Index

abstractions, deified 62

Acts of the Apostles 227, 237

Aebutius 92–3

aediles (plebeian) 64–5; and ludi 101

Aemilianus (Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Aemilianus, consul 147, 134 B.C.) 109, 111

Aemilius see Lepidus, Paullus

Aeneas 1–2 fig 1.1, 5, 53–4, 84, 89, 173, 257; in Carthage 333 fig. 7.3; and Magna Mater 198; in temple of Mars Ultor 200; and Parilia 175–6; and Vesta 189–90; in vici 185–7 fig. 4.3

Aesculapius: introduction of 69–70; name of 70; temple of (Map 1 no. 27) 69

after-life: Christian 290–1; Isis and 290; Jewish 290; Mithras and 290; in new cults 289–91; traditional attitude to 289

Agorius see Praetextatus

agriculture 11, 45, 194

Agrippa (Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, consul 37, 28, 27 B.C.): and the Saecular Games 202; and the Pantheon 257–8 fig. 6.1

Agripinilla, cult-group of 271; includes women 298

Alba Longa 89, 187 fig. 4.3, 189, 323

Alexander the Great see Scipio; Victoria, temple of

Alexandria: 254, 255; and Claudius 313

Alexandria Troas (colonia in Asia Minor): flamen in 329–30

altar(s): to Augustus in Cologne 352; to Augustus (three) in north-west Spain 352; at Carthage (two) 331–3 fig. 7.2, 7.3; of Lares 185–7 fig.4.3; of Augustus’ numen 207; see also Terentum

Ambarvalia (May) 50

Ambrose (bishop of Milan, c. 340–397): polemic against Symmachus 386

ancilia 43, 173

animism 13–14, 30–1

Antinous (companion of emperor Hadrian, died A.D. 130) 272; see also Diana

Antioch (colonia, in Pisidia, Asia Minor): cult of Men in, diminished 341

antiquarianism 110–13, 151–3; in practice 323–4

Antoninus Pius (emperor A.D. 138–61) see divus Antoninus

Antony see Mark Antony

Aphrodisias: Jewish community of 275, 293

Apollo 33 fig. 1.5 (c), 63; Augustan iconography of 199; Augustan temple of (Map 1 no. 14) 198–9; in Carthage 333 fig. 7.3; republican temple of (Map 1 no. 33) 198; and Saecular Games 203; games of see ludi

apotheosis see deification

Apronianus: Mithraic relief of 307; Isiac dedication of 307

Apuleius (writer and orator, born c. A.D. 125) 238; religio and 217; magic in 233, 235–6; claims initiations 235; The Metamorphoses 287–8

Ara Maxima (Greatest Altar, Map 1 no. 21) 2, 68,173–4

Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace, Map 1 no. 30) 203–4 fig. 4.6; in Carthage 331–3 figs. 7.2, 7.3

Aricia (Map 5): statue of Ceres from fig. 1.8

Arius (Christian heretic, c. A.D. 260–336): 370–1

army: auxiliaries in 324–5, 327–8; calendar of 251, 324–5; camps, religious structure of 326–7; Christians and 295; festivals in 325; local deities in 328; Mithraism and 293, 295, 325; religion of 324–8; vows in 325

Arval Brothers 194–6; Augustus joins 186, 194; pre-Augustan, our ignorance of 194; compared to Dura Europus calendar 251, 325; end of cult 387; post-Flavian 195; formulae of 353; membership 194, 229; rituals of 194–5, 251; and Romulus 194

Ascanius (alias Iulus): ancestor of Julii 89; in Carthage 333 fig. 7.3

Asia (Roman province of, modern Turkey): calendar, Roman, adopted in 343; priests of, controlled 341; see also Ephesus

assemblies (comitia) 179

assembly, provincial: and cult to emperor 349; at Lugdunum 353; in Syria 352; see also cults, provincial

astrologers 231–3; expelled 113, 161, 231; provincial 233; trials of 233

astronomy: Mithraic 285–6

asylum-rights: Greek 224; Roman 224

Ateius Capito (Gaius Ateius Capito, jurist, consul A.D. 5) 205

Athens: ancestral cults maintained/restored in 342; Augustus’ temple in 355; Hadrian honoured in 343; Julia Domna as Athena Polias of 355; Nero honoured in 343; Roman interventions in 343–3; see also mysteries, Eleusinian

atheotes (godlessness) 225–6

Attis 98, 164–6, 280; and Naassenes 311

Attus Navius 23–4

auguraculum 22, 183

augur (augures) 18, 21–4, 27–8, 178; Aemilianus and 109; Augustus joins 182, 186; in coloniae 157; lists of 102–4; and obnuntiatio 110, 127; Romulus and Remus as 183 fig. 4.1; at Timgad 329; and revivalism 188; at Urso 328; at Zama Regia 329

augurium salutis 110—11, 188

augury 183; of Romulus 200

Augustales 357–8; duties/obligations of, at Herculaneum 358; not imperial priests 358; as status group 358; see also seviri Augustan gods see gods, Augustan

Augustus (emperor, 27 B.C. – A.D. 14): his Achievements (Res Gestae) 170, 189, 196; and Apollo 191; edict on astrology 231; birthday of 343; city re-structured by 184–7 figs. 4.2, 4.3; on religious decline 118; divine descent of 200; becomes divus 208–9; family of 333 fig. 7.3; restores flamen Dialis 130–1; against foreign cults 228; forum of (Map 1 no. 9) 199, 331; as god in Thinissut 336; his horoscope 232; and Jupiter 200–1; and Mars Ultor 199–201 fig. 4.5; model to successors 186, 190–2, 206, 209–10; and ch. 4 passim; acquires name of Augustus 182; numen of 207, 354–5; Ovid on 207; Palatine house of (Map 1 no. 14) 189–92 fig. 4.4; permits his cult with Roma 353; as Pharaoh 313; and the pomerium 180; and priesthoods 186–92; provincial altars to 352–3; and Romulus 182–4; in Salian hymn 207; his shield (clipeus virtutis) 186–7 fig. 4.3; and Saecular Games 202–3; temple-building of 196–201; and the Vestals 193–4; and the vici 184–7 figs. 4.2, 4.3; vows for 206–7; worshipped with Roma 355; see also divus Augustus

Aurelian (emperor, A.D. 270–75): games of 263; and Sol 254; temple of, outside pomerium 269

auspices 21–2, 56–7, 179; for Augustus 182; in coloniae 329; patrician claim to 64; for Romulus 177, 182; at Urso 328

authority, religious 21, 27–30, 54–61; Augustus’ appropriation of 189–2; in coloniae 329; disputed 135; popular 135–7; in the provinces 320–1; Roman (over Italian cities) 95, 322, (over Magna Mater cult) 338

auxiliaries (in the army): cults of 327; at Emesa 327–8

Aventine (Map 1 no. 16): Diana of (Map 1 no. 19) 3, 330; Isiac group on 266, 287; Jupiter Dolichenus on (Map 2 no. 12, 3 no.35) 275, 281

Baal (Punic deity), cult of, in Thinissut 336

Bacchanalia 91–6; allies and archaeological evidence on 93–4 fig. 2.4; family and 96; geographical distribution of 93; group structure of 95, 226; Livy on 91–3; novelty of 95–6; senate on 95–6; social distribution of 93–4; suppression of 95–6; women in 96; see also cult, Bacchic

‘barbarian’, worships Tiberius 352

Basilica, Underground, at Porta Maggiore (Map 2 no. 31) 221 fig. 5.1; 273–4 fig. 6.4

basilica, Christian: for congregation 369; Constantiniana (now St. John Lateran, Map 4 no. 27) 368–9; design of 368; St. Peter’s (Map 4 no. 61) 368–9; see also church-building, churches, Peter (St.)

beliefs 42–3, 125

Bellona 41 fig. 1.7; and Magna Mater 280; temple of 133

Beneventum: Isis at 281; problems of interpretation 281–2

Bible 223, 277, 284; in Latin 295; views of Marcion on 309; scenes from, on Christian sarcophagus 378–81 fig. 8.2

Bibulus (Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, consul 59 B.C): conflict with Caesar 126–9; watches heavens 126

birthdays: of Augustus 343; imperial 325; of Rome 206, 325, 362–3

bishops 241, 243–4; meetings of 305–6; of Rome ix, 299, 304, 306, 377, 388; derive authority from martyrs 377; see also clergy

Bona Dea: Clodius and 129–30; defiled 129, 138; men excluded from cult of 296

Bonfire night 7

books, priestly, 9–10, 25–6, 153, 205; see also texts, religious; Sibylline books

Britain: Druidism banned from 234; hybrid deities in 317

boundaries: augures and 22–3; between proper and improper religion 212–14, ch. 5 passim; in Christianity 306–7, 309–10; between Christianity and paganism 388; and Hippolytus 311

burial associations 270, 308; exclude women 297

Caecilian (‘orthodox’ bishop in Carthage) 369; see also heresy

Caecina (Aulus Caecina, first century B.C., Etruscan writer) 152

Caesar (Gaius Julius Caesar, consul 59 B.C., dictator after 49 B.C.): as augur 188; Romulus as god and 4; and collegia 184; conflict with Bibulus 126–9; divorce of 129; as divus Julius 140–9, 200, 208, 329–3; as flamen Dialis 131; forum of (Map 1 no. 10) 123 fig. 3.2, 145; on Gallic religion 234, 344; and the Parilia 176; as pontifex maximus 100, 191; writings of 117; and Venus 123, 145; see also divus Julius

calendar, Roman 1, 5–8, 25; army’s, compared to Arval 325; and the courts 262, 387; at Dura Europus 251, 324–8; of imperial festivals 356; in Asia 343; Isis in 250–1; in Italy 322; Numa’s 6; Parilia in 176; at Ptolemais 362–3; radical revison of 387; Roman system of 25; lack of copies, post-Augustan 25; statistics of 322

