INDEX

A

abdominal muscles, 126, 127, 128–129

abductor muscles, 119–120

acetabulum, 31, 32, 87, 88, 163, 167, 235

acetazolamide, 206

acetylcholine, 197, 209, 215

Achilles tendons, 134, 135

acid maltase, 192

acidosis, 71, 210

acid phosphate, 52

acromegaly, 68

acromioclavicular joints, 153

acromion, 79, 80

actin, 100, 101–102, 103–104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 113, 116, 117, 204

acylcarnitine transferase, 203–204

acyltransferase, 203

adductor muscles, 120

adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 102, 104, 105

adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 95, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 109, 110, 116, 193, 210

adrenal glands, 115, 200, 211

Albers-Schönberg disease, 183

alcohol consumption, 187, 227

alendronate, 187

alimentary canal, 208

alkaline phosphatase, 53, 177, 180

alkalosis, 192

alkaptonuria, 239

allopurinol, 228

allosteric model, 104

alveolar margin, 25

amino acids, 68, 139, 167, 239

amputation, 173, 176, 177, 180, 209, 245

amyloid, 212

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 216

analgesics, 221, 224, 236

anemia, 18, 179, 183, 189, 224

anesthetics, 197, 198

aneurysmal bone cysts, 178

ankylosing spondylitis, 189, 226

ankylosis, 189, 218, 224, 225

antibiotics, 172

antibodies, 112, 225, 229

appendicular skeleton, 30–35

arthralgias, 219

arthritis, 171, 188, 189, 190, 191, 213, 218–219, 221–226, 228, 229–230, 234, 235, 239, 242, 244

arthrodesis, 145

arthrodial joints, 157

arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, 238

articular cartilages, 31, 138, 143, 144, 150–153, 154, 156, 161, 235

articular disks, 86, 143, 144, 154

articular nerves, 142–143

artificial joints, 236

ascorbic acid, 70

aseptic necrosis, 241–242

asthma, 201

astragalus, 91, 165

atlanto-occipital joints, 163–164

atrioventricular (AV) nodes, 115

atrophy, muscular, 191, 193, 200, 201, 202, 210–214, 246

Australopithecus africanus, 88, 90–91

Australopithecus robustus, 74, 75

autoantibodies, 197

autoimmune disorders, 17, 196–197, 217

autosomal recessive disorders, 178, 216

axial skeleton, 19–20

B

ball-and-socket joints, 88, 157 162–163

baseball pitcher’s elbow, 233

beat knee, 221

Bechterew disease, 226

Becker muscular dystrophy, 194, 195

Bekhterev spondylitis, 189

bends, the, 241

biceps muscles, 83, 129, 131–132, 158

bicondylar joints, 163–164

biosynthesis, 57

bipedalism, 36, 37–38, 42, 72, 77, 85, 90, 91, 92, 163, 246

bladder, 170, 208, 209

blood clotting, 169, 241

bone, the nature of, 43–71

bone scans, 180

botulism, 209

braces, 182, 196, 237

brachial plexus, 213

brachialis muscles, 129

brain, 19, 21, 23, 38, 72, 74, 75, 112, 199, 208, 214, 215, 246

braincase, 21, 145

breastbone, 21, 29, 54, 79, 81, 82, 127, 153, 163

brown atrophy, 212

Brucella suis, 222

brucellosis, 220, 222

bunions, 183

bupivacaine, 187

bursas, 15, 139–140, 149, 150, 153, 157, 219, 220–221, 224, 245

bursitis, 165, 220–221

buttocks, 133

C

caisson disease, 241

calcaneus, 34, 91, 122, 140

calcification, 173, 178, 199, 200, 220

calcitonin, 62, 63, 64, 187

calcitrial, 62, 63, 71, 184

calcium, 44, 52, 52, 53, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61–64, 65, 66, 67, 68–70, 71, 95, 98, 100, 102, 103, 104, 106, 109, 110, 114, 116, 117, 118, 151, 167, 168, 169, 185, 187, 191, 192, 197, 198, 202, 205, 206, 207, 211, 220

