CHAPTER 1
1. Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress (hereinafter Lincoln Papers, LC).
2. William C. Davis, Look Away! A History of the Confederate States of America (New York: The Free Press, 2002), 31, citing letter in a private collection.
3. William J. Cooper Jr., Jefferson Davis, American (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000), 328–29.
4. James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, 2nd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992), 177.
5. Varina Davis, Jefferson Davis, Ex-President of the Confederate States of America: A Memoir by His Wife (New York: Belford Company, 1890), 2: 33.
6. Dunbar Rowland, ed., Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist: His Letters, Papers, and Speeches (Jackson, MS: Mississippi Department of Archives and History, 1923), 47–48 (hereinafter Davis, Constitutionalist).
7. Roy P. Basler, ed., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 4: 262–71; Lincoln Papers, LC.
8. Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), 306–9 and endnotes for those pages.
9. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 254; Allan Nevins, Ordeal of the Union (New York: Macmillan, 1992) 2, part 2:411–13, and 3, part 1:14–15.
10. Alan Axelrod, Political History of America’s Wars (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2007), 160–61; http://www.desertusa.com/ind1/Cochise.html.
11. E. B. Long with Barbara Long, The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1971), 33.
12. McPherson, Battle Cry, 259; Davis, Constitutionalist, 51; Margaret E. Wagner, The American Civil War: 365 Days (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2006), January 20 (hereinafter Civil War: 365).
13. Margaret E. Wagner, Gary W. Gallagher, and Paul Finkelman, eds., The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), 524 (hereinafter CWDR).
14. Howard Jones, Blue and Gray Diplomacy: A History of Union and Confederate Foreign Relations (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), 17–18.
15. Brian McGinty, Lincoln and the Court (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 22.
16. Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 311; Davis, Look Away!, 39.
17. Long, Day by Day, 23, 42.
18. CWDR, 376, 387; Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 3, part 1:17–18.
19. Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 3, part 1:30–33.
20. Long, Day by Day, 45; Edwin C. Fishel, The Secret War for the Union (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996), 15 (security precautions); Basler, Collected Works, 4: 262–71.
21. Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 3, part 1:18.
22. CWDR, 176–77, 524.
23. Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 3, part 1:32.
24. Ibid., 3:11, n. 1.
25. Davis, Look Away!, 80; CWDR, 181–86.
26. William Howard Russell, My Diary North and South (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1954), 26–30; Jones, Diplomacy, 9, 31.
27. Long, Day by Day, 51–52; Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 3, part 1:60.
28. Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 341–43.
29. Fishel, Secret War, 16; Basler, Collected Works, 4: 323–24.
30. McGinty, Lincoln and the Court, 94–95.
31. Maury Klein, Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), 408.
32. Wagner, Civil War: 365, Jan. 26, 27.
33. McPherson, Battle Cry, 318; CWDR, 376.
34. McPherson, Battle Cry, 279; CWDR, 143; Long, Day by Day, 60–61.
35. New York Times, “An Important Document: Jeff. Davis’ Letters-of-Marque,” May 24, 1861; McGinty, Lincoln and the Court, 120.
36. John David Hoptak, “A Forgotten Hero of the Civil War,” article on the Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission website at http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/beginnings/18088/nick_biddle/689875, originally published in Pennsylvania Heritage, Spring 2010; CWDR, 427.
37. Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones, How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983), 28; Clifford Dowdey, ed. The Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee (Boston: Little, Brown, 1961), 8–9.
38. Stephen W. Sears, George McClellan: The Young Napoleon (New York: Da Capo Press, 1999), 66.
39. CWDR, 243–44.
40. Wagner, Civil War: 365, Feb. 3; Kathryn Allamong Jacob, King of the Lobby: The Life and Times of Sam Ward, Man-About-Washington in the Gilded Age (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), 48.
41. CWDR, 143; McGinty, Lincoln and the Court, 118; Basler, Collected Works, 4: 338–39.
42. CWDR, 525; “A Brief History of the United States Naval Academy,” at http://www.usna.edu/VirtualTour/150years/1860.htm.
43. McPherson, Battle Cry, 103; Long, Day by Day, 64.
44. Fishel, Secret War, 18.
45. McGinty, Lincoln and the Court, 67–68.
46. Bruce Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder: The Committee on the Conduct of the War (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 11.
47. Sears, McClellan, 69–71.
48. Basler, Collected Works, 4: 342–43.
49. Harry J. Maihafer, The General and the Journalists: Ulysses S. Grant, Horace Greeley, and Charles Dana (Washington, DC: Brassey’s Books, 2001), 66.
50. CWDR, 143; McGinty, Lincoln and the Court, 68–71.
51. McPherson, Battle Cry, 480; William Quentin Maxwell, Lincoln’s Fifth Wheel: The Political History of the United States Sanitary Commission (New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1956), 2.
52. James M. McPherson, The Negro’s Civil War: How American Negroes Felt and Acted During the War for the Union (New York: Pantheon, 1965), 20.
53. CWDR, 143.
54. McGinty, Lincoln and the Court, 97.
55. George Hamilton Perkins, Letters of Capt. Geo. Hamilton Perkins, U.S.N. (Concord, NH: I. C. Evans, 1886), 97.
56. McPherson, Battle Cry, 322; “The American Presidency Project,” http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=70123 (text of proclamation); Long, Day by Day, 69.
57. Sears, McClellan, 71.
58. Jones, Diplomacy, 32.
59. CWDR, 144.
60. Ernest B. Furgurson, Freedom Rising: Washington in the Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004), 87–88, 116n.; Wagner, Civil War: 365, Feb. 6.
61. CWDR, 8.
62. Long, Day by Day, 71–72; Hattaway and Jones, How the North Won, 33.
63. McGinty, Lincoln and the Court, 71, 125; David Herbert Donald, Liberty and Union (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath and Company, 1978), 107; CWDR, 8.
64. Sears, McClellan, 72.
65. Long, Day by Day, 76.
66. Sears, McClellan, 77; New York Times, May 22, 1861.
67. CWDR, 8, 144.
68. Hattaway and Jones, How the North Won, 34, 36; Long, Day by Day, 77–78.
69. CWDR, 8; New York Times, June 1, 1861.
70. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant (New York: Da Capo Press, 1982), 122–23; Sears, McClellan, 73.
71. CWDR, 144; McGinty, Lincoln and the Court, 72.
72. New York Times, June 2, 1861.
73. Hattaway and Jones, How the North Won, 37; Sears, McClellan, 79–80.
74. Nina Brown Baker, Cyclone in Calico: The Story of Mary Ann Bickerdyke (Boston: Little, Brown, 1952), 9–10.
75. CWDR, 144; McGinty, Lincoln and the Court, 72–91.
76. Davis, Constitutionalist, 102–3.
77. Michael Shiner diary, LC.
78. Long, Day by Day, 82; CWDR, 245; Sears, McClellan, 80.
79. Lee B. Kennett, Sherman: A Soldier’s Life (New York: HarperCollins, 2001), 112–15.
80. Long, Day by Day, 83.
81. Baker, Cyclone in Calico, 37.
82. Allen Johnson and Dumas Malone, eds., Dictionary of American Biography (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1943), 5: 323.
83. Wagner, Civil War: 365, Feb. 11.
84. Long, Day by Day, 84; CWDR, 144.
85. McPherson, Battle Cry, 481–82; Maxwell, Lincoln’s Fifth Wheel, 8.
86. Maihafer, General and Journalists, 67.
87. Long, Day by Day, 86.
88. Basler, Complete Works, 4: 449–50.
89. “Francis H. Pierpont (1814–1899),” in Encyclopedia Virginia, at http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Pierpont_Francis_H_1814–1899; Sears, McClellan, 81–83; John H. Eicher and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001), 344.
90. CWDR, 235; Mark Grimsley, The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy Toward Southern Civilians, 1861–1865 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 29–30.
91. CWDR, 334; Hattaway and Jones, How the North Won, 35; Grimsley, Hard Hand of War, 27, 31.
92. Raphael Semmes, The Cruise of the Alabama and the Sumter (London: Saunders, Otley, and Co., 1864), 1: 28–29; Long, Day by Day, 89; Richard N. Current, ed. in chief, Encyclopedia of the Confederacy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993) 3: 1392–94.