Calendar of Filocalus (A.D. 354) 250; paganism and Christianity in 378–80, 382–3; new festivals in 382–3

calendar, local, in Gaul 344

Callistus (Bishop of Rome, early third century A.D.) 299

Calpurnius see Bibulus

Camillus (Marcus Furius Camillus, dictator 390 B.C.) 168

camps: religion in 326–7

campus sceleratus 81

cannibalism: Christians and 225–6; charge discounted 226

canon, Christian 284–5

Capitolia (outside Rome): in the army 326; and Christianity 240–1; Cyprian on 241; extended to municipia 335; at Heliopolis 334; at Numluli 335; in Spain 334; as status-enhancing strategies 335–6; at Thugga 335; at Timgad 334; at Thubursicu Numidarum 335

Capitolium (Map 1 no. 25) 3,15, 39 fig. 1.6, 59–60; dedications by foreigners on 158; imperial sacrifices on 195–6; 372; Scipio and 84; superstition practised on 218–19; temple dedicated 59–60; temple restored 124

Cappadocia (Asia Minor): priesthoods Romanized 341

Caracalla (emperor, A.D. 198–217): and citizenship 241, 315, 362; and Sarapis 254

Carthage, influence of 82

Carthage (as colonia), altars ‘imitating’ Rome at 331–3 figs. 7.2, 7.3

Cassius Dio (historian, C.A.D.164–C.A.D.229) 170; on religious control 214; on the worship of the emperor 318

Castor, temple of (in forum Romanum) 39; festival of (with Pollux) 383; and Verres 115, 121; and Saturninus 140; see also Dioscuri

castration 164–5

catachumens (Christian initiates) 288

catacombs (Map 4): of Basileus (also known as Marcus and Marcellinus – Map 4 no. 40) 240; Christian 270–1; Jewish 270

Catiline (Lucius Sergius Catilina) 138, 140

Cato (Marcus Porcius Cato, consul 195 B.C.): and magic 154–5; his Origins 78

Catulus (Quintus Lutatius Catulus, consul 78 B.C.) restores Capitolium 124

Catullus (Gaius Valerius Catullus, poet, c.85–c.54 B.C.) 117, 155; Poem 63, 164–6

Cautes/Cautopates 286

Celsus (pagan writer, second century A.D.) see Origen

Ceres 64–5 fig. 1.8; temple of (with Liber Libera, Map 1 no. 18) 64–6, 70; ‘Greek cult’ of 70–1; priestesses of 70; and Saecular Games 71–2; and the plebs 64–6, 139; see also Liber, Libera

Cerialia (19 April) 45

change, religious: in coloniae 331–2 fig. 7.2; interpretation of 61–3, 119–21, 125–34, 319, 343–4

chi-rho 367 fig. 8.1

choice, religious 42–3, 245, ch. 6 passim; reduced in fourth century A.D. 375; paganism as a choice 375

choirs 70–2, 203

Christianity: after-life in 290–1; and Apologies 310; appeal of 283–4, 288, 290, 293; attacks on 225–6, 276–7; authority in 304–5, 369–70; baptism in 288; bishops in 304–5; boundary of, with paganism 388; catachumens in 288; charity in 288; as city religion 302; and Constantine 364–72; councils, development of 305–6; deacons, female, in 298; distribution of 301–2; doctrine, disputed, in 306–7; exclusivity of 309; Greek and Latin in 295, 376; and heresy 284–5, 305–7, 369–70; hierarchy of 243–4, 299; lack of homogeneity in 236, 248, 284–5, 307–8; iconography of 378; limited to the Empire 303; ludi rejected by 262; moral code of 289; ‘nominal’, pointlessness of 380; membership of 291–3, 295–6; ‘orthodoxy’ in 284–5, 299, 369–70; paganism and ix–xii, 310–311, 378–80; receives imperial favour 364; role of poverty in 296; relations with Judaism of 226–7, 309, 310; as true religio 227; resurrection and 290–1; sacrifice rejected by 226; social control in 304; spread of 237–8, 276, 295, (after Constantine) 375–80; as superstitio 225; women’s role in 298–300, 375–6

Christians: attitude of, to emperor-worship 361; numbers of 267, 375–6; local office-holding and 293; persecution of 236–44, 365–6; (after A.D. 249) 239–42; Pliny on 238–9; social level of 276, 295–6, 300; trials of 237–9, 361; refusal of vows by 240; visibility of 267–71, 368–9

Christianus 308

church-building: by Constantine 368; under his successors 376; avoids city centre 369, 376; undertaken by élite, not emperors 376; see also basilica, Peter (St.)

churches: lack of, until third century A.D. 267, 303; rebuilding of 367; property of, restored 367

Cicero (M.Tullius Cicero, consul 63 B.C.) 114–16, 119–21; and Bona Dea 129; Clodius and 110, 114–16, 129–30, 138–9; compared to Livy 119–22; On Divination 150–1; haruspices and 115, 138–9; house of 114–15, 138; and Libertas 114, 138; as philosopher 116, 150–1; on Pompey 115; pontifices and 114; refuses temples 147; speeches of 138–9; on his daughter Tullia 116; attacks Vatinius 155–6; on Verres 115

circus 262, 325, 383; see also pompa circensis

cities, non-Roman 315–16, Roman citizens in 336–7; Roman control of 339–42; Romanization in 342–48; worship of emperor in 354–5; see also coloniae; municipia

citizens, Roman: cult associations of (eastern) 353, (western) 353–4; in non-Roman communities 336, 353; maintain religious identity 361–2

citizenship, Roman 63, 75, 213–14; Caracalla expands 241, 246, 315, 362; Christians and 237; and the army 324; and religion 317

Claudius (emperor, A.D. 41–54) 188; extends pomerium 178; conservatism of 209–10; uses fetial formula 210; not a god 313; revives haruspicy 228; temple of, destroyed 347; see also divus Claudius

Claudius (Appius Claudius Caecus, censor 312 B.C.) 68

Claudius (Appius Claudius Pulcher, consul 54 B.C), defends augury 152–3; necromancer (?) 153

Claudius see Marcellus

clergy, Christian: persecution of 241–2; protection of, from civic duties 366; see also bishops

clipeus virtutis see Shield of Virtue

Clodius (Publius Clodius Pulcher, tribune 58 B.C.) 110, 114–5, 129–30, 137–8, 139–4; and augures 127; and haruspices 137–8; and Libertas 114, 138, 139; accused of sacrilege 129–30

‘clusters’: religions seen as 249, 278, 307

Coelius (Lucius Coelius Caldus) septemvir epulo 101 fig. 2.5

coin-types 33, 77–8, 101–2, 367

colleges, of priests 18, 64; four major 100; élite control of 103–4; legislation on 134–7

collegia 42, 272, 287; suppressed 184, 230; soldiers excluded from 230; permitted for religio 230; see also burial associations

coloniae: defined 315, 328–34; Augustales in 357–8; calendar received by 356; choose Roman models 330–1; pontifices and augures in 328–9; religious change in 331–3 fig. 7.2, 7.3; Roman rituals in 329–30; subject to Roman direction 329–30; Zeus Kapitolios, in Greek 362; see also cities non-Roman; municipia

Colosseum (Map 1 no. 5): 263

comitium 22

Commodus (emperor, A.D. 176–92) 210

Compitalia (December/January) 50; see also Lares Compitales

Compitum Acili fig. 4.2

Concordia (Concord): at Corbridge 326

conflict, religious 105–8, 114–16, 119–120, 125–30, ch 5 passim; appeal to plebs over 107; Tacitus on 107; see also expulsions; persecution of Christians

Constantine (emperor, A.D. 306–37) 364–72; and Arianism 370–1; benefactions of 367; buildings of 368; and chi-rho 367 fig. 8.1; conversion of 366; on Donatism 369–70; dream of 366; oath of, to Eusebius 366; relationship to pagans of 364, 371–3; as pontifex maximus 372; forbids sacrifice 371; and Sol 367 fig. 8.1; support of Christianity by 366–7; toleration by 366

Constantius II (emperor, A.D. 337–61): admires pagan monuments 381–2; appoints pagan priests 372–3

contracts, vows and 32–4

Consualia (August 21) 1

control see authority

conversion 42–3; to Christianity 276; of Constantine 366; to Judaism 275–6; see also Christianity; cults, new