calcium carbonate, 45

calcium gluconate, 206

calcium phosphate, 43

calcium pyrophosphate, 227, 239

callus, 175

calsequestrin, 106

canaliculi, 52, 53, 58

cancellous bone, 47, 48–49, 54, 59, 60, 170, 212

cancer, 54, 170, 173, 179–180, 188, 198

capitate bones, 86

capitulum, 33, 83

carbohydrates, 96, 104, 144, 192

carbonate apatite, 45

carbon dioxide, 94

cardiac muscle, 35, 36, 93, 105, 112–119

carnitine, 203

carotid artery, 24, 77

carpal bones, 34, 84, 85–86, 91, 129, 140

carpal tunnel syndrome, 164

carpometacarpal joints, 85, 161

carpus, 34, 164

cataracts, 204

caudal vertebrae, 77, 78

cavities, dental, 70

centrum, 76, 77

cerebellum, 23, 142

cerebral cortex, 215

cerebral palsy, 182

cerebrospinal fluid, 28

cerebrum, 23, 24, 142

cervical curve, 77

cervical spondylosis, 190–191

cervical vertebrae, 77, 125, 126, 141, 147, 148, 160, 163, 190

Charcot joint, 242

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, 214

chemotherapy, 172, 179, 180, 181, 188

chloroquine, 198

chondroblasts, 53

chondrocalcinosis, 227, 239

chondrocytes, 137, 138, 144

chondrodysplasia punctata, 178

chondroectodermal dysplasia, 178

chondroitin sulfate synthesis, 68, 144

chondromalacia patellae, 234, 236–237

chondrosarcoma, 179

chorea, 207

chronic sinus, 172

cigarette smoking, 187

cirrhosis, 226

clavicles, 31, 39, 79, 80, 81, 127, 130, 138, 162

clinoid processes, 24

closed-packed positions, 152–153, 157

Clostridium tetani, 192

clubfoot, 176, 238

Clutton joints, 223

Coccidioides immitis, 222

coccygeal vertebrae, 78

coccygeus muscles, 126

coccyx, 77, 78–79, 88, 126, 133

colchicines, 228

collagen, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 52, 53, 57, 58, 60, 64, 65, 70, 71, 94, 100, 137, 138–139, 140, 141, 145, 146, 147, 150, 167, 228–229