93. CWDR, 145; McGinty, Lincoln and the Court, 80–81.
94. Sears, McClellan, 88 (to Ellen), 85 (to adjutant).
95. CWDR, 244.
96. Harold Melvin Hyman, Era of the Oath: Northern Loyalty Tests During the Civil War and Reconstruction (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1954), 1–4 ; “Potter Report”: 37th Cong., 2nd Sess. House of Representatives Report No. 16.
97. McGinty, Lincoln and the Court, 125–9; Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, at http://www.fjc.gov/public/home.nsf/hisj.
98. CWDR, 145.
99. Davis, Look Away!, 43.
100. Sears, McClellan, 89–91.
101. Maihafer, General and Journalists, 74; CWDR, 453: “Before First Bull Run, Southern leaders were able to read detailed information on the composition of Union regiments in and around Washington that had been published in The Washington National Republican.”
102. Kennett, Sherman, 177, 118 (McDowell’s dispatch), 119 (Sherman’s letter).
103. CWDR, 9–10, 246–47; Richard Lewis, Camp Life of a Confederate Boy, of Bratton’s Brigade, Longstreet’s Corps, C.S.A. (Charleston, SC: The News and Courier Book Presses, 1883), 13; Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American, 348–50; W. Stanley Hoole, Vizetelly Covers the Confederacy (Tuscaloosa, AL: Confederate Publishing Company, 1957), 28–31; Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder, 15.
104. Sears, McClellan, 94.
105. CWDR, 10, 145; McPherson, Battle Cry, 348.
106. Dictionary of American Biography (1943), 2: 18–21.
107. Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder, 15–16; Walter George Smith, Life and Letters of Thomas Kilby Smith (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1898), 171–72; Maihafer, General and Journalists, 70.
108. Sears, McClellan, 95; Kennett, Sherman, 122–23.
109. CWDR, 10.
110. McPherson, Battle Cry, 374.
111. McGinty, Lincoln and the Court, 100–102.
112. McPherson, Battle Cry, 443; CWDR, 149; Current, Encyclopedia of the Confederacy, 4: 1569–71.
113. CWDR, 145; McGinty, Lincoln and the Court, 84; Long, Day by Day, 105–6; Hyman, Era of the Oath, 1–2, appendix.
114. Sears, McClellan, 103.
115. CWDR, 244; Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder, 16.
116. CWDR, 346, 364; Richard W. Stephenson, Civil War Maps: An Annotated List of Maps and Atlases in the Library of Congress, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1989), 4.
117. Sears, McClellan, 98; Kennett, Sherman, 124.
118. CWDR, 145.
119. Kennett, Sherman, 127–29.
120. CWDR, 247.
121. Long, Day by Day, 112–13; Basler, Collected Works, 4: 532 (letter to Browning, Sept. 9, 1861); Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder, 17.
122. McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 141.
123. Long, Day by Day, 114; Patricia L. Faust, ed., Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), 414–15; Kennett, Sherman, 129–30; Maihafer, General and Journalists, 75.
124. Maihafer, General and Journalists, 76.
125. Ibid., 77.
126. David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds., Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2000), 1: 418–19 (hereinafter ABC-CLIO Encyclopedia); Long, Day by Day, 117; Hunter Lesser, “Robert E. Lee’s ‘Forlorn Hope,’ ” at http://www.Randolpharts.org/ReleaseHistory/Lecture-RobertELee.html; Joseph Glatthaar, “Profile in Leadership: Generalship and Resistance in Robert E. Lee’s First Month in Command of the Army of Northern Virginia,” in Wars Within a War: Controversy and Conflict over the American Civil War, edited by Joan Waugh and Gary W. Gallagher (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 71.
127. McPherson, Battle Cry, 289; Basler, Collected Works, 4: 523.
128. McPherson, Battle Cry, 370.
129. Axelrod, Political History of America’s Wars, 161; http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/navajo.htm.
130. John Y. Cole, “Ainsworth Spofford and the ‘National Library’ ” (dissertation, George Washington University, 1971), 68–69, quoting dispatch published in the Commercial, Sept. 23, 1861.
131. Kennett, Sherman, 132.
132. Long, Day by Day, 123.
133. Sidebar sources: J. Cutler Andrews, The North Reports the Civil War (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985), esp. 31, 49–50; J. Cutler Andrews, The South Reports the Civil War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970), esp. 55–57; James M. Perry, A Bohemian Brigade: The Civil War Correspondents—Mostly Rough, Sometimes Ready (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2000), esp. 32, 71; Alfred B. McCalmont, Extracts from Letters Written by Alfred B. McCalmont… from the Front During the War of the Rebellion (privately printed, circa 1908), 24; CWDR, 805–58.
134. Sears, McClellan, 118; Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder, 18, 115.
135. Kennett, Sherman, 127–36; Long, Day by Day, 125.
136. Russell, Diary, 256.
137. Kennett, Sherman, 136–40.
138. CWDR, 248; Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder, 17–18; Tom Wheeler, Mr. Lincoln’s T-Mails: The Untold Story of How Abraham Lincoln Used the Telegraph to Win the Civil War (New York: HarperCollins, 2006), 8.
139. Sears, McClellan, 122–23; Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder, 18–19.
140. Sears, McClellan, 125.
141. Glatthaar in Waugh and Gallagher, Wars Within a War, 71–72; Eicher and Eicher, Civil War High Commands, 344.
142. CWDR, 146.
143. McPherson, Battle Cry, 371; CWDR, 248–49.
144. Grant, Memoirs, 139–44; National Park Service, Belmont battle summary, at http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/mo009.htm.
145. Kennett, Sherman, 142.
146. McPherson, Battle Cry, 389–90; Donald, Liberty and Union, 107; Wagner, Civil War: 365, May 7.
147. Mark E. Neely Jr. Southern Rights: Political Prisoners and the Myth of Confederate Constitutionalism (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999), 155.
148. James M. McPherson, Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief (New York: Penguin, 2008), 53; Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 383.
149. Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder, 19.
150. CWDR, 12.
151. Ibid., 146; Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder, 19 (letter to Cameron from T. Reilly, December 7, 1861); Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 404–5; McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 38, citing Douglass Monthly IV (August 1861): 502.
152. CWDR, 13; McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 89–92; Wagner, Civil War: 365, Jan. 5.
153. CWDR, 528; Semmes, The Cruise of the Alabama and the Sumter, 1: 173–74.
154. Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder, 24–35.
155. CWDR, 13.
156. Ibid., 249.
157. Jones, Diplomacy, 106–7; Wagner, Civil War: 365, May 7; Frederick W. Seward, Reminiscences of a War-Time Statesman and Diplomat, 1830–1915 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1916), 188–89; Long, Day by Day, 151.
158. ABC-CLIO Encyclopedia, 1: 518–19; National Park Service battle summary, at http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/ok003.htm.
159. Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder, 106.
160. CWDR, 528.
161. Basler, Complete Works, 5: 95; Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 410.
162. Basler, Complete Works, 5: 98.
163. Long, Day by Day, 160–61.
164. CWDR, 528.
165. Long, Day by Day, 162; CWDR, 251; National Park Service battle summary, at http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/ky006.htm.
166. Long, Day by Day, 163–64; Jeffry D. Wert, The Sword of Lincoln: The Army of the Potomac (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), 59–60.
167. McPherson, Battle Cry, 514; Long, Day by Day, 164–65.
168. McPherson, Battle Cry, 316.
169. Basler, Complete Works, 5: 125–26.
170. Ibid., 396; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 274, 280–81; National Park Service battle summary, at http://www.nps.gov/hps/abpp/battles/tn001.htm.
171. New York Times, February 28, 1862; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 636; National Park Service battle summary, at http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/nc002.htm; CWDR, 182.
172. McPherson, Battle Cry, 514; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 609–10; Dictionary of American Biography (1943), 11: 565–66; Richard N. Current, ed., The Confederacy: Selections from the Four-Volume Simon & Schuster Encyclopedia of the Confederacy (New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 1993), 482–85; CWDR, 352.
173. McPherson, Battle Cry, 400–402; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 272–73; Baker, Cyclone in Calico, 77–78.
