Series page
Title page
Copyright page
Dedication
Series Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Moral Stress, Distress, and Injury
I An Ethnography of Ethics
II Cultural Realities: Ethics, Values, and Morals
III Moral Communities and Their Members
1. 9 The Ethics of Scale, the Scale of Distress
2. 10 It’s … Complex
References
Index
Basic Bioethics

List of Tables

Table 6.1 Best and worst four-year graduation rates in New York City (N=59). Lowest figures are in the poorest school districts.
Table 7.1 Transit access: The number of accessible stations
Table 7.2 Trips between accessible nodes
Table 7.3 Trips between nearby stations (accessible nodes and nodes within one link of an accessible node)
Table 7.4 Mean nodal accessibility degradation index
Table 7.5 “Special access” and normal user travel times to Heathrow Airport
Table 8.1 Heart transplants, 1988–2014
Table 8.2 Buffalo-area heart donors and recipients by ethnicity, 1988–2014
Table 8.3 New York–area heart donors and recipients by ethnicity, 1988–2014
Table 8.4 Los Angeles heart donors and recipients by ethnicity, 1988–2014

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1 Jakob Schlesinger painted this portrait of Hegel in 1831, the year of his death. Wikimedia Commons.
Figure 1.2 In mapping a ferocious cholera outbreak in his London neighborhood in 1854, John Snow layered a series of event classes (deaths from cholera, streets and some shops, water sources) to argue that cholera was a waterborne rather than airborne disease.
Figure 1.3 Detail of John Snow’s map of neighborhood cholera in the 1854 outbreak. If cholera is waterborne, the map argued, then a water source must be at its center.
Figure 1.4 A simple lapel pin from the John Snow Society showing the Broad Street pump that Snow proposed to disable to stop a local cholera outbreak in 1854.
Figure 1.5 In this mid-nineteenth-century illustration, Death is recruiting local children by pumping contaminated water from a communal pump, the kind that provided household water for most residents of London.
Figure 2.1 The Salt Lake Tabernacle organ provides a metaphor here for the complex relations that pervade issues of ethics, science, and their mapped presentations. Wikipedia/Common Use.
Figure 2.2 The NOAA map shows the centrality of New Orleans in hurricane tracks recorded over the last 160 years. Author/NOAA data.
Figure 2.3 In the weeks after Katrina, Matthew Ericson of the New York Times attempted to map the relationship of income levels and residence in the city’s most decimated wards. Ericson, “When Maps Shouldn’t Be Maps.”
Figure 2.4 The New York Times combined mapping, statistics, and text to argue the relationship between socioeconomics and storm damage. Ericson, “When Maps Shouldn’t Be Maps.”
Figure 3.1 “Still Smoking: After All These Years!” A potential response to the hypothetical ATC contract for a map of data on smokers over sixty-five years of age in the United States. Map by author.
Figure 3.2 A near facsimile of a map produced in 2005 by ESRI (or at least using ESRI materials), with content added by and distributed by US wire services. By author.
Figure 3.3 The medical status of all patients with liver disease who will require transplants (top) compared with those in urgent need of a liver transplant (bottom). Source: Institute of Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation, 58a.
Figure 3.4 Two views of Southern Californian political boundaries in 2001. The first reflects the general population, the second only the health-insured population. A lack of health insurance would result in many persons being unable to afford a graft organ transplant. Maps by author.
Figure 4.1 In this 1938 residential security map of the Bronx, neighborhoods were constructed and then ranked on the basis of an economic index. “Good” neighborhoods could get bank loans denied to others.
Figure 4.2 Detail of the 1938 Bronx security map in which green (grade 1) neighborhoods are distinguished from poorer blue (grade 2), yellow (grade 3), and red (grade 4) neighborhoods.
Figure 4.3 This map of biliary and liver cancer mortality in white females was one of a series of maps that attempted to distill county-level mortality data to create a national portrait of cancer incidence. US National Institutes of Health.
Figure 4.4 Most books on how to lie with maps or statistics (or rhetoric) are really about how to tell the best truth possible. After all, self-conscious mendacity is easy.
Figure 5.1 Alexandra Enders’s map of poverty in US counties based on 2008 US census data. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 5.2 This map of the total percentage of Americans living in poverty was produced by the automatic mapping program of the US Census Bureau’s SAIPE website.
Figure 5.3 A 3-D extruded map of SAIPE poverty (2008) emphasizes the levels of poverty shown in earlier maps but does not change the message that poverty and wealth exist together across the US landscape. Map created by author.
Figure 5.4 A representation of the straight-line relationship between poverty (unemployment) and mortality using Scottish federal data. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 5.5 These graphs from a study published by the World Health Organization correlate social integration and mortality for three US counties and several in Europe. World Health Organization.
Figure 5.6 A map generated on the SAIPE website presenting county-level poverty affecting all children under eighteen years.