collagenase, 53

collarbone, 31, 39, 79, 80, 127, 138, 153, 176

comminuted fractures, 173

compact bone, 14, 48, 49, 50, 58, 59, 60, 169, 183

complete fractures, 173

compound dislocation, 232

compound fractures, 173, 174

computed tomography (CT) scans, 180

conarticular surfaces, 151–152, 153

concentric contractions, 194

concretions, 211

condyles, 26, 88, 89, 140, 153, 158, 159, 160, 164

congenital bone diseases, 175–177

congenital dislocation, 232

congenital dysplasia, 235, 238

congenital joint abnormalities, 237–240

coracoid process, 40, 80, 131

coronal suture, 22

coronoid fossa, 83, 84

coronoid process, 26, 84

corrective surgery, 196

cortical bone, 48, 70, 169, 170

corticosteroids, 67, 196, 197, 198, 200, 221, 225, 228, 230, 236, 244

cortisol, 67

costal cartilages, 29, 82

coxa plana, 185

cranium, 21–24, 61, 72–73, 74, 75, 184

creatine, 105

cretinism, 242

cribriform plates, 23

crista galli, 23

cross bridges, 98–99, 101, 102, 107, 109, 110–111, 112, 116, 118

cuboid bones, 92

cuneiform bones, 84, 92, 157

curare, 209

curettage, 181

Cushing syndrome, 67, 200

Cysticercus, 199

cysts, 178, 199, 234

cytochromes, 96

cytosol, 116

D

deafness, 184

decompression syndromes, 241

deforming spondylitis, 189

degenerative joint disease, 171, 185, 235–237

deltoideus muscles, 119, 127, 130

dentin, 138

dermatomyositis, 198

dermis, 58, 138

diabetes mellitus, 243

dialysis, 206

diaphragm, 30, 195

diaphysis, 47, 55, 169

diarthroses joints, 145, 149–165

diastolic depolarization, 115, 116

diffuse vasculitis, 224

digastric muscles, 25

discoclavicular joints, 153

disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), 225

disease, bone, 166–192

disease, muscle, 193–217

dislocation, bone, 160, 167, 169, 176, 182, 230, 231–233

distal radioulnar joints, 164

diuresis, 227

diuretics, 206

DNA, 196, 226

dorsum sellae, 24

double joints, 232

Dranunculiasis, 222

Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 191, 194–195, 202

dura matter, 23

duty cycles, 111

dwarfism, 184, 239, 242

dystrophin, 194, 195

E

elastic cartilage, 138

elastin, 94

ellipsoid joints, 161

Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, 178

embryos, 49, 60, 96, 138, 211

enamel, 43, 70

encephalitis, 208

enchondroma, 181–182

endochondral ossification, 60, 61

endocrine system, 43, 94, 187, 196, 200–201, 204, 242

endosteum, 53

Engelmann syndrome, 178

epicondyles, 83

epiglottis, 138

epilepsy, 208

epinephrine, 115, 117

epiphyseal ischemic necrosis, 184

epiphyseal plates, 60, 138, 149

epiphyseal vessels, 55, 59

epiphyses, 47, 49–50, 55, 66, 67, 67, 68, 169, 170, 177, 178, 184–185, 239, 241, 242

erector spinae, 28, 123–124, 125

ergosterol, 185

erythema nodosum, 229

esophagus, 77, 208

estrogen, 66, 187

ethmoid bone, 23, 73, 149

Ewing sarcoma, 179

extensor muscles, 120–121

eye sockets, 22, 23, 25, 73, 74

F

facioscapulohumeral dystrophy, 194, 195–196

F-actin, 102

fallopian tubes, 208

false ribs, 29, 82

falx cerebri, 23

fasciculation, 191, 202

Felty syndrome, 225

femur, 31, 32, 33, 47, 50, 87, 88–89, 120, 132, 133, 134, 140, 141, 142, 153, 159, 160, 163, 167, 170, 176, 178, 184, 234, 235, 236, 242

fetuses, 60, 73, 88, 146, 195, 237

fibrocartilages, 24, 31, 138, 146, 147, 153–154

fibrosis, 199

fibrous capsules, 140, 142, 143

fibrous dysplasia, 178

fibrous joints, 145–146

fibula, 33, 89–90, 132, 133, 135, 141, 165

fibular notch, 89

fight-or-flight reaction, 116

filum terminale, 78

flexor muscles, 39, 121–122, 139

floating ribs, 29, 82

fluoride, 70

fluorosis, 70

fontanels, 73, 146

Food and Nutrition Board, 69

foramen lacerum, 24

foramen magnum, 24, 72, 74, 75

formation, bone, 14, 43, 49, 50, 53, 59–61, 63, 64, 65, 69, 167, 168, 170, 172, 175, 186, 187

fracture-dislocations, 232–233

fractures, bone, 153, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173–175, 178, 179, 181, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 230, 231, 233, 241

Friedreich ataxia, 214

frontal bone, 22, 145

furcula, 79

G

G-actin, 102

gamma globulins, 229

gamma interferon, 184

gastrocnemius muscles, 134, 135

generalized scleroderma, 228

geniohyoid muscles, 25

German measles, 222

giant cell arteritis, 230

gigantism, 68

ginglymus joint, 157

glenohumeral joints, 163

glenoid cavity, 31, 80, 82, 131

glenoid fossa, 26

globular actin, 102

glomerulus, 169

glottis, 129

glucose, 104, 144, 201

gluteus muscles, 38, 88, 133

glycerol, 103

glycine, 139

glycoaminoglycans, 44, 57

glycogen, 96, 104, 192, 198, 200, 201, 203, 210

glycogenolysis, 210

glycogenoses, 203

glycolysis, 96, 193, 210

gomphosis, 145, 146

gonorrhea, 222

gout, 220, 226–228, 239

grafts, bone, 178, 180

greenstick fractures, 173

Guinea worm disease, 222

H

habitual dislocation, 232

hallux, 39

halothane, 198

hamate bones, 86

hammertoe, 183

hamstring muscles, 132

Hansen disease, 222

Havers, Clopton, 50

Haversian canal, 50, 51, 55

Haversian system, 48, 51

heart, 19, 20, 36, 69, 112–119, 188, 199, 208, 211, 229, 239, 244

heart attacks, 244

heart disease, 118

hemarthrosis, 230, 240

hematogenous osteomyelitis, 170

hematopoietic tissue, 54

hemivertebrae, 182

hemophilia, 177, 240

hemorrhagic joint diseases, 240

heredity, and bone condition, 173, 176, 177, 178, 181, 192, 239–240

hernias, 129

high blood pressure, 118

Hilton’s law, 142

hinge joints, 16, 157–160, 165

homeostasis, 44, 64, 65

hominids, 37, 40, 74, 88

Homo erectus, 75–76, 88

homogentisic acid, 239

Howship lacunae, 52

humerus, 31, 32, 33, 40, 50, 80, 82–83, 84, 120, 121, 126, 127, 129, 130, 132, 136, 151, 157, 158, 176, 178

