Notes

In the notes below, the reference numbers denote page and line of hardcover version of this volume (the line count includes headings, but not rule lines). No note is made for material included in the eleventh edition of Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. Biblical references are keyed to the King James Version. Quotations from Shakespeare are keyed to The Riverside Shakespeare, ed. G. Blakemore Evans (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1974). Footnotes and bracketed editorial notes within the text were in the originals. For further historical background, references to other studies, and more detailed maps, see John Keegan, The First World War (New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999); Hew Strachan, The First World War (New York, NY: Viking, 2004); David Stevenson, Cataclysm: The First World War as Political Tragedy (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2004); Edward M. Coffman, The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I (Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky, 1998); David M. Kennedy, Over Here: The First World War and American Society (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1980); Jennifer D. Keene, World War I: The American Soldier Experience (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2006); Michael S. Neiberg, The Path to War: How the First World War Created Modern America (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2016); A. Scott Berg, Wilson (New York, NY: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 2013); Martin Gilbert, The Routledge Atlas of the First World War, Third Edition (New York, NY: Routledge, 2008).

2.9–10 Francis Ferdinand . . . Duchess of Hohenberg,] Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1863–1914) became heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary in 1896 and married Countess Sophie Chotek (1868–1914) in a morganatic union in 1900. Sophie was made Duchess of Hohenberg in 1905.

2.17–18 Archduke pushed it . . . his arm] The bomb may have bounced off the folded-down roof of the car.

2.21 Col. Morizzi] Lieutenant Colonel Erik von Merizzi (1873–1917) was adjutant to Oskar Potiorek, the governor of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Merizzi served during the war as a staff officer in Serbia and Galicia before becoming commander of an artillery brigade on the Italian front, where he died.

2.25 Gabrinovics] Nedeljko Čabrinović (1895–1916), a Bosnian Serb who worked as a typesetter. Čabrinović died of tuberculosis on January 20, 1916, while imprisoned at the fortress of Theresienstadt (now Terezín, Czech Republic).

2.28 the Mayor] Fehim Čurčić (1886–1916), a Bosnian Muslim.

3.6 Gavrio Princip] Gavrilo Princip (1894–1918), a Bosnian Serb student. Princip died of tuberculosis at Theresienstadt on April 28, 1918.

3.12 Konak] The residential palace of the governor of Bosnia-Herzegovina.

3.32 Ischl,] Bad Ischl, a spa town about 130 miles west of Vienna.

3.36 Archduke . . . head of the army] Franz Ferdinand was made inspector general of the Austro-Hungarian army in 1913.

4.3–4 Emperor visited . . . annexation, in 1908] The Congress of Berlin (1878), held after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, placed the Ottoman provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina under Austro-Hungarian occupation and administration. Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908. The annexation was opposed by Serbia and caused an international crisis that was resolved in early 1909 when the Russian government decided not to risk war with Austria-Hungary. Emperor Franz Joseph visited Bosnia-Herzegovina, May 30–June 4, 1910. During his visit, a young Serbian student from Herzegovina, Bogdan Žerajić, unsuccessfully tried to assassinate the governor of Bosnia-Herzegovina, then committed suicide. At their trial Princip and Čabrinović cited Žerajić’s actions as an inspiration for their decision to kill Franz Ferdinand.

4.9 last Wednesday] June 24, 1914.

4.9–13 the Servian minister . . . the Archduke.] Jovan Jovanović, the Serbian minister to Austria-Hungary, met with Leon Biliński, the Austro-Hungarian finance minister, on June 5, 1914, and warned him that it would be dangerous for Franz Ferdinand to visit Sarajevo, especially on June 28, the anniversary of the Serbian defeat by the Ottoman Turks at the battle of Kosovo in 1389. Jovanović outlined a scenario in which a Serb conscript participating in the maneuvers might shoot the Archduke. Biliński contacted the civil authorities in Sarajevo, who expressed concern about the security arrangements for the visit, but was rebuffed by Oskar Potiorek, the military governor of Bosnia.

4.22 recent Balkan war] In the First Balkan War, October 1912–May 1913, Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, and Bulgaria fought and defeated the Ottoman Empire; in the Second Balkan War, June–July 1913, Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, Romania, and the Ottoman Empire fought and defeated Bulgaria. Serbia increased its population by about 50 percent and nearly doubled its territory as a result of the two wars.

5.13–14 coat of silk strands . . . bullet] A design for body armor made from woven silk was patented by the Polish inventor Casimir Zeglen in 1897 and marketed in Europe and the United States. It is not known if Franz Ferdinand owned a Zeglen coat.

5.33 Glumex] Chlumetz, now Chlumec nad Cidlinou in the Czech Republic.

5.35 Duke of Cumberland] Ernst August (1845–1923), a cousin of George V and the exiled heir to the throne of Hanover. His English title was revoked in 1919 after he supported Germany in the war.

5.39–6.2 Archduke Charles Francis Joseph . . . Princess Zita] Karl Franz Joseph (1887–1922), a nephew of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, married Princess Zita of Bourbon-Palma (1892–1989) in 1911. Karl succeeded Franz Joseph as emperor of Austria and king of Hungary on November 21, 1916. He renounced all participation in Austrian state affairs on November 11, 1918, and died in exile on Madeira.

7.16–18 the tragedy . . . the Hapsburgs.] Maximillian (1832–1867), a younger brother of Emperor Franz Joseph, was made emperor of Mexico by Napoleon III in 1864. He was overthrown by the forces of President Benito Juárez and executed in 1867. Crown Prince Rudolf (1858–1889), the emperor’s son and heir, shot himself at the Mayerling hunting lodge outside Vienna in 1889 as part of an apparent suicide pact with Baroness Mary Vetsera (1871–1889). Karl Ludwig (1833–1896), Franz Joseph’s younger brother, died of typhoid allegedly caused by drinking water from the Jordan River during a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1896; his death made his son Franz Ferdinand heir to the throne. Empress Elizabeth (1832–1898) was fatally stabbed by an Italian anarchist in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1898.

8.19 Gabrinovics . . . River Miljachka] The river was at low water because of the summer weather, and Čabrinović fell onto a sand bank.

9.4–5 the bomb . . . came from Belgrade] The assassination plot was organized by Lieutenant Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijević (1876–1917), alias Apis, the chief of Serbian military intelligence and one of the founders of Union or Death, a secret Serbian nationalist society also known as the Black Hand. Dimitrijević’s aide, Major Voja Tankosić (1880–1915), recruited Princip, Čabrinović, and a third Bosnian Serb, Trifko Grabež (1895–1916) in Belgrade, supplied them with six bombs and four pistols, and arranged for them to be smuggled into Bosnia. They were joined in Sarajevo by Danilo Ilić (1891–1915), a member of the Black Hand who had recruited three other Bosnians into the plot. Although all seven conspirators were deployed along the motorcade route on June 28, only Čabrinović and Princip took action. The Austro-Hungarian authorities arrested six members of the assassination team by July 3 (one of the men recruited by Ilić escaped to Montenegro and then Serbia). The six assassins were tried in Sarajevo for high treason, October 12–28, 1914, along with nineteen men accused of assisting them. Princip, Čabrinović, and Grabež were sentenced to twenty years in prison. (Under Austrian law, defendants under the age of twenty could not receive the death penalty.) Ilić and two other men were sentenced to death and hanged on February 3, 1915, while thirteen defendants received sentences ranging from three years to life; nine of the accused were acquitted. Tankosić was killed in action during the invasion of Serbia in autumn 1915. Dimitrijević was arrested in 1917 by the Serbian government-in-exile in Salonika, Greece, as part of a purge of the Black Hand. He was accused of attempting to assassinate Prince-Regent Alexander, court-martialed, and shot.

9.8 M. Potiorek, Governor of Bosnia] Lieutenant General Oskar Potiorek (1853–1933) was the governor of Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1912–14. He led three unsuccessful invasions of Serbia, August–December 1914 (see Chronology), before resigning his command on December 21, 1914.

10.33 Jaurès] Jean Jaurès (1859–1914) was a member of the chamber of deputies, 1885–89, 1893–98, 1902–14, a founder and leader of the S.F.I.O., the French Socialist Party, 1905, and editor of the socialist newspaper L’Humanité, 1904–14. An opponent of militarism who had sought to make the inter­national socialist movement a force for preserving peace, Jaurès traveled to Brussels, July 29–30, 1914, to meet with German Socialists in an attempt to prevent the outbreak of war. He then returned to Paris, where he was assassinated on the evening of July 31 by a right-wing French nationalist.

11.8 the Minister] Brand Whitlock (1869–1934) was the independent reform mayor of Toledo, Ohio, 1906–13, before serving as U.S. minister to Belgium, 1913–19, and ambassador to Belgium, 1919–21. A prolific author of fiction and nonfiction, Whitlock published Belgium: A Personal Narrative in 1919.

12.8 Colonel Falls] Dewitt Clinton Falls (1864–1937) had served as a military observer in the Balkans in 1912–13. In 1914 he was the regimental adjutant of the 7th New York with the rank of captain.

12.12 Millard Shaler] A graduate of the University of Kansas, Shaler (1880–1942) worked as an engineer in the Congo, Angola, and South Africa. He served on the Commission for Relief in Belgium, 1914–19.

13.1–2 Germans . . . crossed the frontier] The first German troops crossed the Belgian frontier on the morning of August 4.

13.40 Mexico loomed large] General Victoriano Huerta (1850–1916) overthrew President Francisco Madero on February 18, 1913, and had Madero assassinated on February 22. His seizure of power resulted in an insurrection by the Constitutionalists, under the leadership of Venustiano Carrenza (1859–1920), the governor of Coahuila. After his army suffered major defeats at Zacatecas, June 23, 1914, and Orendáin, July 6–8, Huerta resigned the presidency on July 15 and fled the country five days later. Francisco Carvajal, Huerta’s foreign minister, became interim president and began negotiations with the Constitutionalists for the peaceful surrender of Mexico City. On August 20 Carranza entered the capital and became the provisional president of Mexico.

14.2 Albania] Great Britain, France, Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia agreed in 1913 that Albania would be removed from Ottoman rule and become an autonomous principality under the supervision of an international control commission. The six powers chose William of Wied (1876–1945), a German prince, as the sovereign of the new state. William began his reign on March 7, 1914, but soon faced rebellions by Greek separatists in southern Albania and by Muslim peasants in the central region. In July 1914 William appealed unsuccessfully to the six powers for military and financial aid. The outbreak of war in August caused the collapse of the international control commission, and on September 3 William left the country. During World War I various regions of Albania were occupied at different times by Italy, Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and France.

14.3 Thibet] Tibet.

14.10–11 the Marseillaise] The French national anthem, written in 1792 by Claude Joseph Rouger de Lisle (1760–1836), a French army officer.

14.21–22 von Below] Karl Konrad Claus von Below-Saleske (1866–1939) was the German minister to Belgium, 1913–14. He had previously served in Beijing and Istanbul and as minister to Bulgaria, 1910–12.

14.32 Le Soir] A Belgium evening newspaper, founded in 1887.

15.19 Herrick] Myron T. Herrick (1854–1929) was U.S. ambassador to France, 1912–14 and 1921–29. He had previously served as the Republican governor of Ohio, 1904–6.

15.24 Squier] Lieutenant Colonel George Squier (1865–1934), an officer in the Signal Corps, was the U.S. military attaché in London, 1912–16. He later served as the Chief Signal Officer of the U.S. Army, 1917–23.

16.11 Home Rule quarrel] In April 1912 the Liberal government led by Prime Minister Herbert Henry Asquith introduced a Home Rule bill establishing an Irish parliament with limited powers. Opposed by the Conservatives and Unionists, the bill passed the House of Commons twice in 1913 with the support of the Irish Parliamentary Party, but was defeated twice in the House of Lords. Division over Home Rule led to the formation in 1913 of two opposing paramilitary organizations in Ireland, the Ulster Volunteer Force and the nationalist Irish Volunteers. The House of Commons passed the bill for a third time in May 1914, making it eligible for royal assent without the approval of the Lords. Fearing that its implementation would cause civil war in Ireland, the Asquith government introduced an amending bill that would allow for the temporary exclusion of Ulster counties from Home Rule. After the outbreak of the war the amending bill was replaced with a measure that suspended the implementation of Home Rule for the duration of the conflict, and on September 18, 1914, both the Home Rule and suspensory bills received the royal assent.

18.11 When England . . . had the right] The neutrality of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was guaranteed by the 1867 Treaty of London, signed by Austria, Belgium, France, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Prussia, and Russia. After German troops occupied Luxembourg on August 2, 1914, Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (1856–1921) justified the action as a defensive measure intended to protect railroads under German administration from possible French attack.

18.22 France went through . . . first] Reports in the German press on August 3, 1914, falsely claimed that French airmen had flown over Belgium and Dutch territory on their way to Germany, and that French officers dressed in German uniforms had crossed the Dutch-German border.

18.38–39 proclamation . . . Emperor Franz Josef] The Austro-Hungarian declaration of war against Serbia, issued by Emperor Franz Joseph on July 28, 1914.

19.37–39 Russia knew . . . wounds of the Japanese war] The Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–5 led to a series of revolutionary uprisings in 1905–6 that threatened the tsarist regime.

20.1 revenge itself for Alsace] France ceded the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany following its defeat in the 1870–71 Franco-Prussian War.

20.11 Four times he . . . Czar] Nicholas II and Wilhelm II exchanged ten telegrams, July 29–August 1, 1914, all written in English and signed “Nicky” and “Willy.” In his messages Wilhelm defended the Austro-Hungarian war against Serbia and warned the Tsar not to undertake mobilization measures.

20.13 urge Austria to new negotiations.] German chancellor Bethmann ­Hollweg urged Austria-Hungary on July 29 to halt its military action against Serbia and accept mediation, and Wilhelm II made a similar appeal in a message to Emperor Franz Joseph on July 30. Count Leopold von Berchtold (1863–1942), the foreign minister of Austria-Hungary, replied on July 30 that military operations against Serbia could no longer be halted.

20.24–25 punitive expedition against Mexico] President Wilson refused to recognize the government of Victoriano Huerta (see note 13.40) and imposed an arms embargo on his regime. On April 9, 1914, nine American sailors from the USS Dolphin were briefly detained in the port of Tampico by forces loyal to Huerta. Although the Mexican authorities apologized to Admiral Henry Mayo (1856–1937), the commander of the U.S. squadron stationed off Tampico, Mayo demanded that the Mexicans honor the American flag by firing a full twenty-one-gun salute. Wilson supported Mayo’s demand, and decided to take military action. On April 21 a force of 800 Marines and sailors landed at Veracruz with orders to seize the customhouse, beginning three days of fighting in which nineteen Americans and more than 150 Mexicans were killed. The invasion was condemned by Huerta’s opponents and brought the United States and Mexico close to full-scale war. Wilson accepted an offer by Argentina, Brazil, and Chile to mediate the dispute. Although the subsequent proposal by the “ABC Powers” for establishing a new Mexican government was rejected by Huerta, it contributed to his decision to resign as president on July 15. U.S. forces would remain in Veracruz until November 23, 1914.

21.21–22 flight of Italy . . . deserted its allies] Italy had declared its neutrality on August 2, 1914, despite its 1882 Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Germany. The Italian government asserted that because the alliance was strictly defensive, it did not oblige Italy to join a war caused by the aggression of Austria-Hungary.

21.28–29 Roumania and Japan] Romania had associated itself with the Triple Alliance in 1883, but chose to remain neutral in August 1914. It declared war on Austria-Hungary on August 27, 1916. Japan declared war on Germany on August 23, 1914.

23.24 Sir Edward Grey] Grey (1862–1933) was foreign secretary of Great Britain, 1905–16.

24.9 Mr. Kent] Fred I. Kent (1869–1954), vice-president of Bankers’ Trust and an expert on foreign exchange.

25.16 Austrian ambassador] Count Albert Mensdorff (1861–1945) was the Austro-Hungarian ambassador to Great Britain, 1904–14.

25.21 Austria had not given . . . for war.] Great Britain declared war on Austria-Hungary on August 12, 1914.

25.35 the German Ambassador] Prince Karl Max von Lichnowsky (1860–1928) was the German ambassador to Great Britain, 1912–14. In 1916 Lich­nowsky wrote and privately circulated a memoir, Meine Londoner Mission 1912–14, in which he attributed the outbreak of the war to reckless German support for Austria-Hungary. His memoir was published in March 1918 without his permission and was widely circulated by the Allies, resulting in his expulsion from the upper chamber of the Prussian parliament.

26.4 Princess Lichnowsky] Princess Mechtilde Lichnowsky (1879–1958).

26.14 Laughlin’s] Irwin B. Laughlin (1871–1941) served as secretary of the London embassy, 1912–17, and counselor of the embassy, 1916–19. He was later U.S. minister to Greece, 1924–26, and ambassador to Spain, 1929–33.

26.31–32 Chandler Anderson] Anderson (1866–1936), an attorney with extensive experience in international law, served as counselor for the State Department, 1910–13.

26.33 Skinner . . . McCrary] Robert Peet Skinner (1866–1960) was consul- general at the London embassy, 1914–24. He later served as minister to Greece, 1926–32, minister to Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, 1931–33, and ambassador to Turkey, 1933–36. Lieutenant Commander Frank R. McCrary (1879–1952) later became a naval aviator and was the first lighter-than-air pilot in the U.S. Navy.

27.6 the Tennessee] The armored cruiser USS Tennessee sailed from New York on August 6, 1914, carrying $5,867,000 in gold to be used for the financial relief of stranded American travelers.

28.18 the King] George V (1865–1936), king of Great Britain and Ireland and emperor of India, 1910–36.

29.19–20 canal tolls victory] Congress had passed legislation in 1912 lowering or abolishing tolls on American ships using the Panama Canal. Britain protested that preferential treatment for U.S. shipping violated the 1901 Hay-Paunceforte Treaty, an Anglo-American agreement giving the United States exclusive rights to build a Central American canal, and in February 1914 Wilson called for the exemption to be repealed. The repeal measure passed the House, 247–162, on March 31, and the Senate, 50–35, on June 11, 1914.

34.1–2 swollen waters . . . Johnstown.] The collapse of the Conemaugh Reservoir dam on May 31, 1889, flooded Johnstown, Pennsylvania, killing 2,200 persons.

35.11 Burgomaster Max] Adolphe Max (1869–1939) was mayor of Brussels, 1909–39. Max was arrested on September 26, 1914, for resisting demands for food requisitions and was imprisoned in Germany for the remainder of the war.

37.11 General von Lutwitz] Arthur von Lüttwitz (1865–1928).

37.19–20 As for a week . . . occupied Louvain] The Germans occupied Louvain on August 19, 1914.

38.14–16 Father Damien . . . Stevenson wrote] Born Joseph De Veuster, Father Damien (1840–1889) trained for the priesthood in Louvain before going as a missionary to the Hawaiian Islands, where he served in the leper colony on Moloka’i, 1873–89. Stevenson defended Damien against criticism by a Presbyterian missionary in An Open Letter to the Reverend Dr. Hyde of Honolulu (1890).

38.22 destroy Vera Cruz] See note 20.24–25.