174. McPherson, Battle Cry, 400–402; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 272–73; Maihafer, General and Journalists, 97; Baker, Cyclone in Calico, 82–83; Grimsley, Hard Hand of War, 148.
175. CWDR, 147; New York Times, February 27, 1862.
176. Wagner, Civil War: 365, Feb. 5; Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 415–23.
177. CWDR, 249; Bascom’s death noted at http://www.answers.com/topic/george-n-bascom.
178. McPherson, Battle Cry, 403; Davis, Constitutionalist, 202; Glatthaar in Waugh and Gallagher, Wars Within a War, 73–74.
179. James B. Mitchell Papers, LC.
180. McPherson, Battle Cry, 402–3.
181. Ibid., 446–47; McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 204–6; CWDR, 147–48.
182. CWDR, 528–29.
183. McPherson, Battle Cry, 434; Current, Encyclopedia of the Confederacy, 2: 727–28; CWDR, 148.
184. CWDR, 26, 146, 529.
185. Ibid., 255; Wagner, Civil War: 365, Apr. 9.
186. McPherson, Tried by War, 79.
187. Naval Historical Center, “CSS Virginia Destroys USS Cumberland and USS Congress, 8 March 1862,” at http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/civilwar/n-at-cst/hr-james/8mar62.htm; Raimondo Luraghi, A History of the Confederate Navy (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1996), 140–43.
188. Luraghi, Confederate Navy, 143–46; Wagner, Civil War: 365, May 8, 9, 10; Catherine Ann Devereux Edmondston, “Journal of a Secesh Lady”: The Diary of Catherine Ann Devereux Edmondston, 1860–1866, Beth G. Crabtree and James W. Patton, eds. (Raleigh, NC: Division of Archives and History, Department of Cultural Resources, 1979), 132.
189. CWDR, 15.
190. Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 524; CWDR, 445–46 (Brownell); North Carolina Railroad History website, http://www.ncrr.com/ncrr-history.html.
191. CWDR, 529.
192. Glatthaar in Waugh and Gallagher, Wars Within a War, 72.
193. CWDR, 182.
194. Long, Day by Day, 187–88; Stephenson, Civil War Maps, 1–3; CWDR, 345–49.
195. Jedediah Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map of the Valley: The Civil War Journal of Stonewall Jackson’s Topographer, edited by Archie P. McDonald (Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1973), 10; Jedediah Hotchkiss Papers, LC; CWDR, 259–61; Wagner, Civil War: 365, Mar. 6.
196. McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 437.
197. CWDR, 15.
198. McPherson, Battle Cry, 437.
199. CWDR, 529; ABC-CLIO Encyclopedia, 2: 1048; Current, Encyclopedia of the Confederacy, 3:1133.
200. Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 847; CWDR, 256; ABC-CLIO Encyclopedia, 4: 2163–66.
201. ABC-CLIO Encyclopedia, 4: 1778; McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 226.
202. McPherson, Battle Cry, 408–15; McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 226–29; Wagner, Civil War: 365, Feb. 25, Sept. 2; Grant, Memoirs, 191.
203. McPherson, Battle Cry, 498; CWDR, 261; Davis, Look Away, 37 (slave labor).
204. Herman Hattaway and Richard E. Beringer, Jefferson Davis, Confederate President (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002), 162–63; CWDR, 148.
205. Benjamin P. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln, A Biography (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2008), 126–27; National Archives: Exhibit Hall, Featured Document, The District of Columbia Emancipation Act, at http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/dc_emancipation_act/; McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 45.
206. McPherson, Battle Cry, 482; CWDR, 529.
207. CWDR, 448; Current, Confederacy (Macmillan), 254
208. CWDR, 18
209. CWDR, 261–62; Perry, Bohemian Brigade, 100–107; Andrews, The South Reports the Civil War, 150–51.
210. Andrews, The South Reports the Civil War, 150–51; Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 3, part 2:100–101.
CHAPTER 2
1. Oliver Willcox Norton, Army Letters, 1861–1865 (privately printed, 1903), 125–26.
2. Joseph Christmas Ives Papers, LC (Cora Ives letter).
3. Stephen W. Sears, To the Gates of Richmond: The Peninsula Campaign (New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1992), 27, 54; James M. Guthrie, Camp-Fires of the Afro-American (Philadelphia: Afro-American Pub. Co., 1899; reprinted 1970), 336–41 (Phelps letter); Norton, Army Letters, 75; Edmondston, “Journal of a Secesh Lady,” 167.
4. John Beatty, Memoirs of a Volunteer, 1861–1863 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1946), 108.
5. Sears, Gates of Richmond, 58–62, 65; Gilbert Thompson Papers, LC.
6. Sears, Gates of Richmond, 83–84; Robert Ryal Miller, Arms Across the Border: United States Aid to Juárez During the French Intervention in Mexico (Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1973), 6.
7. Sears, Gates of Richmond, 89–90.
8. CWDR, 259–61.
9. McPherson, Battle Cry, 499; Basler, Collected Works, 5: 222.
10. Sears, Gates of Richmond, 90–91; ABC-CLIO Encyclopedia, 3: 1532–33; Long, Day by Day, 210.
11. Sears, Gates of Richmond, 91–92.
12. McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 154–57, citing Guthrie, Camp-Fires, 306–13.
13. McPherson, Battle Cry, 551–52; Long, Day by Day, 212; CWDR, 18–19, 148–49.
14. Basler, Collected Works, 5: 222–23.
15. McPherson, Battle Cry, 450–51; Donald, Liberty and Union, 224.
16. Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 3, part 2:118–22.
17. Smith, Life and Letters of Thomas Kilby Smith, 206–10.
18. Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 3, part 2:122; Sears, Gates of Richmond, 120.
19. Sears, Gates of Richmond, 124–40; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 668; Bryan Grimes, Extracts of Letters of Major Gen’l Bryan Grimes to His Wife (Raleigh, NC: Edwards, Broughton & Co., 1883), 15.
20. McPherson, Battle Cry, 460; Glatthaar in Waugh and Gallagher, Wars Within a War, 72, 74–76.
21. Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 3, part 2:104; McPherson, Battle Cry, 417; Long, Day by Day, 222–23.
22. Dowdey, Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee, 194.
23. Long, Day by Day, 230; Dowdey, Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee, 197–98; Sears, Gates of Richmond, 173; “The Burial of Latane,” in Encyclopedia Virginia, at http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Burial_of_LatanAC._The.
24. Current, Encyclopedia of the Confederacy, 1: 149; CWDR, 20, 150.
25. Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 3, part 2:94.
26. Long, Day by Day, 230; McPherson, Battle Cry, 599.
27. Virginia Foundation of the Humanities, “Battle of Mechanicsville,” in Encyclopedia Virginia, at http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/; James M. McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 44.
28. Basler, Collected Works, 5: 287.
29. Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 667; CWDR, 256–59; Spencer Glasgow Welch, A Confederate Surgeon’s Letters to His Wife (New York: Neale Publishing Company, 1911), 16; Furgurson, Freedom Rising, 191.
30. Wagner, Civil War: 365, May 14; McPherson, Crossroads, 47, 56–58; Sears, McClellan, 231; McPherson, Battle Cry, 447–51, 470; Donald, Liberty and Union, 137.
31. McPherson, Battle Cry, 491; Hyman, Era of the Oath, 21; CWDR, 149–50.
32. Lester Nurick and Roger W. Barrett, “Legality of Guerrilla Forces Under the Laws of War,” American Journal of International Law 40, no. 3 (July 1946): 572, citing 17 Official Records of the War of the Rebellion, Series IV, 1094–95; CWDR, 450.
33. Patrick J. Kelly, Creating a National Home: Building the Veterans’ Welfare State (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 32–38; CWDR, 699–700; McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 46–47.
34. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1880–1902; hereinafter OR), series 1, vol. 11, part 1:73–74; Basler, Collected Works, 5: 346.
35. Basler, Collected Works, 5: 312–13; Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder, 122–24; Sears, McClellan, 240.
36. Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 463, citing Welles Diary, vol. 1 (1960 ed.), 70–71; Long, Day by Day, 237; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 270, 510; Charles R. Wilson, “Cincinnati’s Reputation During the Civil War,” Journal of Southern History 2, no. 4 (Nov. 1936): 478.