Corbridge 326; cults of, compared to Dura Europus calendar 326

Cornelius see Aemilianus; Scipio; Sulla

councils, Christian: 305–6

Crassus (Publius Licinius Crassus, consul 205 B.C.): pontifex maximus 100

Crassus (Gaius Licinius Crassus, tribune 145 B.C.) 109, 136

creed, Nicene: 370–1

Cronius 277

cult, Bacchic 161–3 fig. 3.5; see also Dionysus

cult, imperial see imperial cult, so-called

cults, Egyptian 279; distribution of, in Rome 266; Isis and Sarapis 250–1, 264–5 fig. 6.2

cults, foreign 228; control of 91–6, 160–1; emperors and 228–9; élite avoid 229–30; expelled 230; see also cults, new

cults, of Greek East 211; adaptation of, to Rome 242–4; deities privileged in 224; interventions in by Rome 343–4; no radical change in 319, 342; Olympians prevail in 311–12; not replaced by emperor-worship 360; sanctuaries regulated in 224; vows in 320

cults, Italian: at Anagnia 222; Faliscan fire-walkers 222; Fortuna at Antium 322; Latin 323–4

cults, ‘official’ 250–9, 278–9; mostly male 296–7; become an option 312; maintained under Constantine 372

cults, new (previously called ‘Oriental’: see 246–7) 211–12, 246–7, 255–9; multiple allegiance to 307; attraction of 275, 278–91; seen as ‘clusters’ 249, 278, 307; demands made by 288–9; category ‘Oriental’ denied 246–7; distribution of 301–2; élite involvement in 291–3; élite patronage of 292; exclusivity of 307–12; homogeneity of 248, 302; hostility towards 299–300; languages used in 294; limited to the empire 303; local variations in 303–5; membership of 291–301; modified in fourth century A.D. 384–6; names of members of 294; infrequency of, in western local contexts 344; priesthood of 303, 383–4; self-description in 307; senators as priests in 383–4; social composition of 300–1, 383–4; social mobility and 300–1; visibility of 275; women’s roles in 296–301; see also Attis; Christianity; Elagabalus; Isis; Judaism; Jupiter Dolichenus; Jupiter Heliopolitanus; Magna Mater; Mithras

cults, provincial: for the emperor, 352; in the west 352–4; to the living emperor 354; priests of 357; simultaneous start of 356

cults, Roman: in the East, 215, 240, 322–3, 336–7; alleged decline of 243; accommodation of 314

cults, Syrian: Ba’al Romanized 281; of Elagabalus 255–6; Palmyrene 258–9, 294; of Doliche 275, 279, 281; Jupiter Heliopolitanus 283; Janiculum sanctuary of (Map 2 no. 16) 283, 292, 373, 384–5 fig. 8.4

Cumae (colonia, south Italy), Magna Mater cult in 337

Cumont, Franz 246

curator (of sacred buildings) 252–3; replaced by Prefect of the City 382

curiae 50

curses: tablets 220, 234–5

Cybele, see Magna Mater

Cyprian (Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus, c. A.D. 200–58) 241; trial of 242

Damasus (bishop of Rome), develops St. Peter’s 376–7

Daniel, Book of 240 fig. 5.4 (caption); Porphyry’s date for 277

Dea Dia 195

Dea Roma see Roma, Dea

dead, the 31, 50; Christian 270–1; Jewish 270; un-Roman burial of 321–2; not to be touched by flamen, flaminica 357; pontifices’ concern with 322

de caelo spectare (watching the heavens) 127

decemviri sacris faciundis 82; lists of 102–4; and Saecular Games 111; see also duoviri; quindecimviri

Decius (emperor, A.D. 249–51): decree of, 239, 240–1; anxiety for tradition of 243; his fear of bishops 243–4, 304

Decius (P. Decius Mus, consul 340 B.C.) 35–6

‘decline’, religious 117–18,120–5; and ch. 3 passim; Augustus on 118, 120; Horace on 118; Varro on 118, 120

dedication: provincial law of 321

deification 4, 140–2, 351; Augustus’ 208–9; Caesar’s 185–7 fig. 4.3; disputes over 148–9; and divine honours 146–8; Romulus and 148–9; triumph and 44–5, 141

deisidaimonia, not the same as superstitio 225

deities: assimilation of humans to 31, 141, 143–5, 145–9; early character of 10–11, 13–16, 30–2, 46–7; Egyptian 233 fig. 5.3; categorization of 14–16, 48; evolution of 30–1, 40, 62–3; identification with 44–5, 142; protection from 144–5; relations with humans of 36–7, 40–1, 44–5, 74, 142; representation of 11, 33 fig. 1.5, 44; 40 fig. 1.7, 63; spread of 314; see also animism, deification

Demeter 70

demons 310

dendrophoroi 308

deprivation thesis, critique of 301 n.170

devotio 35–6; of Carthage 111

Diana: on Aventine (Map 1 no. 19) 3, 330; association of Antinous and 272–3, 287; Aventine, as model in coloniae 330; Planciana 123–4

differentiation, structural 26, 149–56, 161

di Manes 31

Diocletian (emperor, A.D. 284–305): bans astrology 233; persecutes Christians 241, 242

Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Greek historian) 4, 40–1; and Roman myth 169, 172–3

Dionysus 161–4 fig. 3.5; family-cult of 271, 298; priest of, as rebel 347; see also Bacchanalia

Dioscuri 12, 31, 66

Dis Pater 71–2, 111, 202; altar of, with Proserpina (Map 1 no. 37) 202; not in Augustan Games 203; see also Saecular Games

diva Plotina (deified wife of Trajan), temple of 253

diva Faustina (deified wife of Antoninus Pius), temple of 253

diva Livia, temple to at Vienne 356

divae, sacrifices to 325

divi 208–10; official list of 251; cult of, in the army 325; temples of 253; see also divus Julius; divus Augustus; divus Claudius; divus Traianus; divus Antoninus

divination: assimilated to magic 372; banned 374; control of 230–2; criticism of 150–1; private, forbidden 372; see also haruspices, augures, astrology

divus Antoninus: temple of (in forum Romanum) 253

divus Augustus: ascension observed 208–9; flamen of 209; sodales of 209; cult of with Roma 352, 353; temple of 209; temple to at Vienne 356; worship of at Tarraco 354, 356; see also Augustus

divus Claudius: satirised 210; temple of (Map 1 no. 3) 253, 347; see also Claudius

divus Julius: and asylum-rights 224; in Carthage (doubtful) 331–3 fig. 7.2; at Ephesus 353; flamen of 208, 329–30; statues of in Italy 322; temple of (in forum Romanum) 208, 253; see also Caesar

divus Romulus: temple of 260

divus Traianus, temple of (Map 1 no. 8) 253; see also Trajan

Doliche (in Syria) see cults, Syrian; Jupiter Dolichenus

Domitian (emperor, A.D. 81–96) 228; temple to Minerva 253; obelisk of 264–5; punishes relatives for Judaism 276

Domitius (Domitius Ahenobarbus, censor 115 B.C.) 112 fig. 2.7 (caption)

Domitius (Cnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, consul 96 B.C.) 136–7; motives of 136

Donatus (alternative bishop in Carthage) 370; see also heresy

Druidism: anti-Roman prophecy in 347; human sacrifice and 233–4; repression of 341; as superstitio 221–2

Dumézil, Georges 14–16, 171

duoviri sacris faciundis 18, 27, 62; see also decemviri; quindecimviri

Dura Europus (Syrian frontier): calendar of 251, 324–8; Christians at 267; Mithraeum of 302, 325

Earth see Tellus

Easter: disputes over 306; relation to Passover of 310

eclecticism, religious: 386–7

Egeria 31

Egypt 340; massacre of Jews in 348; religion of, regulated 340; religious propaganda in 347; Zeus Kapitolios in 362–3

Egyptians: as superstitious 221–2; expelled from Rome 230–1; priest as rebel 347; see also Isis, Osiris

Elagabalus (Syrian god) 255–6; in the army 327

Elagabalus (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, emperor A.D. 218–22) 255–6; temple of, on Palatine (Map 2 no. 11) 256; suburban temple of, perhaps with Palmyrene gods (Map 2 no. 14) 256; see also Sol Invictus

Eleusis see Mysteries, Eleusinian

élites, Greek 223–4; compared to Roman 224; decline in piety of 243

élites, local: local cults, not supported by 338–9; follow Roman model 341–2; profit from holding priesthoods 359

Emesa (Syria), army cults in 327–8

emperor(s): attitudes to foreign cults 228–9, 254; honours to 325; images of 207; incorporation of in state cult 206–8; and innovation 252; as gods or protected by gods 361; and local deities 350–2; monopoly on temple-building 196; not building churches 376; patronage of 192–3, 195; as pontifex maximus 252, 254, 374; and religio 216; as sacrificer 186, 350 fig. 7.5; taurobolium for 338; vows for 195–6, 206–7, 252; worship of 206–10, 318, 336, 348–63; see also priesthood, Augustus, Constantine, divae, divi

Empire: British 317; Inca 316; Japanese 316–17

Empire, Roman ch. 7 passim; expansion of 73–4; religious control over 321; Roman influence on 156–60; integration of 316; see also dea Roma

Ennius (Quintus Ennius, poet, 239–169 B.C.) 78, 151

Ephesus (Asia Minor): Artemis of 359; other cults of 311–12; Roman regulations in 343; worship of emperor in 349; Roman citizens’ association in 353

epulones see triumviri, septemviri epulones

epulum Iovis 40, 63, 66–7, 100–101 fig. 2.5; see also triumviri, septemviri epulones

equestrians: as Christians 291–2; vow for Livia of 322; as Luperci 260–1; as minor priests 229, 261; as patrons of new cults 292; as seviri at Narbo 358; Latin priesthoods of 323–4

Erichtho 220

Etruscans: influence of 20, 54, 59–60, 101–2, 152

Eugenius (emperor, A.D. 392–4): temples restored under 382, 386, 387

Euhemerism 78, 151

Eusebius (Church historian, c. A.D. 260–339), on Constantine’s conversion 366

Evander 2–3, 173–4, 207

evocatio 34–5, 62, 82–3, 111, 132–4

exclusivity, religious 212–14, 249, 307–11; of Christianity 309–11; of Isis cult 308–9; of Magna Mater cult 308; of Judaism 309; of Mithraism 308; and multiple allegiance 307; and self-descriptions 307–8

exegesis, religious 284–5

expulsions 244; from Italy and Rome 322; see also astrologers; diviners; Isis; Jews

extispicy 9 fig. 1.4, 22, 35–6

Fabius Pictor (senator, late third century B.C., author of Greek Annals) 40–1

Fabius Pictor (mid second century B.C., antiquarian writer) 112

familia 49

family: religion of 24–6, 48–54, 95–6, 271

family, imperial: on arch at Lepcis Magna 350 fig. 7.3; calendar of festivals for 356