39.35 makes a wilderness . . . war] Cf. Tacitus, Agricola (c. 98 C.E.): “To robbery, murder and pillage they give the false name of empire, and when they make a wilderness they call it peace.”

43.29–30 Admiral Diederichs at Manila] Otto von Diederichs (1843–1918), the commander of the German Asiatic Squadron, arrived with his flagship in Manila Bay on June 12, 1898, while Commodore George Dewey was blockading the city. Dewey became apprehensive that the Germans were planning to intervene in the Philippines, although the stated purpose of their naval presence was the protection of German nationals and property. The German squadron began to withdraw after the surrender of Manila on August 13.

43.37 Kiaochow] Jiaozhou, a town on the Shantung peninsula in northeast China. In 1898, Germany obtained concessions on the peninsula, including control of the port of Tsingtao (Qingdao), railways, mines, and the right to station troops.

45.29 Godoy] Manuel de Godoy (1767–1851), prime minister of Spain 1792–98 and 1801–8, became known as “the prince of the peace” after negotiating the Treaty of Basel in 1795, under which Spain ceded Santo Domingo to France while regaining Catalonian territory occupied by the French.

48.27 “Germany above . . . the world.”] Cf. the hymn “Deutschland, Deutschland über Alles” (1841) by August Heinrich Hoffman (1798–1874): “Deutschland, Deutschland über alles, über alles in der Welt” (Germany, Germany above all, above all else in the world).

48.35 essential humanity . . . twenty years ago] Du Bois was a student at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin, 1892–94, and traveled throughout Germany during his stay.

49.6–9 a proclamation . . . Wundt] “An die Kulturwelt! Ein Aufruf” (To the Civilized World! An Appeal) was published on October 4, 1914, and signed by ninety-three “representatives of German science and art.” The appeal protested against “the lies and calumnies” being used “to stain the honor of Germany,” and denied (“it is not true”) that Germany was guilty of causing the war, violating Belgium neutrality, killing Belgian civilians without justification, destroying Louvain, disregarding international law, or engaging in destructive militarism. It concluded with a pledge to “fight this war to the end as a civilized people to whom the legacy of Goethe, Beethoven, and Kant are as sacred as hearth and home.” Among its signers were the theologian and church historian Adolf von Harnack (1851–1930), art historian Wilhelm von Bode (1845–1929), dramatist Gerhardt Hauptmann (1862–1929), novelist and dramatist Hermann Sudermann (1857–1928), physicist Ernest Roentgen (1845–1923), composer Engelbert Humperdinck (1854–1923), and psychologist Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920), as well as the chemist Fritz Haber (1868–1934) and physicist Max Planck (1858–1947).

49.10–11 sneering at “Mongrels and Niggers.”] In refuting the accusation that Germany disregarded international law, the appeal asserted: “Those who have allied themselves with Russians and Serbs, and who present the world with the shameful spectacle of inciting Mongolians and Negroes against the white race, have the very least right to portray themselves as the defenders of European civilization.”

50.24 Przemyśl] See Chronology, September–November 1914, March and June 1915.

50.27–30 Baron Mednyanszky . . . Herr Hollitzer’s] László Mednyánszky (1852–1919), a Hungarian painter; Lieutenant Cesare Santorre, an Italian naval officer and correspondent for the journal Aero Marittima; Alexander Exax (1896–1994), a photographer who served with the military press office in Galicia, Serbia, and on the Italian front, 1914–17; and Carl Leopold Hollitzer (1874–1942), a singer and sketch artist serving with the military press office.

54.2 famous lady . . . turned to look!] Lot’s wife; see Genesis 19:26.

54.34 kino] Film, motion picture.

55.9 the Astoria] A hotel in Budapest.

55.10 Dr. MacDonald] Charles B. MacDonald (1873–1936), a surgeon with the U.S. Army, served as a Red Cross volunteer at hospitals in Vienna and Budapest, 1914–15.

55.23 Mr. Schriner] George A. Schreiner (1875–1942), a German-American correspondent for the Associated Press who reported on the war from Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Balkans, and the Ottoman Empire, 1914–17.

56.35 von Leidenfrost] Adolf von Leidenfrost, a Hungarian-American relief worker.

64.1 great conflict of September] The German advance to, and subsequent retreat from, the Marne River. See Chronology, August–September 1914.

64.39 an army . . . of a division,] A French division had about 15,000 men at full strength. Two or three divisions made up a corps, and from two to five corps made up an army. There were eight French armies deployed along the Western Front in February 1915; Châlons-sur-Marne was the headquarters of the Fourth Army.

65.7 “torpedo” racers] Streamlined race cars.

65.17 “éclopés”] Disabled, crippled..

66.32–33 “La France . . . guerrière.”] France is a warlike nation.

67.28 “Seventy-fives.”] French field artillery gun that fired shells 75mm (2.95 inches) in diameter that weighed twelve pounds. It had a maximum range of more than four miles (7,400 yards).

69.23 Sister Gabrielle Rosnet,] Marie Rosnet (1872–1927) entered the Daughters of Charity in 1891 and took the name Sister Gabrielle. She later joined the Sisters of Saint Vincent de Paul and served at the hospital in Clermont-en-Argonne throughout the war. In 1916 she was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor.

69.33 “à coups de crosse”] With rifle butts.

70.1 “ces satanés Allemands”] Those devilish Germans.

70.3–4 fierce September days] After the French army retreated from ­Clermont-en-Argonne on September 4, 1914, the Germans shelled the town for several hours, and then occupied it that night. The Germans withdrew from Clermont-en-Argonne on September 14, and French troops returned there later that day.

70.9 “Et ils étaient tous comme ça”] And they were all like that.

70.15 obus] Howitzer shell.

71.3–4 Vauquois . . . first importance] Observation posts on the hill of Vauquois allowed the Germans to shell the railway running from Ste. Menehould to Verdun.

71.14–16 retake it . . . securely established there] The fighting in the ruins of Vauquois became stalemated in March 1915. Both sides then engaged in extensive tunneling operations, detonating more than 500 mines on or beneath the hill of Vauquois from February 1915 to April 1918. The entire hill was captured by American troops on the first day of the Meuse-Argonne offensive, September 26, 1918.

71.27 médecin-chef] Chief doctor.

72.35–36 “Sauvez, sauvez . . . pas!”] Save, save France, do not abandon her!

73.8 Varennes . . . Bois de la Grurie,] Varennes was captured by the Germans on September 23, 1914. French attempts to retake the village in December 1914 and January 1915 failed, and it remained in German hands until its capture by American troops on September 26, 1918. Le Four de Paris, a crossroads hamlet six miles southwest of Varennes, came under German attack in February 1915 but remained in French possession. Le Bois de Gruerie, on the western edge of the Argonne Forest, was the scene of prolonged and inconclusive fighting in 1915.

73.31 “permis de séjour”] Residence permit.

74.24 infirmière major] Head nurse.

75.27–28 Les Eparges, . . . desperate struggle] French troops assaulted German positions on the high ridge east of Les Éparges on February 17, 1915. After weeks of costly fighting the battle ended in a stalemate in late April, with neither side having full possession of the ridge.

76.34–35 Verdun . . . the road to Bar-le-Duc] In 1916 the road served as the main route for supplies and reinforcements being sent to the battle of Verdun (see Chronology, February–December 1916). It became widely known in France as the Voie Sacrée (Sacred Way).

77.2–3 St. Mihiel . . . armour!] The Germans captured St. Mihiel on September 25, 1914, forming a salient that cut the main railway supplying Verdun from the south and threatened to turn the French line along the Meuse. A French offensive in the spring of 1915 failed to retake the St. Mihiel salient, which remained in German hands until its elimination by the American Expeditionary Forces, September 12–16, 1918.

78.23 sous-officiers] Noncommissioned officers.

79.23 estafettes] Couriers, dispatch riders.

80.6 Jéna] Napoleon defeated a Prussian-Saxon army in the battle of Jena-Auerstedt, fought in Saxony on October 14, 1806.

80.32–34 Suippes . . . Beauséjour] A series of French attacks in March 1915 made limited gains in Champagne.

81.31 Losnitza . . . Goutchevo Mountain] Loznica, a town in northwest Serbia, across the Drina River from Bosnia; Gučevo Mountain.

81.34–35 the second invasion] See Chronology, August–December 1914. Austro-Hungarian troops crossed the Drina River on September 8 and reached the summit of Gučevo by September 11.

82.4–5 third invasion . . . rout at Valievo] Austro-Hungarian forces began a general offensive on November 6 that forced the Serbs to retreat from Gučevo. The Austro-Hungarians captured Krupanj on November 9 and occupied Valjevo on November 16 as the Serbs retreated across the Kolubara River. On December 3 the Serbs launched a counteroffensive that recaptured Valjevo on December 9 and drove the Austro-Hungarians across the Drina on December 13.

82.8 comitadji] Serbian guerrillas.

82.33 rackia] Rakija, plum brandy.

84.35 Svornik] Zvornik, in Bosnia-Herzegovina.

86.17 “Haide!”] Come on!

86.19 Robinson] Boardman Robinson (1876–1952), Canadian-American illustrator and painter who accompanied Reed on his travels in the Balkans and Eastern Europe in 1915.

86.25 Voyvoda Michitch, . . . King Peter] Živojin Mišić (1855–1921) served as deputy to Radomir Putnik, the chief of the Serbian general staff, from the outbreak of war until November 1914, when he took command of the Serbian First Army. Mišić played a key role in the counteroffensive that ended the third Austro-Hungarian invasion, December 3–15, 1914. Voivode, literally meaning “war chief” or “war lord,” was the highest rank in the Serbian military. Peter I (1844–1921) was king of Serbia, 1903–18, and king of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, 1918–21.

86.31 Johnson] The name Reed used in The War in Eastern Europe for the guide assigned to him by the Serbian press bureau. Reed described him as a former lecturer in comparative literature at the University of Belgrade and wrote that “Johnson” was “a literal translation of his name.”

89.4 Nish] Niš, the wartime capital of Serbia, 1914–15.

90.3 Charles E. Lauriat, Jr.] Lauriat dictated the narrative excerpted here in London on May 12, 1915.

90.35 Mr. and Mrs. Elbert Hubbard] Elbert Hubbard (1856–1915) was the owner of the Roycroft Printing Shop in East Aurora, New York, editor and publisher of the monthly journal The Philistine (1895–1915), and a prolific writer best known for the inspirational tract A Message to Garcia (1899), based on an incident in the Spanish-American War. Alice Moore Hubbard (1861–1915) was a writer whose works included Woman’s Work (1908), Life Lessons (1909), and The Basis of Marriage (1910).

91.4–5 “Who Lifted the Lid Off Hell”] In his essay, Hubbard wrote that “William Hohenzollern” had “a shrunken soul,” “a mind that reeks of egomania,” and was “a mastoid degenerate of a noble grandmother” (Wilhelm II was a grandson of Queen Victoria). Hubbard concluded by predicting that the defeat of Germany would be followed by disarmament and the creation of a “World Federation.”

91.14–15 second explosion . . . a boiler] The U-20 fired only one torpedo at the Lusitania. While the cause of the second explosion is uncertain, it was most likely the result of a steam line rupture.

92.3 the Hubbards . . . again.] The bodies of Elbert and Alice Hubbard were never identified, and may never have been recovered.

92.10 Captain Turner and Captain Anderson] Captain William Turner (1856–1933), commander of the Lusitania, and Staff Captain James Anderson (1865–1915), his second in command. Anderson’s body was recovered after the sinking.

95.30–31 about 60 fathoms . . . 755 feet long.] The Lusitania sank in fifty fathoms (300 feet) of water and was 785 feet long.

96.11 Camp Asquam] A summer camp for boys on Squam Lake in New Hampshire, founded as Camp Harvard in 1885 and renamed Camp Asquam in 1887. The camp closed in 1912.

96.24 a seaman] Leslie Morton (1896–1968), who had served on sailing ships since 1910, was making his first voyage on the Lusitania.

96.28 G——] Frederic Gauntlett (1870–1951), an English-born American who was traveling on business for the Newport News Ship Building Company.

98.20 B——] James Brooks (1875–1956), an American salesman for a tire chain company.

98.35–38 a woman; her husband] Margaret Gwyer (born c. 1889), who had married Herbert Gwyer (1883–1960), a clergyman in the Church of England, on April 15, 1915.

100.34–36 McM—— . . . the Republic] The British liner Republic collided with the Italian passenger ship Florida in a fog bank fifty miles south of Nantucket Island on January 23, 1909. Three persons on the Republic were killed or fatally injured in the collision; the remaining passengers and crew were safely evacuated before the ship sank on January 24.

102.24 Mr. Mayor] Rudolph Blankenburg (1843–1918), a naturalized citizen born in Germany, was elected mayor of Philadelphia on a reform independent-Democratic ticket in 1911 and served December 1911–January 1916.

108.22–24 China . . . the theory] Roosevelt had previously argued that China invited foreign aggression and encroachment by being unwilling to build up its army and navy.

108.34–35 the message . . . strict accountability] On February 10, 1915, Secretary of State Bryan sent a diplomatic note warning the German government that sinking American ships, or ships carrying American passengers, would be considered “an indefensible violation of neutral rights” and that the United States would hold Germany to “a strict accountability” for its naval actions. The note was drafted by Robert Lansing, the counselor for the State Department, and President Wilson.

110.15 Hague Conventions] The Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907 resulted in conventions on the peaceful settlement of international disputes, the laws of war on land and sea, the opening of hostilities, and the rights and duties of neutral powers in wartime.

110.20 number of American ships . . . torpedoed] At the time Roosevelt was writing, the only American ship to have been torpedoed was the tanker Gulflight, which was attacked in the Irish Sea on May 1, 1915. Although the Gulflight did not sink, two crewmen jumped overboard and drowned, and the ship’s captain died of a heart attack later in the day.

111.21–23 those who guide . . . the Huns] In a speech delivered at Bremerhaven on July 27, 1900, to German troops who were being sent to China to suppress the Boxer Rebellion, Wilhelm II said: “Should you encounter the enemy, he will be defeated! No quarter will be given! Prisoners will not be taken! Whoever falls into your hands is forfeited. Just as a thousand years ago the Huns under their King Attila made a name for themselves, one that even today makes them seem mighty in history and legend, may the name German be affirmed by you in such a way in China that no Chinese will ever again dare to look cross-eyed at a German.”

111.25 Louvain and Dinant] See pp. 33–41 in this volume.

111.35–36 peace when there is no peace] Jeremiah 6:14, 8:11; Ezekiel 13:10.

113.4 Gottlieb von Jagow] Jagow (1863–1935) was the German secretary of state for foreign affairs from January 1913 to November 1916, when his opposition to resuming unrestricted submarine warfare led to his resignation.

116.4–6 recently published . . . a formal warning] The warning was published on May 1, 1915, the day the Lusitania sailed from New York.

119.2 Turkish Revolution] A military uprising in Macedonia in July 1908 forced Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1842–1918) to restore parliamentary rule. An attempted counterrevolution in April 1909 by supporters of the sultan failed, and Abdul Hamid was deposed in favor of his brother Mehmed (1844–1918). Political instability continued as the Ottoman Empire suffered defeat in its war with Italy, 1911–12, and in the First Balkan War, 1912–13. In June 1913 the nationalist Committee of Union and Progress, which had played a prominent role in the 1908 revolution, seized power and established single-party rule.

119.11 Adana Massacre in 1909] In April 1909, Turkish soldiers and civilian mobs killed an estimated 20,000 Armenians in the city of Adana and the surrounding region of Cilicia.

119.17 Alexandretta] Iskenderun.

119.23 Mr. Consul Jackson] Jesse B. Jackson (1871–1947) served as the U.S. consul in Alexandretta (Iskenderun), 1905–8, and in Aleppo, 1908–17 and 1919–23.

119.29 Dr. Dodd] William S. Dodd (1860–1928), an American Presbyterian minister, missionary, and physician, was the director of the American Hospital at Konia (Konya), 1911–16.

120.2–3 Armenian insurrection . . . Van] In April 1915, Cevedet Bey, the new governor of Van province in eastern Anatolia, ordered the Armenian population to surrender its weapons while sending Circassian and Kurdish irregulars to raid Armenian villages in the region. Armenians in the city of Van refused to disarm, built barricades, and fought back when Ottoman forces attacked on April 20. The fighting continued until May 17, when the Turks withdrew as Russian forces approached the city. Most of the surviving Armenian population of Van accompanied the Russians when they retreated from the province in August 1915.

120.4 Pastermadjian] Karekin Pastermadjian (1872–1923), more widely known by his nom de guerre Armen Garo, was a member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnak). As a deputy in the Ottoman parliament, 1908–12, Garo supported proposals to build railways in eastern Anatolia using American capital. In the fall of 1914 he helped form and led a unit of Armenian volunteers fighting with the Russians in the Caucasus against the Turks. Garo later served as the envoy to the United States of the provisional Armenian republic, 1918–20, and helped organize the assassination of former Ottoman leaders involved in the Armenian genocide. He died in exile in Switzerland.

120.20 arrest and exile . . . Armenians] On April 24, 1915, Turkish authorities arrested more than 250 prominent Armenians in Istanbul. The detainees, including members of parliament, clergymen, lawyers, doctors, journalists, educators, writers, and businessmen, were sent into the interior of Anatolia, where most of them were killed.

121.14–15 recent expulsion measures . . . Bosphorus] The Ottoman government ordered the expulsion of all Christians and Jews from the upper Bosphorus on May 15, 1915.

122.22 2,732 American citizens lynched] Statistics kept by the Tuskegee Institute recorded the lynching of 2,727 African Americans from 1882 to 1914.

122.28 “lesser breeds without the law”] From “Recessional,” poem (1897) by Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936).

131.21 Pole] Pula, a port city on the northern Adriatic coast, now in Croatia.

133.36 Novo Seidlitz] Novoselitsa (now Novoselytsya, Ukraine), a town on the north bank of the Prut River that was divided by the border between Russia and Austria-Hungary. Reed’s driver was from Russian Novoselitsa.

134.3 Li Hung Chang] Li Hongzhang (1823–1901), Chinese statesman who had negotiated peace with Japan after the Chinese-Japanese War, 1894–95, and with the Western powers after the Boxer Rebellion, 1900–1901.

135.16 Doullens] Town in northeastern France, about seventeen miles north of Amiens.

135.31 mitrailleuses] Machine guns.

137.15 St. John’s Ambulance] The St. John Ambulance Brigade, a volunteer organization founded in England in 1887 to provide first aid services.

137.17 Pall Mall] Street in Westminster, London, the location of several prestigious gentlemen’s clubs.

138.15 “War and Peace”] Novel (1869) by Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910).

138.31 Angel . . . Bottomless Pit] Revelation 9:1–12.

139.20 Poperinghe] Town in Belgium, about eight miles west of Ypres.

139.26 Phidian] Characteristic of Phidias, a Greek sculptor of the fifth century B.C.E.

140.22–23 Badonviller, Raon-L’Étape] Towns in Lorraine.

