(Illustrations are indicated by page numbers in italics; charts and tables by page numbers in bold.)
A
Abies balxamea. See Balsam fir
Acer genus. See maples
Addition
ell, 163–67
lean-to, 165–70
Addition, providing for, 164
Adz, 69
Aesthetics of mixing wood species, 49
Air-to-air heat exchanger, 31
Air quality, 31
Alcove, 25–26
Anchorbeams, 14
Ankerbalken, 14
Ash, white, 52
Aspen, big tooth, 50
Aspen, quaking, 52
Assembling
rafters, 147
raising plates, 147
roof structure, 147–49
second floor plate, 144–46
tools needed for, 142
Attic
access to, 26
framing chimney opening, 125
joist, 124–25
American, 64
handle, 64
squaring with, 62
B
Backing off, 83
Balloon frame, 15
Balsam fir, 50
Barns, 171–72
old frames and, 2
Basement
full, 137
piers, 35
regional vernacular, 138
Basswood, American, 49
Bats, 156
Beech, American, 47
Beams
tie, 41, 44–45, 117–20, 118–20
Bearing area, 183
Bedrooms, lighting needs of, 26
Bending of beams, 176–77, 176-77
raising, 143
Best edge
scarf joints and, 121
squaring off of, 84
Betula allegheniensis. See Birch, yellow
Betula lenta. See Birch, black
Betula papyrifera. See Birch, white
Bevel, double, on broad ax blades, 65
Birch
black, 50
white, 53
yellow, 53
Blisters, avoiding, 64
Board footage of project house, 70
Boring
holes, 86
pockets in hardwood, 106–9, 107–9
Bow orientation, 56
calculate length of, 103–5, 103–5
establishing reference line, 104
exposure of, 38
how they work, 37
installing of, 145
interchangeability of, 105
joint layout, 103–5
placement of, 38
Broad ax, 64–65
goosewing, 64
styles, 64
what to avoid, 65
work height, 63
Bubble diagram, sample, 23
Building materials, 31–32
C
Cat slide roof, 166
Carya genus. See Hickories
Carpenter ants, 32
Center bay width, 23
Ceilings, 159
CFCs, 32
Checking, worst, 55
Cherry, black, 50–51
Chimney, framing opening of, 125
choice of, 82
paring with, 95
sharpening, 82–83
Clapboards, 156
nailers, 156
Chlorofluorocarbons, 32
Concrete, wicking of, 139
Condensation
on roof and walls, 31–32
on sills, 34
Cornice, framing of, 44
Crowns, in timber, 76
Cutting edge
angle, 64
bevel and burrs, 83
D
Dead load, computation of, 176, 176
Decay resistance. See Rot resistance
Design
bubble diagram, 23
concealed beams, 38
considerations of interior, 22–32
geometry and proportion, 26–27
of healthy house, 31–32
prioritizing, 19
values for eastern white pine, 178
Dividers, 75
Dimensional lumber categories, 177
Dining
room, 24–25
Dogs, iron, 64
Doors, 151–53
Dovetail joints
tying joint in plate, 114–20
Drawboring, 54. See also Drawpinning
Drawing, process of, 23
Dutch barns, New World, 14, 14
Dutch framing, 9, 13–14, 13–14, 48
E
Edge, best, 76
End cuts, 84
Ell, 164–67
Elm, American, 50
English framing, 9–13, 9–13, 12, 38
Entrances, 153
Entry room, 25
F
Face, 76
Facing, stone, 137
Fagus grandifolia. See Beech, American
Federal style, 44
Felling ax, 64
face nailed, 161
finishing, 162
frame complete, 141
insulated, 161
joist angling of joint, 179
Floor
mortise-and-tenon standard, 35
plumbing solutions, 160
softwood, 162
sound insulation, 162
Flooring
tongue-and-groove, 161
Foam-core panels, 31–32
Focal points, 27–28
Footing of basement posts, 138
Formaldehyde, 32
Foundation, 137–139
back filling, 139
coursed rubble, 138
insulating, 139
outside dimensions of, 138
pier, 139–40
shelf, 137
Frame, anchoring, 138
Framing, 34
assembling, 139–50