humpback, 182, 186

hunchback, 182, 188

Hurler syndrome, 177, 239

hyaline cartilage, 137–138, 150, 239

hyaluronic acid, 139, 144, 155, 156

hydralazine, 198

hydrochloric acid, 62

hydrogen, 57

hydrolysis, 98, 101, 116

hydroxyapatite, 45, 58

hydroxyproline, 139

hyoid bone, 24–25

hyoid muscles, 77

hyperkalemic paralysis, 206

hypertension, 118

hyperthermia, 198

hyperthyroidism, 200

hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, 243

hypertrophic spondylitis, 189

hypertrophy, 118, 191, 193, 202

hypocalcemia, 191, 202, 207

hypokalemic paralysis, 205–206

hypoparathyroidism, 207

hypophosphatasia, 177

hypophosphatemia, 169, 177, 207

hypopituitary dwarfs, 68

hypothyroidism, 200, 206, 242

I

ibuprofen, 183

idiopathic scoliosis, 238

iliac crest, 126

iliocostalis muscles, 125

iliotibial tract, 133

ilium, 31, 78, 87, 125, 133, 134

immunoglobulin, 225

impacted fractures, 173

incomplete fractures, 173

indomethacin, 228

infectious arthritis, 221–223

inflammatory bowel disease, 226

infraorbital foramen, 25

infraspinous fossa, 79

inguinal canal, 42, 128

injury, bone, 65, 145, 160, 165, 166–192

injury, muscle, 193–217

inorganic phosphate, 102

insulin, 68, 206

insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), 68

intercalated disks, 115

intercostalis muscles, 128

interlaminar ligaments, 28

intermembranous ossification, 61

interosseous membranes, 31, 83, 84, 89, 90

intervertebral disks, 28, 77, 138, 147–148, 163, 182, 189, 190, 213, 226, 237

intestines, 36, 62, 63, 69, 71, 87, 123, 185, 199, 208, 216

intra-articular disks, 150

intra-articular fibrocartilages, 153–154

intrauterine injuries, 176

investing ligaments, 150, 153

ionizing radiation, 170, 172

iron, 55

ischium, 31, 87, 88, 120, 126, 132

isometric contractions, 194

J

joint anatomy, 136–144

joint capsules, 55, 140, 141, 150, 153, 154, 232, 245

joint mice, 234

joint tumors, 244–245

jugular foramina, 24

jugular veins, 77

K

keratin, 86

keratosulfate, 144

kidneys, 43, 62, 112, 168, 169, 171, 177, 208, 228

kinase, 104

knock-knees, 184

Krebs cycle, 96

kyphosis, 182

L

lachrymal bones, 73

lactation, 69, 71

lactic acid, 201, 203

lacunae, 51, 52, 53, 58

lambdoidal suture, 75

lamellae, 50, 57

larynx, 25, 77, 138, 192, 206

latissimus dorsi muscles, 29, 40, 126, 127

Legg-Calvé-Perthes syndrome, 185, 242

leiomyomas, 208

leprosy, 222, 229, 243

leukemia, 54

levator muscles, 42, 123

levator scapulae muscles, 29, 32, 40

ligamenta flava, 28

ligamentum teres femoris, 88

limb girdle dystrophy, 194, 195

linea aspera, 88

lipid storage myopathies, 203–204

lipofuscin, 212

liver, 54, 68, 112, 168

local osteoporosis, 213

lockjaw, 192

lordosis, 182

Lou Gehrig disease, 216

lower jaw, 26, 72, 145, 153, 164

lower motor neuron disease, 216–217

lumbar curve, 77, 87

lumbar spondylosis, 190

lumbar vertebrae, 28, 77, 78, 141, 148, 163, 182, 190, 237, 238

lunate bones, 86

lungs, 20, 43, 76, 171, 181, 229, 245

M

magnesium, 70, 95, 102, 206

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 180