141.27 Belgium’s Foreign Minister . . . ne regrette rien] Julien Davignon (1854–1916) was foreign minister of Belgium, 1907–16. Charles de Broqueville (1860–1940), prime minister of Belgium, 1911–18, wrote in a telegram to French premier René Viviani on October 13, 1914: “As the President of the Chamber of Duties said on August 5th, Belgium has sacrificed all to defend honesty, honor, and liberty; she regrets nothing.” Frans Schollaert (1851–1917) was president of the chamber, 1901–8 and 1911–17. Wharton used the phrase La Belgique ne regrette rien as the epigraph for her poem “Belgium,” published in December 1914 in King Albert’s Book: A Tribute to the Belgian King and People from Representative Men and Women Throughout the World.

141.34 miraculous snow-fall . . . legend] According to an Italian legend from the thirteenth century, a wealthy Roman husband and wife in the fourth century had vowed to donate their possessions to the Virgin Mary and prayed for guidance as to where to leave their property. On the night of August 4–5, at the height of summer, snow fell in the shape of a square on the Esquiline Hill on what became the site of the Basilica de Santa Maria Maggiore.

141.35 Taube] A two-seat monoplane used by the German air service for reconnaissance, 1914–15.

143.4–6 “Your country . . . by strangers.”] Isaiah 1:7.

144.14–15 siege gun of Dixmude] A long-range German naval gun used to shell Dunkirk in 1915 from a position near Dixmude. It fired shells 380mm (15 inches) in diameter.

145.2–4 “Admiral Ro’narch!” . . . Dixmude] Rear Admiral Pierre Ronarc’h (1865–1940) commanded a brigade of French marine fusiliers that fought alongside Belgian troops in the defense of Dixmude, October 16–November 10, 1914. Many of the men in the brigade were territorials (reservists) from Brittany.

145.19–20 lost Dixmude—for a while] The town was captured by the Germans on November 10, 1914, and recaptured by the Belgians on September 29, 1918.

146.31 St. George, Ramscappelle, Peryse] Villages south of Nieuport.

147.10 “au repos”] At rest.

148.17 “bain-de-mer”] Place to go swimming in the sea.

149.6 David’s statue of Jean Bart] Completed in 1845, the statue by French sculptor David d’Angers (1788–1856) depicted the French privateer and naval commander Jean Bart (1650–1702). A native of Dunkirk, Bart successfully defended the port against English attack in 1694–95.

149.38 The Broken Heart] Play, published in 1633, by John Ford (1586–c. 1639).

150.13 call of Roland’s horn] In the medieval French epic poem La Chanson de Roland, depicting a battle in the Pyrenees between Charlemagne’s warriors and the Saracens.

150.20–21 cluster of villas . . . two hearts] In October 1914 King Albert and his consort, Queen Elizabeth (1876–1965), chose to remain on Belgian territory at La Panne while the Belgian government relocated to the French city of Le Havre.

152.2 Herbert Henry Asquith] Asquith (1852–1928) was elected to the House of Commons as a Liberal in 1886 and served as Home Secretary, 1892–95, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1905–8, and Prime Minister, 1908–16.

153.4 “a poor thing . . . own.”] Cf. As You Like It, V.iv.57–58: “an ill-favor’d thing, sir, but mine own.”

153.11 Edmund Gosse] A close friend of James’s since the 1880s, Gosse (1849–1928) was a prolific critic, essayist, biographer, and poet. James’s other sponsors were James Pinker (1863–1922), his literary agent, and George Prothero (1848–1922), a historian and the editor of The Quarterly Review.

155.40 Syrians] Assyrian Christians. In 1915–16 at least 150,000 Assyrian Christians were killed, or died from hunger and disease, in massacres and deportations in the Ottoman Empire.

156.39–40 my attempted trip to America] In the summer of 1914 Davis received leave to return to the United States and see his ailing parents. He traveled overland from Harput to Beirut and then went to Alexandria, Egypt, where he received orders from the State Department to return to Harput on account of the outbreak of the war.

157.23 the Vali] Sabit Bey was the vali (governor) of Mamouret-ul-Aziz, 1914–16. He was imprisoned on Malta by the British after the armistice in 1918, but was later released and appointed governor of Erzerum in 1921 by the new Turkish government.

158.25 Mr. Riggs to Mr. Peet] The Rev. Henry H. Riggs (1875–1943), an American missionary, had served as president of Euphrates College, a coeducational secondary school in Harput, 1903–10. Riggs returned to Harput in 1912 and remained there until 1917. His account of the genocide, written in 1918, was published as Days of Tragedy in Armenia: Personal Experiences in Harpoot, 1915–17 (1997). William W. Peet (1851–1942) was the treasurer of the Istanbul office of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.

159.37 Kaimakam] An Ottoman official in charge of a provincial district.

169.25 Protests as well as threats] Morgenthau had transmitted to the Ottoman leadership the joint declaration issued by the governments of Britain, France, and Russia on May 24, 1915, describing the massacre of the Armenians as “new crimes of Turkey against humanity and civilization” and warning that the Allies would “hold personally responsible for their crimes all members of the Ottoman government and those of their agents who are implicated in such massacres.” During the Allied occupation of Istanbul in 1919–20, a Turkish military tribunal held a series of trials relating to the Armenian massacres. Three defendants were hanged, another fifteen were condemned to death in absentia, and several others were sentenced to prison. All of those convicted had their verdicts overturned by the new government of Mustafa Kemal in 1923. More than one hundred former Ottoman officials were detained on Malta by the British in 1919–21, but none of them were tried for crimes against the Armenians due to lack of evidence and legal questions regarding jurisdiction. The Malta detainees were released in 1921 in exchange for British prisoners captured in Anatolia by Kemal’s forces.

169.27 Capitulations] Agreements between the Ottoman Empire and foreign powers that granted foreign nationals residing in Ottoman territory certain economic privileges and special extraterritorial legal status. The Ottoman government announced on September 9, 1914, that it was unilaterally abrogating the capitulations, an action the United States refused to recognize as legally valid.

171.23–24 Dr. Shaw] Anna Howard Shaw (1847–1919), president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, 1904–15. The first woman ordained as minister by the Methodist Protestant Church, Shaw received an MD from Boston University Medical School in 1886 but never practiced.

171.28 three days and a half] The Congress met from April 28 to May 1, 1915.

172.3 twelve different countries] Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Great Britain and Ireland, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United States.

172.12–14 a woman from the side . . . the neutral nations] The committee was composed of Chrystal Macmillan (1872–1937) from Great Britain, Rosika Schwimmer (1877–1948) from Hungary, Cor Ramondt-Hirschmann (b. 1871) from the Netherlands, and Emily Greene Balch (1867–1961) from the United States.

172.24–25 the vice-president and the president] Aletta Jacobs (1854–1929) of the Netherlands and Addams. They were accompanied by Alice Hamilton (1869–1970) of the United States and Frederika Wilhelmina van Wulfften Palthe-Broese van Groenou (1875–1960).

173.36 our resolutions] The Congress called for a negotiated end to the war without forced annexations, the arbitration and conciliation of future inter­national disputes, democratic control over foreign policy, and the enfranchisement of women.

183.6 the Pope] Benedict XV (1854–1922) was pope from 1914 until his death.

183.25–26 one of the prime ministers of Europe] Karl von Stürgkh (1859–1916), minister president (prime minister) of Austria, 1911–16. An advocate of war with Serbia in July 1914, Stürgkh was assassinated in Vienna by an antiwar Socialist on October 21, 1916.

184.5–6 this prime minister, . . . without power] Stürgkh was one of five members of the common ministerial council of Austria-Hungary, along with the minister president of Hungary and the joint ministers of war, finance, and foreign affairs.

184.17–18 if they have conscription in England] By the summer of 1915 the possibility of adopting conscription was being debated in Britain, and on July 5 a bill was introduced in Parliament to establish a national register of available manpower. The Military Service Act, passed on January 27, 1916, instituted conscription in Great Britain (Ireland was exempted).

188.8 General Joffre] Joseph Joffre (1852–1931) was appointed chief of the general staff in 1911 and served as commander-in-chief of the French army from the outbreak of war until December 1916, when he was replaced by General Robert Nivelle.

188.16–18 Canadians at Ypres . . . on the Aisne] Canadian troops fought their first major engagement of the war in the Second Battle of Ypres, April 22–May 25, 1915, and played a key role in stopping the initial German attack. Australian troops landed on the Gallipoli peninsula, April 25, 1915, as part of a campaign designed to open the Dardanelles. British and French forces fought the Germans along the Aisne River, September 13–28, 1914, following the German retreat from the Marne.

189.25 Plancher–Bas] A village behind the lines in Alsace, northwest of Belfort, where Seeger’s regiment had been resting and training since mid-July 1915.

189.31 musettes] Haversacks.

189.32 Tirailleurs and Zouaves] Seeger was assigned to the Moroccan Division, which included regiments from the Foreign Legion, Tirailleurs (light infantry) from Tunisia and Algeria, and Zouaves from Algeria.

190.11–12 “blessés assis” or “blessés couchés”] Literally, “sitting wounded” or “lying wounded,” i.e., walking wounded or stretcher cases.

190.15 Champagne pouilleuse] Literally, “lousy Champagne”; a region of Champagne that was difficult to cultivate because of its chalky soil and used mostly for grazing sheep.

190.22 fusées . . . pose] Signal rockets; rest break.

190.32 2me Etranger] The 2nd Regiment of the Foreign Legion, in which Seeger served.

190.36 Vouziers] A town on the Aisne, about twenty miles north of Suippes.

190.37 Etat-Major] Headquarters.

191.9 fusées éclairantes] Flares, star shells.

191.16 Perthes-les-Hurlus] A village about five miles northeast of Suippes.

191.18 210s] A German howitzer that fired shells 210mm (8.2 inches) in diameter that weighed 252 pounds. It had a maximum range of almost six miles (10,300 yards).

191.22 boyau] Communication trench.

192.7 rapport] Report, briefing.

192.27 Ferme de Navarin] Navarin’s Farm.

193.9 Somme-Suippe] A village five miles east of Suippes.

193.14 génie] Engineering corps.

193.15 Décauville engines] Small locomotives used on narrow-gauge railways.

193.27–28 plateau of Craonne . . . Lille] Both rumors were false. The plateau of Craonne, about fifteen miles northwest of Reims, was at the eastern end of the Chemin de Dames, a ridge that overlooked the Aisne from the north for more than twenty miles. First occupied by the Germans on September 1, 1914, the plateau of Craonne was captured by the French, May 4–6, 1917, recaptured by the Germans on May 27, 1918, and finally retaken by the French on October 12, 1918. The city of Lille was occupied by the Germans on October 13, 1914, and retaken by the British on October 17, 1918.

194.7 Elsie Simmons Seeger] Seeger (1861–1940), born Elsie Simmons Adams, was the mother of Alan Seeger and his brother, the musicologist Charles Louis Seeger (1886–1979), and the grandmother of the folksinger and political activist Pete Seeger (1919–2014).

194.12 Compiègne] A town about twenty-five miles west of Soissons.

194.19 Souain] A village three miles north of Suippes.

194.30 tranchées de depart] Trenches of departure, first-line trenches.

194.35 Baïonnette au canon] Bayonets fixed.

194.36 tirailleurs] Skirmishers.

195.14 guerre de tranchées] Trench warfare.

196.1 les salauds!] The bastards!

196.7 blessure heureuse] Lucky wound.

196.10 postes de secours] Dressing station, first aid post.

196.17 sac au dos] Rucksack, backpack.

196.19–20 their 77s] German field gun that fired high-explosive and shrapnel shells 77mm (3 inches) in diameter that weighed fifteen pounds. It had a maximum range of more than three miles (6,000 yards).

196.27 the 1er Etranger] The 1st Regiment of the Foreign Legion, which was also assigned to the Moroccan Division.

197.1–2 troupes de poursuit] Pursuit troops.

197.29–30 serious turn that affairs . . . Balkans] The invasion of Serbia by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria. See Chronology, October 1915.

197.34 guerre d’usure] War of attrition.

198.3 Marsouins] Colonial infantry, i.e., troops stationed near ports in metropolitan France for deployments overseas. Before 1900 the colonial infantry were designated as marine infantry and were known informally as “marsouins” (porpoises).

198.8 “Nous les avons eus.] We got them.

198.13 “Gott mitt uns” . . . und Vaterland] God is with us; For King and Fatherland.

199.1 Thwing] The son of the president of Western Reserve University, Francis Wendell Butler-Thwing (1891–1964) attended Harvard and New College, Oxford. Butler-Thwing became a naturalized British subject and was commissioned as an officer in the Coldstream Guards in July 1915. He was wounded at Ypres in 1916 and at Cambrai in 1917.

200.22 our first night] The 9th Royal Fusiliers were sent into the front line near the village of Hulloch on September 30, 1915, as part of the 36th Brigade, 12th (Eastern) Division.

202.9 bayonets were saw-edged] Saw-edged bayonets were issued to German field engineers and machine-gun crews and used to clear away brush.

202.12 “Gott . . . herein.”] “Come in with God and bring luck with you.”

202.18 “Krieg-Zeitung,”] “War Newspaper.”

203.30 Gardner’s] Hall used pseudonyms for the men in his unit who became casualties.

204.33 ’ap’worth o’ ’ate] Halfpenny worth of hate.

207.28 The Sultan] Mehmed V (1844–1918), sultan of the Ottoman Empire, 1909–18.

207.29 Iradés] Decrees, edicts.

207.30 Grand Vezier] Said Halim Pasha (1865–1921), grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire, 1913–17. He was assassinated in Rome in 1921 by a member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation.

208.2–8 Dr. Nazim . . . Beha-ed-din Chakir] A physician, Mehmed Nâzım (1870–1926) was an influential ideologist on the Central Committee of the Committee of Union and Progress Party (CUP), a leader of its paramilitary Special Organization, and a principal architect of the Armenian genocide. Nâzım fled to Germany in 1918 but returned to Turkey in 1922. He was hanged in 1926 for allegedly conspiring to overthrow Mustafa Kemal. Mithat Şükrü (1872–1956) was secretary general of the Committee of Union and Progress Party, 1911–17. Mehmed Talât (1874–1921) was minister of the interior, 1913–17, minister of finance, 1914–17, and grand vizier, 1917–18. Talât fled to Germany in 1918 and was assassinated in Berlin in 1921 by a member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Ismail Enver (1881–1922) was minister of war and commander-in-chief of the Ottoman army, 1914–18. He fled to Germany in 1918 and was killed by the Red Army in 1922 while fighting with anti-Bolshevik insurgents in Soviet Central Asia. Along with Talât and Enver, Ahmed Cemal (1872–1922) formed the dominant political triumvirate in the Ottoman Empire during the war. Cemal (or Djemal) served as minister of the navy, 1914–18, and as commander of the Fourth Army in Syria, 1914–17, where he brutally repressed the Arab nationalist movement. He fled to Germany in 1918 and was assassinated by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Tbilisi, Georgia, in 1922. Ayoub Sabri, a close friend of Talât, was interned by the British on Malta during the war. In his memoir Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story (1918), Morgenthau wrote that Talât’s failure to secure his friend’s release was “a constant grievance and irritation” to the Ottoman leader. Halil Bey (1874–1948) served as foreign minister, 1915–17. Hadji Adil Bey (b. 1866) was governor of Edirne before becoming speaker of the chamber of deputies. Bahaeddin Şakir (1874–1922), a physician, was the leader of the Special Organization during the Armenian genocide. Şakir fled Turkey in 1918 and was assassinated in Berlin by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation.

208.29–30 Kiamal Pasha . . . Abdul Hamid] Mehmed Kâmil (1833–1913) served as grand vizier, 1885–91, and for brief periods in 1895, 1908–9, and 1912–13. Adbul Hamid II (1842–1918) was sultan of the Ottoman Empire, 1876–1909.

208.30 Ahmed Riza Bey] Ahmed Riza (1859–1930), one of the founders of the Committee of Union and Progress, resigned from its central committee in 1910. He served as speaker of the chamber of deputies, 1908–11, and in the Ottoman senate, 1912–18.

209.24–27 Djavid Bey . . . Bustany Effendi] Mehmed Djavid Bey (1875–1926) served as minister of finance in the Ottoman government, 1909–14. Djavid (or Cavit) was hanged in 1926 for allegedly plotting the overthrow of Mustafa Kemal. Dönmehs were the descendants of the Ottoman Jews who had followed Sabbatai Zevi in converting to Islam in the seventeenth century. Osman Nizami (1856–1939) was the Ottoman ambassador to Germany, 1908–13, and minister of posts and telegraphs, 1913–14. Çürüksulu Mahmud (1864–1931) was minister of the navy, 1913–14, and was serving as minister of public works when he resigned at the outbreak of the war. Suleiman al-Bustani (1856–1925) was minister of agriculture, 1913–14.

210.28 four big nations] Italy had declared war on the Ottoman Empire on August 21, 1915.

210.30 English fleet was not unconquerable] The Royal Navy lost two obsolete battleships to mines during a failed attempt to force passage of the Dardanelles on March 18, 1915. A third obsolete battleship was sunk by a Turkish destroyer on May 13.

213.21–22 Metropolitan Magazine . . . the Hague Treaties] “International Duty and Hyphenated Americanism,” Metropolitan, October 1915.

213.24 Dr. James Brown Scott] A former professor of law at Columbia, Scott (1866–1943) served as solicitor of the Department of State, 1906–11, and as the head of the division of international law at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1911–40. He was a member of the U.S. delegation to the Hague Conference in 1907 and later published The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 (1909). Roosevelt described Scott as “our foremost international lawyer” in his Metropolitan article.

214.4–5 two Hague Conferences . . . Geneva Conventions] For the Hague Conferences, see note 110.15. The Geneva Convention of 1864 established rules for the treatment of sick and wounded soldiers in land warfare, and the Geneva Convention of 1906 covered the treatment of the wounded, sick, and shipwrecked in naval warfare.

214.10–11 the Somerset Club] A private social club in Boston, founded in 1852.

215.15–16 “I Didn’t Raise . . . Soldier.”] See pp. 61–62 in this volume.

215.36 Dave Goodrich] David Goodrich (1876–1950) was a director of the B. F. Goodrich tire company, which had been founded by his father, Benjamin Franklin Goodrich (1841–1888). In the Spanish-American War Goodrich had served as a lieutenant under Roosevelt in the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry (“Rough Riders”).

216.15 “not only in deed but in thought”] Cf. President Wilson’s statement on neutrality, August 18, 1914, pp. 30–32 in this volume.

216.25 Wilson’s note to England] The note, sent on October 21, 1915, and signed by Secretary of State Robert Lansing, protested “ineffective, illegal, and indefensible” British blockade practices that restricted American trade with neutral European nations.

216.27 sinking of the Ancona] Nine Americans were killed when the Italian passenger ship Ancona was sunk off Tunisia on November 7, 1915, by the U-38, a German submarine flying Austro-Hungarian colors. Austria-Hungary accepted liability for the sinking on December 29, 1915, and agreed to pay compensation.

216.28–29 blowing up of our munitions plants.] Beginning in January 1915 a series of fires and explosions occurred at American plants manufacturing war materials for the Allies. On December 1, 1915, Secretary of State Lansing declared two German diplomats, Franz von Papen, the military attaché, and Karl Boy-Ed, the naval attaché, persona non grata after evidence linked them to sabotage plots.