cornice, 43–44
first floor, 35
openings in, 38–39
second floor, 39
three-dimensional, 45–46
Fraxinus Americana. See Ash, white
Fungi and sapwood, 58–59
G
Geometry, 26–27
Gin pole, 149
calculating load of, 181–83, 181
cross section comparison, 182
tying together, 46
Goosewing broad ax, 64–65
Gott, Peter, 66
Grain, slope of, 56
Greek Revival, 44
Gypsum plaster, 158
H
Hall, 17
Hall-and-parlor house, 8, 16–17, 38, 16–17, 34, 152
center bay, 23
early, 25
master plan of, 19
options for, 163
traditional geometry of, 26
Half house, 163
Hand-hewn timbers, marking of, 77–78
Hay, used during raising, 141
Hearth, 27–28
Heartwood durability, 59
Heater, masonry, 25, 27–28, 28
Heat
quality, 27
Hemlock, eastern, 51
area, 63
condition of logs, 62
layout, 66
tools for, 63–65
variations, 68–69
Hickories, 51–52
Hook pin, 123
House planning options
attached barn, 171
cabin, 164
half, 163–64
wrap-around porch, 170
layout on nonreference face, 108
measuring of depth, 87
sill girder, 103
I
Identification marks, 135–36, 135–36
Inner timber, lining to, 77
Insulation
closets, 26
walls, 153–55
Iron dogs, 63
J
Joinery
conflicts in, 96
history of, 9
Joints
cutting of, 84
girding beam mortise, 89–91
housed mortise, 87–88
housing of, 89
lap dovetail, 40, 114–20, 114–20
mortised brace, 92–93
in a nonreference face, 87
peg hole in important joints, 101
resisting uplift, 44
sagging of, 180
stub mortise, 84–87
tolerances of, 175
tying, 38–45, 42, 43, 114–20, 117
Joints, versions of, 84
Joists, 34
concealed, 39
fitting of, 144
mortised, 39
pockets, 106–9
spacing, 176
assembling tenoned, 39–40, 139–40
tying, 108, 108, 111–14, 111–14
K
Kent-style ax, 64
Kneewall, 13
L
Lath, 158
L bead, 159
Larix laricina. See Tamarack
Layout, 73–8
of hand-hewn timbers, 77–78
sequence, 76–77
systems, 73–74
3-4-5 principle of, 26
Lean-to, 165–70
Leveling with an adz, 69
Liriodendron tulipifera. See Tulip tree
Loading requirements, 176
Lobby-entrance plan. See Hall-and-parlor house
Locust, black, 51
Log storage under water, 61
Lumber, seasoned, 60
M
Maples, 52
Marking gauge, 75
Marks, identification, 135–36
Marriage marks, 9
Material, 3
Mechanical advantage, 149
Microbevel, 83
Mistakes, 136
Moisture level, 31–32
Mortise-and-tenon joints, 9
checking of, 87
first-floor joist, 108–11
joists with, 108–9
rafters, 45
scarf joints with, 121–22, 121–22
sill corner stub, 84–85
sill girder with, 103
stub, 84–87
through, 89–90
Muntins, 30
N
Nails, splitting wood, 161
Newel post, 130
Notch, stress calculation for, 180
O
Oak
northern red, 52
white, 53
One-story post, 39
Openings, rough, 151–53
Outshot See Lean-to
P
Pantry, 24
Paring, 86
Parlor, 17
Peg hole
important joints with, 101
offset on brace tenon, 105
offset on scarf joints, 122
assembly, 139
drying, 134
making, 133–34
Picea rubens, 52. See also Spruce, red
Pine, eastern white, 51
Pins. See Pegs
Pinus strobus. See Pine, eastern white
Plank-on-frame houses, 11–13, 11, 38
Plans, expanding on, 165–72
Plaster, 158
false, 45
scarfed, 41
Platform framing, 15
Plumb bob, 67
Plumb, 26
Pockets
attic joist with, 106
first-floor joist, 108
Populus grandidentata. See Aspen, big tooth
Populus tremuloides. See Aspen, quaking
Post-and-beam framing, 9
Posts
assembly order of, 140
guiding end of, 142
exterior, 41
flared, 40
plumbing of, 143
tapered, 40
Preassembly, 141
Pressure-treated lumber, 34–35