37. Kelly, Creating a National Home, 57; CWDR, 745.
38. Ivan Musicant, Divided Waters: The Naval History of the Civil War (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), 248–52; Wilson, “Cincinnati’s Reputation,” 479.
39. Second Confiscation Act, text at http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/conact2.htm; CWDR, 429.
40. CWDR, 451.
41. Kennett, Sherman, 172–85 (quote, 176).
42. CWDR, 596; McPherson, Battle Cry, 791–92; Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 463–68.
43. McPherson, Battle Cry, 516; Long, Day by Day, 243.
44. Sears, McClellan, 239–41.
45. Long, Day by Day, 245; Lisa Tendrich Frank, ed., Women in the American Civil War (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2008), 1: 137–39, 307–9; CWDR, 452, 457–59.
46. CWDR, 531.
47. McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 47–48.
48. CWDR, 531.
49. CWDR, 264; Charles Fessenden Morse, Letters Written During the Civil War (privately printed, 1898), 77–79; Clara Barton Chronology, at http://www.nps.gov/clba/forkids/chron2.htm.
50. Davis, Look Away!, 268.
51. Sears, McClellan, 245–47; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 414; Basler, Collected Works, 5: 370–75; McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 92–93.
52. Text of “The Prayer of the Twenty Millions,” at http://www.civilwarhome.com/lincolngreeley.htm, citing Harlan H. Horner, Lincoln and Greeley (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1953).
53. McPherson, Battle Cry, 566.
54. Basler, Collected Works, 5: 388–89; McPherson, Battle Cry, 510.
55. Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 733; Semmes, The Cruise of the Alabama and the Sumter, 1: 264.
56. McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 167; CWDR, 429; Wagner, Civil War: 365, Mar. 11; Long, Day by Day, 256.
57. Wagner, Civil War: 365, Mar. 11; Sears, McClellan, 250–51.
58. McPherson, Battle Cry, 528–32; Long, Day by Day, 256–58; Wagner, Civil War: 365, Mar. 13; Sears, McClellan, 257; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 129.
59. Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 414; Long, Day by Day, 258.
60. Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 129–30; Sears, McClellan, 259; CWDR, 22.
61. McPherson, Crossroads, 86–88; Sears, McClellan, 267.
62. Dowdey, Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee, 299; McPherson, Crossroads, 85.
63. Sears, McClellan, 270; Dowdey, Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee, 301; McPherson, Crossroads, 94.
64. Dowdey, Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee, 301–2; McPherson, Crossroads, 106–7.
65. Sears, McClellan, 279; McPherson, Crossroads, 105–6; Basler, Collected Works, 5: 418.
66. McPherson, Crossroads, 112.
67. Ibid., 111–12.
68. Basler, Collected Works, 5: 426; McPherson, Crossroads, 113.
69. McPherson, Crossroads, 115–16.
70. Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 3, part 2:224–25; McPherson, Crossroads, 117–128 (Welch quote, 119).
71. Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 3, part 2:225–27; McPherson, Crossroads, 129–30; National Park Service, “Clara Barton at Antietam,” http://www.nps.gov/anti/historyculture/clarabarton.htm; John W. Jaques, Three Years’ Campaign of the Ninth, N.Y.S.M., During the Southern Rebellion (New York: Hilton & Co., 1865), 115; Mercer Green Johnston Papers (letter from James Steptoe Johnston to Mary Green, September 22, 1862), LC.
72. Warren H. Freeman and Eugene H. Freeman, Letters from Two Brothers Serving in the War for the Union to Their Family at Home in West Cambridge, Mass. (Cambridge, MA: privately printed, 1871), 52; National Park Service, “Antietam: Casualties of Battle,” http://www.nps.gov/anti/historyculture/casualties.htm.
73. McPherson, Crossroads, 138–42 (Palmerston quote, 142); CWDR, 23, 211–12.
74. McPherson, Battle Cry, 493; Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 3, part 2:317–18; CWDR, 23; text of proclamation, at http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=425.
75. Long, Day by Day, 271–72; CWDR, 151, 429–30.
76. Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 3, part 2:325.
77. Wagner, Civil War: 365, Sept. 5; Basler, Collected Works, 5: 450.
78. Wagner, Civil War: 365, Apr. 14; Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder, 152; McPherson, Battle Cry, 559; Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 3, part 2:325, 329; Basler, Collected Works, 5: 474.
79. CWDR, 263–64, 405–6; Long, Day by Day, 276, 281.
80. Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 3, part 2:326; McPherson, Crossroads, 150; McPherson, Battle Cry, 561.
81. Long, Day by Day, 278; McPherson, Battle Cry, 611–12.
82. McPherson, Battle Cry, 568; Basler, Collected Works, 5: 460–61.
83. Long, Day by Day, 278–284; McPherson, Battle Cry, 560; McPherson, Crossroads, 153–54; Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder, 138–41.
84. “Brady’s Photographs; Pictures of the Dead at Antietam,” New York Times, October 20, 1862.
85. McPherson, Battle Cry, 569; Sears, McClellan, 336, 339; Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 3, part 2:328.
86. CWDR, 428.
87. Sears, McClellan, 340–43.
88. Basler, Collected Works, 5: 493; Wagner, Civil War: 365, Apr. 11.
89. Sidebar sources: “Photography at the Seat of War,” Moore’s Rural New-Yorker, October 25, 1862, 8, http://www.libraryweb.org/rochimag/roads/moores.htm; CWDR, 811–15; “William Henry Fox Talbot (1800–1877) and the Invention of Photography,” at http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tlbt/hd_tlbt.htm; Mary Panzer, Mathew Brady and the Image of History (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997), 101–11 (reporter quote, 103, from Mathew Brady Scrapbook, Brady/Handy Collection, Library of Congress).
90. Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 3, part 2:343–44; Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 186.
91. Edmondston, “Journal of a Secesh Lady,” 301.
92. Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 185–86; Basler, Collected Works, 5: 485.
93. Long, Day by Day, 288–89; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 664–65.
94. Basler, Collected Works, 5: 514; Dowdey, Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee, 348–49.
95. Davis, Look Away!, 229.
96. Long, Day by Day, 293; CWDR, 271.
97. Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 189–97 (Bowen quote, 192); Dowdey, Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee, 339.
98. Kennett, Sherman, 188–90.
99. CWDR, 271–74, 368; Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder, 143.
100. Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 486–92; Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder, 148.
101. Davis, Constitutionalist, 5: 386–87; Grant, Personal Memoirs, 225–27.
102. Kennett, Sherman, 194–95.
103. Walt Whitman, The Wound Dresser: A Series of Letters Written from the Hospitals in Washington During the War of the Rebellion (Boston: Small, Maynard & Company, 1898), 47–48.
104. CWDR, 531.
105. McPherson, Battle Cry, 580–83; CWDR, 274; James B. Mitchell Papers, LC (letter to his father, January 12–13, 1863); Beatty, Memoirs of a Volunteer, 155–56.
106. CWDR, 430; McPherson, Battle Cry, 563; McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 50; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 296–97.
107. CWDR, 152.
108. Wagner, Civil War: 365, Sept. 5.
109. Semmes, The Cruise of the Alabama and the Sumter, 2: 49–58.
110. Davis, Constitutionalist, 409; McPherson, Battle Cry, 566
111. Norton, Army Letters, 133; McPherson, Battle Cry, 584; Basler, Collected Works, 6: 78.
112. Basler, Collected Works, 6: 78–79; Lincoln Papers, LC ; McPherson, Battle Cry, 585–86.
113. CWDR, 279; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 846.
114. Kate Cumming, A Journal of Hospital Life in the Confederate Army of Tennessee (Louisville, KY: John P. Morton, 1866), 59–60.
115. Current, Encyclopedia of the Confederacy, 2: 727–28.
116. Frank Freidel, “The Loyal Publication Society: A Pro-Union Propaganda Agency,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 26, no. 3 (Dec. 1939): 359–376; New York Times, September 24, 1864.