218.30 its Garrisons, its Daniels] Lindley M. Garrison (1864–1932), a lawyer and chancery judge from New Jersey, was secretary of war from March 1913 to February 1916. Josephus Daniels (1862–1948), editor and publisher of the Raleigh News and Observer, served as secretary of the navy, 1913–1921.

220.6–8 Woodrow Wilson, . . . beaten than ostracized.”] In his speech to the Daughters of the American Revolution given in Washington, D.C., on October 11, 1915, Wilson said: “I would a great deal rather be beaten than ostracized. I would a great deal rather endure any sort of physical hardship if I might have the affection of my fellow-men. We constantly discipline our fellow-citizens by having an opinion about them. That is the sort of discipline we ought now to administer to everybody who is not to the very core of his heart an American.”

220.35–36 Jefferson . . . which governs least;] The phrase “the best government is that which governs least” has been widely attributed to Thomas Jefferson, but has not been found in his writings. Its first known appearance was in the initial number of the United States Magazine and Democratic Review, founded in 1837 by John L. O’Sullivan (1813–1895).

220.37–39 David Thoreau] In his posthumously published essay “Civil Disobedience” (1866), Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862) wrote: “I heartily accept the motto,—‘That government is best which governs least’; and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systematically. Carried out, it finally amounts to this, which also I believe,—‘That government is best which governs not at all’; and when men are prepared for it, that is the kind of government which they will have.”

221.13–19 Major General O’Ryan . . . pistol in hand.”] John F. O’Ryan (1874–1961), a lawyer, was appointed commander of the New York National Guard in 1912. O’Ryan commanded the 27th Division in Belgium and France in 1918, fighting with the British army in Flanders and Picardy. The New York Times reported on October 21, 1915, that in a recent speech to the Technology Club in New York City O’Ryan had said:

The recruit does not know how to carry out orders. His mental state differs from that of the trained soldier, who obeys mechanically. We must get our men so that they are machines, and this can be done only as the result of a process of training.

When the feeling of fear—the natural instinct of self-preservation—comes over a man there must be something to hold him to his duty. We have to have our men trained so that the influence of fear is overpowered by the peril of an uncompromising military system, often backed up by a pistol in the hands of an officer. We must make the men unconsciously forget their fear. All these matters of standing at attention and “Sir, I have the honor to report,” are valuable to put him through the biological and social process by which he becomes a soldier.

That is the reason why we cannot have any military force simply by having dinners and entertainments. The recruits have got to put their heads into the military noose. They have got to be “jacked up”—they have got to be “bawled out.”

221.21 Treitschke or Bernhardi] Heinrich von Treitschke (1834–1896), German historian and political writer who became a prominent advocate for authoritarian nationalism, militarism, and colonial expansion. General Friedrich von Bernhardi (1849–1930), German military writer best known for Germany and the Next War (1911), which defended the right of Germany to wage war in order to establish itself as a world power.

221.28 Samuel Gompers] Gompers (1850–1924), president of the American Federation of Labor, 1886–94 and 1896–1924, first endorsed the preparedness campaign in January 1916.

222.2 Ludlow?] In September 1913 thousands of coal miners went out on strike against the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, which was owned by the Rockefeller family. After being evicted from their company-owned houses, the strikers and their families set up makeshift tent settlements. On April 20, 1914, a gunfight broke out between strikers and the Colorado National Guard at the Ludlow tent colony. Six strikers were shot to death, and two women and eleven children died in an underground shelter after Guardsmen and mine company gunmen set fire to the camp.

223.29–30 Carl Liebknecht] Liebknecht (1871–1919), a member of the German Social Democratic Party, was sentenced to eighteen months’ imprisonment in 1907 for writing Militarism and Anti-Militarism. In September 1914 Liebknecht accused the German government of waging a “capitalist war of expansion,” and in December he became the first deputy in the Reichstag to vote against further war credits. Liebknecht was imprisoned in 1916 after participating in an antiwar demonstration on May Day. Released in October 1918, he joined the left-wing Spartacist uprising in Berlin in January 1919 and was murdered by right-wing officers after its failure.

227.5 single-taxers] Supporters of the single tax on land advocated by the American reformer Henry George (1839–1897).

227.13–14 Mme. Schwimmer] Rosika Schwimmer (1877–1948).

228.14–15 Senator Helen Ring Robinson] A progressive Democrat, Robinson (1860–1923) was elected to the Colorado state senate in 1912 and served one term, 1913–17. She was the first woman state senator in Colorado and the second in the nation.

228.29–30 Louis Lochner, . . . Jenkin Lloyd Jones] Lochner (1887–1975) was an organizer for the American Peace Society. He later served as a Berlin correspondent for the Associated Press, 1924–41. Charles F. Aked (1864–1941) was the minister of the Fifth Avenue Baptist Church in New York, 1907–11, and the First Congregational Church in San Francisco, 1911–15. Jenkin Lloyd Jones (1843–1918) was a Unitarian clergyman, social reformer, and editor of the weekly journal Unity.

228.31–32 carries a big stick . . . softly.] Cf. “Speak softly, and carry a big stick—you will go far,” phrase first publicly used by Theodore Roosevelt in a speech at the Minnesota State Fair, September 2, 1901.

229.32–35 Judge Lindsey . . . Bethea] Ben B. Lindsey (1869–1943), a county judge in Denver, Colorado, 1901–27, became nationally famous as an advocate for reform of the juvenile justice system. Louis B. Hanna (1861–1948), a Republican, served in the North Dakota house of representatives, 1895–97, in the state senate, 1897–1901 and 1905–9, in the U.S. house of representatives, 1909–13, and as governor of North Dakota, 1913–17. Samuel S. Marquis (1866–1948), an Episcopalian clergyman, was dean of St. Paul’s Cathedral in Detroit, 1908–15, and an adviser to the Sociology Department of the Ford Motor Company. Andrew J. Belthea (1879–1945), a Democrat, was lieutenant governor of South Carolina, 1915–19.

230.15 Lord Rosebery] Archibald Primrose, fifth Earl of Rosebery (1847–1929), a Liberal, served as foreign secretary, 1892–94, and prime minister, 1894–95. The New York Times reported on November 17, 1915, that in a recent speech in London Rosebery had said: “I know nothing more disheartening than the announcement recently made, that the United States—the one great country left in the world free from the hideous, bloody burden of war—is about to embark upon the building of a huge armada destined to be equal or second to our own.”

233.24–25 gas gangrene . . . poisonous shells.] Gas gangrene is caused by infection by Clostridia, a genus of anaerobic bacteria, and not by chemical warfare agents.

234.3 Médecin Chef] Chief doctor.

235.3 Cela pique! Cela brule!] It stings! It burns!

235.39 picqures] Injections.

236.40 C’est triste! C’est bien triste!] It’s sad! It’s very sad!

241.5 ARABIC] The British passenger liner was sunk without warning off the coast of Ireland by the U-24 on August 19, 1915, with the loss of forty-four lives, including two Americans.

244.14 Mourmelon] A town in Champagne, about eight miles west of ­Suippes.

244.21 poilus call a “mauvais coin.”] Literally “hairy ones,” popular name for French infantrymen; bad spot.

247.3 soixante-quinze] Seventy-five; see note 67.28.

248.22 that Greek chap] The legendary hero Theseus.

248.27 the Captain] Captain Georges Thenault (1887–1948), commander of the Lafayette Escadrille (Escadrille N. 124), from its formation in April 1916 to January 1918, when its American pilots were transferred to the 103rd Aero Squadron of the U.S. aviation service.

249.3 Douaumont] French fortress about four miles northeast of the town of Verdun. It was captured by the Germans on February 25, 1916, and retaken by the French on October 24, 1916.

249.5 Nieuports] French single-engine, single-seat biplane fighter aircraft. The Nieuport 11, flown by the Lafayette Escadrille, had a top speed of 97 mph and was armed with a single machine gun mounted on the aircraft’s top wing that fired over the arc of the propeller.

249.7–8 Farman or Caudron] French biplane used for reconnaissance.

249.11 réglage] Artillery spotting.

249.15 Fokkers] German single-engine, single-seat monoplane fighter aircraft. The Fokker E. III had a top speed of 87 mph and was armed with a single machine gun synchronized to fire through the propeller arc.

249.20 Prince] Norman Prince (1887–1916), a graduate of Harvard Law School who played a leading role in founding the Lafayette Escadrille. Prince was fatally injured on October 12, 1916, when the landing gear of his Nieuport struck a high-tension wire.

249.25–26 mitrailleuse . . . rouleau] Machine gun, ammunition magazine (literally, “roller”). The Lewis machine gun used to arm the Nieuport 11 had a top-mounted, pan-shaped magazine that held forty-seven rounds.

249.39 L. V. G.] German single-engine, two-seat biplane reconnaissance aircraft.

250.12 Avions] Aircraft.

250.23 reservoirs] Fuel tanks.

250.26 Poincaré] Raymond Poincaré (1860–1934), president of France, 1913–20.

250.32–33 Luxeuil] Luxeuil-les-Bains in the Vosges Mountains, where the Lafayette Escadrille had trained in the spring of 1916 before moving to the Verdun sector.

250.37–38 Lion Vert] A hotel in Luxeuil-les-Bains.

254.19–20 Hindenburg, . . . of the U-9] General Paul von Hindenburg (1847–1934) was recalled from retirement on August 22, 1914, and given command of the Eighth Army in East Prussia, with General Erich Ludendorff (1865–1937) assigned to serve as his chief of staff. Although Ludendorff was the dominant figure in their military partnership, Hindenburg became a popular hero in Germany following the defeat of the invading Russians at Tannenberg, August 24–31, and the Masurian Lakes, September 7–13. Hindenburg and Ludendorff assumed command of the German forces on the Eastern Front on November 1, 1914, and succeeded in driving the Russians out of Poland in 1915. Following the dismissal of Erich von Falkenhayn as chief of the general staff, Hindenburg and Ludendorff assumed command of the German army on all fronts on August 29, 1916. General August von Mackensen (1847–1945) led the German Eleventh Army in its breakthrough at Gorlice-Tarnow, May 2–4, 1915, and in the subsequent campaign that drove the Russians from Galicia (see Chronology, June 1915). Mackensen later successfully commanded the invasion of Serbia in October 1915 and of southern Romania in September 1916. Karl von Müller (1873–1923), commander of the light cruiser Emden, successfully raided Allied commerce in the Indian Ocean in the opening months of the war and sank a Russian cruiser and French destroyer off Penang. On November 9, 1914, the Australian cruiser Sydney engaged the Emden in the Cocos and forced Müller to run his ship onto a reef and surrender. Otto Weddigen (1882–1915), commander of the U-9, sank the British cruisers Hogue, Aboukir, and Cressy off the Dutch coast on September 22, 1914, and the cruiser Hawke off Scotland on October 15. Weddigen later took command of the U-29 and was killed on March 18, 1915, when his submarine was rammed in the North Sea by the British battleship Dreadnought.

254.27–28 his twentieth victory . . . early in October] Boelcke scored his twentieth aerial victory on September 2, 1916, bringing down a British D.H. 2 fighter flown by Captain Robert Wilson.

254.29–30 Somme Battle . . . since June 23] The preliminary bombardment began on June 24, 1916, and the Allied infantry began their assault on July 1.

258.4 Lieutenant Immelmann] Max Immelmann (1890–1916) was credited with fifteen aerial victories while flying Fokker monoplanes from August 1915 to June 1916. He was killed on June 18, 1916, during an aerial engagement with British fighters near Arras.

259.27 Ambassador Gerard] James W. Gerard (1867–1951), a Democratic lawyer and judge from New York, served as U.S. ambassador to Germany, 1913–17.

259.33 case of Captain Fryatt] Charles Fryatt (1872–1916), the captain of the unarmed British passenger ship Brussels, was praised for his bravery after he attempted to ram a surfaced U-boat in the North Sea on March 28, 1915. The Brussels was captured by German torpedo boats off the Dutch coast on June 22, 1916, and Fryatt was taken prisoner. Accused of having unlawfully engaged in combat as a civilian during his 1915 ramming attempt, he was tried by a naval court-martial and shot on July 27, 1916.

259.36–37 Ronald Walker . . . C. Smith] Walker and Smith were never tried.

262.4–5 Mr. Hughes] Charles Evans Hughes (1862–1948), the Republican nominee, had served as governor of New York, 1907–10, and as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1910–16. He later served as secretary of state, 1921–25, and as chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1930–41.

264.29–30 When Lincoln accepted . . . he spoke] In his letter of May 23, 1860, formally accepting the nomination.

265.36 a recent speech at Long Branch] President Wilson gave the speech to an audience of farmers at Long Branch, New Jersey, on October 21, 1916.

266.14–16 his Secretary of War . . . bandit chiefs of Mexico] Newton D. Baker (1871–1937) served as secretary of war from March 1916 to March 1921. The New York Tribune reported that in a speech in Jersey City on October 16, 1916, Baker said: “We had a revolution, and from the beginning to the end of that revolution the conditions of this country were so like Mexico that it is perfectly astounding to read. Washington’s soldiers on the march to Valley Forge stole everything they could lay their hands on. They stole the silver vessels from the churches and melted them up to buy things to drink. They drove ministers of the Gospel and preachers of churches out of their churches and out of the country.”

267.22–23 On last Saturday afternoon] Wilson spoke in Long Branch on the afternoon of October 28, 1916.

268.3–4 speech last Thursday . . . be neutral!] In a speech at Cincinnati on October 26, 1916, Wilson said: “We must have a society of nations, not suddenly, not by insistence, not by any hostile emphasis on the demand, but by the demonstration of the needs of the time. The nations of the world must get together and say, ‘Nobody can hereafter be neutral as respects the disturbance of the world’s peace for an object which the world’s opinion cannot sanction.’ America must hereafter be ready as a member of the family of nations to exert her whole force, moral and physical, to the assertion of those rights throughout the round globe.”

269.9 Shadow Lawn] A rented oceanside estate in Long Branch, New Jersey, where Wilson stayed from the beginning of September 1916 through the election.

269.17–18 Boyd and Adair and their troopers] Captain Charles F. Boyd (1870–1916) and First Lieutenant Henry R. Adair (1882–1916), two white officers, and ten black troopers from the 10th Cavalry Regiment were killed at Carrizal, Chihuahua, Mexico, on June 21, 1916, in a battle with federal troops loyal to President Venustiano Carranza. Boyd was leading a scouting mission searching for Pancho Villa (see Chronology, March 1916) and advanced on the Mexican positions after being denied permission to pass through Carrizal.

271.13–17 proposed memorial . . . cause of the Allies.] The monument eventually took the form of the Memorial Church in Harvard Yard, which was dedicated on November 11, 1932. Inscribed on its walls are the names of 372 Harvard men who died in the war while serving either with the United States or the Allies. There are also the names of four men who died fighting for Germany, accompanied by an inscription in Latin that reads: “Harvard has not forgotten her sons who under opposite standards gave their lives for their country 1914–1918.”

271.27–29 Charles Francis Adams . . . Robert E. Lee] In “Shall Cromwell Have a Statue?,” an address delivered to the Phi Beta Kappa Society of the University of Chicago on June 17, 1902. Charles Francis Adams (1835–1915), the grandson of John Quincy Adams and a former Union cavalry officer, was president of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1895–1915.

282.23 Tageblatt] The Berliner Tageblatt, influential daily newspaper published 1872–1939.

282.34 Dr. Bernstorff] A career diplomat who had previously served as a counselor in London and Cairo, Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff (1862–1939) was the German ambassador to the United States, 1908–17, and the Ottoman Empire, 1917–18.

283.1 back to Berlin from Vilna] Mencken had left Berlin on January 27 to visit the front along the Dvina River. He returned on January 31, 1917.

283.4 Raymond Swing] Swing (1887–1968) was Berlin correspondent for the Chicago Daily News, 1912–17.

283.5 Gamaschen] Leggings.

283.8 Novo Aleksandrowsk] Now Zarasai, in northeast Lithuania.

283.11 Exeunt omnes!] Exit all!

283.12 Oswald Schütte] a German-American born in Milwaukee, Schuette (1882–1953) was a Berlin correspondent for the Chicago Daily News, 1915–17. He continued to report on the war from Switzerland after he left Germany.

283.23 Lokal-Anzeiger] Die Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger, daily newspaper published 1883–1945.

283.29 Admiral von Scheer] A strong advocate for the resumption of unrestricted U-boat warfare, Reinhard von Scheer (1863–1928) was the commander of the High Seas Fleet from January 1916 until August 1918, when he became chief of the naval staff.

284.5 Feldgrau] German soldiers, from “field gray,” the color of the German uniform.

284.9–10 Falkenhayn . . . Danish frontier] The rumor was false. Erich von Falkenhayn (1861–1922) succeeded Helmut von Moltke as chief of the general staff on September 14, 1914, and served until August 29, 1916, when he was replaced by Hindenburg and Ludendorff. Falkenhayn then assumed command of the German and Austro-Hungarian forces in Transylvania, defeated the Romanians, and occupied Bucharest on December 6. In July 1917 Falkenhayn was given command of the Turkish forces in Palestine, but was relieved in February 1918 following the British capture of Jerusalem.

284.19 North German Lloyd] A German shipping company.

285.24–25 Dr. Roediger] Conrad Roediger (1887–1973) worked for the German foreign ministry from 1914 until 1945 and became an adviser on international law during World War II. He later served on the West German constitutional court, 1951–55.

286.3 Consul-General Thiel] Fritz Thiel (1863–1931), a former consul-general in Tokyo, was the chief of the German information service.

287.32 Herr Gutmann] Eugen Gutmann (1840–1925) was the founder of the Dresdner Bank and its chairman, 1872–1920.

288.17 Total . . . 2,634,879] C. E. Fayle, Seaborne Trade, volume III (1924), one of the volumes in the British official history of the war, records the loss of 2,327,326 tons of merchant shipping in 1916.

288.18–19 gossiped . . . 1,000,000 tons a month.] Henning von Holtzendorff (1853–1919), the chief of the German naval staff, September 1915–August 1918, sent a secret memorandum to Hindenburg on December 22, 1916, in which he projected that an unrestricted U-boat campaign that sank 600,000 tons a month would force Britain to sue for peace after five months.

290.8–9 the public statement . . . note of December 18th] Lansing told reporters on December 21, 1916, that Wilson’s note asking the belligerents to state their peace terms had been sent because “the situation is becoming increasingly critical. I mean by that that we are drawing nearer the verge of war ourselves, and therefore we are entitled to know exactly what each belligerent seeks, in order that we may regulate our conduct in the future.” His statement angered the President, who instructed Lansing to tell the press that he had been “radically misinterpreted.”

291.20 Polk and Woolsey] Frank Polk (1871–1943), counselor for the State Department, 1915–19, and undersecretary of state, 1919–20, and Lester Woolsey (1877–1961), who served as a legal adviser to Lansing, 1915–17, and as solicitor of the State Department, 1917–20.

291.28 Sweet] Richard Sweet, clerk to the secretary of state.

291.35 picture of Secretary Day . . . peace with Spain] Secretary of State William R. Day (1849–1923) and Jules Cambon (1845–1935), the French ambassador who was representing Spain, signed the preliminary peace treaty at the White House on August 12, 1898. The signing became the subject of a painting (1899) by French artist Théobald Chartran (1849–1907).