Figure 5.7 The Skid Row district of Los Angeles, where a new form of tuberculosis incubated among the poor. Google Maps.
Figure 5.8 Income inequality, poverty, and mortality rise and fall together. Courtesy John Lynch.
Figure 5.9 This map of persons living below national poverty lines is based on data from the CIA’s World Factbook. “Measuring Poverty,” Wikipedia.
Figure 5.10 Using World Bank data, M. Tracy Hunter created a Gini index to map relative world inequality among world nations. Wikimedia Commons.
Figure 6.1 Monies spent per student per year were significantly lower from 1986 to 1997 when wealthier suburbs were compared with school funding in New York City. By author.
Figure 6.2 Choropleth map of New York City school districts based on the percentage of students participating in free lunch programs, one element of the SAIPE-calculated general poverty index.
Figure 6.3 Maps of New York City’s “disconnected youth”—those not in school and out of work—correlate with poverty rates and school lunch program rates in New York City. Courtesy Community Service Society of New York and United Way of New York City.
Figure 6.4 Using Jonathan Kozol’s figures, this chart organizes student populations by dollars per student and population. By author.
Figure 6.5 This map of New York education funding based on school catchments looks like a map of the city itself, confusing in its profusion of high-rises. Each column stands for per capita income at a single school. By author.
Figure 6.6 High school dropout rates for greater Buffalo, New York, on a landscape of relative poverty. “Failing” high schools are those in or near the areas of greatest poverty.
Figure 6.7 Graph of data from the previous map showing the correlation between poverty rates and dropout rates for students at Buffalo city and suburban high schools.
Figure 6.8 The National Public Radio Education Team mapped the differences in per student funding across the nation’s school districts. The disparities reflected the ongoing realities of disparities raised in the CFE court case. Courtesy National Public Radio.
Figure 6.9 This map of “distressed cities” based on seven separate indicators locates and particularizes data in the national map of distressed regions by zip code. Courtesy EIG Group.
Figure 7.1 “The first lady of civil rights,” Rosa Parks’s refusal to yield her seat on a Montgomery bus highlighted both racial segregation and the critical place of transportation as an essential element of public life. Wikipedia.
Figure 7.2 This New Yorker cover presents New York City as a body whose circulatory system comprises the rail and subway lines that run through its body. They, in turn, join the city to the greater world, across bridges that are also transit carriers. Courtesy the New Yorker.
Figure 7.3 The original 1933 version of the London Underground map designed by Harry Beck, a map whose features have been widely copied for use by transit systems around the world. Courtesy London Transport Museum.
Figure 7.4 In 2016 Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau was photographed helping to carry a wheelchair user down an inoperable escalator at a subway station in Montreal. Adam Scotti, official photographer for the Prime Minister.
Figure 7.5 The official map of Transport for London promises a fully integrated, accessible opportunity for travel by all Londoners everywhere. Courtesy Transport for London.
Figure 7.6 This detail from the Transport for London map shows the presence of “special access” stations, symbolized by a stick figure in a wheelchair, promising system accessibility at a minority of stations.
Figure 7.7 The author’s map reconfigures the standard London transit map to reflect its reality to the mobility-limited traveler. Only stops accessible to wheelchair users, and the links between them, are included in this map.
Figure 8.1 A map generated in 2014 by UNOS of its 11 districts within which donated organs are registered and then distributed. UNOS.
Figure 8.2 Mapped mean waiting times by UNOS region for people entering the heart transplant waiting list in 1996. Included are the locations of all hospitals performing heart transplants in 1998 and 1999. By author.
Figure 8.3 Regional heart transplant performance mapped using UNOS data from 1988 to 2014. By author.
Figure 8.4 Cumulative number of heart transplants performed between 1988 and 2014 by state. The bars symbolize the number of transplants per city at all hospitals over the study period. By author.
Figure 8.5 John Q. is the story of a father whose health insurance will not cover the desperately needed transplant procedure his son needs to survive.
Figure 9.1 The State of the World Atlas has been, since its first printing, a persuasive mapped indictment of global inequalities. Penguin Books.
Figure 9.2 These US Census Bureau maps of SAIPE-defined state poverty compare poverty as a general population characteristic and its effect on underage children.
Figure 10.1 A page from a version of Gorgias produced in AD 895. Wikipedia.
Figure 10.2 A poster in Toronto, Canada, arguing poverty is more expensive than its elimination. Courtesy Folio Designs for EvidenceNetwork.ca.
Figure 10.3 One doesn’t have to be a philosopher to “practice” philosophy. The issues it attempts to address pervade our worlds of family and work. That’s the message of this sign found on a telephone pole in Toronto, Canada. Author’s collection.

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