Faunus (temple of, Map 1 no. 28) 31, 89

Faustina see diva Faustina

felicitas: Scipio and 86; temple of 90; Pompey’s temple of 144–5

fertility 53, 204 fig. 4.4; and Pales 282

festivals: agriculture and 45–6; in the army 325; the family and 50–1; of fourth century A.D., listed 378–9; individuals and 48–51, 260–1; interpretation of 47–8, 175–6, 388; marginalized 387; popularity of, in fourth century A.D. 377, 388; Roman 5–8, 46–7, 260–1; war and 43; work and 48; see also calendars; Ambarvalia; Cerialia; Compitalia; Consualia; Fordicidia; Lemuria; Liberalia; Matralia; Lupercalia; Neptunalia; Parentalia; Parilia; Robigalia; Saturnalia; Sementivae; Vestalia; Vinalia

fetialis (fetiales) 3, 18, 26–7, 43, 111–12, 210; changed practice 132–4; Augustus joins 186; membership 229

finance 205, 251; in Athens 342; of temples 44, 87–8, 341, (abolished) 386; in the East 243; in Egypt 340; in Ephesus 343; in Judaea 341

fish: and magic 235

flamen (flamines) 1, 15, 19; and fig. 1.3, 28–9; conflicts with pontifex 105–8, 119, 193; minor 19, 260; restrictions on 56, 106, 112, 131, 193; rules changed 193; obligations of 131; in western provinces 341

flamen Dialis 15, 19, 28–9, 106, 112, 130–2, 193; in Latin towns 323; model of, followed in provinces 357; in north Italy 323; not replaced 130–2; restored 193; wife of 296

flamen divi Julii: in Rome 208; otherwise only in coloniae 329–30

flamen Martialis 15, 19, 106

flamen Quirinalis 15, 19, 106

Flamininus (Titus Quinctius Flamininus, consul 198 B.C.) hymn to 146

Fordicidia (15 April) 45; Vestals and 53

foreignness 10–11, 20–2, 62–3, 87–98, 141, 160–6; and magic 154–6; and new cults 278–9; and questioning 165–6; and Romanization 338; see also ‘barbarians’; Greeks; Etruscans; Carthage; Persians; Phrygians

formulae, religious 32–6

Fortuna Equestris (Equestrian Fortune) 322

Fortuna Muliebris (Fortune of Women; Map 4 no. 69): cult of senatorial women 297; restored by Livia, by Septimius Severus and Julia Domna 297

Fortuna Primigenia (Primordial Fortune), temple of (Map 1 no.25) 89

Fortuna Virilis (Fortune of Men; festival 1 April) 297

Forum, Roman (for map, see 4.7) 39, 53, 208, 253

Forum of Augustus (Map 1 no. 9) 199, 331

Forum Boarium (Map 1 no. 20) 80–1, 174

Forum of Caesar (Map 1 no. 10) 123 fig. 3.2

Forum of Trajan (Map 1 no. 8) 253

founders see Romulus, Numa

France see Gaul

freedmen see liberti

funeral, imperial 208–9

Furius (Lucius Furius Philus, consul 136 B.C.) 111

Furrina 283

Gaionas (Marcus Antonius Gaionas) 283, 292

Gaius Caligula (emperor, A.D. 37–41) 228; claims divinity 209

Galatia (Asia Minor), priesthoods Romanized 341

Galerius (emperor, A.D. 305–311), ends persecution 367

gallus (galli) 160, 164, 308

games see ludi

Gaul: anti-Roman prophecy in 347; ban on Druids in 234; interpretation of gods of 344–5; cults of Mars in 339, 345; social level of dedicants in 339, 345; zodiacal table from 232–3 fig. 5.3

Gaul, Narbonensis: flamen of province of 357; flaminica of 357

Gauls: and Vediovis 89; burial of, see Greeks and Gauls

Gelasius (bishop of Rome, end of the fifth century A.D.) ix–xii, 388

gender 165, 174, 296–300

genius: Augusti 185–6 fig. 4.2; of the Emperor 325

gentes, cults of 67–8; gens Julia 67, 89, 123, 145; gens Potitia 68; gens Valeria 68; and priesthoods 103–4

Germanicus (Germanicus Caesar, 15 B.C. – A.D. 19): his funeral honours 330; and magic 234

god-fearers 293, 309

gods, goddesses see deities

gods, Augustan 351–2

governor(s), provincial 235, 237, 238, 239, 241–2, 320; Pliny as 237–9; Claudius not obeyed by 313; accompanied by haruspices 320, 330; religious role of 321

Granius Flaccus (antiquarian, first century B.C.) 152

Gratian (emperor, A.D. 367–83), resigns as pontifex maximus 374

Greeks, influence of 62–3, 64–6, 69, 70–1, 75, 79–80, 141, 161–3, 165; architectural 90; on divine honours 145–7; and mystery-cults 247; on Roman mythology 172; in philosophy 151

Greece (mainland): cults not radically changed 341; adaptations to Roman rule 342–4; see also Athens

‘Greek rite’ 2, 27, 70–1, 173–4

Greeks and Gauls, burial of 80–2

groups: ethnically based 271–2; elective 272–3; initiatory 287–8; moral rules of 288–9; specifically religious 42, 95–6, 98, 161, 231–3, 273–8; of Bellona 273; of Diana and Antinous 272–3, 287; of Magna Mater 273; see also Christianity; collegia; heresy; cults, new; Isis; Judaism

Hadrian (emperor, A.D. 117–38): against foreign cults 228; and the Pantheon (Map 1 no. 310) 257; statue in the Parthenon 343; temple to Venus and Rome (Map 1 no. 6) 257, 263

haruspex (haruspices) 19–20 fig. 1.4, 101–2, 113, 137–8; accompany governors 320, 330; in the army 326; not a college 20, 100; debate over 137–8, 261; senate decree about 101–2, 113; in fifth century A.D. 387; foreignness and 20; importance of 102; prodigies and 38, 137; tolerated by Constantine 372

health-cults: in Dolomites 344; see also Aesculapius; incubation; votives

hearth, cult of 51–3, 191 see also Vestal Virgins

Hecate: senators as priests of 383–4

Hannibalic War 79–87

Heliopolis (Baalbek), and Jupiter Heliopolitanus 283; Capitolium of 334; see also Jupiter Heliopolitanus

Hephaestus 12

Herculaneum, list of Augustales from 358

Hercules 2, 68, 90,173–4; Olivarius 91 fig. 2.3; and Pompey 122; and Septimius Severus 255

hermaphrodites see prodigies

heresy 248, 284–5, 302, 305–7; Arianism 370–1; Donatism 369–70; Montanism 305

hierarchy: Christian 243–4, 299; of Jupiter Dolichenus 275; in Mithraism 295

High Priest: (in Egypt) controls priesthood 340; (in Judaea) appointed by governor 341

Hippolytus (Bishop, c. A.D. 170–C. 236) on heresy 311

Hispala 92–3

Hispellum (modern Spello): warned of superstitio 371

Honorius (emperor, A.D. 393–423), extends St. Peter’s Basilica 377

Honos (Honour) 105; see also Virtus

honours, divine 146–7, 148; to Pompey 147; see also deification, divi

Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus, poet, 65–8 B.C.), on religious decline 118, 181–2; on fratricide 183–4; Saecular Hymn of 203

Hostilius see Mancinus

hyenas, women as 298

identity, religious 41–2, 212–14, 288–9; Roman 313, (adapted) 333; Isiac 308

image: of Elagabalus 256; interpretation of 319

imperial cult (so-called) 169, 318, 348; Cassius Dio on 318, 349; importance of, exaggerated 360; see also emperors: worship of

imperialism: and religion 156–7, 313; and ch. 7 passim; re-interpretation of 313

incest, charges of 225–6; discounted 226

incubation 13, 69–70

individuals 42–3, 48–51, 79; see also cults, new

initiation 50, 247, 287–8; Bacchic 162–3; of Jupiter Dolichenus 275; repeated, of Lucius in The Metamorphoses, 287–8; Mithraic 288

initiative, in cult of emperor, 356; ascribed to locals 356

innovation, religious 61–72, 79–84, 244, 252, 256, ch. 8 passim; mediation of 70, 80, 84

integration see Romanization

intercalation 46–7

Isaura Vetus 133

Isis, cult of: after-life in 308; Apuleius on 287–8; devotion required by 289, 308–9; geographical distribution of 301; Egyptian emphasis of 279, 281, (questioned) 281–2; élite members of 291–2; exclusivity of 308–9; expulsion of members of 161, 180, 222, 230, 250; graffiti of 266; homogeneity of 302; incorporation of other deities into 281; initiation into 287–8; Isiaci 307; origins of members of 294; Plutarch on 277; outside pomerium 269; priests of 264, 294, 308; senators as priests in 383–4; and ‘transformation’ 287–8; use of Egyptian language in 294; use of texts in 279, 284; women’s roles in 296, 298, 308–9

‘Isiac’ 307

Isis (goddess): hymns to 281, 298, 302, 303; lands in Egypt conceded to 340; sanctuary of, with Sarapis (Map 2 no. 26) 250–1, 264–5 fig. 6.2; temples of, in Italy 281–2; worshippers’ conspicuousness 308