293.23–24 Senator Hitchcock . . . Senator Stone] Gilbert M. Hitchcock (1859–1934), Democratic senator from Nebraska, 1911–23; William J. Stone (1848–1918), Democratic senator from Missouri, 1903–18.

293.35 Col. House] Edward M. House (1858–1938), a successful businessman from Texas, met Wilson in November 1911 and became his closest adviser, although House held no formal position in the administration. (The title “Colonel” was honorific.)

295.2 Secretary Wilson, and Burleson] William B. Wilson (1862–1934) was a Democratic congressman from Pennsylvania, 1907–13, and secretary of labor, 1913–21. Albert S. Burleson was a Democratic congressman from Texas, 1899–1913, and postmaster general, 1913–21.

295.4 McAdoo and Houston] William G. McAdoo (1863–1941), a railroad executive, managed Wilson’s campaign in 1912 and served as secretary of the treasury, March 1913–December 1918. He married Eleanor Wilson, the youngest daughter of the President, in 1914. David F. Houston (1866–1940) was secretary of agriculture, 1913–20, and secretary of the treasury, 1920–21. A professor of political science, Houston had served as president of Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College, 1902–5, president of the University of Texas, 1905–8, and chancellor of Washington University, 1908–13.

296.37 Tumulty] Joseph Tumulty (1879–1954), a lawyer and former state assembly member from New Jersey, served as Wilson’s personal secretary, 1911–12 and 1913–21.

297.1 Phillips] A career diplomat, William Phillips (1878–1968) served as third assistant secretary of state, 1914–17.

298.27 Zimmermann] Arthur Zimmermann (1864–1940) was state secretary for foreign affairs, November 1916–August 1917.

298.33 von Eckardt] A career diplomat who had previously served in Cuba and Montenegro, Heinrich von Eckhardt (1861–1944) was the German ambassador to Mexico, 1914–19.

300.18 Bethmann-Hollweg was declaring . . . “authentic”] Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (1856–1921) was chancellor of Germany from July 1909 until July 1917, when he was replaced by Georg Michaelis. Bethmann-Hollweg made the quoted remarks in a speech to the Reichstag on February 27, 1917.

300.35–36 celebrated report of Jules Cambon] Cambon (1845–1935) served as ambassador to the United States, 1897–1902, to Spain, 1902–7, to Germany, 1907–14, and as secretary general of the French foreign ministry, 1915–17. The French foreign ministry released on December 1, 1914 a collection of documents relating to the outbreak of the war. The first chapter of the French “Yellow Book,” titled “Warnings,” included three messages that Cambon sent from Berlin in 1913, as well as a memorandum, dated April 2, 1913, in which Eugène Étienne, the minister of war, alleged that Germany planned to “stir up trouble” in North Africa and Russia.

301.17–18 Carranza’s recent proposal . . . be cut off] The Mexican government sent a note to the United States, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Spain, Norway, and Sweden on February 12, 1917, proposing that neutral nations embargo the shipment of food and munitions to the belligerents in Europe if the warring powers refused to end the war by mediation.

301.37 Luis Cabrera] Luis Cabrera Lobato (1876–1954) was the Mexican minister of finance, 1914–17 and 1919–20.

302.4–5 American-Mexican Joint Commission] After the battle of Carrizal (see note 269.17–18) the Carranza government proposed the creation of a joint commission to negotiate the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Mexico and develop measures for securing the border against future incursions. The commission first met on September 4, 1916, and dissolved on January 16, 1917, without reaching any formal agreement.

302.19–20 Niagara mediation conferences] Following the American occupation of Veracruz (see note 20.24–25), representatives from Argentina, Brazil, and Chile met with envoys from Mexico and the United States at Niagara Falls, Canada, from May 20 to July 2, 1914.

303.14–15 Captain Boy-Ed . . . Captain von Papen] See note 216.28–29.

303.30 Foreign Minister Aguilar] Candido Aguilar Vargas (1889–1960) was foreign minister of Mexico, March–November 1916 and February–November 1918.

304.10 Count Kalman Votkanya] Kálmán de Kánya (1869–1945) was the Austro-Hungarian ambassador to Mexico, 1914–18. He later served as foreign minister of Hungary, 1933–38.

305.15–16 Council of National Defense . . . an appeal] The appeal was issued by the Advisory Commission to the Council of National Defense. Its seven members, appointed by Wilson in October 1916, were Daniel Willard (1861–1942), president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Samuel Gom­pers (1850–1924), president of the American Federation of Labor, Franklin H. Martin (1857–1935), founder of the American College of Surgeons, Bernard Baruch (1870–1965), a leading New York financier, Hollis Godfrey (1874–1936), president of the Drexel Institute, Howard E. Coffin (1873–1937), an automobile engineer and manufacturer, and Julius Rosenwald (1862–1932), president of Sears, Roebuck and a leading philanthropist.

306.13 Mon. 19 959] March 19, 1917, was 959 days after August 3, 1914, when Germany declared war on France.

306.14 MacConnell . . . Parsons] James McConnell (1887–1917) worked as a railroad agent in North Carolina before volunteering in 1915 for ambulance service in France. In May 1916 McConnell became one of the original pilots in the Lafayette Escadrille. He wrote a series of articles for World’s Work that was published as Flying for France (1917). Edwin Parsons (1892–1968) joined the Lafayette Escadrille in January 1917. He remained in the French aviation service until the end of the war and was credited with eight aerial victories.

306.15 Ham] Town on the Somme, about ten miles southwest of St. Quentin.

306.26 biplace] Two-seater.

307.3 St. Just] Saint-Just-en-Chaussée, about thirty miles southwest of Ham.

307.6 Lufberry and Lt. de Laage] Gervais Raoul Lufberry (1885–1918) joined the Lafayette Escadrille in May 1916 and later flew with the U.S. 94th Aero Squadron. Lufberry was credited with seventeen aerial victories before being shot down and killed on May 19, 1918. Alfred de Laage de Meux (1891–1917), a French pilot assigned to the Lafayette Escadrille, was killed in a flying accident on May 23, 1917.

307.8 Spads] French single-engine, single-seat biplane fighter aircraft.

307.14 the Commandant] See note 248.27.

307.17–18 French and English . . . few losses] The Allies were advancing following the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line; see Chronology, March 1917.

307.23 Thaw] William Thaw (1893–1934) flew with the Lafayette Escadrille and the U.S. 103rd Aero Squadron. He was credited with the destruction of four enemy aircraft and one observation balloon.

307.36–37 The French . . . new cabinet] On March 20, 1917, a new ministry headed by Alexandre Ribot (1842–1923) replaced the government of Aristide Briand (1862–1932), who had served as premier since October 1915. Ribot served until September 12, 1917, when he was succeeded by Paul Painlevé (1863–1933).

308.16 Major Parker . . . Paul Rockwell] Major Frank Parker (1872–1947), a West Point graduate, served as an observer and liaison officer with the French army, 1916–17. Parker commanded the 18th Infantry Regiment, January–July 1918, the 1st Brigade, July–October 1918, and the 1st Division, October–November 1918. Walter Lovell (1884–1937), a former ambulance unit volunteer, flew with the Lafayette Escadrille, February–October 1917. Paul Rockwell (1889–1985) enlisted in the Foreign Legion in August 1914 and was wounded in December. Rockwell remained in France after his medical discharge and became a correspondent for the Chicago Daily News. His brother Kiffin Rockwell (1892–1916) also served in the Foreign Legion before becoming one of the original pilots in the Lafayette Escadrille. He was shot down and killed on September 23, 1916.

308.18 Rocle] Marius Rocle (1897–1967) served in the Foreign Legion, 1914–16, and as an observer-gunner in the French air service, 1917–18.

308.20 Mother] Martha Rodman Fox Genet (1858–1931).

308.28 Gertrude] A young woman Genet had known since childhood who had corresponded with him until August 1916.

309.11–12 Mrs. Wheeler . . . David] David Wheeler (1872–1918), a physician, served as a Red Cross volunteer, 1914–15, before joining the French Foreign Legion. Badly wounded in September 1915 during the Champagne offensive, he served in hospitals in France and England, 1916–17, before joining the U.S. Army as a surgeon. Wheeler was killed in action near Soissons on July 18, 1918, while serving with the 16th Infantry Regiment, 1st Division.

309.13 Hoskier, Ronald’s] Ronald Hoskier (1896–1917) joined the Lafayette Escadrille in December 1916. He was shot down and killed near St. Quentin on April 23, 1917.

309.14 Dugan] William Dugan (1890–1924) served with the Foreign Legion, 1915–16, with the Lafayette Escadrille, March 1917–January 1918, and with the U.S. 103rd Aero Squadron.

309.16 the G.D.E.] Groupement des Divisions d’Entrainement (Training Divisions Group), the French aviation training center at Plessis Belleville.

309.30 Willis] Harold Willis (1890–1962) served in France with a volunteer ambulance unit in 1915 before volunteering for aviation training. He flew with the Lafayette Escadrille from March 1917 until August 18, 1917, when he was shot down and captured. In October 1918 Willis escaped from his prison camp and made his way to Switzerland.

309.37 Haviland and Hinkle] Willis Haviland (1890–1944) served as ambulance driver in Alsace, 1915–16, and with the Lafayette Escadrille, October 1916–September 1917, before becoming a pilot in the U.S. Navy. Edward Hinkle (1877?–1967) flew with the Lafayette Escadrille, March–June 1917, before being removed from flight duty due to illness.

310.3 Bigelow] Stephen Bigelow (1894–1939) served with the Lafayette Escadrille from February 1917 until August 23, 1917, when he was wounded in action.

310.9 Johnson] Charles Chouteau Johnson (1889–1969) flew with the Lafayette Escadrille from May 1916 to November 1917 before becoming a flight instructor with the U.S. air service.

310.15 Soubiran] Robert Soubiran (1886–1949) served with the Foreign Legion in 1915 and was wounded in the fall offensive in Champagne. He flew with the Lafayette Escadrille, October 1916–February 1918, and with the U.S. 103rd Aero Squadron.

310.18 motherly marriane] A “marriane de guerre” (godmother for the war) was a woman who wrote letters and sent packages to a soldier at the front.

310.24 Rivers] Genet’s brother, Rivers Genet (1889–1922).

311.6 Mrs. Weeks] Alice S. Weeks (1877–1940), an American woman living in Paris who opened her home to American volunteers in the Foreign Legion, ambulance corps, and the aviation service. Her son, Kenneth Weeks (1889–1915), was killed while serving in the Foreign Legion.

312.2 Mr. Grundy] Frederick P. Grundy, a Paris correspondent for the Associated Press.

321.11–17 Government to receive Count Tarnowski . . . authorities at Vienna.] Adam Tarnowski (1866–1946) arrived in New York on February 1, 1917, but was not formally received by the Wilson administration. Austria-Hungary broke diplomatic relations with the United States on April 8, 1917, and Tarnowski left the country on May 8. The United States declared war on Austria-Hungary on December 7, 1917, but never went to war with Bulgaria or the Ottoman Empire.

328.35–329.9 Regarding the war . . . actual war.] This quotation had appeared in “Do the People Want War?,” an antiwar statement, dated March 3, 1917, that was printed as an advertisement in several newspapers. Signed by the lawyer and Progressive Party activist Amos Pinchot (1873–1944), Randolph Bourne (see Biographical Notes), radical journalist Max Eastman (1883–1969), and sociologist Winthrop D. Lane (1887–1962), it called for a national advisory referendum to be held before war was declared. The quotation was attributed to a “weekly letter of a Baltimore firm, a member of the New York Stock Exchange.”

330.39 Mr. REED] James A. Reed (1861–1944), Democratic senator from Missouri, 1911–29.

341.21 in May, 1916, the President made a speech] Wilson addressed a meeting of the League to Enforce Peace in Washington, D.C., on May 27, 1916.

344.5–6 Anglo-German agreement of June, 1914] In 1899 the Ottoman Empire granted a German company the concession to build a railroad linking Istanbul with Baghdad and the Persian Gulf. The Anglo-German agreement signed on June 15, 1914, protected British interests in the Gulf by stipulating that the (still unfinished) railroad would extend no further south than Basra.

344.8 Professor Rohrbach] Paul Rohrbach (1869–1956), German writer on politics and economics whose works include Der Krieg und die deutsche Politik (1914), translated as Germany’s Isolation: An Exposition of the Economic Causes of the Great War (1915).

345.15 naval agreements with France] Britain and France agreed in 1912 that in the event of war, the British navy would protect the Channel coast, allowing the French to concentrate their naval forces in the Mediterranean.

356.4–5 Mrs. Kellogg . . . her husband] Charlotte Hoffman Kellogg (1874– 1960), author of Women of Belgium: Turning Tragedy to Triumph (1917) and Bobbins of Belgium: A Book of Belgian Lace, Lace-Workers, Lace-Schools and Lace-Villages (1920). Vernon Lyman Kellogg (1867–1937), a professor of entomology at Stanford, directed the Brussels office of the American Commission for Relief in Belgium, 1915–16.

356.29–30 “Mes petities, il n’y en a plus,”] My little ones, there is no more.

357.20–21 KILL 97, HURT 437] The final toll from the raid of June 13, 1917, was 162 killed in London, Essex, and Kent, and 432 wounded.

357.27–29 ONE PLANE DOWNED . . . Only Three Visited] All fourteen of the German aircraft that bombed London on June 13 returned to their airfields in Belgium near Ghent.

358.38 Taubes] The bombers were Gotha G.IVs, twin-engined biplanes with a crew of three and a top speed of 83 mph. They could carry up to 880 pounds of bombs.

359.23 Hendon] An airfield in north London.

360.13 Bonar Law] Arthur Bonar Law (1858–1923), a Conservative, was chancellor of the exchequer in the coalition government headed by David Lloyd George, 1916–19, and prime minister, 1922–23.

361.27 children in a school] Eighteen children were killed at the Upper North Street School in Poplar.

362.13 Archies] Anti-aircraft guns.

365.3 Dr. Hugh H. Young] Young (1870–1945), a prominent surgeon and urologist, would be put in charge of efforts to control venereal disease in the American Expeditionary Forces.

370.3–4 guns of German warships . . . Constantinople] The German battle cruiser Goeben and light cruiser Breslau were in the Mediterranean when the war broke out. They eluded their British pursuers and reached the Dardanelles on August 10, 1914, and were later transferred to the Turkish navy, although they retained their original crews and remained under a German admiral.

374.20–21 famous manifesto . . . German colleagues] See note 49.6–9.

374.23 Bernhardi] See note 221.21.

376.38–377.1 Veblen’s “Imperial . . . Policies;”] Imperial Germany and the Industrial Revolution (1915) by the economist Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929); Culture and War (1916) by Simon Patten (1852–1922), professor of economics at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania; German Philosophy and Politics (1915) by the philosopher John Dewey (1859–1952); and American World Policies (1917) by Walter Weyl (1873–1919), a journalist and social economist.

378.31 League to Enforce Peace] The League was founded in Philadelphia in June 1915 with William Howard Taft as its president. Its program called for the creation of an international agreement establishing a world court and a commission for the resolution of disputes. Nations that entered into the agreement would be subject to economic and military sanctions if they resorted to the use of force in a dispute instead of submitting it to either the court or the commission.

381.5–8 Britain’s tory premiers . . . to Russia.] Arthur Balfour (1848–1930) was the Conservative prime minister of Great Britain, 1902–5. He became foreign secretary in the coalition government in December 1916 and led a British mission that visited Washington, D.C., April–May 1917. President Wilson sent Elihu Root (1845–1937) on a special mission to Russia, June–July 1917. Root had served as secretary of state under Theodore Roosevelt, 1905–9, but had supported Taft over Roosevelt for the 1912 Republican nomination.

385.28 St. Bartholomew’s night] The massacre of French Huguenots in Paris, August 24–25, 1572.

388.21 Winchester] A Winchester rifle.

391.33 Col. Stephen O. Tripp] Tripp (1860–1938) was the assistant quartermaster-general of the Illinois National Guard. The special committee of the U.S. House of Representatives appointed to investigate the riot submitted a report to Congress on July 15, 1918, that strongly criticized Tripp for failing to take immediate, forceful action against the mob upon his arrival in East St. Louis on the morning of July 2. It described him as “ignorant of his duties, blind to his responsibilities and deaf to every intelligent appeal that was made to him.”

392.30–31 Mollman harness . . . the mayor] The harness shop was owned by the family of Fred Mollman, the Democratic mayor of East St. Louis.

394.26 Dr. Paton] In a letter sent to The New York Times on July 10, 1917, Stewart Paton (1865–1942), a psychiatrist and lecturer in neurobiology at Princeton, wrote: “We cannot now, as a nation, afford to be lenient in our dealings with the ‘Conscientious Objector,’ for this type of personality representing a form of egotism which marks an attempt to restore the balance destroyed by a gnawing sense of personal as well as social inadequacy gives rise to the accumulation and subsequent liberation of undesirable impulses.”

396.22–25 John Dewey . . . Conscience and Compulsion] The article appeared in The New Republic on July 14, 1917.

396.35–37 Edward T. Devine’s . . . Charities and Corrections] Devine (1867–1948) was a professor of social economy at Columbia and secretary of the Charitable Organizations Society of New York. He made his remarks at a meeting of the National Conference of Charities and Correction held in Pittsburgh, June 6–13, 1917.

396.38–40 Christian denomination . . . inhuman and unchristian.”] The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of the United States of America, in a resolution adopted on May 22, 1917.

397.20 big Berthas] German siege howitzers that fired shells 420mm (16.5 inches) in diameter that weighed 1,800 pounds. They had a maximum range of almost eight miles (13,670 yards). “Big Bertha” guns were used against Belgian fortresses in 1914 and at Verdun in 1916.

397.37–38 being recently discovered by H. G. Wells] Wells published God the Invisible King, a work of theology, in May 1917.

400.4 William English Walling] A social reformer and journalist, Walling (1877–1936) left the Socialist Party in 1917 to support the war.

401.28 recent amazing letter Prof. Stewart Paton] See note 394.26.

402.16–17 “conscription of wealth” . . . Amos Pinchot] In the spring of 1917 Pinchot (see note 328.35–329.9) proposed a 100 percent tax on all income above $100,000 as a means of financing the war.

402.37–38 Fellowship of Reconciliation] A Christian pacifist organization founded in 1915; Thomas was a member.

405.35–37 Civil Liberties Bureau . . . Roger Baldwin] Baldwin (1884–1981), a social reformer and antiwar activist, founded the Civil Liberties Bureau in 1917 to assist conscientious objectors. In 1920 Baldwin transformed the Civil Liberties Bureau into the American Civil Liberties Union and served as its director until 1950.

407.16–17 Mr. Gompers . . . reply to Colonel Roosevelt] At a public meeting held in New York City on July 6, 1917, to welcome a visiting Russian delegation, Theodore Roosevelt said that the “appalling brutality” of the St. Louis riot had left “a stain on the American name.” Gompers responded by reading a message from the Illinois Federation of Labor blaming the riot on the hiring of black strikebreakers by employers. Roosevelt shook his fist at Gompers and accused him of seeking to excuse “the infamous brutalities visited on the colored people of East St. Louis,” a charge Gompers denied.