malar bones, 26, 73

malaria, 198

malleolus, 86, 89, 90

malum coxae senilis, 235

malunion, 174, 175

mandible, 21, 25, 26, 146

mandibular canal, 26

manubrium, 81

marble bone disease, 183–184

Marfan syndrome, 177, 232, 240

Marie-Strümpell arthritis, 189, 226

marrow, bone, 43, 47, 49, 52, 53–55, 59, 169, 183, 184

masseter muscle, 26

mast cells, 155

mastication, 25

mastoid bones, 73

maxillary bones, 22, 25, 26, 73, 74, 146

McArdle, Brian, 203

McArdle disease, 210

medulla oblongata, 74

medullary cavity, 55

membrane bones, 22

meninges, 23, 28

menisci, 143, 144, 150, 153, 154, 155, 230, 234

menopause, 66, 173, 186, 187

mesenchyme, bone, 56, 65, 66, 71

mesosternum, 81

metabolic bone disease, 167–169

metacarpal bones, 34, 35, 84, 86, 92, 121, 129, 157, 161, 164

metaphyseal dysplasias, 177, 178

metaphysis, 47, 49, 55, 177

metatarsal bones, 34, 86, 90, 91, 133, 165, 183

metatarsalgia, 183

metopic sutures, 146

midcarpal joints, 164

middle cranial fossa, 23, 24

miner’s elbow, 233

mitochondrial myopathies, 201

monarthritis, 221

monocytes, 52, 56, 62

morning sickness, 176

morphology, bone, 46–56

Morquio syndrome, 184, 239, 240

mucopolysaccharides, 44, 60, 67

mucopolysaccharidoses, 239

multiple sclerosis, 216

muscle, nature of, 93–135

muscle system, explained, 35–42

muscular dystrophy, 191, 193, 194–196, 203

myasthenia gravis, 196–197, 209

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 171, 188

myelin sheaths, 216

myeloid tissue, 53–55

mylohyoid muscles, 25

myocardial cells, 112, 114

myocardial infarction, 243

myocytes, 112, 114, 115

myofibrils, 96–98

myofilaments, 98–102, 105, 116

myoglobin, 96

myosin, 100–101, 102, 103–104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 116, 117, 118, 204

myositis, 198–200

myositis ossificans, 200

myotonia congenita, 191, 202, 204–205

myotonic muscular dystrophy, 194, 196, 204

myxedema, 200

N

naproxen, 228

nasal bones, 22, 25, 73, 76

navicular bone, 92

Neanderthals, 88

neural arches, 28, 76, 77, 148, 238

neural rings, 28

neurogenic arthropathy, 242–243

neuromuscular joint disorders, 217

nitrogen, 65, 67, 68

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 183, 189, 225, 228, 230, 236, 237

norepinephrine, 115, 117

normokalemia, 206

notochord, 19

nuchal muscles, 41, 75, 76, 77

nucleosides, 67, 68

nutrient arteries, 55, 55

O

obesity, 182, 227

oblique fractures, 173

obturator nerves, 142

occipital bone, 22, 72, 73, 74–76, 125, 126, 149

ochronotic arthropathy, 239

olecranon fossa, 33, 83, 84

olecranon process, 84

olfactory epithelium, 76

oligoarthritis, 221

optic foramen, 24

optic nerves, 24

orbital plates, 23

orthopedic devices, 177

Osgood-Schlatter disease, 241–242

ossification, 49, 60–61, 66, 67, 74, 81, 138, 146, 148, 149, 150, 160, 200, 238

osteitis deformans, 187

osteoarthritis, 168, 170, 175, 189, 190, 234, 235, 236, 237, 240, 241, 242, 244

osteoblasts, 49, 50, 51, 53, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 66, 71, 175