117. A. M. Stewart, Camp, March and Battle-Field (Philadelphia: Jas. B. Rodgers, 1865), 295.
118. McPherson, Battle Cry, 594; Long, Day by Day, 323; CWDR, 153.
119. Long, Day by Day, 323.
120. CWDR, 27, 153; McPherson, Battle Cry, 592, 613; Long, Day by Day, 325.
121. McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 70.
122. Long, Day by Day, 327; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 514, 724.
123. CWDR, 153; McGinty, Lincoln and the Court, 118–43; Kermit L. Hall, The Oxford Guide to United States Supreme Court Decisions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 246–47.
124. Long, Day by Day, 328; Current, Confederacy (Macmillan), 74; Willard Family Papers, LC.
125. Musicant, Divided Waters, 277–80 (Steele’s Bayou), 280–86 (Port Hudson); George G. Smith, Leaves from a Soldier’s Diary: The Personal Record of Lieutenant George G. Smith (Putnam, CT: G. G. Smith, 1906), 40–41.
126. CWDR, 430–31.
127. CWDR, 736, 774; “Final Report of the American Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission to the Secretary of War,” at http://www.civilwarhome.com/commissionreport.htm.
128. Daniel E. Sutherland, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville: The Dare Mark Campaign (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), 117.
129. Long, Day by Day, 316, 329–30; CWDR, 204–5
130. CWDR, 153–54.
131. McPherson, Battle Cry, 617; Current, Confederacy (Macmillan), 74; Davis, Look Away!, 212–13.
132. Musicant, Divided Waters, 387–91 (Rodgers quotes, 389–90); McPherson, Battle Cry, 646.
133. Davis, Constitutionalist, 5: 472–73.
134. “General Order No. 38,” http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1481; McPherson, Battle Cry, 596; Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 3, part 2:453–54; Wagner, Civil War: 365, Apr. 19.
135. Stewart, Camp, March and Battle-Field, 306–7; Basler, Collected Works, 6: 164–65.
136. McPherson, Battle Cry, 626.
137. Ibid., 628; Long, Day by Day, 339; CWDR, 280.
138. Dowdey, Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee, 437–38.
139. CWDR, 28–29, 431, 450–51; McPherson, Battle Cry, 615–16.
140. Stewart, Camp, March and Battle-Field, 308; Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 232.
141. Dowdey, Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee, 442; Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 232–34; Sutherland, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, 128.
CHAPTER 3
1. Cumming, Journal of Hospital Life, 72.
2. Whitman, Wound Dresser, 111.
3. Rufus Dawes, Service with the Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers (Marietta, OH: E. R. Alderman & Sons, 1890), 125–26; Sutherland, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, 141; Kennett, Sherman, 201–3 (Grant quote, 202, citing Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant, 2 vols. [New York: Charles L. Webster, 1885], 1:49–50); James M. McPherson, This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 140.
4. McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 174; CWDR, 597; Wagner, Civil War: 365, Oct. 19; “Historical Document: Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation,” http://www.pbs.org.wgbh/aia/part4/4h2922.html; McPherson, Battle Cry, 596–97; Frank L. Klement, The Limits of Dissent: Clement L. Vallandigham and the Civil War (New York: Fordham University Press, 1998), 161; Sutherland, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, 141–46 (Williams quote, 144); Long, Day by Day, 344–45.
5. Sutherland, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, 154–57; Stephen W. Sears, Chancellorsville (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996), 284 (Parker quote); Long, Day by Day, 346.
6. Basler, Collected Works, 6: 196; Sutherland, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, 163–65; Sears, Chancellorsville, 336–39, 359–60 (Chancellor quote); Dowdey, Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee, 452–53.
7. Sutherland, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, 178–79; Morse, Letters Written During the Civil War, 137–38; CWDR, 277–78.
8. Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 520.
9. Klement, Limits of Dissent, 166–68, 215, 178–79; McPherson, Battle Cry, 597.
10. Dowdey, Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee, 483; Judith W. McGuire. Diary of a Southern Refugee During the War (New York: Arno Press, 1972), 211–12; Wagner, Civil War: 365, Mar. 23.
11. Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 392–93; National Park Service, “Jackson” battle summary, at http://www.nps.gov.history/hps/abpp/battles/ms008.htm; Grant, Memoirs, 265; Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 4, part 1:59.
12. McPherson, Battle Cry, 647–48.
13. Ibid., 630; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 126; Grant, Memoirs, 269–73 (quote, 272–73).
14. McPherson, Battle Cry, 630–31; Freeman, Letters from Two Brothers, 74.
15. Paul M. Angle and Earl Schenck Miers, Tragic Years, 1860–1865: A Documentary History of the American Civil War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960), 2: 608–9.
16. Grant, Memoirs, 276–77; Paul Mathless, ed. Voices of the Civil War: Vicksburg (Richmond, VA: Time-Life Books, 1997), 92–93 (Jones quote).
17. McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 173; CWDR, 431.
18. Iver Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 11; CWDR, 432.
19. New York Times, June 4, 1863; Bernstein, Draft Riots, 11.
20. CWDR, 432.
21. McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 186–87; McPherson, Battle Cry, 634; CWDR, 432–33.
22. Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 76; Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 4, part 1:79–80; McPherson, Battle Cry, 649; Andrews, The South Reports the Civil War, 303–4.
23. Basler, Collected Works, 6: 257.
24. Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 263.
25. Long, Day by Day, 366.
26. Basler, Collected Works, 6: 281, 282.
27. CWDR, 533, 553–54; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 200; Angle and Miers, Tragic Years, 2: 613–14; Mary Webster Loughborough, My Cave Life in Vicksburg (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1864), 89–90.
28. Fishel, Secret War, 459; Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 264.
29. Basler, Collected Works, 6: 181; CWDR, 144; Long, Day by Day, 686 (May 9).
30. Robert Garlick Hill Kean, Inside the Confederate Government: The Diary of Robert Garlick Hill Kean, edited by Edward Younger (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993), 75–76.
31. Angle and Miers, Tragic Years, 2: 628–29.
32. Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 764–65.
33. Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 264.
34. Long, Day by Day, 371; Angle and Miers, Tragic Years, 2: 630–31; McPherson, Battle Cry, 646–49.
35. Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 265–66.
36. Ibid., 266–69; CWDR, 417; McPherson, Battle Cry, 652, 636; Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 4, part 1:71.
37. Alpheus S. Williams, From the Cannon’s Mouth: The Civil War Letters of General Alpheus S. Williams (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), 221.
38. Whitman, Wound Dresser, 89–91; Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 273.
39. Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 274–85; Grant, Memoirs, 290.
40. CWDR, 287–89; Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 285–95.
41. McPherson, Battle Cry, 650; James Z. Rabun, “Alexander H. Stephens and Jefferson Davis,” American Historical Review 58, no. 2 (Jan. 1953): 290–321 (esp. 304–6); Grant, Memoirs, 291–93; Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 295–303.
42. Sophronia Bucklin, In Hospital and Camp (Philadelphia: J. E. Potter and Company, 1869), 139; Basler, Complete Works, 6: 314; Edward Colimore, “Fresh News from Gettysburg Battleground,” Philadelphia Inquirer, May 31, 2009, at http://www.philly.com/inquirer/special/20090531_Fresh_ news_from_Gettysburg_battleground.html; McPherson, Battle Cry, 609, 637–38, 664; Rabun, “Alexander H. Stephens and Jefferson Davis,” 306.
43. Long, Day by Day, 381–82; Basler, Complete Works, 6: 409.
44. Long, Day by Day, 382; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 727 (Gen. Strong).
45. McPherson, Battle Cry, 609.
46. Basler, Collected Works, 6: 326.
47. McPherson, Battle Cry, 610; Bernstein, Draft Riots, 18; Angle and Miers, Tragic Years, 2: 679–82; “The New York City Draft Riots of 1863” (excerpt from Leslie M. Harris, In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863), at http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc /Chicago/317749.html.
48. CWDR, 533; Basler, Complete Works, 7: 39.
49. CWDR, 433–34; McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 190–91; “The 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment (African)” at http://www.mycivilwar.com/regiments/usa-ma/ma_inf_reg_54.htm.