408.10 Chester and Youngstown] After a white man was fatally stabbed in an altercation with four African Americans on the night of July 24, 1917, white mobs began attacking black residents in Chester, Pennsylvania. Three whites and one African American were killed before the riot ended on July 29. White soldiers attacked black residents of Youngstown, Ohio, on July 27, 1917.

409.30 battery of 220s] French howitzer firing a shell 220mm (8.6 inches) in diameter and weighing 220 pounds. It had a maximum range of almost seven miles (11,810 yards).

410.10 great advance of the 21st of August] The French launched a limited offensive at Verdun on August 20, 1917, and by August 24 had succeeded in retaking Le Mort Homme and Côte 304, two hills on the left (west) bank of the Meuse that the Germans had captured in the spring of 1916 after weeks of costly fighting.

410.20–21 Jane Addams . . . rum & ether] See pp. 184.32–185.3 and pp. 187–88 in this volume.

411.12 C’était rigolo, mon vieux!] It was comical, my man.

411.13 brancardiers] Stretcher bearers.

415.7 Fort Ben] Fort Bend County southwest of Houston, the site of the Central State Prison Farm at Sugar Land.

418.3–5 Major Snow . . . Baltimore be returned] Major Kneeland S. Snow, the commander of the Third Battalion, 24th Infantry, succeeded in having Corporal Charles Baltimore released. Baltimore left camp later that night and was charged with participating in the mutiny. He was found guilty and hanged on December 11, 1917.

419.8 Sparks has been indicted] Sparks was acquitted.

420.24 Houston eighteen lives] The mutineers killed fifteen people, all white, including four police officers and one army officer; a fifth police officer later died from his wounds. Four soldiers also died, some of whom were shot by mistake.

421.20–21 bayoneting of Captain Mattes] Captain Oliver W. Mattes (1875–1917) of the 2nd Illinois Field Artillery was shot to death after mutineers mistook him for a police officer. The undertaker who prepared his body testified that he saw no evidence of bayonet wounds.

421.24–27 All the men . . . sufficiently punished] A total of 118 men were court-martialed in three separate trials, resulting in 110 convictions. Of those found guilty, twenty-nine were sentenced to death, fifty-three to life terms, and twenty-eight defendants received terms ranging from two to fifteen years. Thirteen of the condemned were hanged on December 11, 1917, and another six men were executed in the fall of 1918, while ten of the death sentences were commuted by President Wilson. All of the men sentenced to prison were released by 1938.

421.32 Governor Ferguson] James Ferguson (1871–1944) was the Democratic governor of Texas, 1915–17.

423.14 Crouy-sur-Ourcq] A village about fifteen miles west of Château-Thierry.

424.1 Journal letters] “War Journal of a Pacifist,” the title used by Cleghorn for the series of letters she sent to Fisher, April–September 1917.

424.11 Jimmy] Her son, James Fisher (1913–1945), later killed in action in the Philippines.

424.15 Sally] Her daughter, Sally Fisher Scott (1909–1978).

424.16 lynching of Little] Frank Little (1879–1917), an organizer for the Industrial Workers of the World, was taken from his hotel room in Butte, Montana, and hanged from a railway trestle on August 1, 1917.

424.32 suppression of the socialist-press] Postmaster General Albert Burleson had used his powers under the Espionage Act of 1917 to ban several socialist publications from the mail.

425.10 blue glass craze . . . the Montessori system] Chromotherapy, the belief that illness can be treated by colored light; a method of self-motivated early childhood education, named after Maria Montessori (1870–1952).

428.31 four crack colored regiments] The 9th and 10th Cavalry and the 24th and 25th Infantry.

428.40 line officers] Officers with the rank of second lieutenant, first lieutenant, or captain.

429.1 field officers] Officers with the rank of major, lieutenant colonel, or colonel.

432.12 the picket prisoners] Protestors arrested outside the White House for “obstructing traffic.” There were 218 arrests made from June to November 1917, and ninety-seven women were sent to either the District of Columbia jail or the Occuquan workhouse in Virginia.

439.11 chasse] Pursuit.

439.34 renversement] Reversal, an aerial maneuver in which the pilot reverses direction by doing a half-roll followed by a downward half-loop.

440.11–12 my sad experience with the single-seater] In a letter written on November 23, 1917, Biddle described how he had damaged a German fighter plane. He attributed his failure to destroy his target to having been “too hasty in my shooting.”

440.17 both my machine guns] Biddle was flying a French SPAD XIII fighter armed with two machine guns mounted on the engine cowling and synchronized to fire through the propeller arc.

443.18 “Disparu,”] Missing.

445.27 Oyster Bay,] Town on the north shore of Long Island where Theodore Roosevelt lived.

446.13 “Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes,”] Virgil, Aeneid, II.49: I fear the Greeks even when they bear gifts.

449.1–2 Resolutions of the German Reichstag . . . July last,] On July 19, 1917, the Reichstag adopted a peace resolution, 212–126, calling for “a peace of understanding and international reconciliation” and disavowing “forced acquisitions of territory and political, economic, and financial violations.”

449.22 Mr. Lloyd George has spoken] David Lloyd George (1863–1945), prime minister of Great Britain, 1916–22, had addressed British war goals in a speech in London on January 5, 1918.

456.6–7 supply camions and ammunition caissons] Supply trucks and ammunition wagons.

457.30 tetanus . . . poison from gas and explosives] Tetanus is caused by infection with the Clostridium tetani bacterium.

458.22–23 Roses are blooming in Picardy] Cf. “Roses of Picardy,” British song (1916) with lyrics by Frederick Weatherley (1848–1929) and music by Haydn Wood (1882–1959).

460.23 General Bullard] A West Point graduate who had served in the Philippines, Robert Lee Bullard (1861–1947) commanded the 1st Division, December 1917–July 1918, III Corps, July–October 1918, and the Second Army from October 1918 until after the Armistice.

464.33 Absolument jamais!] Absolutely never!

465.12 Mon Petit and Mon Vieux] My little one; my pal.

466.19 macquillage] Makeup.

466.22 vicomtesse] Vicountess.

466.30 mondaine] Worldly.

468.7 Madelon] Song (1914) about a barmaid, with words by Louis Bousquet and music by Camille Robert, that became very popular among French soldiers.

471.13 American divisions] The 2nd and 3rd Divisions.

471.28 Omar Bundy] A West Point graduate who had fought in Cuba and the Philippines, Bundy (1861–1940) commanded the 2nd Division, November 1917–July 1918, VI Corps, July–September 1918, and VII Corps, September–October 1918.

471.31 Brigadier General Harbord] Harbord (1866–1947) was chief of staff of the American Expeditionary Forces, May 1917–May 1918, commander of the 4th Marine Brigade, May–July 1918, of the 2nd Division, July 1918, and of the Services of Supply, August 1918–May 1919.

471.40 Mairie] Town hall.

472.4 Lieutenant Oscar Hartzell] Arthur E. Hartzell (1891–1940), a press officer at AEF headquarters.

472.12 Colonel Neveille] Wendell Neville (1870–1930) commanded the 5th Marine Regiment, January–July 1918, and the 4th Marine Brigade, July 1918–19. A veteran of the Spanish-American War, the Boxer Rebellion, the Philippines, and the Veracruz expedition, Neville later served as commandant of the Marine Corps, 1929–30.

473.23 “Corned Willy”] Corned beef.

474.8 Major John Berry] Benjamin S. Berry (1882–1942) commanded the 3rd Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment.

484.15 beautiful green lawn] Pottle’s unit, Evacuation Hospital No. 8, was set up in the Collège de Juilly, a Catholic boarding school founded in 1638.

486.18 Dakin solution] An antiseptic solution containing sodium hypochlorite, developed in 1915 by British biochemist Henry Drysdale Dakin (1880–1952).

502.10–11 a Swiss infidel] Henry Dunant (1828–1910), the Swiss businessman who inspired the founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva in 1863, was raised in a devout Calvinist household. It was reputed that in later life Dunant became an agnostic and grew hostile to organized religion.

502.31 cannot cite . . . Negro woman as a nurse.] The Red Cross did not accept any black nurses for overseas service throughout the war. About two dozen black nurses served in army hospitals in the United States at the height of the influenza epidemic in late 1918.

503.23 the “silent” protest parade] The NAACP had organized a silent protest parade down Fifth Avenue in New York City on July 28, 1917. Between 8,000 and 10,000 African Americans marched to the sound of muffled drums to protest the East St. Louis riot and other recent incidents of racial violence.

503.31–36 Which I wish . . . free to maintain] From “Plain Language from Truthful James” (1870), by Bret Harte (1836–1902).

504.19 Brummy] Theodore Brumback (1894–1955), a fellow Red Cross volunteer who had traveled with Hemingway to Italy. Brumback had previously served as a volunteer ambulance driver in France for four months in 1917 before becoming a reporter at the Kansas City Star, where he met Hemingway.

504.21 Capt. Bates] Robert W. Bates (1888–1978), the director of the American Red Cross ambulance service in Italy.

504.23 first American wounded in Italy] Lieutenant Edward M. McKey (1877–1918), an American Red Cross canteen worker, had been killed by an Austro-Hungarian artillery shell near Fossalta di Piave on June 16, 1918.

505.1–2 That is wise dont you think Dad?] Clarence Edmonds Hemingway (1871–1928) was an obstetrician.

505.36 the medal] The Silver Medal of Military Valor.

510.21 minnenwerfer] German trench mortar; the word is used here to refer to the shell the minenwerfer (mine launcher) fired.

514.17 the company] Allen served in Company B of the 111th Infantry Regiment.

515.40–516.1 relieve the 112th infantry] The 111th Infantry Regiment, 112th Infantry Regiment, and 109th Machine Gun Battalion made up the 56th Brigade, one of two brigades in the 28th Division.

517.35 Having occupied the town . . . “Fritz”] The Germans had captured Fismes on May 27, 1918.

521.10 Hôtel de Ville] City hall.

522.29 Die Woche] The Week, popular illustrated weekly magazine published in Berlin, 1889–1944.

522.31 King of Saxony] Frederick Augustus III (1865–1942) was King of Saxony from 1904 until his abdication on November 13, 1918.

524.6–7 Alan Seeger speaks . . . in 1914] Seeger described marching through Fismes in a diary entry from October 28, 1914, printed in Letters and Diary of Alan Seeger (1917)

524.24–25 potato-masher bombs] German hand grenades.

525.2–3 Cher Adolph: . . . ici, nous] Dear Adolph, spring has come here, we.

526.26 a 6-inch shell] A shell 150mm (5.9 inches) in diameter and weighing 93 pounds, fired from a howitzer with a maximum range of more than five miles (9,400 yards).

527.39 French Chauchat automatic rifle] The Chauchat, introduced into French army service in 1916, fired a bullet 8mm in diameter, was fed from a twenty-round magazine, had an effective range of 220 yards, and weighed twenty pounds.

531.40 citron grenades] Lemon grenades, so called because of their shape.

536.36–37 Glendenning . . . saw him alive] Second Lieutenant Frank M. Glendenning (1889–1918) was killed in action on August 12.

541.32 Captain Law . . . had been killed] In his preface to the first edition of Toward the Flame (1926), Allen wrote that some of the personal names in his narrative had been slightly changed. “Law” was the name Allen used for Captain Edmund W. Lynch, who was killed in action on August 10, 1918.

545.5–6 last time I ever saw Dan Brooks] Second Lieutenant Daniel W. Brooks (1891–1918) was killed in action near Fismes on September 6.

549.31–32 Thompson . . . either him or Fletcher] Captain Orville R. Thompson was killed in action on August 11, 1918; First Lieutenant Lee C. Fletcher was killed in action on September 1, 1918.

549.37 the French Army Commander] General Jean Degoutte (1866–1938), commander of the French Sixth Army, June–November 1918.

549.39–40 Bullard’s Memoirs . . . August 28, 1918.] In Personalities and Reminiscences of the War (1925), Robert Lee Bullard (see note 460.24) wrote that he had ordered the evacuation of the Fismette position but had been overruled by Degoutte, who wanted the bridgehead enlarged by aggressive action. On August 27, 1918, a sudden German attack overran the Fismette position; of the 236 defenders from the 112th Infantry, 75 were killed, 127 captured, and 34 escaped across the Vesle. Bullard included in his memoirs a letter sent to Pershing on August 28, 1918, in which he cited an earlier, almost successful German attack as convincing evidence that Fismette could not be held. The mid-August attack Bullard cited is the incident that concludes Allen’s narrative; see pp. 552–53 in this volume.

553.14 Here ends this narrative] In the preface to the 1934 edition of Toward the Flame, Allen wrote:

It was not the object of this book merely to relate a personal adventure. I tried, insofar as anyone can, to eliminate the big “I” of little ego and to substitute for it only the first person singular of the fellow who happened, under certain circumstances, to be around. Hence, I ended the story with the night attack on the village of Fismette, when most of the defenders of that place had ceased to exist. If I did not inflict upon my readers certain personal sufferings and physical indignities that followed, it was because I felt that they were important to me alone. In other words, I meant this to be a report of what I saw on the battle line, and when the fighting ends the story stops.

In answer, however, to many letters and innumerable questions as to what did happen to me, I can now, after sixteen years, “hasten to add” that in the early morning hours after the attack, and in the company of one sergeant, I managed to return to headquarters where I was promptly tagged by our regimental surgeon and sent to a base hospital.

To him, and to that surgeon, whoever he was, who in a certain field hospital saved my eyes from the effect of mustard gas and tended other injuries, I should like at this time to express what the word “gratitude” only too coldly conveys. But that is another story.

554.14 The Oak Leaves and the opposition] The Oak Leaves was a local newspaper published in Oak Park, Illinois; “the opposition” probably refers to its competitor, the Oak Parker.

554.19–20 hell . . . Gen. Sherman’s time] In a speech to a reunion of Union veterans in Columbus, Ohio, on August 11, 1880, General William Tecumseh Sherman (1820–1891) said: “There is many a boy here today who looks on war as all glory, but, boys, it is all hell.”

557.15 Ma Petengill . . . home fires burning!”] In “Red Gap and the Big-League Stuff,” a story in the June 15, 1918, number of The Saturday Evening Post by the American humorist Harry Leon Wilson (1867–1939) featuring his recurring character Ma Pettengill.

557.18 Helmles] A family who lived in Oak Park.

559.12 the Colonel] Albert S. Fuger (1880–1972), commander of the 118th Field Artillery Regiment.

560.27 hundreds of tanks, whippets] The Whippet was a British tank similar to the French Renault FT used by American tank units at St. Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne. The first tank design to have a fully rotating turret, the Renault FT weighed seven tons, had a two-man crew, a maximum speed of four miles per hour, armor ranging in thickness from 8 to 22mm, and was armed with either a 37mm gun or a 7.92mm machine gun.

563.1 names of two noble women] Kate Richards O’Hare (1876–1948) and Rose Pastor Stokes (1879–1933), two Socialists imprisoned under the Espionage Act for making antiwar statements and whom Debs had praised in his speech at Canton. O’Hare was tried in North Dakota in December 1917 and sentenced to five years in prison, but was released after fourteen months when President Wilson commuted her sentence. Stokes was convicted in Missouri in June 1918 and sentenced to ten years. Her conviction was overturned on appeal in March 1920 on the grounds that the trial judge had shown prejudice in his charge to the jury, and her case was never retried.

563.21–22 preferred to go to prison] In 1895 Debs served a six-month sentence for contempt of court for defying an injunction during the 1894 Pullman railroad strike.

567.26–33 ‘He is true . . . the race.’] James Russell Lowell, “On the Capture of Fugitive Slaves near Washington” (1845).

568.26–27 first Liberty Loan] The first sale of Liberty Bonds to finance the war began on April 28, 1917, with an offering of $2 billion of bonds with a 3.5 percent rate of return. Bonds were sold in denominations ranging from $50 to $10,000, and the sale of “War Thrift Stamps” made it possible to purchase $50 bonds on the installment plan. There were more than four million subscribers to the loan.

568.34 Cantigny] The 1st Division won the first American offensive victory of the war when it captured the French village of Cantigny and defended it against German counterattacks, May 28–31, 1918.

570.5 Hoover] Herbert Hoover served as U.S. Food Administrator, 1917–19.

572.24 Sarka Herbkova] Šárka Hrbková (1878–1948), a native of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, was chairman of the department of Slavic languages and literature at the University of Nebraska, 1908–19.

572.28–29 Women’s Council for National Defense] The Women’s Committee of the Council for National Defense (see note 305.15–16) was created on April 21, 1917, with the suffragist leader Anna Howard Shaw as its chairman; other members included Carrie Chapman Catt and the journalist Ida M. Tarbell (1857–1944).

573.11 the Y hut] An entertainment hut sponsored by either the YMCA or YWCA.

575.1 “The Education of Henry Adams”] The first trade edition of the book was posthumously published in September 1918.

580.12 Dead Man’s Hill] Le Mort Homme; see note 410.10.

583.5 buzzer station] A station for sending signals over wires in the form of buzzing tones.

583.26 Chauchat] See note 527.39.

585.18 bomb] Hand grenade.

586.2–3 Luger revolvers] German 9mm semiautomatic pistols.

593.21 epistaxis] Bleeding from the nose.

595.19 E.R.S. 2] E Room Section 2.

597.28–29 CCS . . . SC-2] Chief Commissary Steward; Ship’s Cook 2nd Class.

600.10–11 Great Britain . . . justice to women] The Representation of the People Act, passed on February 6, 1918, abolished almost all property qualifications for male voters over twenty-one and enfranchised women over thirty who paid rates (local taxes) or were married to ratepayers. Legislation passed in 1928 extended suffrage to all women over twenty-one.

604.1 Major Emory] A lawyer from Baltimore, Major German Horton Hunt Emory (1882–1918) commanded the Third Battalion, 320th Infantry Regiment. He was killed in action on November 1, 1918, near Sommerance.

605.18 Lieutenant France] First Lieutenant James W. France, commander of L Company, Third Battalion, 320th Infantry, was killed on October 11, 1918.

607.16–17 Polyglots a Siege of] It is likely that this phrase is the result of a setting error by the New York American.

608.1–2 Hudson Dusters . . . Gophers] New York City street gangs that flourished on the West Side of Manhattan at the beginning of the twentieth century. The Hudson Dusters were based in Greenwich Village, while the Gophers controlled Hell’s Kitchen.

608.8 Yaphank] An army training camp on Long Island.

608.18 Plattsburg] A training camp for volunteer army officers was established at Plattsburg, New York, in 1915 as part of the “preparedness” movement.

609.2 Charles Whittlesey] A graduate of Williams College and Harvard Law School, Major Charles Whittlesey (1884–1921) was the commander of the First Battalion, 308th Infantry Regiment, 77th Division. Whittlesey was awarded the Medal of Honor and returned to New York City, where he practiced law, became active in the Red Cross, and assisted distressed veterans and their families. As a recipient of the Medal of Honor, Whittlesey attended the dedication of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier on November 11, 1921. He disappeared from a ship bound for Havana on November 26 and is believed to have jumped overboard.