Italy 94–5, 204 fig. 4.4; Isis temples in 281–2, 293; as core of Empire 321; Magna Mater in 337; priesthoods in 323–4; religion of 321–4; Roman authority over 95, 322; Roman priesthoods in 323; Roman calendar paraded in 322; un-Roman customs in 321; see also Bacchanalia

Iulus see Ascanius

ius divinum (sacred law) 105; disputes over 105–8

Janiculum (Hill, Map 1 no. 38) 283, 373

Janus 33 fig. 1.5 (e); temple of (Map 1 no. 24) 1; doors of temple, closed 207

Jerusalem: importance of 280, 303; as symbol 280

Jesus 226, 296, 359, 361

Jews 263, 266–7, 270, 275–6, 280, 298, 304, 309; at Aphrodisias 275, 293; catacombs of 270, 381; diaspora 303; distribution of 301; and emperor-worship 361; expelled from Rome 230–1; Gaius and 362; and God-fearers 275–6; languages used by 294; massacre of 348; as proselytes 275–6; revolt of 223 fig. 5.2, 303, 348; sacrifices of, for Rome, cease 347; separation of 288; synagogues of, in Rome 269, 381; tax on 303, 341; women’s role among 298

Judaism 222–3; antiquity of 223; in Aphrodisias 275, 293; attraction of, 275–6; charity in 288; exclusivity of 309; Galen on 277; godfearers in 293, 309; homogeneity, lack of 248; not limited to the empire 303; Jerusalem and 280, 303; legislation against 371; and magic 227; pluralism of 304; rabbis in 304, 320; as superstitio 218, 221–2, 371; use of texts in 284; visibility of 266–7

‘Judaeus’ 307–8

Julia Domna (wife of Septimius Severus): as Athena Polias 355; and Fortuna Muliebris 297; on arch at Lepcis Magna 350 fig. 7.5

Julian (emperor, A.D. 361–3) 373–4

Julius see Caesar; Obsequens; Proculus Julius

Junius Bassus (Christian, fourth century A.D., Prefect of the City): his sarcophagus 378–81 fig. 8.2

Juno 15, 16; and Astarte 82; Regina (of Veii) 82, 133; Sospita 82–3 fig. 2.1, 89; evoked from Carthage 111, 133

Jupiter 33 fig. 1.5 (d), 34, 140; at Corbridge 326; among the Danigi 346; displaced by Elagabalus 256; interpretation of, in Spain 345–6; see also epulum Iovis; Jupiter Capitolinus; Jupiter Dolichenus; Jupiter Heliopolitanus; Jupiter Stator; Jupiter columns

Jupiter Capitolinus 15, 44, 59–60; Augustus dreams about 201; in army 327; dedications by foreigners to 158; temple of 59–60, 341; identified with Jupiter Heliopolitanus 334; importance of 59–60, 201; Jewish tax paid to 341; loss of importance of 201; at Maryport 326; triumph and 59–60, 143, 201; Scipio and 84–6, 143; as Zeus in Egypt 362–3; see also Capitolium

Jupiter Dolichenus 230, 275, 279; Aventine sanctuary of (Map 2 no. 12) 275, 281; and Ba’al 281; and Capitoline triad 281; cult of, compared with Mithraism 282–3; cult, distribution of 301; élite patronage of 292; cult, homogeneity of 302; incorporates other deities 281; origins of adherents 294; other sanctuaries of (Map 2 nos. 7, 8); women excluded from cult of 298; visibility of 275

Jupiter Feretrius 1

Jupiter Heliopolitanus 283; and Furrina 283; as Optimus Maximus at Heliopolis 334; cult Romanized (?) 283; sanctuary of (Map 2 no. 16) 283, (as rebuilt) 384–5 fig. 8.4; human sacrifice to (?) 385; other deities associated with 385–6

Jupiter Latiaris 31

Jupiter Optimus Maximus see Jupiter Capitolinus

Jupiter Stator: temple of 90–1, 260; Cicero on 138–9

Jupiter Tonans, as door-keeper 201

Jupiter Ultor: replaced 256; restored 256

Jupiter columns 346–7 fig. 7.4; iconography of 346

jurists 181, 205, 224, 320

Justin (Justin Martyr, c. A.D. 100–65) 227; his view of Judaism 309; his Apology 310

Juturna, temple of (Map 1 no. 32), restored 124

Kalchas 21 fig. 1.4

kings, Hellenistic 141

kings, Roman 1–5, 14; dress of 59–60; replacement of 54–61; tradition of 60; see also Numa, rex sacrorum, Romulus, Servius Tullius, Tarquin the Elder, Tarquin the Proud

Laelius (Gaius Laelius, consul 140 B.C.) 109

Land, religious status of: provincial 320–1

Lares Compitales 139, 184–7

Lares Augusti 185–6 fig. 4.2, 4.3, 333; liberti supervise 357; cult of, spreads through the west 355; at Pompeii 355; at Ostia 355

Latin right 315

Latins 323; league of 3, 323–4; in Saecular prayer 205

Latinus 31

Lavinium (Map 5) 12, 13, 66, 323; rituals at 323–4

Law: religion and 25–6, 181; see also jurists

lectisternium 63

Lemuria (9–13 May) 31, 50

Lepcis Magna (colonia, north Africa), arch of 350 fig. 7.5; Septimius Severus and 255

Lepidus (Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, triumvir) 188–9

lex Aelia Fufia 109–10

lex Cornelia: covers magic, as form of poisoning 233, 235

lex Domitia 99, 136–7

lex Ogulnia 64, 68, 99, 135–6

lex Peducaea 137

lex Ursonensis see Urso

Liber 64; and Septimius Severus 255; see also Ceres

Libera 64; see also Ceres

Liberalia (17 March) 50

Libertas (Liberty): in Cicero’s house 114, 139

liberti (ex-slaves): roles of 260, 294; and Augustales 357–8; Christian 295, 299; and cult of Lares Augusti 357; in Magna Mater cult 337

Licinius see Crassus

litatio 35–6

Livia see diva Livia

Livy (Titus Livius, historian, 59 B.C. – A.D. 17), History, 8–10, 17, 76–7, 169, 182; on Bacchanalia 92–4; bias of 77, 80; Camillus’ speech 167–8; compared to Cicero 119–21; on patricians/plebeians 134–5; on priest-politicians 104–8; priestly lists 102–3; temples and 87–8

Lollia Paulina 233

Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus, epic poet, A.D. 39–65): on lustration 178; on magic 219

Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus, poet and philosopher, c. 95–55 B.C.) 116

Ludi 40–l, 66–7, 100–101; in the circus 261, 263; crowds at, in the fourth century A.D. 377–8; and emperors 382–3; of imperial times 261–3; gods and 40, 66, 261; increase in days of 263; numbers involved in 263; women at 297; see also triumviri, septemviri epulones, Saecular Games

ludi Apollinares 102 fig. 2.6 (e)

ludi Cereales 102 fig. 2.6 (c)

ludi Megalenses 91, 102 fig. 2.6 (d), 138, 164

ludi plebeii 40–1, 66–7, 102 fig. 2.6 (b)

ludi Romani 40–1, 66–1, 102 fig. 2.6 (a)

ludi saeculares see Saecular Games

Lugdunum (colonia, modern Lyons): citizen association at 353–4; provincial assembly at 353; taurobolium at 338; putative Vatican of 338

Lupercalia (15 February) 41, 260–1, 323; in fifth-century A.D. Rome ix–x, 388

Lupercus (Luperci) 260–1; equestrians as 229, 259–60

lustratio 178; at Ostia 355

Macrobius (Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius, fifth century A.D. antiquarian) 388

magic: Christians accused of 225–6; charges of 372; control of 231–6; curse-tablets and 220; death and 234–5; definition of 219; differentiation of 154–6; distinct from miracle 227; fear of 221; human sacrifice in 233–4; increase in, debated 220; Jews and 227; love and 235–6; magical papyri 220; poisoning by 233; scene of 221 fig. 5.1; superstitio and 218–21

Magna Mater (Cybele) 80, 164–6, 386; archaeology of 98; Attis and, 97–8, 164–6; at Cumae 337–8; galli and 160, 164–6; group-structure in worship of 272; introduction of, 92, 96–8; last dedication to 387; limitations on cult of 97–8; modification of cult of, in fourth century A.D. 384; and the Naassenes 311; priests, priestesses of 260, 298, (as ‘quindecimviral’) 337; provincial cults of 337–8; and the quindecimviri 337–8; status of (at Ostia) 280, (improving) 337–8; temple of (Map 1 no. 13 = Map 2 no. 3) 83, 96–7, 197–8; taurobolium for 338, 384; visibility of cult of 263; see also Attis;; galli; taurobolium

Mancinus (Gaius Hostilius Mancinus, consul 137 B.C.) 111–12

Manichaeism: banned 242; not limited to the Roman Empire 303

Marcellus (Marcus Claudius Marcellus consul 222, 215, 214, 210, 208 B.C.) over-ruled by priests 105

Marcus Aurelius (emperor, A.D. 161–180): on Anagnia 222; dedication for at Thugga 351; games for, in fourth century A.D. 382–3

Marcion, heresy of 309, 310

Marius (Gaius Marius, consul 106, 104–100, 86 B.C.) 143

Marius Gratidianus (praetor 86 B.C.) 143

Mark Antony (Marcus Antonius, triumvir after 43 B.C.) 208

Mars 15–16, 31, 33 fig. 1.5 (a), 43, 47, 68, 146 fig. 3.3; in Gaul 339; in a Mithraeum 282