50. Basler, Collected Works, 6: 357; McPherson, Battle Cry, 794.
51. Davis, Look Away!, 178.
52. McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 197 et seq.; CWDR, 432.
53. McPherson, Battle Cry, 786.
54. Ibid., 611; Bernstein, Draft Riots, 40.
55. Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map of the Valley, 168–69; L. M. (Louisa May) Alcott, Hospital Sketches (Boston: J. Redpath, 1863), 33–35.
56. CWDR, 289.
57. Ibid., 533, 565–66.
58. David Lane, A Soldier’s Diary: The Story of a Volunteer, 1862–1865 (privately printed, 1905), 88; James B. Mitchell Papers, LC (letter of October 4, 1863).
59. Long, Day by Day, 403; McPherson, Battle Cry, 670.
60. Donald, Liberty and Union, 152; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 423.
61. CWDR, 533; “The 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment,” at http://www.mycivilwar.com/regiments/usa-ma/ma_inf_reg_54.htm.
62. McPherson, Battle Cry, 670–71; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 650; CWDR, 533.
63. McPherson, Battle Cry, 671, 696–98; CWDR, 289, 534.
64. McPherson, Battle Cry, 696; CWDR, 291.
65. Beatty, Memoirs of a Volunteer, 244.
66. Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 4, part 1:195–99; McPherson, Battle Cry, 672–74; Wagner, Civil War: 365, Sept. 19; Beatty, Memoirs, 252.
67. John Hay, Lincoln and the Civil War in the Diaries and Letters of John Hay, edited by Tyler Dennett (Westport, CT: Negro Universities Press, 1972), 93; CWDR, 351; McPherson, Battle Cry, 675.
68. Basler, Collected Works, 6: 478; Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 590.
69. Davis, Look Away!, 214–15.
70. Caleb Henry Carlton Papers, LC.
71. Beatty, Memoirs, 256–58.
72. CWDR, 534; Long, Day by Day, 418; Naval Historical Center, “Ships of the Confederate States; CSS David (1863–1865?),” at http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-us-cs/csa-sh/csash-ag/david.htm.
73. CWDR, 465; Lillian Schlissel, ed., Conscience in America: A Documentary History of Conscientious Objection in America, 1757–1967 (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1968), 108–9.
74. Kean, Inside the Confederate Government, 108–9; McPherson, Battle Cry, 676–77; Long, Day by Day, 427.
75. Long, Day by Day, 421; McPherson, Battle Cry, 684–88, 689–92; Current, Confederacy (Macmillan), 186–88; CWDR, 33–34.
76. CWDR, 534, 566.
77. Long, Day by Day, 423–24.
78. Grant, Memoirs, 313–15; McPherson, Battle Cry, 676.
79. CWDR, 34; Chicago Sanitary Commission, “North-Western Fair for the Sanitary Commission” (Chicago: 1863), at http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/search.asp?id=95, 1; “Sanitary Fairs—Civilian Fund-Raisers,” at http://civilwar.bluegrass.net/HomeFront/sanitaryfairs.html; Baker, Cyclone in Calico, 169–70; L. P. Brockett, Woman’s Work in the Civil War: A Record of Heroism, Patriotism and Patience (Philadelphia: Zeigler, McCurdy, 1867), 561; Library of Congress, “The Construction of the Proclamation,” at http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trt028.html.
80. Sidebar sources: Cumming, Journal of Hospital Life, 128, 112; CWDR, 623–24; Whitman, Wound Dresser, 123–24.
81. Long, Day by Day, 429.
82. Ibid., 430; McPherson, Battle Cry, 677.
83. Wagner, Civil War: 365, Oct. 21; Carl Nolte,“Russian Warship Makes Rare S.F. Appearance,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 22, 2010; Silas Ruark, “Russian Sailors Buried on Mare Island (near Vallejo),” at http://www.wadiocese.com/edocs_comments.php?id=97_0_13_0_C68.
84. Lawrence Van Alstyne, Diary of an Enlisted Man (New Haven, CT: Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor, 1910), 213–14.
85. Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 583; Dennett, Lincoln and the Civil War, 119; “Edward Everett,” at http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/HVDpresidents/everett.php.
86. Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 585–86; Hay, Lincoln and the Civil War, 121.
87. Baker, Cyclone in Calico, 171–72.
88. CWDR, 293.
89. Wagner, Civil War: 365, Sept. 22; Baker, Cyclone in Calico, 173–74.
90. Charles A. Dana, Recollections of the Civil War: With the Leaders at Washington and in the Field in the Sixties (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996), 150; McPherson, Battle Cry, 678–81 (Clay quote, 681).
91. Davis, Look Away!, 167–70; ABC-CLIO Encyclopedia, 2: 1, 359–60; CWDR, 293.
92. Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American, 466–67.
93. CWDR, 155; Melinda Lawson, “A Profound National Devotion: The Civil War Union Leagues and the Construction of a New National Patriotism” in Civil War History 48, no. 4 (Dec. 2002): 338–62 (Hale material, 338–39).
94. McPherson, Battle Cry, 698–701; CWDR, 155, 762–63; Basler, Collected Works, 7: 53–56.
95. Dowdey, Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee, 642; Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American, 467.
96. Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 590–93; Basler, Collected Works, 7: 63–64.
97. Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American, 467–68, 364 (lack of trust).
98. Joseph T. Glatthaar, Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers (New York: The Free Press, 1990), 45–46; CWDR, 434.
99. Dowdey, Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee, 645; Beatty, Memoirs, 267–68.
100. Long, Day by Day, 449.
101. CWDR, 155, 408; Davis, Look Away!, 157–58.
102. Davis, Look Away!, 211.
103. McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 278.
104. Howard Jones, Blue and Gray Diplomacy, 314–15; Long, Day by Day, 453.
105. Glatthaar, Forged in Battle, 173; CWDR, 434.
106. Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 604–5.
107. J. Matthew Gallman, America’s Joan of Arc: The Life of Anna Elizabeth Dickinson (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 36–38; Frank, Women in the American Civil War, 1: 210–12.
108. CWDR, 295–96.
109. Donald E. Collins, “War Crime or Justice? General George Pickett and the Mass Execution of Deserters in Civil War Kinston, North Carolina,” at http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ncuv/kinston1.htm; New York Times, March 11, 1864; Davis, Look Away!, 273.
110. Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 603; Long, Day by Day, 463.
111. CWDR, 36; McPherson, Battle Cry, 763–64.
112. Davis, Look Away!, 181–82; McPherson, Battle Cry, 693–94; Long, Day by Day, 465; CWDR, 449, 534, 566.
113. Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 606; McPherson, Battle Cry, 714–15.
114. CWDR, 156; “Constitutional Law. Freedom of Religion. Exemption of Conscientious Objectors from Military Service,” Columbia Law Review 43, no. 1 (Jan. 1943): 112, n. 5.
115. Long, Day by Day, 469; John Ransom, Andersonville Diary (Philadelphia: Douglass Bros., 1883), 55; Wagner, Civil War: 365, Aug. 22.
116. CWDR, 296; Dowdey, Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee, 678.
117. Long, Day by Day, 471; Basler, Collected Works, 235n.
118. New York Times, March 11, 1864.
119. “History of the Twenty-Ninth (Colored) Regt. C. V. Infantry,” on the Connecticut State Library website, at http://www.cslib.org/wmwebb/History29th.htm; Frank, Women in the American Civil War, 1: 156–57; Basler, Collected Works, 7: 234–35.
120. Wagner, Civil War: 365, Nov. 13; Willard Family Papers, LC; The American Presidency Project. Text of Lincoln’s executive order, at http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=70011.
121. CWDR, 633; Wagner, Civil War: 365, Oct. 13.
122. CWDR, 296–98; McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 278–80.
123. CWDR, 296–98; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 106–7.
124. Grant, Memoirs, 366.
125. CWDR, 296–98.
126. “French Intervention and Maximilian,” at http://historicaltextarchive.com/print.php?action=section&artid=747.
127. CWDR, 298–99, 435; McPherson, Battle Cry, 748; Basler, Collected Works, 7: 302–3; Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder, 195–96 (newspaper quote), 200, 205.