609.28–30 six companies with him . . . battalions of his regiment.] The force commanded by Whittlesey on October 2 also included two sections from the 306th Machine Gun Battalion. On the morning of October 3 the force was joined by a company from the Third Battalion, 307th Infantry, 77th Division.

609.31–32 Captain George R. McMurtry] McCurtry (1876–1958) was the commander of the Second Battalion, 308th Infantry. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for his leadership during the siege.

611.4–5 man who was sent back . . . note demanding surrender] Private Lowell R. Hollingshead (1899–1966) was one of eight men who crossed the lines without permission to search for food packages dropped by American aircraft. Four of the men were killed, while Hollingshead and the other three were captured.

615.17–18 a separate reply . . . Austria-Hungary] The government of Austria-Hungary had offered on October 7, 1918, to conclude an armistice and negotiate peace on the basis of the Fourteen Points. Wilson replied on October 19 that while the Fourteen Points had envisioned “the peoples of Austria-Hungary” being “accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development,” the United States now recognized the legitimacy of Czechoslovak and Yugoslav aspirations for full independence. Austria-Hungary accepted Wilson’s new conditions on October 29 and signed an armistice in November 3.

615.19 Accept [etc.]] The text printed here is taken from Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1918, Supplement 1, The World War, Volume I (1933), which uses “[etc.]” to abbreviate standard diplomatic closings, in this case “Sir, the renewed assurances of my high consideration.”

615.37 address of the 27th of September] Speaking in New York City, Wilson declared that “there can be no peace obtained by any kind of bargain or compromise” with the Imperial German government.

616.34–36 constitutional changes . . . 20th of October] Wilhelm Solf (1862–1936) was foreign secretary in the new government formed by Max of Baden on October 3, 1918. In his note to Wilson, Solf wrote that future German governments would be formed or dismissed by a majority vote of the Reichstag, and that the consent of the Reichstag would be required “for decisions on war and peace.” (The power to appoint and dismiss governments and to declare war had previously been the prerogative of the kaiser.)

617.7–8 the King of Prussia] Wilhelm II, who was both king of Prussia and emperor of Germany.

618.12 Allied Supreme War Council] Formed in November 1917, the Supreme War Council was composed of the heads of government of Great Britain, France, Italy, and the United States, or their civilian representatives; each nation also appointed a permanent military representative to advise the Council. Lloyd George and French premier Georges Clemenceau attended the meeting where Pershing’s letter was read, along with Italian foreign minister Sidney Sonnino and Wilson’s special representative, Edward M. House.

621.3 Bess Wallace] Truman wrote to Bess Wallace (1885–1982) at her family home on 219 North Delaware Street in Independence, Missouri. After their marriage in 1919, Truman moved into the house, which would be his Missouri home for the rest of his life.

621.17 Boxley] Fred A. Boxley (1877–1936), a lawyer from Kansas City Truman had met in the Missouri National Guard.

621.19 Morgan and Company] In the fall of 1916 Truman had become a partner in the Morgan Oil & Refining Company, a venture that bought and sold oil leases in Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and Louisiana. The company failed in 1917.

621.27 Foch] General Ferdinand Foch (1851–1929), the Allied supreme commander, had presented the Armistice terms to a German delegation on November 8.

621.36 Lizzie] The car Truman had purchased in 1914, a five-seater built by the Stafford Company in Kansas City.

622.4 sausage balloons] Observation balloons.

623.15 big 155 battery] The AEF was equipped with French artillery, including howitzers that fired shells 155mm (6.1 inches) in diameter that weighed 100 pounds and had a maximum range of seven miles (12,400 yards).

623.39 Mrs. Wells] Maud Gates Wells (1864–1934), Bess Wallace’s maternal aunt.

624.4 “Stars & Stripes”] U.S. Army newspaper that was published weekly in France from February 8, 1918, until June 13, 1919.

626.1 the 77s] See note 196.19–20.

627.8 150s] See note 526.26.

627.10 Gen. Hall] Brigadier General Herman Hall (1864–1928), commander of the 178th Infantry Brigade, 89th Division.

627.16 Whiz-bang] A German 77mm shell.

627.20 G. I. cans] “Galvanized Iron Cans,” slang term for German shells.

627.21 Romagne] A heavily shelled town in the Meuse-Argonne, captured by American troops on October 14, 1918.

629.29–30 Blue Devil] Chasseurs Alpins, elite French mountain infantry, known as “Blue Devils” after their distinctive blue uniforms.

629.33 Société des Nations] League of Nations.

629.34 Fédération Ouvrière des Mutilés and the C.G.T.] Fédération Ouvrière des Mutilés de la Guerre, Worker’s Federation for the War Disabled; Con­fédération Générale du Travail, General Confederation of Labor.

629.35 Populaire] French socialist newspaper, published 1918–70.

630.6 George Washington] The USS George Washington, a former German ocean liner converted for use as an American troopship, was bringing President Wilson to France.

630.11 Journal du Peuple] French socialist newspaper, founded in 1916.

630.12 Jaurès,] See note 10.33.

630.18–19 M. Clemenceau and M. Poincaré] Georges Clemenceau (1841–1929), premier of France, November 1917–January 1920, and Raymond Poincaré, president of France, 1913–20.

630.24 Miss O.] The name Sergeant used for one of her nurses, a Red Cross volunteer from North Dakota.

630.28 Rick] The name Sergeant used for Sidney Howard (1891–1939), an American bomber pilot with the 20th Aero Squadron who had flown combat missions over St. Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne. Howard later became a successful playwright and screenwriter whose work includes the play They Knew What They Wanted (1924) and the screenplay for Gone with the Wind (1939).

631.24 Lippmann, Merz, R. Hayes] Walter Lippmann (see Biographical Notes); Charles Merz (1893–1977), a former Washington correspondent for The New Republic now serving in military intelligence; Ralph Hayes (1894–1977), a former assistant to Secretary of War Newton Baker, also now serving in military intelligence.

632.27 Fermée par cause de frousse] Closed on account of fear, closed on account of jitters.

633.4–5 the Madeleine!] Neoclassical Roman Catholic church in central Paris, consecrated in 1842.

634.5 King of Italy] Victor Emmanuel III (1869–1947), king of Italy, 1900–1945.

634.6 femme de ménage] Cleaning woman.

634.14–15 “‘Je t’assure, . . . pas deux haies.’”] “‘I assure you, mama,’ she told me, ‘it was nothing special, they didn’t even have two lines.’”

634.31 Joffre] See note 188.8.

634.32 Débats] Le Journal des Débats, French newspaper published 1789–1944.

634.35–37 old soldier . . . spring of 1917] Joffre made a goodwill tour of the United States, April–May 1917.

635.7 the A.R.C.] The American Red Cross.

635.31 pinard] Wine.

636.4 M. Gauvain’s] Auguste Gauvain (1861–1931), French diplomat and writer on international affairs for Le Journal des Débats.

636.10 Amy Lowell] American poet and critic (1874–1925) known as an exponent of Imagism.

636.13 “Heureux Noël!”] Happy Christmas!

636.23 Vieux Marc] Old brandy made from the skin and stems of grapes.

636.27 Ernest] An officer serving with military intelligence, Ernest Angell (1889–1973) was the husband of Sergeant’s sister Katharine, later Katharine Sergeant White (1892–1977) and father of the writer Roger Angell (b. 1920).

636.34 “Encore du chocolat . . . chasseur] “More chocolate?”; see note 629.29–30.

637.12 the Guildhall] Wilson spoke at Guildhall in London on December 28, 1918.

638.6 La question . . . question terrible.”] The question of the peace is an enormous one.

638.11 speech in the Chambre] Clemenceau spoke about the peace conference in the Chamber of Deputies on December 29, 1918.

638.16 Ebert Government is tottering] Friedrich Ebert (1871–1925), the leader of the Majority Social Democrats, became chancellor of Germany on November 9, 1918, the same day that Wilhelm II abdicated. The following day Ebert became co-chairman of the Council of People’s Deputies, a revolutionary government formed by the Majority Social Democrats and the more radical Independent Social Democrats. Street fighting in Berlin between army troops and radical sailors on December 24 caused the Independent Socialists to withdraw from the Council of People’s Deputies on December 29. In January 1919 Ebert and the Majority Social Democrats allied themselves with right­wing nationalist officers and repressed an uprising by the radical Spartacist League. Ebert became president of the newly established Weimar Republic in February 1919 and served until his death.

642.11 Schenck] The secretary of the Philadelphia branch of the Socialist Party, Charles Schenck was convicted in December 1917 and sentenced to six months in prison.

642.32 defendant Baer] A practicing physician, Elizabeth Baer was sentenced to ninety days.

644.34–35 media concludendi] Means of concluding.

645.6–7 amending Act of May 16, 1918] Also known as the Sedition Act of 1918; see Chronology.

646.23–24 Attorney General Gregory] A lawyer from Texas, Thomas Gregory (1861–1933) served as attorney general from August 1914 until March 5, 1919, when he was succeeded by A. Mitchell Palmer (1872–1936).

646.24–25 Metropolitan meeting] Wilson addressed a public meeting held in support of the League of Nations at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York on March 4, 1919.

647.1 Judge Daniel Cohalan] Cohalan (1867–1946), a judge of the New York State Supreme Court, 1911–23, opposed the League of Nations after the Paris peace conference failed to support Irish self-determination.

647.40 Dmowski] Roman Dmowski (1864–1939), leader of the Polish National Democratic Party and the chief Polish delegate at the peace conference.

649.4 thirty-seven of the round robin] See Chronology, March 4, 1919.

649.9 Dr. Grayson] Cary T. Grayson (1878–1938), a naval officer who served as the White House physician.

649.18 Weir Mitchell] Silas Weir Mitchell (1829–1914).

650.11–13 A.G. Gardiner’s . . . War Lords] Arthur George Gardiner (1865–1946), a British journalist and essayist whose works include Prophets, Priests and Kings (1908) and War Lords (1915).

650.15 David Grayson!] A pen name used by Ray Stannard Baker (see Biographical Notes).

652.22–23 Signor Orlando . . . Ante Trumbić] Vittorio Orlando (1860–1952), prime minister of Italy, 1917–19; Ante Trumbić (1864–1938), foreign minister of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia), 1918–20.

652.23 The Four] Wilson, Clemenceau, Lloyd George, and Orlando.

653.1 Fiume] The Italian claim to Fiume, an Adriatic port that had formerly been part of Austria-Hungary, was strongly opposed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. (Fiume was not part of the territory promised to Italy by the Allies in 1915; see Chronology, April–May 1915.) In November 1920, Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes signed a treaty making Fiume a free state. The city was annexed to Italy in 1924 but became part of Yugoslavia in 1945 and is now Rijeka in Croatia.

653.2 Italians . . . unredeemed provinces] The conference had agreed that the South Tyrol and Trentino would be ceded to Italy by Austria.

654.24 Mr. White] Henry White (1850–1927) had served as first secretary at the U.S. legation in London, 1886–93 and 1897–1905, and as ambassador to Italy, 1905–7, and to France, 1907–9.

655.16 Bavaria . . . Soviet Republic] A Soviet republic was proclaimed in Bavaria on April 6, 1919. It was brutally repressed by government troops and right-wing paramilitary forces on May 3.

655.17 Dr. Nansen] Fridtjof Nansen (1861–1930), a famous arctic explorer, would later organize the repatriation of former prisoners of war from Soviet Russia, 1920–22, and manage the Red Cross famine relief program in Russia, 1921–23.

656.32 Close] Gilbert Close (1881–1952), a stenographer and private secretary to the President.

656.37 Crillon] The Hôtel Crillon, the main headquarters of the American delegation to the peace conference.

657.5 Klotz] Louis-Lucien Klotz (1868–1930), French minister of finance, 1917–20.

657.18 the Saar] After Wilson and Lloyd George blocked French attempts to annex the Saar basin, the conference agreed that the region would be placed under League of Nations administration for fifteen years while its coal fields would be controlled by France. In 1935 the inhabitants of the Saar voted in a plebiscite to rejoin Germany.

660.13 A. of O.] Army of Occupation.

660.16 Gen. Gatley] Brigadier General George Gatley (1868–1931) commanded the 67th Artillery Brigade, July 1918–April 1919.

660.18 Col. Bob] Colonel Robert Tyndall (1877–1947) commanded the 150th Field Artillery Regiment, August 1917–May 1919.

660.23 Heth] Lieutenant Colonel Clement C. Heth (1884–1930) led the 150th Field Artillery, February–March 1919, while Tyndall was ill with pneumonia.

661.5 killed an American soldier in Coblenz] An American soldier was stabbed to death in Gulz, a suburb of Coblenz, on March 16, 1919, after a street fight broke out between three soldiers and a group of German civilians.

661.21 Divisions on board] Kniptash was returning to the United States on the troopship USS Leviathan.

662.15 the Lincoln] Kniptash had sailed to France in October 1917 on board the USS President Lincoln, a former German liner that had been seized and converted into a troopship. The President Lincoln was torpedoed and sunk by the U-90 on May 21, 1918, while returning to the United States from France.

663.27 Smiles] Song (1917) with music by Lee S. Roberts (1884–1949) and lyrics by J. Will Callahan (1874–1946).

664.7–11 Ambassador Sharp . . . Hitchcock] William Graves Sharp (1859–1922), U.S. ambassador to France, 1914–19; George W. Read (1860–1934), commander of II Corps, June 1918–February 1919; Samuel Davis Sturgis (1861–1933), commander of the 87th Division, August 1917–November 1918, and the 80th Division, November 1918–April 1919; Douglas MacArthur (1880–1964), commander of the 84th Infantry Brigade, 42nd Division, later General of the Army; Oscar T. Crosby (1861–1947), assistant secretary of the treasury, 1917–18; Frank Hitchcock (1867–1935), postmaster general, 1909–13.

664.18 T.H. and MP] Transportation Headquarters and Military Police.

665.22 “Life”] American weekly magazine, founded in 1883 and purchased in 1936 by Henry Luce.

665.38 A.L.A.] American Library Association.

667.15 Romagne,] See note 627.21.

674.5 Ambrieres, Mayenne] Isum was billeted in northwestern France, away from the former battle zone.

674.37 Colonel George McMaster] A native of South Carolina, McMaster (1869–1950) took command of the 365th Infantry after the Armistice.

676.19–20 Brig. Gen. Gehardt] Charles Gerhardt (1869–1950) commanded the 183rd Infantry Brigade, 92nd Division, December 1918–March 1919. Gerhardt was born in Maryland and admitted to West Point from North Carolina.

679.10–11 Pres Wilson . . . Boston speech] In a speech delivered in Boston on February 24, 1919, Wilson said: “One of our American humorists, meeting the criticism that American soldiers were not trained long enough, said, ‘It takes only half as long to train an American soldier as any other, because you only have to train him one way, and he did only go one way, and he never came back until he could do it when he pleased.’”

680.8 Lafollette] A Republican, Robert M. La Follette (1855–1925) was a ­congressman from Wisconsin, 1885–91, governor, 1901–6, and a senator, 1906–25.

681.12 Mr. Ambassador] Hugh Wallace (1863–1931), U.S. ambassador to France, 1919–21.

687.17 SECRETARY BAKER points out] In a speech given in Washington, D.C., on November 29, 1918, printed as a foreword to How We Advertised America (1920), from which “The ‘Second Lines’” is taken.

690.6 National Board of Historical Services] The National Board for Historical Services was founded on April 29, 1918.

690.14–15 the Blue Devils, Pershing’s Veterans] Soldiers from the Chasseurs Alpins (see note 629.29–30) and AEF veterans who toured the United States to promote the sale of Liberty Bonds.

691.24 plate-matter service] A service that supplied stories and illustrations to small newspapers in the form of stereotype plates.

691.32–33 “Pershing’s Crusaders,” . . . Four Flags”] Documentary films released in May, July, and November 1918, respectively.

692.40 Tuckerton] A radio station in New Jersey operated by the U.S. Navy.

696.12 Mr. Gillett] Frederick H. Gillett (1851–1935), a Republican from Massachusetts, served in the House of Representatives, 1893–1919, as Speaker of the House, 1919–24, and in the Senate, 1925–31.

696.19 Mr. Mondel of Wyoming] Frank W. Mondell (1860–1939), a Republican from Wyoming, served in the House of Representatives, 1895–97 and 1899–1923.

696.20 Initiative and . . . me in 1912] Creel wrote editorials for the (Denver) Rocky Mountain News, 1911–13.

699.15 we had associated ourselves] In 1917 Wilson had defined the United States as an “associated power” in the war against Germany because the U.S. had not signed a formal alliance with the Allied Powers.

699.18–19 our associates . . . the sea] Cuba and Panama declared war against Germany on April 7, 1917, and were followed by Brazil on October 26, 1917, Guatemala on April 23, 1918, Nicaragua on May 8, 1918, Costa Rica on May 23, 1918, Haiti on July 12, 1918, and Honduras on July 19, 1918.

700.2 action at Château-Thierry] See Chronology, June 1918.

704.37–40 the Saar . . . distant date] See note 657.18.

705.4 a State] Poland.

708.23–24 a special treaty with France] At the peace conference Clemenceau had sought to establish an independent buffer state in the Rhineland to protect France against future German invasion. Lloyd George and Wilson rejected the idea, and the conference agreed that the Rhineland would be occupied for fifteen years and permanently demilitarized thereafter. As an additional measure to guarantee French security, the United States and Great Britain pledged on June 28, 1919, to defend France against unprovoked German aggression. Wilson submitted the treaty with France to the Senate for ratification on July 29, 1919, but it was never acted upon. Under its terms, the American failure to ratify the agreement released Great Britain from its obligations.

708.24–25 temporary protection of France] The treaty would end once the League of Nations was capable of guaranteeing French security.

713.19 the Essays of Elia,] The Essays of Elia (1823) by Charles Lamb (1775–1834).

713.33 treaty of Utrecht] A series of treaties was signed at Utrecht, 1713–14, at the end of the War of the Spanish Succession.

713.34–714.1 a project . . . the Abbé de Saint-Pierre] Charles-Irénée Castel (1658–1743), Le projet de paix perpétuelle (1713).

714.14–15 Kaunitz . . . Leopold] Prince von Kaunitz (1711–1794) was state chancellor of Austria, 1753–92; Leopold II (1747–1792) was grand duke of Tuscany, 1765–90, and Holy Roman Emperor, 1790–92.

714.24 Emperor Alexander] Alexander I (1777–1825) was Tsar of Russia, 1801–25.

714.38 treaty of Tilsit] A treaty between France and Russia signed in 1807.

715.2 Baroness von Krudener] Barbara Juliane von Krüdener (1764–1824), the widow of a Russian diplomat, underwent a religious conversion in 1804. She met Alexander I in Switzerland in 1813 and became his religious adviser and confidante.

716.4 Lord Castlereagh] Viscount Castlereagh (1769–1822) was the foreign secretary of Great Britain, 1812–22.

716.10 Troppau and Laibach] The Congress of Troppau was held in 1820 and the Congress of Laibach in 1821.

716.13 Congress of Verona] Held in 1822.

716.14 George Canning] Canning (1770–1827) was foreign secretary, 1807–9 and 1822–27, and prime minister, April–August 1827.