Mars Alator (in Gaul) 339

Mars Ultor (Avenger), temple of (Map 1 no. 9) 199–201 fig. 4.5; in the army 325; on Carthaginian altar 331–3 fig. 7.2; iconography of 200–2; and military glory 199; crosses pomerium 180

Maryport: altars of 326

martyrs 305; buildings for 368, 369; Peter and Paul as 377; Roman list of 379

Mater Matuta, temple of 50

Matralia (11 June) 50–1

Men (Phrygian god): sanctuary of, reduced 341

menorah, in triumph 223 fig. 5.2

Miletus, cult of Roma in 158–9

Minerva 33 fig. 1.5 (b); and Pompey 122; temple of 253; see also triad, Capitoline

Minucius Felix (author, third century A.D.) 296

misogyny: the Orient and 299–300

Mithraeum, beneath S. Prisca (Map 3 no. 37): other deities in 282–3; closed by imperial official 373: see also Mithraism; Ostia, Mithraea

Mithraism 230, 272; apogenesis 290; appeal of, 279–80, 282–3, 285–6, 288, 293, 294–5; army and 293, 295, 300–1; astronomy in 282, 285–6; catechism of 303; caves in 266, 279, 285; Christian attacks on 310; distribution of 301; élite patronage of 292–3; exclusivity of, 307–8; foreignness and 279–80; grades in 285, 288, 295, 300–1, 308; homogeneity of, 303–4; initiation into, 288–90, 303; last Roman record of 387; local variation in 303–4; membership of, 293, 294–5, 298, 300–1; sacrifice in 279, 285–6; slaves, ex-slaves in 294–5, 300–301; soldiers in 294–5; transformation of soul in 290; visibility of, 266; origins of, 279–80; other deities in sanctuaries of 282; Persian origins disputed 279–80; Porphyry on, 277–8; senators, fourth century A.D., priests in 383–4; social mobility and 300–1; symbolism of, 285–6; use of Greek in 294; absence of women from 298

‘Mithraist’, as modern term 307

Mithras: allegiance to 308; in the army 325; and Jupiter Dolichenus 281; sacrifice by 279, 285

mola salsa 52

monotheism: development of 286–7

Montanus 305–6; see also heresy

Mucius, see Scaevola

municipia: 334–6; Augustales in 357–8; calendar received by 356; Capitolia of 334–5; defined 315; priests in 334; see also coloniae, cities non-Roman

mysteries: category of 247; as Greek 247

Mysteries, Eleusinian 153, 223; enhanced 342; allowed by Constantine 374

Mysteries, Villa of, 161–4 fig. 3.5

myth, Roman 1–5, 10–11, 23–4, 53, 148–9; in Augustan Rome 171–2; in Chios 157–8; in Dionysius of Halicarnassus 169–70, 172–3; foundation 174; place in ch. 4 passim; see also Aeneas; Attus Navius; Numa; Romulus

myth, Indo-European 14–16; 171

myth, Greek 172; purified in Rome 172–3

Naassenes (heretics), and Attis 311

Narbo (colonia, in Gaul): cult of numen of Augustus in 355; seviri Augustales in 358

Navius see Attus Navius

neglect, religious: accusations of 139–40, 181–2; denied 125–6, 130–4

Neptune: temple of 101 fig. 2.5 (caption); at ludi 262

Neptunalia (23 July), in the army 325

Nero (emperor, A.D. 54–68): as supernumerary priest 188; investigates magic 219; and Christians 237; inscription of, over Parthenon 343–4; Jupiter column (prototype) in honour of 346

Nicaea (Greek city in Bithynia): and Capitoline triad 336–7; Council of 370

Nigidius (Pubilius Nigidius Figulus, praetor 58 B.C., scholar) 152; and magic 153–4

Nikopolis (near Actium): Apollo of 199

Numa (king, traditionally 715–673 B.C.) 1, 5, 18, 31, 43, 169

numen, of Augustus 207, 354–5

Numenius 277

Numluli (town near Carthage, later municipium), Capitolium of 335

obnuntiatio 110

Obsequens, Julius (writer, fourth-fifth century A.D.) 38

October horse (equus October, 15 October) 47–8; Vestals and 53

opposition, religious 347–8

‘Oriental’ cults, see cults, new

Origen (Origenes Adamantius, Christian writer, c. A.D. 184 – c. 254), Against Celsus 227, 277, 296; orthodoxy, Christian 284–5, 306–7; and Council of Nicaea 370–1; privileges for 371; see also heresy

Osiris 386; rustic festival of 387; Seneca against 218

Ostia: Magna Mater at 280; Mithraea of 266; Mithraists of 294–5; synagogue of 267

Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso, poet, 43 B.C.–A.D. 17) Fasti: 6–7, 170, 174–6; on Augustus 207–8; on Romulus and Remus 184; on Magna Mater 197–8

‘pagan’ 302

paganism 312; as a choice 375; and Christianity 364–5; and Christianity (in volume of A.D. 354) 378–80; resistance of 387–8; classified as superstitio 372; monuments of, listed 381–2; restored 282

Pales 174, 183; in a Mithraeum 282

Palladium 187 fig. 4.4; 258

Pantheon (Map 1 no. 31) 257, 285

Parcae (Fates) 71–2, 203

Parentalia (13–21 February) 31, 50; Vestal Virgin at 50

Parilia (21 April) 45–6, 50, 53, 174–6, 261, 282; in the army 325; as birthday of Rome 325, 362–3, 383; in fourth century A.D. calendar 383; circus games at 263; Hadrian and 258; and purification 174–5; and Saecular Games 206; Vestals and 53

participation, popular 48–52, 185–7, 203, 243, 259–63

pastoralism 175

paterfamilias 49, 71, 229

patricians 17–18, 63–8; priests 64, 134–5

Paul (St.) in Rome 237, 268, 305, 376–7; in Philippi 240; see also Peter (St.)

Paullus (Lucius Aemilius Paullus, consul 182, 168 B.C.) 143

Pax (Peace): temple of 253; see also Ara Pacis

Penates 3, 323–4

Persians: and magic 155–6, 234; Manichaeans 242; and Mithraism 279

personifications see abstractions, deified

Peter (St.), 305; tomb of (Map 4 no. 61) 268–9 fig. 6.3; Basilica of (Map 4 no. 61) 368, 369, 376–8

persecution of Christians 236–44; Decian 239–41; Diocletianic 242–4; ended by Galerius 367; explained 242–4

Philippi 240

Phrygians: influence of 197–8; as priests 197, 261

Pietas (Piety), temple of 90

pilgrims to Rome 377

Plancius (Cnaeus Plancius, aedile mid-50s B.C.) 124

Plautus (Titus Maccius Plautus, dramatist, active c. 205–184 B.C.) 75, 78; on Bacchists 93

plebeians 17–18, 63–8; as priests 64, 134–5

Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus, A.D. 23/4–79) Natural History 9; on magic 155, 219; on fire-walkers 221

Pliny the Younger (Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, C.A.D. 61–c.112): on Christianity 225–6, 237–9, 243; and priesthood 192–3; religio in 216

Plotina see diva Plotina

Poem against the Pagans 386–7

politics and religion: early republican 27–30, 54–61, 64–7, 68; late republican 101, 104–8, 109–10, 115–18; 125–30, 134–40, 143; in the Empire 359; in the late Empire 370; separation of, proposed 359

Pollux see Dioscuri

Polybius (Greek historian, c.200–c.118 B.C.) 7; and Scipio 85–6; on Roman religion 108–9

polytheism 212

pomerium (Maps 1–3) 23, 83, 174, 175–6, 177–81; Apollo inside the 198; Augustus and 180; burials excluded from 180–1; coloniae and 157, 329; extension of 177–8; limits authority (civil) 178–9, (military) 179–80; lustration of 178; markers of 177

pompa circensis 40–41, 59–60, 262, 383

Pompeiastai 147

Pompeii: Isis in 293

Pompey (Cnaeus Pompeius Magnus, consul 70, 55, 52 B.C.) 115; divine honours to 147; and Sulla 145; temples founded 122, 144–5; theatre of 122–3 fig 3.1; and Venus 122, 144

Pomponia Graecina, trial of 229

pontifex (pontifices) 1, 19, 24–6, 27–8, 39; Augustus as one of 186–92; authority of, in Italy 322; calendar and 25, 46; on Cicero’s house 114; citizens and 24; on Clodius’ sacrilege 129; in coloniae 157; under Constantine 372; and family sacra 25, 49; replace flamen 131; law and 24; lists of 102–4; lustrate pomerium 178; minor 260; recordkeeping by 9–10, 25–6; rulings of 105; at Salona 329; at Timgad 329; at Urso 328; Vestal-trials by 137; scribes of 19; significance of 268–70; at Zama Regia 329

pontifex maximus 19, 21, 55–8; Augustus as 186–9; authority of 55–8, 100, 107–8; Caesar as 100, 191; Constantine as 372; Crassus (consul 205 B.C.) as 100; election of 68, 99–100, 136; emperors as 252; conflicts with flamines 106–8, 119; Gratian resigns as 374; house of 189; Lepidus as 188–9; multa (fine) of 106–7; and the provinces 320–1; and the rex sacrorum 57–9; Tiberius as 193; and Vesta 189–91; and Vestals 57–9; see also pontifices; priests

Pontus-Bithynia 225, 237, 243

Porcius see Cato

Porphyry (pagan philosopher, A.D. 234–C. 305): on churches 268; on Mithraism 277–8, 285; against Christianity 277