128. McPherson, Battle Cry, 793.
129. CWDR, 435.
130. Ibid.; Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American, 480; Freeman, Letters from Two Brothers, 111.
CHAPTER 4
1. McPherson, Battle Cry, 731, citing OR, series 1, vol. 36, part 2:672.
2. Jean Edward Smith, Grant (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 370.
3. McPherson, Battle Cry, 809.
4. Cumming, Hospital Life, 158 (diary entry for December 31, 1864).
5. Warren Akin, Letters of Warren Akin, Confederate Congressman, edited by Bell Irvin Wiley (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1959), 32.
6. Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed., A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865, 2 vols. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1920), 2: 148.
7. Current, Confederacy (Macmillan), 186–88.
8. Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 333–34; Joseph Glatthaar, General Lee’s Army: From Victory to Collapse (New York: The Free Press, 2008), 364; CWDR, 299.
9. ABC-CLIO Encyclopedia, 1: 218–20; Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 336–38; Glatthaar, General Lee’s Army, 365.
10. Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 340–42; Glatthaar, General Lee’s Army, 365–68.
11. ABC-CLIO Encyclopedia, 1: 220; Long, Day by Day, 495; Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 344; McPherson, Battle Cry, 726–28; Dana, Recollections, 194–95.
12. Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 343–47.
13. Long, Day by Day, 495, 497; ABC-CLIO Encyclopedia, 1: 220; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 57–58, 665; Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 347.
14. Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 348–50; Stephen E. Ambrose, Upton and the Army (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993), 30–33.
15. Ernest B. Furgurson, Ashes of Glory: Richmond at War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996), 266, 268–69; Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 355; McPherson, Battle Cry, 728.
16. Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 351–54; Welch, A Confederate Surgeon’s Letters, 96–97; Furgurson, Ashes of Glory, 268–69; Dowdey, Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee, 736; CWDR, 307; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 227.
17. Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 228; Whitman, Wound Dresser, 181–82.
18. McPherson, Battle Cry, 724; Long, Day by Day, 501–2, 506.
19. McPherson, Battle Cry, 724; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 228.
20. Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 356, 358.
21. Ibid., 358–60; Grant, Personal Memoirs, 432.
22. Kathryn Abbey Hanna, “Incidents of the Confederate Blockade,” Journal of Southern History 11, no. 2 (May 1945): 218.
23. Dowdey, Wartime Papers of R. L. Lee, 753; Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 361; “The Battle of Totopotomoy Creek, May 29–31, 1864,” at http://www.nps.gov/rich/historyculture/tcbattlebull.htm.
24. CWDR, 156; Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 624; “Fremont and the Radical Democracy,” on the HarpWeek website, at http://elections.harpweek.com/1864/Overview-1864-2.htm; Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 361; “Cold Harbor,” battle summary, at http://www.nps.gov/hps/abpp/battles/va062.htm.
25. Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 361–63; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 79.
26. Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 364–66; Grant, Memoirs, 444–45; McPherson, Battle Cry, 735.
27. Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 79.
28. Long, Day by Day, 517; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 763; Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 377; Whitman, Wound Dresser, 194.
29. Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 625–26; McPherson, Battle Cry, 716.
30. Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 79, 729–30; “Brices Cross Roads National Battlefield Site: The Battle,” at http://www.nps.gov/brcr/the-battle.htm; CWDR, 426; Long, Day by Day, 520; Semmes, The Cruise of the Alabama and the Sumter, 2: 274–75.
31. McPherson, Battle Cry, 739; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 763; “General David Hunter in the Shenandoah Valley; Operations Report for Period June 6–July 14, 1864,” from OR, series 1, vol. 37, part 1, at the Virginia Military Institute Archives, http://www.vmi.edu/archives.aspx?id=4765.
32. Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 370; John Whiteclay Chambers, ed., The Oxford Companion to American Military History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 59.
33. Basler, Collected Works, 7: 393; Long, Day by Day, 522; Semmes, The Cruise of the Alabama and the Sumter, 2: 277–78.
34. McPherson, Battle Cry, 706; McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 206; Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 371–72; CWDR, 436.
35. Basler, Collected Works, 7: 394–95.
36. “Terrible Calamity at the Washington Arsenal,” Daily National Intelligence, June 18, 1864, at http://www.mcelfresh.ws/DC_arsenalfire.html; CWDR, 27.
37. Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 372–73; McPherson, Battle Cry, 740–41.
38. Wagner, Civil War: 365, May 27; Musicant, Divided Waters, 350–53 (Kell quote, 352); Luraghi, A History of the Confederate Navy, 319–20; Edmondston, “Journal of a Secesh Lady,” 590.
39. Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 376–77; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 833; Long, Day by Day, 526–27; Hay, Lincoln and the Civil War, 195.
40. Long, Day by Day, 528; Current, Encyclopedia of the Confederacy, 2:504; Glatthaar, General Lee’s Army, 426.
41. Hay, Lincoln and the Civil War, 197.
42. Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 380–82.
43. Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 631–32; McGinty, Lincoln and the Court, 227 (Lincoln quote); McPherson, Battle Cry, 749–50; Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 4, part 2:55.
44. Long, Day by Day, 529–30; Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 632; McGinty, Lincoln and the Court, 226 (Wade remark).
45. Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 632–33; Basler, Collected Works, 7: 419; Long, Day by Day, 531.
46. Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 794–95; Donald, Liberty and Union, 159 (manifesto quote).
47. Long, Day by Day, 532–33; Peter J. Parish, The American Civil War (London: Eyre Methuen, 1975), 142; New York Times, August 31, 1864; Furgurson, Ashes of Glory, 275; Glatthaar, General Lee’s Army, 426.
48. McPherson, Battle Cry, 748–49; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 765 ; Harlan Hoyt Horner, Lincoln and Greeley (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1953), 296–98.
49. Mary Deborah Petite, The Women Will Howl: The Union Army Capture of Roswell and New Manchester, Georgia, and the Forced Relocation of Mill Workers (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2008), 8, 82, 66, 110, 144.
50. McPherson, Battle Cry, 752; Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 4, part 2:56; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 504; Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 386; Wagner, Civil War: 365, Nov. 23; Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 641–42 (Breckinridge quote).
51. Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 642–43; Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 386; Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 4, part 2:88–89.
52. McPherson, Battle Cry, 756; Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 643; Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 4, part 2:88–89; National Park Service, “Battle Summary: Fort Stevens,” at http://www.nps.gov/hps/abpp/battles/dc001.htm.
53. McPherson, Battle Cry, 748–49; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 765–66.
54. Long, Day by Day, 540–41; McPherson, Battle Cry, 753.
55. Long, Day by Day, 541; Horner, Lincoln and Greeley, 304–11; McPherson, Battle Cry, 757–58, 766–67.
56. Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 565–66; National Park Service, “Battle Summary: Peachtree Creek,” at http://www.nps.gov/hps/abpp/battles/ga016.htm.
57. Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 27–28.
58. Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 382.
59. Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 415–16; Grant, Memoirs, 468.
60. Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 250–51.
61. CWDR, 313–14; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 125; Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 383–85; McPherson, Battle Cry, 760; Furgurson, Ashes of Glory, 274.
62. Current, Encyclopedia of the Confederacy, 2: 727–28.
63. Furgurson, Ashes of Glory, 275.
64. Wagner, Civil War: 365, May 28; McPherson, Battle Cry, 761; Long, Day by Day, 551–52; Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 3, part 2:95.
65. Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 650.
66. Ibid., 647–48.
67. McPherson, Battle Cry, 765; Nevins, Ordeal of the Union 4, part 2:98–101.
68. McPherson, Battle Cry, 774–75; Kennett, Sherman, 251.
69. Current, Encyclopedia of the Confederacy, 3: 1087; Furgurson, Ashes of Glory, 280.
70. “Correspondence Pertaining to Sherman’s Evacuation of Atlanta,” from OR, series 1, vol. 39, part 2, at http://www.civilwarhome.com/atlantaevacuation.htm; Kennett, Sherman, 251; McPherson, Battle Cry, 809.
71. Ransom, Andersonville Diary, 133–39; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 837; Long, Day by Day, 695.
72. Sears, McClellan, 374–75; McPherson, Battle Cry, 775–76.
73. Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 336–37; Glatthaar, General Lee’s Army, 383–84.
74. “Archives of Maryland, Historical List, Constitutional Convention, 1864,” at http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/speccol/sc2600/sc2685/html/conv1864.html; Lane, A Soldier’s Diary, 201–2.