osteocalcin, 53

osteochondritis dissecans, 241

osteochondrosis, 184–185

osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF), 62, 71

osteoclastomas, 180–181

osteoclasts, 50, 52–53, 56, 57, 59, 62, 63, 64, 66, 71, 180, 184

osteocytes, 48, 50, 51–52, 58, 59, 138, 212

osteogenesis imperfecta, 168, 177

osteogenic sarcoma, 181

osteoid, 53, 57, 60

osteomalacia, 63, 70, 168, 169, 185–186, 207

osteomyelitis, 168, 169, 170–172, 221

osteonecrosis, 168, 169–170

osteons, 48, 50–51, 57, 59

osteopenia, 167, 168, 169

osteopetrosis, 183

osteophytes, 235

osteoporosis, 168, 169, 173, 182, 186–187, 212

osteosarcoma, 179, 181, 188

osteosclerosis, 168

osteotomy, 236

os triquetrum, 84

ovaries, 208

ovoid surfaces, 152, 157, 161, 162, 163

oxidative phosphorylation, 96

oxygen, 94, 151

P

pacemakers, 196

Paget, Sir James, 187

Paget disease, 179, 181, 187–188

palatine bones, 73

palindromic rheumatism, 229

parallel muscle fibers, 94

paralysis, 188, 190, 193, 205–206, 209, 213, 216

Paranthropus robustus, 74

parasympathetic nerves, 115, 116

parathyroid hormone (PTH), 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 169

parietal bones, 22, 72, 73, 74, 75

patella, 88, 89, 134, 159, 234, 237

pathological dislocation, 232

pathological fractures, 173

pectoral girdles, 13, 17, 30–32, 76, 79, 162

pectoralis muscles, 40, 127, 130

pelvic girdles, 27, 30–32, 76, 78, 87–88, 133, 134

penicillin, 222, 223

pennate muscle fibers, 95

peptic ulcers, 225

pericardium, 224, 229

periosteal vessels, 55

periosteum, 51, 53, 55, 56, 145, 150, 175, 243

peripheral neuropathies, 216

pernicious anemia, 243

peroneal muscles, 214

phagocytes, 155

phalanges, 34–35, 84, 86, 90, 92, 133, 157, 162

phenylalanine, 239

phenylbutazone, 226

phenytoin, 205

phocomelia, 176, 177

phosphagens, 95, 104, 105

phosphates, 44, 61–64, 102, 103, 104, 110, 167, 168, 169, 177

phosphocreatine, 210

phosphofructokinase, 192

phosphorus, 52, 53, 58, 61–64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 104, 187

phosphorylase, 203

physical therapy, 196, 225, 236, 237

physiology, bone, 61–71

pigmented villonodular synovitis, 240

pineal organ, 211

pisiform bones, 86

pituitary gland, 24, 67, 242

pivot joints, 160

plane joints, 157

plantigrade, 90

poliomyelitis, 167, 182, 213

polyarthritis, 222, 226

polyepiphyseal dysplasias, 239–240

polymyalgia rheumatica, 229–230

polymyositis, 198

polyneuropathies, 216

polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, 177

posterior cranial fossa, 23, 24

potassium, 95, 114, 205, 206

potassium chloride, 206

Pott, Sir Percival, 188

Pott disease, 182, 188, 222

prednisone, 197, 200

pregnancy, 71, 147, 176, 185

primary bone cancer, 179, 180

primary osteons, 50

probenecid, 228

procainamide, 205

progressive diaphyseal dysplasia, 178

prostate, 208, 209

prosthesis, 180

proteinpolysaccharides, 44

pseudogout, 227, 239

pseudohypertrophy, 191, 202

psoas muscles, 29

psoriasis, 226

psoriatic arthritis, 226

pterygoid muscles, 26

pubic bone, 128

pubic symphysis, 87, 88

pubis, 31, 87, 120, 128, 147

puborectalis, 42

purines, 226

Purkinje fibre system, 115

pyogenic osteomylitis, 171

Q

quadriceps muscles, 134, 160, 234

quadrupeds, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 85

quinine, 205

R

radial tuberosity, 83

radiation, 54, 170, 172, 179, 180, 181

radiocarpal joints, 164

radioisotope scanning, 180

radius, 33, 39, 47, 82, 83, 84, 86, 121, 129, 130, 132, 137, 151, 157, 158, 159, 160, 164, 176

raloxifene, 187

rami, 26

reactive arthritis, 222–223

recurrent dislocation, 232

reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 243–244

regional enteritis, 226

Reiter disease, 222–223

remodeling, bone, 50, 52, 54, 56, 59–60, 61, 64–66, 68, 70, 167, 168

renal osteodystrophy, 169

resorption, bone, 56–59, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 168