Porta Maggiore, Basilica of, see Basilica, Underground

portents see prodigies

Praeneste (Map 5), Fortuna of 89

Praetextatus (Vettius Agorius Praetextatus, pagan senator, c. A.D. 320–84): defends Eleusinian mysteries 374; attacked for paganism 386

Prefect of the City: Junius Bassus as 378–81; restores pagan monuments 382; restores Minerva 382; rituals of, in fifth century 387

prayers 35–6

Priapus 7

priesthood: borrowing of 323; early character of 27–8, 68; cumulation of 188–9, 192; élite control of 103–4, 135; emperors and 186–92; emperor’s control over 192–3; last (in 390s) pagan 387; Latin 260, 323; local, controlled by Rome 340–2; maintained by Constantine 372; political activity of 104–8; politics and 27–30, 56–59, 68, 103–4; temples and 87

priests, priestesses 18–30; of the Augustan family 333 fig. 7.3; control over 340–2; rules of colleges of 103–5; Egyptian 340; in coloniae 157; co-optation of 102–4, 135–6; election of 109, 134–7; emperors as 186–9; legislation on 99, 135–7; lose their immunities 374; of Latin towns 323; of Magna Mater 97, 160, 164–6, 37–8; membership of colleges of 103; number of 28, 68–9; politics and 99–108, 134–7; of provincial cults 357; records of 9–10, 25–6, 66; senate and 29; social advantages of 359; supernumerary 188, 192; see also cults, new; High Priest; lex Domitia; lex Ogulnia

private/public, see rituals

processions 40–1; Isiac 263; to the ludi 261; triumphal 44, 59–60; women in 70–1; see also pompa circensis

Proculus Julius 149

prodigies 19–20, 37–9, 80, 178; disappearance of routine 252; hermaphrodites as 80; interpretation of 37–8; recording of 38–9

prophecy: lack of 63; and haruspices 102

Proserpina (Persephone) 71–2, 111, 202

proselytes 275; hostility towards 276

Ptolemais Euergetis (in Egypt); temple in, to Zeus Kapitolios 362; as reaction to Caracalla’s edict 363

Pudentilla 235–6

pulvinaria 40

Pythagoreanism 156; as superstitio 229; see also Basilica, Underground

Quinctius see Flamininus

quindecimviri sacris faciundis: Augustus as 186; control Magna Mater cult 337–8; and Saecular Games 202–3; see also duoviri; decemviri

Quirinus 4–5, 15–16, 31, 43, 149; temple rebuilt 182–3 fig. 4.1; in fourth century 383; see also Romulus

ravens, as Mithraic grade 285

reaction, religious 86–7, 87–98, ch. 5 passim

reciprocity, religious 34

regia (in Roman Forum) 39

rebellions, and religion 314

reliefs, sculptured 319

religio 215–19, 244, ch. 5 passim; Christian view of 227; definitions of 215–16; in Saecular record 216; inTimgad 339; Valerius Maximus on 216; see also superstitio

religion, change in 11–12, 61–3; decline of 11–12; definition of x-xi, 26, 153–4; and magic 154; proper/improper 153–6, 215, 224, 228; official/popular 247

religion, Roman: agriculture and 15–16, 45–7; adaptation of, in coloniae 331–3 fig. 7.2; in the army 324–8; authority in 61; borrowing from 314, (as creative) 331; boundary of, with Christianity 388; change, fundamental, in 364–5, ch. 8 passim; character of 12, 42–3, 49–50; Christianity conflicts with 239–40; consensus in 139–40; continuity of 17, 61, 70, 79; alleged decline of 11, 74, 77, ch.3 passim, 169; defence of 150, 181; early development of 10; differentiation in 149–56; discussion within 109, 150–1, 153; domestic 48–51; as education 75, 113; fluidity of 6–8, 47–8, 249–50; on the Empire’s frontiers 326–7; and Greeks 157–8; influence of ch. 7 passim; influences on 60, 62–3, 64–6, 145–7; knowledge of, in coloniae 330–1; and local cults 343–8; and magic 153–6; outside Rome ch. 7 passim; Polybius on 108–9; place, as religion of ch. 4 passim, 278–9, 365; persistence of, into fifth century 387–8; questioning within 165–6; at Salona 329, 330; and superstitio 218; at Timgad 329; tradition of, in Christian Rome 388; at Urso 328; vows in 320; warfare and 15–16, 26–7, 43–5, 47, 59–60, 111–12; writing on 110–13, 151–3, 181; at Zama Regia 329; see also Republic; innovation; reaction; revival; sources

religion, pre-Roman: our ignorance of 319; in East and West, compared 339

remedia 37–8, 63

Remus, killing of 175–6, 177, 178, 183–4; see also Romulus

Republic: continuity with monarchy 59–61; foundation of 54–61; religious character of 54, 61, 103–4; see also ‘restoration’, Augustan; kings, Roman

‘restoration’: Augustan 77, 167–8, 188; of temples 252–3

resurrection 290

reversal, rituals of 44–5, 50

revival, religious: Augustan 77, 168–9, 188; of Latin cults 323–4; in second century B.C. 110–113

rex sacrorum 9, 19, 25, 28, 39, 54–61; authority of 57–8; dating by 9; exclusion from politics of 58, 59; identity of, with king 58; in Latin towns 323; limitations on 56; in north Italy 323; and pontifices 55–9; and pontifex maximus 55–8; rituals of 56; see also Vestal Virgins

Rhea Silvia 31

rites de passage 49, 50

rituals: in the army 326–7 fig. 7.1; change in 132–4, 173–6; in coloniae 329–31; dedication at Salona 330; funding of, abolished 396; imperial 195–6, 206–10, 348–63; at Lavinium 323; private/public 48–54, 78; understanding of 6–7, 46–8; participation in 48–52, 185–7, 203, 243, 259–63; of purification 174–6, 203, 327 fig. 7.1; see also epulum Iovis; evocatio; festivals; lectisternium; litatio; ludi; lustratio; pompa circensis; processions; remedia; reversal, rituals of; sacred spring; sacrifice; Saecular Games; suovetaurialia; supplication; taurobolium; triumph; vows

ritualism 11, 45

Robigo, Robigalia (25 April) 45–7

Roma, Dea (goddess) 158–60 fig. 3.4; and Augustus 352, 353, 355; on altar, in Carthage 333 fig. 7.3; cult in Rome 257–8; Augustan temples of 353

Romanization 314, 318, 339–48; and interpretation of local cults 344–7; and local cults 327–8, 338–9, 342–8; and ‘foreign’ cults 338; of priesthoods (eastern) 340–1, (western) 341–2

Roman-ness 134, 246; affirmation of, in non-Roman communities 336; challenged 164–6; education in 75, 113; in Egypt 362–3; and Empire 215; of new cults 303, 338; paraded 336–7; redefined 212, 337, 338; retained by Christians 379–80; and sacrifice 239, 326–7 fig. 7.1; in the law of Urso 328; variation of, in codoniae 333, 335; see also foreignness

Rome (the city): size of 245; cosmopolitanism of 245–6; displacement of 364; pluralism of, in fourth century 381–2

Romulus (king, traditionally 753–715 B.C.) ix, 1–2, 4–5, 31, 141–2; and the Arvals 194; and asylum 224; Augustus and 5, 182–4, 194; Caesar and 148–9, 176; in Chios 157–8; and Christians 388; at Corbridge 326; foundation ritual of 157, 175–6, 329; his hut 173; in temple of Mars Ultor 200; Maxentius and 259; praised by Dionysius 172–3; and Remus 158, 175–6, 177, 183–4, 326; temple of, closed 373; and the wolf 326; see also Quirinus

rose festival: at Corbridge and Dura Europus 326

rules, religious 125–6; disputed 128–9, 129–30; respect for 128–9, 130

Sabbath 49

sacer, as penalty 59

sacra, inherited 49

sacred spring (ver sacrum) 32, 80

sacrifice 35–6, 36–7, 374–5; in the army 326–7 fig. 7.1; banned 374, (repeatedly) 387–8; in Carthage 333 fig. 7.3; Christianity and, 226, 239, 241, 242; by the Danigi 346; by emperors 186, 350 fig. 7.5; for emperors 195, 239–41, 361–2; human 81, 233–4, 385; interpretation of 36–7; meat from 310–11; Mithraic 279, 285–6; and power 361; rules of 36; as test 239; warfare and 44–5; by ward magistrates (vicomagistri) 187 fig. 4.3; women and 297; universally required 239, 242

Saecular Games 71–2, 111; Augustan 201–6; Augustus in hymn of 207; Claudian 206; not celebrated by Constantine 372; close the courts 261; cycles of, disputed 205–6; inscription of 170; myth of 202; relocation of 206; rituals of 202; theatrical shows (Latin) 203–4, (Greek) 204; tradition of 205; women’s role in 296–7

Salius (Salii) 1, 53, 216; in Latin towns 323; membership of 229

Salona (colonia, in Dalmatia) 329–30; Aventine Diana in 330

Salus (Public Safety) 52–4, 195–6

salvation: idea of criticized 287, n. 119; see also transformation

Sarapis 254, 264–5 fig. 6.2; Egyptian character of, disputed 254; in Mithraeum 282; festival of 383