alternatives, 138–39
Prick post, 33
Program, 19
Project house, 3, 11, 16–17, 33
longitudinal section, 41
Proportions, 26–27
Prototypes, classic, 16
Prunus serotina. See Cherry, black
Q
Quercus alba. See Oak, white
Quercus rubra. See Oak, northern red
R
Rafter
tenon, 44
truss, 45
Rafters, 126–29
common, 126
figuring length of, 126
peak joint, 126–29
plumbing of, 147
Raising the frame, 142–50
Rake section, 155
Reaction wood, 57
Reference face
planing of, 130
scarf joints, 121
Robinia pseudoacacia. See Locust, black
Romance, 8
Roof, 150–51
gambrel, 170
hewn timbers in, 45
load, 175
trussed, 11
Rot resistance, 48
black cherry, 50–51
black locust, 51
oak, white, 53
options, 138–39
pegs, 139
pine, eastern white, 51
porches, 171
tamarack, 52
Rough opening, doors, 151
S
Safety
broad ax and, 68
calculating lumber dimensions and, 176
eye protection and, 68
foot position and, 69
pike control and, 149
Salt box, 166
Sassafras, 52
Sassafras algidum, 52
Sawhorse, 142
Sawing, 84
portable, 61
Saws, sharpening hand, 82
Sawyers, 70
Scantlings, 15
Scarf joint, 121–23
Scarfed, 34
Second-floor framing, 38–39, 39
Second-floor plan, 25
Sill, transverse, 34
Sharpening
broad ax, 65
felling ax, 64
stones, 82
Shear, horizontal, 178–81
load computations, 180
Sheathing, wall, 151
Shimming, 140
Shingles, 155–56
compensating for, 54
Siding, 156–58
assembling of, 139
leveling, 140
Slick, 81
Solar, passive techniques, 29–30
Spiral grain, 57
Splicing, 34
Spruce, red, 52
Square, framing, 74–75, 78, 78
Standardization, 15
Steel quality, 64
Stickers, 72
Strength of timber frame, 46
Stress
bending, 176–77
calculating, 176–83
deflection, 177–78
sheer, 178–81
Stress-skin panels, 31–32
Structural calculations, 176–83
Support posts, 35
Stylobates, 10
T
Tamarack, 52
Tape measure, 75–76
Tearing, 68
Tenon
bare faced, 104
brace with, 103–5
chamfer of, 96
extended, 14
girding beam with, 101–2
ideal timber, 95
peg hole on, 105
scarf joints, 122
sill girders with, 101–3, 101–3
taper of, 95
through, 14
tying joist with, 113
Thermal mass, 13
Tie beam
with dovetail, 117–20
installation of, 146
Tilia Americana. See Basswood, American
Timber
bow, 56
boxed-heart, 53
buying, 70–71
carrying, 72
chamfering, 130
delivery of, 70
framed, 74. See also Square Rule
finish on, 55
green, 53
hewed, 69
ideal, 77–78
inspection, 76
odd pieces of, 69
planing, 130
shrinkage compensation for, 87
shrinkage effects on, 53–55
sizing of, 176–83
twist, 76
trailer, 72
Timber selection, 53–60
Tithe barns, 12
Tongue. see Framing square
adz, 67
dogs, iron, 64
mallet, 80
sawhorses, 142
sharpening of, 82–83
slick, 81
Tree nails. See Pegs
catalogue of, 49–53
Trigonometry, 26–27
Trimmers, 39
Trunnels. See Pegs
Trussed roof, 11
Tsuga canadesis. See Eastern hemlock
Tulip tree, 52
U
Ulmus Americana. See American elm
V
Vernacular architecture, 8–9, 138
V-notch, cutting of, 67. See also Juggling
W
Water table, 156
Wall
foundation section, 155
insulation, 153–55
interior finish, 158–59, 158–59
nonload-bearing, 159–60
plumbing in, 159
section at cornice, 154
stud, 159
systems, 31
traditional fill, 11
vapor barrier, 153–54
wiring, 159
Wane
debarking, 58
layout on, 94
Wattle, 11
Wedges, 14
Weight-bearing
pockets, 106
tenon, 103
Wind, out of, 76
Wiremold, 157
Wiring, concealed, 39
Wood
drying, 161
identifying, 48
rot resistance of, 34–35
Working height, 62
Z
Zones, living, 23–24