retinoblastoma, 179

rhabdomyomas, 208–209

rhabdomyomsarcomas, 208, 209

rheumatic fever, 228, 229

rheumatoid arthritis, 189, 213, 219, 220, 223–226, 228, 229, 235, 239, 244

rhomboideus muscles, 29, 32, 40

rib bones, 20–21, 29–30, 32, 49, 54, 79, 81, 82, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 138, 147

rickets, 63, 70, 182, 185

risedronate, 187

RNA, 196, 226

roundback, 182

rubella, 222

S

sacral vertebrae, 77, 78, 147

sacroiliac joints, 31, 78, 226, 233

sacrum, 28, 31, 77, 78, 79, 87, 88, 125, 126, 133

sagittal crest, 73, 74

sagittal suture, 74, 146

sarcoidosis, 229

sarcolemma, 95, 97, 105, 204

sarcomeres, 97, 98, 99, 108

sarcoplasm, 95, 96, 98, 100, 106, 198

sarcoplasmic reticulum, 95, 97–98, 102, 106, 109, 113, 116, 118

sartorius muscles, 134

scalenus anticus muscles, 213

scaphoid bones, 86

scapula, 31, 39, 40, 46, 79–81, 82, 127, 130, 131, 132, 151, 162, 163

Scheuermann disease, 182

sciatica, 237

sciatic nerves, 142, 237

sciatic notch, 87, 88

scleroprotein, 139

scoliosis, 182, 238

scrotum, 129

scurvy, 71

secondary joint diseases, 240–245

sellar joints, 160–161, 163

sellar surfaces, 152, 157

sella turcica, 24

semilunar notch, 84

semispinalis muscles, 124–125

septic spondylitis, 171

sequestra, 172

serratus anterior muscle, 39

serum hepatitis, 222

sesamoid bones, 150

shoulder blades, 31, 37, 39, 49, 79, 82, 123, 127, 151, 162, 195

shoulder girdle, 39

shoulder-hand syndrome, 243

sickle cell anemia, 241

sigmoid sinuses, 24

simple disclocation, 232

simple fractures, 173

sinoatrial (SA) node, 115

sinuses, 22, 23, 24, 172

sinusoids, 54

Sjögren syndrome, 225

skeletal muscles, 35, 94–106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 110, 112, 114, 117

skeletal system, explained, 19–35

skin grafts, 174

skull, 21, 22, 43, 54, 61, 72–73, 125, 126, 145, 146, 149, 160, 164, 178, 184, 188

slipped disks, 237

slipped epiphysis, 241

smooth muscles, 35–36, 93, 105, 106–112

sodium, 95, 114, 206

soleus muscles, 134, 135

sphenoid bone, 22, 24, 73, 74, 75, 149

spheroidal joints, 162

sphincter muscles, 122–123

spina bifida, 182

spina bifida occulta, 238

spinal cord, 28–29, 72, 74, 76, 77, 78, 184, 190, 191, 202, 213, 214, 215, 216, 238, 243

spinalis muscles, 123–124

spinous process, 76

spiral fractures, 173–174

spleen, 54, 225

spondylitis, 182, 189

spondylolisthesis, 182, 237, 238

spondylosis, 189–191, 235, 237, 238, 240

staphylococcal infections, 199

Staphylococcus aureus, 171

steric blocking, 103

sternebrae, 81

sternoclavicular joints, 153

sternocleidomastoid muscles, 41, 77

sternodiskal joints, 153

sternum, 21, 29, 79, 81, 82, 127, 162

Stiffman syndrome, 200

stomach, 36, 123

streptococcal infections, 199

stress, 118, 139, 153, 159, 167, 173, 183, 186, 190, 231, 234

stretch receptors, 94

striated muscle, 35, 36, 93, 94–106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 193, 197, 200, 204, 208