716.37 Metternich] Prince von Metternich (1773–1859) was foreign minister of Austria, 1809–48.

717.40–718.2 Canning . . . of the old.”] In a speech made in the House of Commons on December 12, 1826, Canning said: “I called the New World into existence, to redress the balance of the Old.”

718.6 Mr. William Alison Phillips, says] Walter Alison Phillips (1864–1950), professor of modern history at Trinity College, Dublin, 1914–39, in “The Congresses, 1815–22,” in The Cambridge Modern History, Volume X, The Restoration (1907).

718.9 “in itself . . . to mankind.”] This phrase does not appear in “The Congresses, 1815–22.”

719.34 Paderewski] Jan Paderewski (1860–1941) was prime minister of Poland, January–November 1919.

722.21 cession . . . Shantung] The Treaty of Versailles ceded to Japan the German concessions on the Shantung peninsula, including control of the port of Tsingtao (Qingdao), railways, mines, and the right to station troops.

723.1 King of the Hedjaz] Sharif Hussein ibn Ali (c. 1854–1931), the emir of Mecca from 1908 to 1916, became king of the Hejaz in 1916 at the beginning of the Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire and ruled until his defeat in 1924 by Ibn Saud.

723.4 Emir Abdullah] Abdullah (1882–1951), a son of Hussein, was later emir of Transjordan, 1921–46, and king of Jordan, 1946–51.

723.5–6 Kurma . . . Ibn Savond] Al-Khurma, an oasis about 150 miles east of Mecca; Ibn Saud (c. 1880–1953), the sultan of Nejd, conquered the Hejaz in 1926 and united it with the Nejd in 1932 to form the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which he ruled until his death.

723.21–24 Great Britain . . . Mosquito Coast] The British maintained a protectorate on the Mosquito Coast, 1687–1783 and 1816–60.

725.7–8 school laws . . . international dispute?] The decision by the San Francisco board of education in 1906 to segregate Japanese schoolchildren caused a crisis in Japanese-American relations. It was resolved in 1907 when President Theodore Roosevelt reached a “gentlemen’s agreement” with the Japanese government, under which the segregation policy was ended in return for severe restrictions on Japanese immigration to the continental United States.

727.6–7 England . . . seven] The original members of the league included Great Britain, Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, and India.

728.23 M. Lausanne] Stéphane Lauzanne (1874–1958) was co-editor, and later editor, of Le Matin, 1901–44.

730.14 John Quincy Adams] Adams (1767–1848) served as secretary of state during the Monroe administration, 1817–25.

731.20 the unhappy tool] The Emperor Maximilian; see note 7.16–18.

731.33–35 Mr. Olney] Richard Olney (1835–1917) was secretary of state, 1895–97. In a note sent to the British government on July 20, 1895, regarding the border dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana, Olney wrote: “Today the United States is practically sovereign on this continent, and its fiat is law upon the subjects to which it confines its interposition.”

731.35–39 Theodore Roosevelt . . . international law.”] In “Bring the Fighting Men Home,” published posthumously in Metropolitan in March 1919, Roosevelt criticized the Wilson administration for the “hideous” condition of Mexico, then wrote: “We are in honor bound to remedy this wrong and to keep ourselves so prepared that the Monroe Doctrine, especially as regards the lands in any way controlling the approach to the Panama Canal, shall be accepted as immutable international law.”

736.16–17 eminent Senators . . . the Philippines] Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris, signed on December 10, 1898, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States. The treaty was ratified by the Senate, 57–27, on February 6, 1899.

741.19 “Post equitem sedet atra cura,”] Horace, Odes, III.I.40: “Behind the rider sits dark care.”

743.17–18 Washington . . . Chicago] On July 18, 1919, a white woman in Washington, D.C., reported that two black men had tried to rob her. Mobs of white servicemen began attacking black residents the next day, beginning four days of rioting that ended after 2,000 federal troops were deployed on July 22. At least four black and three white persons were killed during the violence. Rioting began in Chicago on July 27 when a black teenager drowned in Lake Michigan, reportedly after being struck in the head by a rock thrown by a white man. The violence continued until order was restored on July 31 by 6,000 troops from the National Guard. Twenty-three African Americans and fifteen whites were killed during the riot.

743.19–20 President Wilson . . . unstinted force,”] In a speech delivered in Baltimore on April 6, 1918, Wilson said: “Germany has once more said that force, and force alone, shall decide whether justice and peace shall reign in the affairs of men, whether right as America conceives it or dominion as she conceives it shall determine the destinies of mankind. There is, therefore, but one response possible from us: Force, force to the utmost, force without stint or limit, the righteous and triumphant force which shall make right the law of the world and cast every selfish dominion down in the dust.”

744.22–23 “Those who live . . . the sword,”] Cf. Matthew 26:52.

747.37–38 very severe settlement with Germany] Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was to have an army of 100,000 men, without tanks, aircraft, or heavy artillery, and a navy of 15,000 men, without submarines, battleships, or battle cruisers. Military conscription was prohibited, the Rhineland was to be demilitarized, and all prewar German colonies were made into League of Nations mandates under the administration of various Allied states. Germany lost 13 percent of its prewar territory, ceding land to France, Belgium, Poland, and, after a plebiscite in 1920, Denmark. The treaty also required Germany to pay an undetermined amount of reparations for war damages and costs; in 1921 a commission fixed the amount at $33 billion, of which about $4.5 billion was eventually paid.

748.7–8 first of several treaties] See Chronology, September 1919–August 1920.

748.30–31 international charter . . . rights of labor.] Article XXIII of the Covenant of the League of Nations provided that member states “will endeavour to secure and maintain fair and humane conditions of labour for men, women, and children, both in their own countries and in all countries to which their commercial and industrial relations extend, and for that purpose will establish and maintain the necessary international organisations.”

752.17 General Botha and General Smuts] Louis Botha (1862–1919) and Jan Smuts (1870–1950) were both prominent Boer commanders in the Second Boer War, 1899–1902. Botha served as prime minister of the Transvaal, 1907–10, and as the first prime minister of the Union of South Africa, 1910–19. He returned to South Africa after signing the Treaty of Versailles and died there on August 27, 1919. Smuts led troops against German forces in South-West Africa, 1914–15, and in East Africa, 1916, then went to Great Britain, where he served as a minister without portfolio in the War Cabinet, 1917–19. He served as prime minister of South Africa, 1919–24 and 1939–48.

752.27 figures . . . came from India] India was represented at the peace conference by Edwin Samuel Montagu (1879–1924), secretary of state for India, 1917–22; Sir Ganga Singh (1880–1943), the Maharaja of Bikaner; and Satyendra Prassano Sinha (1863–1928), first Baron Sinha of Raipur, the undersecretary of state for India in 1919.

753.22–23 Article X? . . . its language] Article X of the Covenant of the League of Nations read: “The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League. In case of any such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression the Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.”

754.3–4 Japan . . . Shantung] See note 722.21.

754.17 John Hay] Hay (1838–1905) served as ambassador to Great Britain, 1897–98, and as secretary of state, 1898–1905.

754.33–35 Russia and Japan . . . Portsmouth] The Treaty of Portsmouth, signed on September 5, 1905, concluded the 1904–5 Russo-Japanese War.

756.35–757.5 Theodore Roosevelt: . . . capacity.”] In article published in The New York Times on October 18, 1914, under the title “Theodore Roose­velt Writes on Helping the Cause of World Peace,” Roosevelt wrote: “The one permanent move for obtaining peace, which has yet been suggested, with any reasonable chance of attaining its object, is by an agreement among the great powers, in which each should pledge itself not only to abide by the decisions of a common tribunal but to back with force the decision of that common tribunal. The great civilized nations of the world which do possess force, actual or immediately potential, should combine by solemn agreement in a great World League for the Peace of Righteousness. A court should be created—a changed and amplified Hague Court would meet the requirements—composed of representatives from each nation; these representatives being sworn to act in each case as judges, pure and simple, and not in a representative capacity.”

757.6–10 “The nations . . . these rights.”] Roosevelt wrote: “The nations should agree on certain rights that should not be questioned, such as their territorial integrity, their rights to deal with their own domestic affairs, and with such matters as whom they should or should not admit to residence and citizenship within their own borders. All should guarantee each of their number in the possession of these rights.”

762.32 the intervention in Russia] See Chronology, August 1918.

763.15–16 Czecko-Slovaks . . . Bolsheviki] In March 1918 the Bolsheviks agreed to allow the Czechoslovak Legion, a military force of about 40,000 men recruited largely from among former prisoners of war and deserters from the Austro-Hungarian army, to leave Russia by way of Vladivostok and join the Allies fighting in France. An altercation at Chelyabinsk between members of the Legion and released Hungarian prisoners of war on May 14, 1918, resulted in Leon Trotsky issuing an order for the Legion to be disarmed. The Legion rebelled, and by the late summer of 1918, Czechoslovak troops had seized control of the Trans-Siberian railroad from the Urals to the Pacific.

765.3 Schenck, Frohwerk and Debs] The Supreme Court decided Schenck on March 3, 1919 (see pp. 641–45 in this volume) and the appeal of Eugene V. Debs (see pp. 562–67) on March 10. In Frohwerk v. United States, also decided on March 10, the Court upheld 9–0 the conviction of Jacob Frohwerk, a Missouri newspaper editor, under the Espionage Act of 1917. Holmes wrote the opinion in all three cases.

766.22–24 sentences of twenty years . . . the defendants] Jacob Abrams (1886–1953), Mollie Steimer (1897–1980), Samuel Lipman, and Hyman Lachowsky were arrested in August 1918 and convicted in October. Abrams, Lipman, and Lachowsky were sentenced to twenty years in prison, and Steimer to fifteen. Their sentences were commuted in 1921 after they agreed to be deported to Russia. Abrams left the Soviet Union in 1925 and settled in Mexico in 1926; Steimer was deported from the Soviet Union in 1923 and settled in Mexico in 1941; Lipman was shot during the 1937–38 purge; Lachowsky is believed to have been murdered by the Nazis in 1941–42.

768.19 Alexander Berkman] Berkman (1870–1936) was born in Vilna, Russia (now Vilinius, Lithuania), and immigrated to the United States in 1887. After nine striking workers were killed during the Homestead steel strike in 1892, Berkman tried to assassinate Henry Clay Frick, the plant’s general manager. Sentenced to twenty-two years, Berkman was released in 1906 and began collaborating with Emma Goldman in editing the anarchist publication Mother Earth. In 1917 Berkman was convicted along with Goldman of conspiring to obstruct the draft and sentenced to two years in prison. Berkman left Russia in 1921 and settled in France in 1925.

768.31 Mr. Hoover] J. Edgar Hoover (1895–1972) joined the Justice Department in 1917. Hoover served as chief of the General Intelligence Division, 1919–21, assistant director of the Bureau of Investigation, 1921–24, and director of the Bureau of Investigation (after 1935, the Federal Bureau of Investigation), 1924–72.

769.19 “none but Americans on guard”] “Put none but Americans on guard tonight,” an order allegedly issued by George Washington during the Revolutionary War.

769.30 Peter Blanky] Peter Bianki (1891–1930), general secretary of the anarcho-syndicalist Union of Russian Workers and co-editor of its publication Khleb I Volya (Bread and Freedom). Born in Odessa to Italian parents, Bianki immigrated to the United States around 1907. He joined the Soviet Communist Party in 1924 and was killed in Siberia in 1930 by peasants rebelling against forced collectivization.

769.32–34 Seattle . . . general strike] The general strike, February 6–11, 1919, was called by the Seattle Central Labor Council in solidarity with an unsuccessful strike for higher pay by Seattle shipyard workers, January 21–February 19.

771.13–18 “aliens who are . . . destruction of property”] From the Immigration Act of 1918, signed into law by President Wilson on October 16.

772.2 “Kropotkin’s Memories of a Revolutionist”] Memoirs of a Revolutionist (1899) by Prince Pyotr Kropotkin (1842–1921).

773.15–16 Chairman Johnson] Albert Johnson (1869–1957), a Republican congressman from Washington, 1913–33, served as chairman of the House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, 1919–31.

774.2 Dora Lipkin and Ethel Bernstein] Lipkin was one of 184 members of the Union of Russian Workers deported on the Buford. Ethel Bernstein (1898–after 1970) was romantically involved with Samuel Lipman (see note 766.22–24) and married him after his deportation to Russia in 1921. She was arrested during the Stalin era and spent ten years in a labor camp.

774.29 “catching the . . . first beam.”] Cf. the second verse of “The Star-Spangled Banner.”

777.13 pro domo] For home.

777.21 pro patria . . . et decor] “For the country, neither sweetly nor gloriously,” an adaptation of Horace, Odes, III.ii.13: “dulce et decorum est pro patria mori” (“It is sweet and glorious to die for one’s country”).

782.8 astasia-abasia] An inability to either stand or walk in a normal manner as a result of conversion hysteria.

782.13 Southard] Elmer Ernest Southard (1876–1920), professor of neuropathology at Harvard Medical School, was the director of the Psychopathic Department at Boston State Hospital, 1912–20.

785.19 Greek Deputy] In the first chapter of The Folly of Nations Palmer recalled meeting a “platitudinous Greek Deputy” in a café in Larissa during the Greco-Turkish War of 1897. The deputy made a series of bellicose pronouncements while claiming that his governmental responsibilities prevented him from going to the front.

785.29 Landstürm] German third-line reserves, for men from thirty-nine to forty-five years of age.

785.31–32 our pioneer division] The 1st Division.

787.2–3 So I elided . . . correspondents’ accounts] The Associated Press, in a story dated October 29, 1917, reported that the “first prisoner of war taken by the American expeditionary forces” had been shot on the night of October 27 and later died in a field hospital despite “the combined efforts of several surgeons”; the story made no mention of a bayonet wound.

787.6 A few days later . . . a night raid] The Germans carried out a raid near the town of Bathelémont in Lorraine on the night of November 2–3, 1917, killing three American soldiers, wounding five, and capturing twelve prisoners.

787.17–18 divisional operations officer] Captain George C. Marshall (1880–1959) was the operations officer of the 1st Division, June 1917–July 1918. Marshall later served as chief of staff of the U.S. Army, 1939–45, as secretary of state, 1947–49, and as secretary of defense, 1950–51.

787.30 “hymn of hate”] “Hymn of Hate Against England,” poem written and published shortly after the outbreak of war in 1914 by Ernst Lissauer (1882–1937).

789.32–33 “Little Hayti”] President Wilson ordered U.S. Marines to land in Haiti in July 1915 after President Vibrun Guillaume Sam was killed by a mob, beginning an occupation that would last until 1934. An insurrection against American rule, 1918–20, was defeated by the Marines and U.S. trained gendarmes in fighting that killed as many as 2,000 Haitians.

790.5–6 Amritsar or Balbriggan] At least 379 Indian protestors were shot and killed by British troops in Amritsar, Punjab, on April 13, 1919. British “Black and Tans” (special police) murdered two men and burned fifty-four houses and a factory in the Irish town of Balbriggan on the night of September 20–21, 1920.

790.36 A Private of the Guards] Memoir (1919) by the British journalist and travel writer Stephen Graham (1884–1975).

790.39–791.1 blockade . . . “illegal and indefensible,”] See note 216.25.

791.11 Grand Division] In The New York Times, July 31, 1918, this appeared as “Guard Division.”

791.19 Heimat] Homeland.

791.20–21 An English Wife in Berlin] An English Wife in Berlin: a private memoir of events, politics and daily life in Germany throughout the War and the social revolution of 1918 (1920) by Evelyn Mary Füstrin von Blücher von Wahlstatt (1876–1960).

791.23 Lissauer . . . Serment] For Lissauer, see note 787.30. French poet Henri de Régnier (1864–1936) wrote “Le Serment” (The Oath) in September 1914; its first line was translated in 1915 as “I swear to cherish in my heart this hate.”

791.24 The Beast of Berlin] Film, released in March 1918, directed by Rupert Julian and starring Julian as Kaiser Wilhelm II.

791.25–26 Thackeray . . . lecture on George III] Published in The Four Georges (1860).

793.38 Eucken] Rudolf Christoph Eucken (1846–1926), professor of philosophy at the University of Jena, 1874–1920, and the 1908 Nobel laureate in literature. Eucken was a guest lecturer at Harvard and New York University, 1912–13. In 1914 he was one of the signers of the appeal “To the Civilized World” (see note 49.6–9).

794.7–8 Black and Tans] Former British soldiers recruited to serve in the Royal Irish Constabulary during the Irish War of Independence, 1920–22.

795.2–4 Matthew Arnold . . . the saving remnant] In “Numbers; or The Majority and the Remnant,” published in Discourses in America (1885).

795.20–22 La faccia . . . l’altro fusto.] Inferno, Canto XVII.10–12: “The face was as the face of a just man, / Its semblance outwardly so benign, / And of a serpent all the trunk beside” (translation by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow).

798.27–28 Franz Werfel and Walter Hasenclever] Werfel (1890–1945) published four volumes of poetry from 1911 to 1919. His later works include Die vierzig Tage des Musa Dagh (1933), a historical novel about the Armenian genocide. Werfel fled Germany in 1938 and died in exile in California. Hasenclever (1890–1940) published a volume of poetry and four plays from 1913 to 1919, including the Expressionist drama The Son (1914). He committed suicide in the south of France in 1940 to avoid capture by the Nazis.

798.33 Stinnes . . . Simon] German industrialist Hugo Stinnes (1870–1924), whose business interests included mines, factories, power plants, river and ocean shipping, insurance, and newspapers; Walter Simons (1861–1937), foreign minister of the Weimar Republic, June 1920–May 1921.

799.24–25 president of the university] William Oxley Thompson (1855–1933), a Presbyterian minister, was president of Ohio State University, 1899–1925.

799.37 Dehmel] Richard Dehmel (1863–1920), German poet and dramatist.

800.19 ninety-three German intellectuals] See note 49.6–9.

800.26 I had published a little book] The Spirit of Modern German Literature (1916).

801.5 Zona Gale’s excellent story] Miss Lulu Betts (1920), a novel by Zona Gale (1874–1938).

803.35 Mary’s] Mary Arnold Crocker Lewisohn (1861–1946). She and Lewisohn were married in 1906, separated in 1922, and divorced in 1935.

804.23–24 “beat the gong . . . plot and conspire”] From “Song of Myself,” Canto 23.

805.23 MR. SECRETARY OF WAR] John W. Weeks (1860–1926) was a Republican congressman from Massachusetts, 1905–13, a U.S. senator, 1913–19, and secretary of war, 1921–25.

807.30–31 demonstration of modern warfare] Harding observed U.S. Marines conduct maneuvers on the Civil War battlefield of the Wilderness, ­October 1–2, 1921.

825.34 slum] Army stew.

825.36–37 shortarm inspection] Inspection for symptoms of venereal disease.

828.1 Hamilton Fish, Jr.] Fish (1888–1991), a Republican congressman from New York, 1920–45, had sponsored the resolution authorizing the burial of the Unknown Soldier at Arlington. During the war Fish had served as the commander of Company K in the 369th Infantry Regiment, the “Harlem Hellfighters.”