 2014; and Blueprint 2013–14 (Year 3) released 2 August 2013, for Victoria Police Blueprint. Lay’s foreword in Blueprint 2013–14, for changes to geographic communities, expansion of harm and changed perception of jurisdictions. VPG, no. 15, 29 July 2013, p. 2, for Donald Speagle. The World Today, ABC radio transcript, 3 June 2014; Age, 3 and 4 June 2014; Herald Sun, 3 June 2014, for media comments about Blue Paper.
137 Personal assessment of Lay by Miller, in possession of the author.
138 Age, 29 December 2014.
139 Lucinda Nolan, Age, 30 December 2014.
140 VPG, no. 14, 4 July 2011, p. 4, for Tim Cartwright’s appointment as acting deputy commissioner; internal memo from Deputy Commissioner Cartwright, 29 December 2014, for premier’s appointment of Cartwright as acting chief commissioner and subsequent interim command arrangements; Police Life, Winter 2015, pp. 8–9, for highlights of Cartwright’s career; internal memo from Cartwright, 19 February 2015, for online facility ‘Victoria Police—Your Say’; internal memo from Cartwright, 9 February 2015 and VPG, no. 3, 9 February 2015, p. 2, for review by VEOHRC; internal memo from Cartwright, 31 December 2014, for note of thanks to workforce regarding their efforts during 2014 relating to substantial personnel intake, OMCGs, family violence, ‘ice’, counterterrorism, road safety, reception of Blue Paper and other matters; internal memo from Cartwright, 20 January 2015, for raised terrorist threat level.
141 Peter Munro and Farrah Tomazin, ‘Call to Take Politics Out of Top Police Appointments’, Sunday Age, 8 May 2011, p. 4.
142 Nino Bucci, Rania Spooner and Tammy Mills, ‘Counter-terror Expert is New Police Chief’, Age, 26 May 2015, p. 4.
143 ‘Graham Ashton appointed Chief Commissioner of Victoria Police, lists terrorism, family violence, ice as priorities’, ABC News, 25 May 2015.
144 Graham Leonard Ashton, AM, APM, was born in Aldgate, South Australia, but spent most his childhood and youth in Dernancourt, a suburb north-west of Adelaide. At the age of eighteen, he moved to Canberra and joined the AFP. By 2002, as general manager, southern operations, he was responsible for oversight of the $21.6 million second phase of Program Axiom, a world-class undercover tool for investigators developed from emerging global trends to professionalise all phases of undercover police work.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Ashton, for Ashton’s early life and postings; Platypus Magazine, no. 75, June 2002, pp. 12–13, for Program Axiom. Platypus Magazine, no. 78, March 2003, pp. 11–15, for details of Operation Alliance and response to Bali bombings involving some 140 AFP staff and law enforcement personnel who worked in Bali; liaison with FBI, German Federal Police, Metropolitan Police Service Anti-Terrorist Branch, and New Zealand, Japan, France, Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Sweden police forces; major incident rooms in Darwin, Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth with national co-ordination in Canberra; administration of 7500 questionnaires to people returning from Bali to Australia, which resulted in 450 detailed witness statements and involvement of eighty staff comprising pathologists, odontologists, radiologists, forensic experts and specialist police.
145 Internal memo from Chief Commissioner Simon Overland, 8 April 2011, for Ashton’s postings and promotions in AFP.
146 Ibid., for Ashton’s personal qualities; VPG, no. 9, 23 April 2011, p. 3, for Ashton’s agenda on organised crime; no. 14, 4 July 2011 p. 4, for Cartwright’s appointment as acting deputy commissioner; internal memo from CCP Lay, 15 February 2012, for personal qualities of Ashton, Nolan and Cartwright.
147 VPG, no. 25, 29 November 2014, p. 3, for Ashton’s return to AFP, activities undertaken by him in Victoria Police and qualities respected by Lay; internal memo from Cartwright, 25 May 2015, for Ashton’s duties as deputy commissioner, specialist operations.
148 Age, 25 May 2015 and internal memo from Cartwright, ibid., for announcement by premier of Ashton’s return as chief commissioner.
149 Bucci, Spooner and Mills, Age, 26 May 2015, p. 4.
150 VPG, no. 19, 21 September 2015, p. 1 and Age, 9 December 2015, for formation of Counter Terrorism Command under leadership of Assistant Commissioner Ross Guenther to prevent and respond to terrorism incidents; Victoria Police Mental Health Review: An Independent Review into the Mental Health and Wellbeing of Victoria Police Employees, May 2016; Independent Review into Sex Discrimination and Sexual Harassment, including Predatory Behaviour in Victoria Police: Phase One Report, VEOHRC, 2015; ‘Victoria’s top cop denies claims police leaked Cardinal Pell allegations’, 9news.com.au, 28 July 2016, for comment by Pell, who said, ‘It seems there has been leaking of information by elements of the Victoria Police to the ABC. I have done nothing wrong’. Note that David Marr asserts that ‘when Pell was accused himself of abusing boys, John Howard blocked calls for a royal commission’ in Marr, The Prince: Faith, Abuse and George Pell, p. 6.
151 VPG, no. 25, 14 December 2015, p. 2, for community engagement. VPG, no. 17, 24 August 2015, p. 1; no. 1, 11 January 2016, p. 1; no. 8, 18 April 2016, p. 1; Age, 1 October 2015; Australian Police Journal, September 2015, pp. 122–3, for focus on public order and family violence. In the Australian Police Journal article, Ashton said, ‘I will fight tirelessly for community safety to ensure Victoria is a state where we can raise our families with confidence. I’m also a traditionalist, so I want to honour the service and sacrifice current and past members of Victoria Police have made to keep Victorian safe’. ‘Police chief warns of “turbo-charged” ice, more terror attacks’, Age, 1 October 2015, for ‘ice’.
152 VPG, no. 25, 14 December 2015, for Ashton’s commitment to wellbeing of members in diverse forms and commencement of mental health review. VPG, no. 24, 28 November 2016 reports positively upon a 23 per cent increase in mental health injuries among police as progress because it reveals recognition of the problem. VPG, no. 25, 26 December, 2016, for launch of a wellbeing app in conjunction with Police Association; VPG, no. 7, 3 April 2017, for specialist team to support and assist members in matters of mental health and wellbeing; VPG, no. 1, 11 January 2016, p. 1; no. 5, 7 March 2016, p. 2; no. 16, 8 August 2016, for discrimination against women and VEOHRC recommendations.
153 Age, 25 May 2015; Australian Police Journal, September 2015, p. 123.
1 K. S. Inglis, The Stuart Case, p. 320, for continuous line.
2 VPA, for awards and deaths on duty.
3 Police Life, August 1983, p. 7, for poem.