stroke, 215

stylohyoid muscles, 25

styloid process, 83, 84

subdeltoid bursitis, 220, 221

succinylcholine, 198

Sudeck’s atrophy, 213

sulfur, 144

supraspinous fossa, 79

swayback, 182

sympathetic nerves, 115, 116, 117, 118, 244

symphyses joints, 146–148

synarthroses joints, 145–149

synchondrosis, 152

synovial chondromatosis, 244

synovial fluid, 31, 139, 144, 155, 156

synovial joints, 137, 141, 142, 143, 145, 147, 149–150, 157–165, 226

synovial membranes, 154–156, 159, 164, 219, 223, 240, 244

synovial osteochondromatosis, 244

synovial sarcomas, 244–245

synoviomas, 244–245

synovitis, 165, 219, 229

syphilis, 199, 223, 243

syringomyelia, 243

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 228

T

tabes dorsalis, 243

tailbone, 78, 126, 148

talipes equinovarus, 238

talus, 34, 89, 90, 91, 140, 165

tapeworms, 199

tarsal bones, 85, 90, 91–92, 133, 140, 165

temporal bones, 22, 26, 72, 73, 74, 75

temporalis muscle, 26

temporomandibular joints, 153, 164

tennis elbow, 159

terminal cisternae, 97, 98, 105, 106, 113, 116

testes/testicles, 42, 128

testosterone, 67

tetanus, 192

tetany, 192, 206–207

thalidomide, 176

Thomsen disease, 204

thoracic basket, 20–21, 29–30

thoracic vertebrae, 77, 141, 148, 163, 182, 190

thorax, 30, 39, 42, 126, 129

thymus, 196, 211

thyroid gland, 62, 67, 200, 205

thyrotoxicosis, 200

tibia, 33, 34, 88, 89, 90, 122, 132, 133, 134, 135, 140, 153, 159, 160, 165, 176, 242

tibiofemorla joints, 163

tibiofibular joints, 141

tic, 207–208

tongue, 24–25, 206

Tourette syndrome, 207

toxic myopathies, 197–198

trabeculae, 47, 49, 61, 89, 168

trabecular bone, 47, 48, 66

trachea, 138

transplants, bone, 172, 177

transverse fractures, 173

transverse processes, 28, 77, 78, 82, 125

transverse tubules (T tubules), 97, 105, 106, 113, 116

trapezium bones, 86

trapezius muscles, 29, 32, 40, 77, 126–127

trapezoid bones, 86

triads, 98, 105–106

triangular bones, 86

triceps muscles, 129, 132, 134, 158

triglyceride, 203

trochanteric bursitis, 221

trochlea, 83, 84, 158

trochoid joints, 160–161

tropomyosin, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 109, 113, 116, 117

troponin, 100, 101, 102, 103, 106, 109, 113, 116, 117

true ribs, 29, 82

T tubules, 97, 105, 106, 113, 116

tubercles, 82, 242

tuberculosis, 171, 188, 199, 222, 229

tuberculous spondylitis, 182, 189, 222

tuberosity, 31, 83, 89, 130

tumors, 168, 170, 172–173, 180–182, 208–209, 213, 216, 240, 243, 244–245

turbinate bones, 73, 76

Turk’s saddle, 24

tyrosine, 239

U

ulcerative colitis, 226

ulna, 33, 47, 82, 83, 86, 121, 129, 130, 132, 151, 157, 158, 160, 164

ulnocarpal joints, 153

upper jaw, 25–26, 72, 73

upper motor neuron disease, 215–216

ureters, 208

urethra, 223

uric acid, 226, 227, 228

urinary bladder, 36, 87

urine, 62, 63, 69, 70, 123, 129, 226, 239

U.S. Institute of Medicine, 69

uterus, 129, 170, 209

V

vagal nerves, 116

vagina, 123, 208

vertebral column, 19, 24, 27–28, 30, 31, 41, 42, 54, 75, 76–79, 123, 126, 128, 129, 146, 164, 182

vestigial tail, 78

vincristine, 198

viruses, 176, 198, 221, 225

vision loss, 184

vitamin A, 70

vitamin C, 70–71, 228

vitamin D, 62, 63, 70, 71, 168, 184, 185–186, 201

vocal cords, 77

voice box, 25, 192

Volkmann canals, 51, 55

vomer, 73

W

Whipple disease, 226

wishbone, 79

Wolff’s law, 64

X

xiphisternum, 81

xiphoid process, 81

X-rays, 101, 168, 170, 171, 172, 180, 199, 213, 232, 239, 240, 245

Z

zygomatic arch, 26, 73, 74

zygomatic bone, 22, 25–26, 73–74