75. Frank L. Klement, Dark Lanterns: Secret Political Societies, Conspiracies, and Treason Trials in the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984), 189; Oklahoma Historical Society, “Cabin Creek, battles of,” Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture, at http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/C/CA001.html; Current, Confederacy (Macmillan), 448; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 602–3; CWDR, 314.
76. CWDR, 314.
77. Basler, Collected Works, 8: 18–19.
78. Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American, 489–90; Kennett, Sherman, 258; Long, Day by Day, 574, 578.
79. McPherson, Battle Cry, 786–88; CWDR, 315.
80. Glatthaar, Forged in Battle, 156; CWDR, 315–16, 317.
81. McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 286–87.
82. Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 264; CWDR, 536, 563–64.
83. McGinty, Lincoln and the Court, 209, 214 (Hay), 229 (Sumner).
84. CWDR, 314–15; McPherson, Battle Cry, 779–80; Long, Day by Day, 585–86; Habersham Family Papers, LC.
85. Long, Day by Day, 585–86; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 780, 793–94; ABC-CLIO Encyclopedia, 4: 2041–42.
86. Kennett, Sherman, 258–59.
87. Luraghi, History of the Confederate Navy, 330–31; Naval Historical Center, “CSS Albemarle (1864–1864),” at http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-us-cs/csa-sh/csash-ag/albmrl.htm, and “Report of Lieutenant William Barker Cushing, U.S. Navy,” at http://www.history.navy.mil/docs/civilwar/64-10-30.htm.
88. Jacqueline Bernard, Journey Toward Freedom: The Story of Sojourner Truth (New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 1990), 202–3, 215–16; Wagner, Civil War: 365, June 21; Mr. Lincoln’s White House, “Sojourner Truth (1797–1883),” at http://www.mrlincolnswhitehouse.org/inside.asp?ID=671&subjectID=2.
89. McPherson, Battle Cry, 833–34.
90. Ibid., 804–5; Long, Day by Day, 594; Sears, McClellan, 386; Lane, Soldier’s Diary, 226 ; John Wilkes Booth, “Right or Wrong, God Judge Me”: The Writings of John Wilkes Booth, edited by John Rhodehamel and Louise Taper (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997), 124.
91. CWDR, 316; Long, Day by Day, 597; Kennett, Sherman, 260–62.
92. New York Times, Nov. 17, 1864.
93. CWDR, 317; McPherson, Battle Cry, 812–13.
94. CWDR, 319; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 722.
95. Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 810.
96. McGinty, Lincoln and the Court, 232; Basler, Collected Works, 8: 151–52.
97. Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 394; CWDR, 316; Wagner, Civil War: 365, Sept. 24; McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 299.
98. CWDR, 319; McPherson, Battle Cry, 813–15; Wagner, Civil War: 365, Sept. 23 and 28; McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 229–33.
99. Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 99–100; CWDR, 321; Grant, Memoirs, 509; Musicant, Divided Waters, 423–24.
100. Kennett, Sherman, 265; McPherson, Battle Cry, 811; Long, Day by Day, 613–14.
101. CWDR, 321; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 99–100; Wagner, Civil War: 365, Nov. 27; Grant, Memoirs, 510.
102. Davis, Look Away!, 217.
103. Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 690–91; Basler, Collected Works, 8: 220–21; Freedmen & Southern Society Project, “Chronology of Emancipation During the Civil War,” at http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/chronol.htm.
104. McPherson, Battle Cry, 820–21, 841; McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 299; Freedmen & Southern Society Project, “Newspaper Account of a Meeting Between Black Religious Leaders and Union Military Authorities,” at http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/savmtg.htm; Faust, Illustrated Encyclopedia, 273, 574; Musicant, Divided Waters, 427–29.
105. McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 299–300; text of Special Field Orders, No. 15, at the Freedmen & Southern Society Project website, http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/sfo15.htm.
106. Kelly, Creating a National Home, 45.
107. Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American, 513–15; Craig A. Bauer, “The Last Effort: The Secret Mission of the Confederate Diplomat Duncan F. Kenner,” Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 22, no. 1 (Winter 1981): 67–95 (departure date, 80).
108. Long, Day by Day, 628; McPherson, Battle Cry, 821; Douglas J. and Rufus W. Cater Papers, LC (Douglas Cater to his cousin Fanny, Feb. 3, 1863).
109. Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 691–92.
110. McPherson, Battle Cry, 839–40; Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 688–90; Long, Day by Day, 630.
111. McPherson, Battle Cry, 825–26; CWDR, 323–24; McGinty, Lincoln and the Court, 243–44.
112. Basler, Collected Works, 8: 256, 282; Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 692–94; McPherson, Battle Cry, 822; Josiah Gorgas, The Journals of Josiah Gorgas, 1857–1878, edited by Sarah W. Wiggins (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1995), 151 (diary entries for Feb. 8, 10, 1865).
113. CWDR, 322; Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 396.
114. Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American, 512–13.
115. Long, Day by Day, 637, 639.
116. Ibid., 639–40.
117. McPherson, Battle Cry, 828–29; Long, Day by Day, 640; CWDR, 437; Susie King Taylor, Reminiscences of My Life in Camp (New York: Arno Press, 1968), 42.
118. Long, Day by Day, 642–43.
119. CWDR, 436, 737, 774–78; Freedmen & Southern Society website, at http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/fbact.htm (act establishing Freedmen’s Bureau) and http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/soldfam.htm (resolution); Kelly, Creating a National Home, 46–47.
120. Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 697–99; Long, Day by Day, 647; Basler, Collected Works, 8: 332–33; Mr. Lincoln’s White House, “Frederick Douglass (1817–1895),” at http://www.mrlincolnswhitehouse.org/inside.asp?ID=38&subjectID=2.
121. Long, Day by Day, 648; McPherson, Battle Cry, 826.
122. Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American, 517–18.
123. Bauer, “The Last Effort,” 91–94; McPherson, Battle Cry, 837–38.
124. CWDR, 324.
125. Ibid., 324–25.
126. Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 708–9.
127. CWDR, 322; Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 397–98; Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 710; Basler, Collected Works, 8: 374.
128. Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 399; Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 712–13.
129. Basler, Collected Works, 8: 377–78.
130. CWDR, 322–23; Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 400; Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 715.
131. Wert, Sword of Lincoln, 403–4; McPherson, Battle Cry, 845–47; Wagner, Civil War: 365, Dec. 3; CWDR, 324–25.
132. Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 716, 718–19; McPherson, Battle Cry, 846–47; CWDR, 159.
133. Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American, 524; McPherson, Battle Cry, 847.
134. CWDR, 326.
135. Ibid., 326–27.
136. Ibid., 326–28; Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 725–27; Gary W. Gallagher, The Confederate War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 96.
137. Basler, Collected Works, 8: 399–405 (Louisiana quote, 403); Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 727–28; Wagner, Civil War: 365, Apr. 28.
138. Wagner, Civil War: 365, Dec. 9, 10, 11; CWDR, 231; Abraham Lincoln Papers, LC (Letter from James S. Knox to his father, Apr. 15, 1865).
139. Wagner, Civil War: 365, Dec.11; Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 744; CWDR, 231.
140. CWDR, 324.
141. Long, Day by Day, 679–80; J. D. G. Shea, ed., The Lincoln Memorial: A Record of the Life, Assassination, and Obsequies of the Martyred President (New York: Bunce & Huntington, 1865), 168; Wagner, Civil War: 365, Dec. 12.
142. CWDR, 50, 231, 324.
143. Wagner, Civil War: 365, May 30.
144. Ibid., Sept. 30; Grant. Memoirs, 573; CWDR, 232; Long, Day by Day, 687.
145. Wagner, Civil War: 365, Dec. 15; Long, Day by Day, 689–91.
EPILOGUE
146. McPherson, Battle Cry, 854.
147. CWDR, 731–804; Wagner, Civil War: 365, Dec. 26, 27.
148. William Salter, The Life of James W. Grimes, Governor of Iowa, 1854–1858; A Senator of the United States, 1859–1869 (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1876), 135–36 (letter to Samuel J. Kirkwood, Jan. 28, 1861).