Satricum 67–8

Saturn, temple of 39

Saturnalia (17–23 December) 50, 80, 261; in Athens 337; in Egypt 337

Saturninus (Lucius Appuleius Saturninus, tribune 103, 100 B.C.) 140

Scaevola (Quintus Mucius Scaevola, consul 95 B.C.) 146, 151 n.104

Scipio Aemilianus, see Aemilianus

Scipio Africanus (Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, consul 205, 194 B.C.) 84–7; trial of 86

Secular Games see Saecular Games

self-definition, religious 215–16

Sementivae (January) 45, 50

senate 29–30, 150, 249, 256; shares pagan rituals, in fifth century A.D. 387; in conflict over altar of Victory 374, 380, 386

senators: Christians among, in third century 291–2, 378; face choice, after Constantine 375, 378; and Isis 291; absence of, from new cults 291; and priesthoods 192–6, 229, 383–4; and religio 384; and temples 196–7; wives of, as Christians 299; wives of, in Isis cult 299; women of the order, as ascetics 375–6

Seneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca, c. A.D. 1–65) 218; as Pythagorean 229; on superstition 217–19

septemviri epulones 101 fig. 2.5; Augustus joins 186; see also triumviri epulones

Septimius Severus (emperor, A.D. 193–211): temple of Liber and Hercules 255; on arch of Lepcis 350 fig. 7.5; games for, in fourth century A.D. 382–3

Servius Tullius (king, traditionally 578–535 B.C.) 184

Shield of Virtue (clipeus virtutis) 186–7 fig. 4.3; 333 fig. 7.3

seviri (six men), at Narbo 358; one type of Augustales 358; see also Augustales

Shintoism 316–17

Sibyl (of Cumae) 62–3, 198

Sibylline Books 27, 62–3, 69, 81; transferred to Apollo 198, 205; and Saecular Games 205

Silenus 162–3 fig. 3.5

Simon of Samaria (magician, arguably Christian) 227

slaves 246, 294; as benefactor (Carthage) 333 fig. 7.3; Christian 295, 299; and Lares Augusti 357

Smyrna, cult of Roma at 158

social mobility: and new cults 300–1; and imperial priesthoods 359

society, religion and 15–16, 42–3, 46, 48, 79; conflict in 63–7, 67–8, 95–6, 98; change in 149–50, 359; order ritually maintained in 361–2; subversion of, feared 213–14

sodales Titii: Augustus joins 186

sodalitates 97

Sol 33 fig. 1.5 (f); in Augustan calendar 258; Aurelian and 254; on Constantine’s coinage 367  fig. 8.1; Invictus Elagabalus, temple of (Map 2 no. 9) 258; games of 263; pontifices of 258–9

Sorrento base 190 fig. 4.4

sources: for regal period 4, 10; interpretation of 10; for the Republic 5–10, 75–9, 114–17, 119–21; for the Augustan period 169–71; for imperial Rome 247–8; for the Empire 319

space, organization of 22–3; 369

Spain: local deities in 345–6; dedications for emperor in 351; see also Danigi; Tarraco;; Urso

states, centralisation of 213

status dissonance 301 n.169

Sulla (Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix, consul 88, 80 B.C., dictator 82–79 B.C.) 131; repeals lex Domitia 137; his felicitas 144; and Pompey 145; and Venus 144

suovetaurilia 112–13 fig. 2.5 (caption); 327 fig. 7.1 (caption)

superstitio 215–19, ch. 5 passim; ambiguity of in the fourth century 371; characterizes foreign; groups 221–2; Christian view of 227; Christians accused of 242; clergy and 371; dangers of 217, 244; forbidden, at Hispellum 371; Judaism classed as 371; meanings of 217; Seneca on 217–19; see also religio

supplication 243, 261; in the army 325

Symmachus (Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, pagan, consul A.D. 391) urges toleration 386; memorialized 387; as a character in Macrobius’ dialogue 388

synagogues 266–7, 269

syncretism 317–18; and n. 11, 339–48

Tarquin the Elder (king, traditionally 616–579 B.C.) 23–4; and Sibylline Books 62

Tarquin the Proud, (king, traditionally 534–510 B.C.) 3, 54, 59

Tarraco (colonia, in Spain): site of provincial cult to Augustus 354; cult requested 356; initiative ascribed 256–7

taurobolium 280, 338; reinterpreted 384

Tellus (Earth): on Ara Pacis 203–4 fig. 4.6; adapted in Carthage 331–3 fig. 7.2; in Vaga 336

Temple, Jewish: destruction of 341; contributions to 280, 341 see also Jews; Judaism

temple-building 39, 87–91, 121–4, 196–201, 253–9; to the Augustan family 331–3, figs. 7.2, 7.3; under Augustus 197–201; by Aurelian 258–9; by Caracalla 254; in coloniae 334; control over 88–9; credit from 88; of the divi 253; by Elagabalus 255–6; emperors’ monopoly of 196; finance of 44, 87–8, 334; by Hadrian 257–8; interpretation of 124–5; at Nimes to Gaius and Lucius Caesar 356; restoration and 124; by Septimius Severus 255; at Vienne to divus Augustus and diva Livia 356; war and 44, 87–8; see also church-building

temples, Egyptian: Roman supervision of 340

templum 22–3, 285

tensae 40

Terence (Publius Terentius Afer, playwright, 160s B.C.) 78

Terentius see Terence, Varro

Terentum (or Tarentum) (Map 1 no. 37) 71, 111, 202

Terra Mater see Tellus

terracottas, votive 12–13 fig. 1.2, 69, 98

Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, Christian writer, c. A.D. 160–C. 240) 239–40; uses Varro 331

texts, religious: Christian 284–5, 303; Isiac 279, 284, 303; Jewish 284, 303; Mithraic 285, 303; see also books, priestly

theatre: stone 90; theatre-temples 122–3; of Pompey 122–3 fig. 3.1, 204, for Saecular Games 203–4; wooden 203–4

Thinissut (town (non-Roman) in north Africa): Augustus as god in 336; cult of Baal and Tanit in 336

Thugga (town near Carthage): Capitolium of 335; and the emperor 351

Thubursicu Numidarum (municipium in Algeria), Capitolium of 335

Tiberius (emperor, A.D. 14–37) 193, 207, 322; and Isis 231; decree on astrology 231–2; worshipped by ‘barbarian’ 352

Tibur (Tivoli – Map 5) 323

Timgad (colonia in N. Africa) 216–17, 329; Capitolium of 334; élite dedications in 338–9; and protection of the emperor 351

Titus (emperor, A.D. 79–81): arch of 223 fig. 5.1

toleration, religious 212

Tor Tignosa 13

tradition: innovation and 199–201, 201–5, 258–9, 278–88, 378–81 fig. 8.2; in book of A.D. 354 378–80; invention of 323–4

Trajan (emperor, A.D. 98–117) 228; on burial law 321; Christianity and 237–9; column of 327–8 fig. 7.1; on dedication law 321; temple of (Map 1 no. 8) 253

transformation 289–91

Trastevere (Map 1 no. 26): Christians in 269; Jewish burial-place 270; Palmyrene gods in 272; synagogues in 269

triad, Capitoline 3, 15, 39, 195–6, 334; on arch at Lepcis 350 fig. 7.5; dedication to, at Nicaea 336–7; games for, at Thugga 351; at Urso 334; ‘old triad’ 15–16; plebeian triad 64–6; see also Jupiter Capitolinus; Juno; Minerva

tribune of the plebs 107

triumph 44–5, 142–3; dress 44, 59–6, 143; crosses pomerium 179–80

triumviri epulones 100–1 fig. 2.5; 103; see also septemviri epulones

Troy 1, 84; and Magna Mater 197–8; see also Aeneas

Trumusiatis (sometimes Tribusiatis) local deity in Dolomites: interpretation of, as Apollo 344

Tullius see Cicero

Twelve Tables: alleged concern with magic 154–5

Ulpian (Domitius Ulpianus, jurist, early third century A.D.) 224, 238; on astrology 233; on Christianity 239

Urso (in Spain), law of 157, 328; priestly privileges in 328

Vaga (town, non-Roman, in north Africa): shrine of Tellus in 336

Valerian (emperor, A.D. 253–60): on élite Christians 291–2; orders sacrifice 241; confiscates property 268; bans catacombs 271

Valesius 202

Varro (Marcus Terentius Varro, 116–27 B.C., antiquarian): Divine Antiquities, 8, 11, 117, 151–2, 175; and the Arvals 194; as authority, outside Rome 331; originality of 153; on religious decline 118, 120; on the origin of the ludi Tarentini 204

Vatican: bull’s genitals (vires) from 338; Peter (St.) and 368–9; taurobolia recorded on 384

Vatinius (Publius Vatinius, tribune 59 B.C.), and magic 155–6

Vediovis 67, 89; temple of 89

venenum 233–5

Venus: as abstraction 62; in fourth century A.D. 387; and Magna Mater 280; in temple of Mars Ultor 200; in Mithraeum 282

Venus Erycina 80, 83

Venus Genetrix, temple of (Map 1 no. 10) 123 fig. 3.2, 145; on Carthaginian altar 331–3 fig. 7.2

Venus Victrix, temple of (Map 1 no. 35) 122 fig. 3.1, 144 fig. 3.3

Venus and Rome: temple of (Map 1 no. 6) 257–8, 260, 263

ver sacrum, see sacred spring

Verres 115, 121

Vervactor 11

Vespasian (emperor, A.D. 69–79): extends pomerium 178; respects tradition 179–80; temple to Pax 253

Vesta 7, 52–3, 175; Augustus’ co-habitation with 191; cult of maintained 382; priest of 191; temple of (in forum Romanum) 3, 39, 51; hearths and 53; Palatine shrine of 189–91 fig. 4.4